Transport and
Circulation
Animal Circulation
 The circulatory system varies
from simple systems in
invertebrates to more complex
systems in vertebrates.
Types of Circulatory
System
1. None Circulatory System
 Spongocoel – hollow body
cavity through which water
and particulates circulate.
 Osculum – top opening
which the water then passes.
 Amoebocyte cells also
partake in nutrient and
oxygen absorption directly
from the environment.
 Allow direct gas and
nutrient exchange through
their aqueous, watery
surroundings. It is almost as
if each individual poriferan
cell carries out the functions
of nutrient absorption,
oxygen intake, and carbon
dioxide expelling
 Water is the basis for the
circulation of nutrients and
food particles throughout the
body cavity.
2. Open Circulatory System
 The blood is not enclosed in
blood vessels.
 Hemolymph is pumped into
an open cavity called a
hemocoel.
 Hemolymph (the blood)
mixes with the
interstitial fluid.
 Insects, crustaceans, and
most mollusks
3. Close Circulatory System
 It consists of the blood
vessels.
 The three main types of
vessels:
 Aortic Arches
 Earthworms have
five pairs of aortic
arches that wrap
around the
esophagus to form
the heart. Their
aortic arches are
sometimes referred
to as pseudo-hearts.
  Five pairs of aortic
arches- have the
responsibility of
pumping blood into
the dorsal and
ventral blood
vessels.

 Dorsal Blood Vessels

 Dorsal blood
vessels are located
along the top of the
earthworm's body.
These vessels Human Circulatory
contract to shift System
blood from the
aortic arches down  Organs involve in the circulatory
towards the end of system:
the body of the  Heart
earthworm.  4-chambers
 Ventral Blood Vessels Right & left atrium
 The ventral blood Right & left ventricle
vessels are found  The heart is a muscular
on the underside of organ about the size of a
the earthworm's fist, located just behind
body. The ventral and slightly left of the
blood vessel breastbone.
function is to move  The heart pumps blood
the blood back through the network of
towards the aortic arteries and veins called
arches. the cardiovascular
 Blood closed at all times system.
within vessels of different
size and wall thickness. In
this type of system, blood is
pumped by a heart through
vessels, and does not
normally fill body cavities.

 Right atrium
 This thin-walled
chamber receives blood
from body tissues and
pumps it into the right
ventricle.
 Right ventricle
The right ventricle
pumps blood from the
pulmonary trunk and
out to the lungs via the
pulmonary arteries.
 Left atrium  Blood Vessels
This chamber receives
oxygenated blood from
the lungs and then
pumps it to the left
ventricle.
 Left ventricle
The thickest of all the
chambers, the left
ventricle is the hardest
working part of the
heart as it pumps blood
throughout the entire
body.
 Tricuspid valve
This valve is located
between the right
atrium and right
ventricle. It is also
called the right AV
valve.
 Pulmonary valve
The pulmonary valve is
the checkpoint where
deoxygenated blood
leaves the right
ventricle on its way to
the lungs.
 Mitral valve
The mitral valve is
located between the left
atrium and left
ventricle. It is also
called the left AV
valve.
 Aortic valve
This valve is the last
stop for blood as
oxygen-rich blood
pumps out of the left
ventricle and out to the
entire body.
 Artery
 It is a blood vessel
that carries
oxygenated blood.
(except for the
pulmonary artery)
 The blood from this
vessel goes away
from the heart.
 The largest artery is
the aorta.
 Vein
 It is the blood
vessel that receives
the blood from the
capillaries going
back to the heart.
 It carries
deoxygenated
blood. (except for
the pulmonary
vein)
 Capillary
 It is a microscopic
vessel that connects
arterioles to
venules.
 o Plasma is 92 percent water,
and the contents of the
remaining 8 percent include:
 Carbon dioxide
 Glucose
 Hormones
 Proteins
 Mineral salts
 Fats
 Vitamins

 Red Blood Cells (RBC)

 Blood
Erythrocytes
 The transport media of
o They are shaped like slightly
nearly everything
indented, flattened disks and
within the body. It
transport oxygen to and
transports hormones,
from the lungs.
nutrients, oxygen,
o The lifespan of an RBC is 4
antibodies, and other
important things needed months, and the body
to keep the body replaces them regularly.
healthy. o Amazingly, our body
 Consists of: produces around 2 million
 Plasma blood cells every second.
 RBC  White Blood Cells (WBC)
 WBC Leukocytes
 Platelets o An important part of the
immune system. These cells
help fight infections by
attacking bacteria, viruses,
and germs that invade the
body.
o Originate in the bone
marrow but circulate
throughout the bloodstream.
o The different types of white
 Plasma blood cells are identified by
o This constitutes their microscopic
appearance after histologic
approximately 55 percent of
staining, and each has a
blood fluid in humans.
 different specialized
function.
o The two main groups are the
granulocytes, which include
the neutrophils, eosinophils,
and basophils, and the
agranulocytes, which
include the monocytes and
lymphocytes.
 Platelets
Thrombocytes
o These are disc-shaped
exhibit many vesicles but no
nuclei.
o When blood vessels are
damaged, platelets help stop
blood loss by forming a
platelet plug.
o Their vesicles also contain
chemicals that promote
blood clotting.
Blood Circulation
 Pulmonary circulation
 Begins: The right ventricle
pumps low-oxygen blood
into the pulmonary artery to
lungs.
 Systemic circulation,
 The left ventricle pumps
oxygen-rich blood into the
main artery (aorta).
 The blood travels from the
main artery to larger and
smaller arteries and into the
capillary network.
 There the blood drops off
oxygen, nutrients and other
important substances and picks
up carbon dioxide and waste
products.
 The blood, which is now low in
oxygen, is collected in veins.
Types of Circulation
1. Single Circulation
 Fish has a single systemic
circuit for blood, where the
heart pumps the blood to the
gills to be re-oxygenated
(gill circulation), after which
the blood flows to the rest of
the body and back to the
heart.
 It is a pattern in which blood
passes only once through the
heart during each complete
circuit.
Transport System in
Plants
Plants require a transport system to
deliver raw materials for
photosynthesis to the leaves and to
deliver the sugar made to other parts
of the plant for use or storage.

2. Double Circulation
 This pattern in which blood
passes through the heart
twice during each circuit,
travelling from the heart to
the lungs, back to the heart,
out to the systemic tissues,
and back to the heart a
second time.
 Xylem
 Tracheids are elongated
cells in the xylem of
 vascular plants that serve in
the transport of water and
mineral salts
 Lose their end walls so the
xylem forms a continuous,
hollow tube. This allows
water to flow easily.
 Become strengthened by a
chemical called lignin. The
cells are no longer alive.
Lignin gives strength and
support to the vessel.
 Transport in the xylem is a
physical process. It does not
require energy.
 Phloem
 The xylem transports water
and minerals from the roots
up the plant stem and into
the leaves.
 Transpiration or the
evaporation of water from
the plant stomata.
Transpiration is ultimately
the main driver of water
movement in xylem.
 The tension created by
transpiration “pulls” water
in the plant xylem, drawing
the water upward in much
the same way that you draw
water upward when you
suck on a straw.
 Cohesion (water sticking to
each other) causes more
water molecules to fill the
gap in the xylem as the top-
most water is pulled toward
the stomata.
 Xylem Vessel
 Absorption of water
plus macronutrients and
micronutrients through
the root system by
diffusion.
 Companion cells are living
cells that are connected to
the sieve-tube members of
the phloem through
plasmodesmata
 Phloem moves sugar that the
plant has produced by
photosynthesis to where it is
needed for processes such
as:
 Growing parts of the
plant for immediate use
 Storage organs such as
bulbs and tubers
 Developing seeds
 Respiration
 Phloem consists of living through the plant by
cells. The cells that make up translocation.
the phloem are adapted to
their function:
 Sieve tubes –
specialized for
transport and have
no nuclei. Each
sieve tube has a
perforated end so
its cytoplasm
connects one cell to
the next.
 Companion cells –
transport of
substances in the
phloem requires
energy. One or
more companion
cells attached to
each sieve tube
provide this energy.
A sieve tube is
completely
dependent on its
companion cell(s).

 Phloem transports sucrose

and amino acids up and
down the plant. This is
called translocation. In
general, this happens
between where these
substances are made (the
sources) and where they are
used or stored (the sinks).
 Applied chemicals, such as
pesticides, also move