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AUTOSAR DEM Module

ADC ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER After reading this article you will
learn. 1. What is DEM module of
AUTOSAR. 2. What Diagnostic
Events, DTCs and DIDs. 3. Brief
After reading this article you will understand about Ev...
1. What is ADC ? Diagnostic stack in AUTOSAR
2. How to calculate digital value from analog. After reading this blog you will
3. What is role of reference voltage, resolution, sampling frequency. learn 1. What is Diagnostics used
for? 2. Overview of Diagnostics
Stack of Autosar. 3. Overview of
DE...

1. INTRODUCTION : AUTOSAR DCM Module

After reading this article you will
understand. 1. What is use of DCM
All quantities are physical in real world e.g. temperature, humidity, pressure etc. sensor module of AUTOSAR. 2. Positive
response and Negative response
converts physical quantities to analog quantities like voltage or current. Digital computers 3. D...
or, micro-controllers only understands digital values i.e 0 or 1. Therefore ADCs i.e.
Watchdog Timer in Embedded
analog to digital converters are required, so that micro-controllers can understand
System
digital representation of analog values and we as a programmer can use to build logic. After reading this blog below
questions will get solved regarding
watchdog timer  what is watchdog
timer ?  Why watchdog timer is
imp...

NVRAM Manager in AUTOSAR ||

For an ADC input is analog signal and output is digital value correspond to analog signal. Part -2
To convert analog signal to digital ADC took help of reference voltage i.e. some known In Part -1 of NVRAM manager
voltage against which ADCs internal circuitry can compare input signal to calculate (NvM) you have understood
working principle of NVRAM
output digital value. Clock is required for sampling of input data. Star of conversion is manager  Basic storage object.
either hardware based or software based to star ADC and there will be end of conversion After reading this ar...
signal flag or interrupt. Memory Stack in AUTOSAR
After reading this article you will
understand : 1. Overview memory
stack of AUTOSAR.  (NV RAM
manager, MemIf and Memory
Driver.) 2. Wh...

NVRAM Manager in AUTOSAR ||

Part -1
After reading this article you will
learn : 1. Basic working principle of
NV data handling 2. Basic storage
objects (RAM block, RAM Blo...

Flash EEPROM Emulation (FEE in

AUTOSAR)
After reading this article you will
understand : 1. FEE module 2.
Addressing Scheme and
Fig. 1 ADC Block Diagram  segmentation (i.e. Paging and
Sector) 3. Limitat...

Watchdog Manager in AUTOSAR

2. ADC  OPERATION:  After reading this article you will
learn : What is role of watchdog
manager  in watchdog stack of
Autosar What is Supervised entity,
super...
 Memory layout of executable in
embedded system
After reading this article you will
understand. 1. Structure of elf file
2. Highlights of linker file. How
.bss, .txt, .stack and .heap ...

Fig 2. ADC Conversion

In this topic we will see how do ADC come up with digital value equivalent to Analog signal and role of
sampling frequency and resolution of ADC. 

Role of Sampling Frequency:

When you apply input analog signal to ADC, first thing what ADC do is, it samples input signal. How
fast it samples the input signal depends on sampling frequency.  If sampling frequency is 10 HZ then
in 1 second ADC will take 10 samples of input signal. Therefore every 100ms (1/10Hz=0.1sec=100ms)
ADC will take 1 sample of input signal as shown in Fig 2. More the sampling frequency, more the
samples collected which will help to capture variation in input signal precisely. If sampling
frequency is less then ADC will not able capture input analog signal properly and variations will
be lost. Sampling frequency should be selected as per Nyquist criteria (Sampling frequency must be
two times the maximum frequency component of input signal ).

Role of Resolution and Reference voltage :

Lets assume ADC is of 8 bit, so what does it means? 8bit ADC means it can output  2^8=256 different
digital values 00000000b to 11111111b (0 to 255). Consider  reference voltage is 5V. Therefore to
represent  256 different output values i.e 0 to 255 , 5V is divided into 255 steps and one  step
size is  5V/255=19.60mV. Now ADC is able to detect 19.53mV change in input signal. For every change
of 19.60V in input signal there is one bit change in digital output. Step size defines the resolution of
ADC.  More the resolution lower is the step size, so that ADC will able to detect small change in
input signal.  As reference voltage is 5V. Maximum input voltage that can be applied to ADC is 5V.

Analog to Digital value calculation :

Consider fig 2. ADC used is 8 bit. Reference voltage is 5V. Sampling frequency 10Hz. Every  100ms
ADC will sample input signal. Now this sampled input signal is converted to digital by ADC. Digital value
of 100th ms sample is 00000000. When analog input voltage exceeds over 19.60mv and less than
39.2mV, ADC will detect there is change of 19.60mV and represent signal into digital form by 00000001
(sample at 600ms). Similarly digital value of sample taken at 1100ms 00000011.

Formula to calculate digital value of Analog input is :

Dout= Vin/Step Size

Step size= (Vref/((2^n)-1))
where, n is size of ADC e.g For 8 bit ADC n=8.
 Fig 3. ADC Conversion Table

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EMBEDDED SYSTEM

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3
COMMENTS
UNKNOWN
May 18, 2020 at 3:08 AM

Hi guys, your explanation on each module is awesome.please add explanation for

remaining modules also.

Reply

PADMANABH
MOD
May 18, 2020 at 9:04 AM

Thank you, please let me which modules you want to know about, I will add.

Reply

UNKNOWN
March 27, 2021 at 8:30 PM

add PWM module sir

Reply

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