NATSCI 2 (Comparative Anatomy and Phylogeny of Vertebrate)

Lecture/Laboratory

I. Multiple Choice: Analyze each number and choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Why is oxygen important to blood and to the cells?
A. Oxygen helps the blood to clot.
B. Oxygen brings food to the cells.
C. Oxygen is necessary for cell growth and energy.
D. Oxygen is not important -- carbon dioxide is the most important substance to the body.
2. Which type of blood vessels carries blood away from the heart?
A. Veins
B. Arteries
C. Capillaries
D. Arteries, veins and capillaries
3. When oxygen-rich blood leaves the lungs for the heart, it enters the heart through the pulmonary
vein into the __________________
A. left ventricle
B. right atrium
C. right ventricle
D. left atrium
4. How many times does the average adult heart beat per minute while at rest?
A. 150
B. 120
C. 110
D. 60
5. A pulse is caused by ________________.
A. the valves in an artery opening and closing
B. oxygen entering the blood in the lungs
C. red blood cells colliding with each other in the arteries
D. changes in blood pressure in an artery
6. Which one of the following is NOT a blood vessel?
A. Capillary
B. Artery
C. Colon
D. Vein
7. The blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right side of the heart is
called the__________________.
A. Pulmonary vein
B. aorta
C. pulmonary artery
D. vena cava(s)
8. Which one of the following describes a vein?
A. It has thin walls and carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.
B. It has thick walls with valves and carries blood under pressure.
C. It has a very thin wall with valves and carries blood under pressure.
D. It has thin walls with valves, and carries blood to the heart.
9. Testosterone is needed _____________.
A. to stimulate growth of male reproductive organs.
B. to promote functioning of male reproductive organs.
C. for development of male secondary sexual characteristics
D. All of these are correct
10. Cranial Nerve V, ____ controls mastication (chewing).
A. Vagus
B. Trigeminal
C. Facial
D. Optic
11. What lobe of your brain regulates vision?
A. Temporal
B. Parietal
C. Occipital
D. Frontal
12. Functions such as thirst, hunger, anger and body temperature are regulated by the
A. Hypothalamus
B. Thalamus
C. Epithalamus
D. None of these
13. Which part of the brain is considered the respiratory, cardiovascular and reflex center (coughing,
sneezing)?
A. Cerebrum
B. Medulla oblongata
C. Thalamus
D. Diencephalon
14. The grooves of the brain are called?
A. Gyrus
B. Sulci
C. Dura Mater
D. Pia Mater
15. Which of the following Neural Circuits deals with short term memory?
A. Diverging
B. Converging
C. Reverberating
D. Parallel-after-Discharge
16. The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron is called a
A. Terminal bulb
B. Synapse
C. Chasm
D. Node of Ranvier
17. Cells of the nervous system which supports the neurons by producing myelin sheaths, and
attaching neurons to blood vessels are called
A. Plexi cells
B. Neuroglial cells
C. Somatic cells
D. Peripheral cells
18. The somatic nervous system sends signals from the CNS to the:
A. Cranial Nerves
B. Skeletal Muscles
C. Cerebrum
D. Viscera
19. The uniformity in the way nerve cells function within the animal kingdom
A. indicates that the PNS evolved before the CNS.
B. is evidence that the neuron was an early evolutionary adaptation.
C. is proof of neurotransmitter efficiency.
D. must have prevented the development of diversity.
20. One of the most important branch points in the evolution of animals and their nervous systems
was the appearance of
A. radical symmetry. .
B. bilateral symmetry.
C. the spinal column
D. specialized cells for transmitting signals.
21. Parkinson's disease is associated with a deficiency in
A. dopamine.
B. serotonin.
C. acetylcholine.
D. endorphins.
22. The gap between the transmitting and receiving neurons in a chemical synapse is known as the
A. synaptic node.
B. synaptic gap.
C. gap junction.
D. synaptic cleft.
23. The simplest animals to display cephalization and centralization of the nervous system are
A. sponges.
B. flatworms.
C. cnidarians.
D. echinoderms.
24. Which of the following statements regarding the brain is true?
A. Ventricles in the brain are filled with interstitial fluid.
B. The blood-brain barrier helps to maintains a stable chemical environment for the brain.
C. Layers of connective tissue, called epithelium, surround and protect the brain and spinal cord.
D. White matter is mainly dendrites.
25. The relationship between spinal nerves and the spinal cord is most like the relationship between
A. the hairs on a person's head.
B. the vertical and horizontal threads woven together to form a piece of cloth.
C. an interstate highway and the many roads that intersect with it via on- and off-ramps.
D. a bowl of spaghetti and the sauce that is poured onto it.
 26. Too little of this hormone causes pituitary dwarfism.
A. Growth hormone
B. Luteinizing hormone
C. Thyroxin
D. Antidiuretic hormone
27. Which element is required to control metabolism?
A. Carbon
B. Hydrogen
C. Iodine
D. Oxygen
28. What are the two main groups of hormones?
A. Amino acid & protein
B. Lipid-based & prostaglandin
C. Steroid & lipid-based
D. Protein & Lipid
29. The target organ of a hormone is __.
A. Where the hormone is going
B. Where the hormone is produced
C. Where the hormone is coming from
D. The stimulus that has caused the release of the hormone
30. Which of the following pairs of hormones produce opposite effects?
A. Oxytocin & Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) & calcitonin
C. Insulin & glucose
D. B & C
II. Matching Type:
A. Endocrine system: Match each gland to its action.

1. Pineal Body A. Promotes growth of uterus 2

2. Ovaries B. Increases blood glucose levels, metabolism &
3. Posterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland constricts certain blood vessels 8
4. Anterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland C. Involved in biological rhythms 1
5. Thyroid Gland D. Stimulates growth of bones and muscles 3
6. Parathyroid Gland E. Stimulates metabolism and reduces blood
7. Thymus calcium levels 6
8. Adrenal Gland F. Reduces AND raises blood glucose levels 9
9. Pancreas G. Supports sperm formation 10
10. Testes H. Stimulates contraction of uterus & milk let-down;
promotes retention of water by kidneys 4
I. Raises blood calcium levels 5
J. "Programs" T-Lymphocytes 7
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. H 5. I 6. E 7. J 8. B 9. F 10. G
B. Nervous System: Match the following function to its corresponding parts of the brain. Write the
letter of the correct answer.
A. Cerebral Cortex E. Occipital I. Hypothalamus
B. Cerebrum F. Temporal J. Cerebellum
C. Frontal G. Medulla Oblongata K. Brain Stem
D. Parietal H. Pons L. Thalamus

1. motor activity, personality, and speech

2. language, temperature, pressure, touch is interpreted
3. centers for hearing, smell, and language input
4. specializes in vision
5. coordinates voluntary and involuntary patterns of movements
6. relay center for all sensory impulses except olfactory and motor areas of the cortex
7. regulates behavior and emotional expression, body temperature, and many metabolic
activities
8. regulates breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, heartbeat, and blood
pressure
9. required for voluntary activities, language, speech, and multiple brain functions, such
as thinking and memory
 10. initiation of movement, coordination of movement
11. involved in the regulation of functions carried out by the cranial nerves it houses
12. serves a critical role in regulating certain involuntary actions of the body, including
heartbeat and breathing

C. Cranial Nerve: Identify the cranial nerve that is connected to the following actions.
1. controls the muscles of the tongue.
2. controls saliva, swallowing, and taste A) Cranial Nerve I
3. provides sensory input for hearing and B) Cranial Nerve II
equilibrium C) Cranial Nerve III
4. carries sensory input for vision D) Cranial Nerve IV
5. controls muscles of the eye and eyelid E) Cranial Nerve V
F) Cranial Nerve VI
6. controls the eyeball
7. controls the face, nose, mouth, forehead, top of G) Cranial Nerve VII
H) Cranial Nerve VIII
head, and jaw
I) Cranial Nerve IX
8. controls the eyeball
J) Cranial Nerve X
9. carries sensory input for smell
K) Cranial Nerve XI
10. controls muscles of the face and scalp, and part
L) Cranial Nerve XII
of the tongue for sense of taste
11. permits movement of the head and shoulders
12. controlling the heart, lungs, stomach, and
intestines

D. Disorders: Match the following description/symptoms to a disorder. Write the letter of the
correct answer.

1. 2nd Most common neurological disorder

characterized by short, recurrent attacks A) Hydrocephalus
initiated by electrical discharges in the brain
2. Loss of neurons that release Ach; Tangled B) Cerebral Vascular
protein filaments within neuron & abnormal Accident (CVA)
protein plaques outside neuron
3. Damage to motor area of the brain often C) Epilepsy
associated with oxygen loss during childbirth
4. A viral infection caused by one of the herpes D) Alzheimer’s
viruses. It travels across the spinal nerves and
causes blisters and severe pain. E) Cerebral Palsy
5. Blocking the drainage of Cerebral Spinal Fluid
leading to an increase in pressure and damage F) Shingles
to tissues of the brain and spinal cord
6. Two types: Ischemic-decreased blood flow &
Hemorrhagic-rupturing blood vessel; 3rd
leading cause of death
 NatSci2 Final Exam Answer Key

I. Multiple Choice 6. E
1. C 7. J
2. B 8. B
3. D 9. F
10. G
4. D
5. A B. Nervous System
6. C 1. C
7. D 2. D
8. D 3. F
9. D 4. E
10. B 5. J
11. C 6. L
12. A 7. I
13. B 8. G
14. B 9. A
15. B 10. B
16. B 11. H
17. B 12. K
18. A
19. B E. Cranial Nerve
20. A 1. L
21. B 2. I
22. D 3. H
23. B 4. B
24. B 5. C
25. C 6. F/D
26. A 7. E
27. C 8. D/F
28. D 9. A
29. D 10. G
30. D 11. K
12. J
II. Matching Type F. Disorders
A. Endocrine System 1. C
1. C 2. D
2. A 3. E
3. D 4. F
4. H 5. A
5. I 6. B