THE NEED TO TRANSPORT ESSENTIAL MATERIALS
Single Circulation
ANIMAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM
 In a one-celled organism, like the protists
(Amoeba) or bacteria, oxygen and other
substances from the outside environment can
easily pass through its body and it can reach the
center of the cell very rapidly by Simple Diffusion
and Active Transport. Waste materials diffuse
across the cell membrane and out to the
environment. Thus, a self-sufficient amoeba does
not need a more organized transport system.
 However, in multicellular organisms, such as
animals and plants, and humans, there are many
cells situated at the center of the body far away
from the outside environment. Therefore, oxygen
and food materials need to be distributed to the
cells and wastes need to be removed with
sufficient speed. In this case, animals in thick,
multiple layers of cells, will need a more advanced
transport system to carry substances from one part
of the body to another.
 Similar with respiration, the body of Cnidarian,
such as Hydra, jellyfish, and most flatworms
(Planaria), are only two cell layers thick, which are
in direct contact with either the outside env’t or its
gastrovascular cavity. Their Central
Gastrovascular Cavity serves for both digestion
and distribution of important substance within its
body.
 In complex forms of animals with higher
metabolic rates cannot rely on diffusion and active
transport to bring essential materials inside their
body considering the fact that their transport
system has evolved over time, which enabled large
animals to dedicate a specialized organ system to
perform specific tasks and distribute the products
to other organs.
TWO BASIC TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. Open Circulatory System
- Is a circulatory system in which fluid is pumped
through open-ended vessels and transported among the
cells with no distinction between the circulating fluid (blood)
and the interstitial fluid (hemolymph).
- Most invertebrates, such as mollusks and
arthropods, have this type of system.
 Tubular Heart, a muscular tube that pumps
hemolymph through a network of channels into
chambers and drains back to the central cavity.
Usually found in insects like grasshopper.
2. Closed Circulatory System
- Higher forms of organisms, such as complex
invertebrates and vertebrates.
- In this type, blood is confined within blood vessels
separated from the interstitial fluid.
- Blood circulates in one direction and passes
through the animal’s respiratory system
 - Annelids, such as the earthworm, possess the
simplest closed circulatory system that consist two
main blood vessels connected to a series of heart-
like structures called Aortic Arches. Blood flows
into a series of smaller branching blood vessels
that leads to the internal organs and tissues of
annelids where exchange of materials occurs
across the thin walls of the capillaries.
TYPES OF ANIMAL CIRCULATION SYSTEM
1.
- The type of circulation that occurs in fishes, in
which the blood passes only once through the heart in
each complete circuit of the body.
- It usually consists of a double chambered heart
with an atrium and a ventricle.
 In fish, Blood travels through the main chambers
(atrium and ventricle) and is pumped out through a
ventral cavity into smaller capillaries in it fills where
respiratory as gas exchange occurs. Having flowed
through the gills, the oxygenated blood travels to
the dorsal artery to be delivered around the body.
2. Complete Double Circulation
- The type of circulation that occurs in mammals,
birds and Crocodilians, in which the blood passes
through the heart twice before completing a full circuit
of the body.
- Their hearts have four-chambers consisting of
two atria and two ventricles.
-The right side of the heart takes care of the
oxygen-poor blood, whereas the left side receives
oxygen-rich blood.
3. Incomplete Double Circulation
- The type of circulation that usually occur in
Amphibians and Reptiles which have a three-
chambered heart that consists of one ventricle and
two atria.
- Oxygenated blood is received by the left atrium
and deoxygenated blood is received by the right
atrium. But, both the bloods get mixed up in the single
ventricle which pumps out the mixed blood where
blood comes to the heart through two different routes,
but goes out through a single route.
 In Amphibians, the right atrium receives blood that
has returned from the systemic circulation from the
different organs of the body. The ventricle pumps
blood to capillary beds found in the lungs and the
skin. As gas exchange occurs both in the lungs
and the skin, this is called Pulmocutaneous
Circuit. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left
atrium. Although the blood from the two atria can
mix in a single ventricle, the presence of a ridge
ensures that the oxygen-poor blood is diverted to
the pulmocutaneous circuit and the oxygen-rich
blood to the systemic circuit.
 In Reptiles, the ventricle is divided more effectively
by a partial septum, which results in less mixing of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. This allows
for a second blood flow path that may cause the
blood to flow from the capillaries to the heart, then
right back to the capillaries again.

Mammalian Circulatory System
 Closed Circulatory System
- is also known as Cardiovascular System
(kardia means “heart” and vasculum means
“vessels”) consisting of the four-chambered heart,
blood, and blood vessels that carry blood to every part
of the body and the lymphatic systems.
- The fluids contained in these systems are blood
and lymph.
- The main function of the circulatory system is
to carry oxygen and nutrients to every cell of the body
and to remove carbon dioxide and other wastes from
the same cells. Aside from this main function, the
circulatory system also performs other essential tasks.
Three Principal Functions of The Circulatory
System
1. Transportation
- transports three types of substance essential for
cellular metabolism in the following forms: Respiratory
(02 & CO2), Nutritive (nutrients in the form of food
molecules), and Excretory (metabolic wastes such as
excess water and ions),
2. Regulation
- transports hormones and participates in heart
regulation.
3. Protection
- protects our body from injury during blood clotting
and plays a role in the immune defense against toxins
and pathogenic organism.
THE HUMAN HEART
 Human Heart
- is, a muscular organ, position behind the rib cage
and between the lungs, the pump that pushes blood
throughout the circulatory system.
- It actually has two pumps: Right and Left side.
The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs to
receive oxygen whereas the left side pumps blood to
the entire body.
- it has four chambers, namely:
1. Right Atrium 2. Left Ventricle
3. Right Ventricle 4. Left Atrium
 Septum
- divides the heart in half and prevents blood from
flowing between the two atria and two ventricles.
 Valve
- is a flap of tissue that prevents the backflow of
blood and keeps its flow in one direction.
VALVES IN THE HEART
 Tricuspid Valve / Atrioventricular Valve
- Between both Right Atrium and Ventricle.
 Bicuspid Valve / Mitral Valve
- Between both Left Atrium and Ventricle.
 Pulmonary Semilunar Valve / Aortic Valve
- Between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery.
 Aortic Semilunar Valve/ Aortic Valve
- Between the left ventricle and the aorta.
 Pulmonary Artery
- this artery is responsible for carrying
deoxygenated blood all the way from the right ventricle to
the lungs.
 Pulmonary Vein
- are the tubular branching vessels that carry blood
all the way from the capillaries and take it to the heard. The
function of the pulmonary vein is to take oxygenated blood
all the way from the lungs to the left atrium.
 Aorta
- this is the largest artery in the human body. It is
the major artery of the body, which, takes oxygenated
blood to the organs and muscles.
 Vena Cava
- this is the largest vein in the human body (vena is
Latin for vein). Its essential function is to carry blood from
all around the body all the way to the heart. 
- Two types:
o Superior Vena Cava (Upper Body: brain
and arms) and
o the Inferior Vena Cava (lower organs and
the
legs)
THE BLOOD
BLOOD
- Is a collection of cells in the form of a fluid by which
oxygen and nutrients reach the body’s cell and waste
materials are carried away.
- In addition, it carries hormones which control body
processes, and cells that fight disease-causing
microorganisms and produce antibodies to fight invading
germs.
- About 55 % of the blood is plasma, a pale yellowish
liquid that is about 92 % water. The remaining 8 percent is
made up of a dissolved complex mixture of carious
substances such soluble or plasma proteins, dissolve
mineral salts, food substances, excretory products and
hormones.
- It may seem like a plain red fluid but it is actually a
complex tissue. Under the microscope, the blood is made
up of two components: plasma (fluid portion) and the
blood cells (formed elements: red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets)
Three types of Cellular Components Suspended in the
Plasma of the Blood:
1. Red Blood Cell ( Erythrocytes )
– Makes up 44% of your blood transport oxygen
and some carbon dioxide throughout the body.
– It has iron-containing proteins known, as
hemoglobin, that binds chemically to oxygen
molecules. With the combination of hemoglobin
and oxygen, the color of the blood turns bright
red while the one without oxygen, which is the
blood returning to the heart, is colored dark
red.
 – Under the microscope, they look like biconcave
disks, and because they have a thin middle
portion, they can bend and twist easily in the tiniest
blood vessels.
– An adult male may have about 5.5 million red
blood cells per milliliter of blood as compared to
an adult female of about 4.5 million red blood
cells.
– – It has main three layers:
2. White Blood Cells ( Leukocytes )
– are colorless and do not contain hemoglobin.
– They are larger than red blood cells and fewer in
number, with one or two leukocytes for every
1000 erythrocytes.
– Each WBC is irregular in shape and contains a
nucleus.
– - It can move, change its shape, and squeeze
through the walls of the fine blood capillaries and
into the spaces among the tissue cells. It begins its
development in the bone marrow and matures in
the lymph organs and nodes.
– Its main task is to protect true body from diseases
caused but bacteria, viruses, and other foreign
substances. The number of WBC increases
dramatically when the body is fighting an infection.
– There are many different kinds of WBCs that have
specialized function, it could categorize as
granular such as the neutrophils, eosinophils,
and basophils, based on the staining properties of
their granules, or nongranular, such as
monocytes and lymphocytes.
3. Platelets ( Thrombocytes )
– are not true cells but fragments of cytoplasm from
certain large bone marrow cells known as
Megakaryocytes.
– They do clot contain a nucleus and can break
down quickly in the blood.
– They play a part in blood clotting to prevent
excessive blood loss during injury.
– Like RBC, platelets are formed in the red marrow
of bones.
– When a blood vessel is damaged, proteins in the
blood plasma form long sticky strands of a
substance called Fibrin.
 Fibrin
- It traps platelets, which collected to form a clot
and seal the wound. The clot becomes hard, forming a
scab as the wound heals.
BLOOD VESSELS
Blood Vessels
– are responsible for the transport of blood, as well
as for the exchange of substance. Their structures
are adapted to their functions.
– It is classified into three: Veins, Arteries and
Capillaries.
1. Arteries
– are blood vessels that move blood away from
the heart.
– Each of the two ventricle of the heart is
connected to a major artery. As a result, blood
is pushed into the arteries with each
contraction of the ventricles.
 Artery’s Wall
– is generally very thick and consists of three
layers of tissue.
– Its elastic structure gives it the flexibility and
strength to withstand the enormous pressure of
blood as it is pumped from the heart.
1. Endothelium 3. Smooth
Muscle
2. Connective Tissue
 Arterioles
– These are smaller arteries
– Are considered the finest, microscopically
sized branches of the arterial trees.
– Blood from the arterioles lead to
Capillaries.
2. Capillaries
– blood vessels that are elaborate, narrow, and
thin-walled tubes.
– The walls of the most Capillaries are only one
cell thick. This allow oxygen and nutrients to
diffuse through the capillary walls and into
body cells and for carbon dioxide and other
waste materials to diffuse through cell, walls
into the capillaries.
– Materials are exchange into the capillaries by
diffusion.
– After traversing the capillaries, blood is
collected via smaller blood vessels, called
Venules, that lead to larger blood vessel called
Veins.
3. Veins
– Are equipped with valves that prevent the
backflow of blood and keep it from moving
forward toward the heart.
– Like arteries, veins have three layers of
tissue, with a muscle in the middle part.
Namely: Endothelium, Smooth Muscle,
and Connective tissue.
BLOOD CIRCULATTION
HEART
– it as a double pump, which it pumps blood
throughout the body in a continuous, closed,
complete, and double circulatory system, which is
divided into two parts:
*Pulmonary Circulation *Systemic
Circulation
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
– the route taken by the pumping of the blood from
the heart to the lungs and back.
– The main goal of this circulation is to carry
oxygen- poor blood to the lungs where it could pick
up oxygen and expel carbon dioxide and water,
and carry oxygen- rich blood back to the heart.
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
 – the route of the blood from the heart to the rest of
the body.
– The function of this circulation circuit is to carry
oxygen -rich blood to all the cells of the organs
( upper and lower ) and transport oxygen -poor
blood back to the heart.
*Xylem (or wood) *Phloem.
- Both of them contain strands of cells that are
stacked end to end and act like tiny pipes.
- They acts as plumbing system that transport
materials throughout the plant’s body.

Conducting Water and Dissolved Mineral through the

Xylem

PULMONARY CIRUCLATION
XYLEM
- Two Functions Of Xylem :
1. Conduct water and dissolved mineral salts
from the roots to the stems and leaves
2. Provide mechanical support within the
plant.
- One type of xylem cell found in all vascular plants is
called Tracheid
( 1ST LOOP) - Flowering plants have another xylem cell called Vessels.

1. RIGHT ATRIUM Three Theories That Explain the Transport Mechanism

2. TRICUSPID VALVE of Water Among Plants
3. RIGHT VENTRICLE
4. PULMONARY VALVE 1. ROOT PRESSURE
5. PULMONARY ARTERY - suggests that cells in roots actively pump water or
6. LUNGS ions into the xylem tissue causing a change in the
7. PULMONARY VEIN concentration gradient, so water moves to the xylem
8. LEFT ATRIUM via osmosis. Once water has built up in the xylem of
9. BICUSPID VALVE the roots, it creates pressure that forces water to move
10. LEFT VENTRICLE upward. This proceed is known as Guttation, which is
observed among short plants where the leaves are not
SYSTEMIC CIRUCLATION ( 2ND LOOP) far from the source of pressure.

11. AORTIC VALVE 2. CAPILLARY ACTION

12. AORTA - makes use of water’s adhesion property.
13. BODY ORGANS AND TISSUES - It is the ability of a substance to draw or stick
14. SUPERIOR VENA CAVA / INFERIOR VENA another substance into it.
CAVA - In plants, water rises on its own in a plant stem
when it is in contact with another surface though the
PLANT TRANSPORT SYSTEM xylem tubes.

MARCELLO MALPIGHI 3. COHESION TENSION

- Is an Italian scientist who conducted an experiment in the
17th where he discovered a sweet-tasting fluid that come
out when he removed the bark and outer layer of the tissue
around a tree trunk. After several weeks, the tree died. He
concluded that water was not transported in the outer
tissue layer of the pant but the sweet fluid carried with it
nutrients from the leaves to the roots.
- And when this supply was cut off, the plant may survive
for a while due to stored food below the cut, but the plant
will eventually die. This experiment provided evidence that
plants transport not only water but also nutrients
throughout its body. In order for this mechanism to happen,
the plant has a transport system of vessels, which should
distribute water and carry nutrients up and down a plant.
These vessels, analogous to blood vessels in humans, are
known as Transport or Vascular Tissues in Plants.
 Vascular Tissues
- are vessels that are analogous to blood vessels
in humans which distribute water and carry nutrients up
and down a plant.
 Two types of Vascular tissues in Flowering
Plants:
- relies in the attraction between water molecules
where water is pulled up from below.
- This process explains how water moves up a very
tall plant through the process known as Transpiration
Pull or Cohesion Tension.
- In this mechanism, water is pulled up through a
plant as it evaporates from the plant’s leaves.
- When the stomata of the leaves are open, water
vapor diffuses out of a leaf through transpiration.
- The cohesion of water molecules causes water
molecules that have been lost by a plant to pull on the
water molecules that are still in the xylem. This pull
extends through the water in the xylem and draws
water upward in the same way liquid is drawn up a
drinking straw. As long as the column of water in the
xylem does not break, water will keep moving upward
as transpiration occurs. Roots take in water from the
soil by diffusion (osmosis). The water enters the xylem
and replaces the water lost through transpiration.
Conducting Manufactured Food via the Phloem
PHLOEM
- The Phloem Tissue conducts manufactured food
(sucrose and amino acids) as well as hormones from
the green parts of the plants, especially the leaves, to
the other parts of the plant.
- It consists mainly of sieve tubes and companion
cells that aid the transport of manufactured food.
- contains cells with living cytoplasm, and with
porous cell walls allowing exchange between
neighboring cells
- The process of transporting manufactured food
though the phloem tissue is Translocation.
 The sucrose is then moved by the other tissues in
the stem and the root. This situation will cause the
water to move out via osmosis and the pressure in
the phloem decreases. When this happens, the
pressure gradient between the root and the leaf will
trigger the direction flow, which is through the
phloem from the leaf to the root system for storage,
or other parts for immediate use.

 In plants, the stem houses the vascular tissue,

which transports substance between the roots
and leaves. Among herbaceous plants with
flexible bodies, the stem contains bundles of
xylem and phloem called vascular bundles.
 Monocot and dicot plants differ in terms of their
vascular bundle structures. In monocot
stems, the vascular bundles are scattered in
the ground tissue. In dicot, however, the
vascular bundles are arranged in a ring.

 On the other hand, trees and shrubs, such as

narra and roses, possess woody stems. In
early maturation, a young woody stem has a
central core of pith and a ring of vascular
bundles, which fuse into solid cylinders as the
stem matures.
 Layers of xylem form the inner most cylinder
that constitutes the components of wood. A
cylinder of phloem lies outside of the
cylinder of xylem.

 In full maturity, the wood in the center of a

mature stem or tree trunk is called Heartwood.
The xylem in heartwood can no longer
conduct water out rather functions only as a
support. Sapwood, which lies outside the
heartwood, contains vessel cells that can
conduct water.

Several finding were observed by scientists when

phloem transports materials:
 the phloem cells must be living, materials can
move through the phloem in several directions at
one time.
 phloem cells can transport large amounts of
materials rapidly within the plant
 factors like oxygen deficiency and low
temperatures could affect its efficiency

MASS-FLOW THEORY
- is the most accepted explanation which combines
the concept of osmosis and dynamic pressure in the
movement of materials.

 Sucrose that is manufactured in the leaves through

photosynthesis travels in storage areas as a
solution to the plant’s body, where it will be
transformed into starch, or plant tissues where it
will be consumed as it food.
 When sucrose enters the phloem tissue through
the leaf, its concentration increases, causing the
water to move and consequently lead to an
increased pressure on the phloem.