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Effect of Graphene Oxide on Phase Change Materials Based on

Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dodecahydrate for Thermal Storage
Kaiyue Huang, Jinhong Li,* Xuezhu Luan, Lijie Liu, Zhiwei Yang, and Chengdong Wang
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ABSTRACT: A novel composite phase change material (PCM)

for thermal energy storage was prepared by adding graphene oxide
(GO) to melted disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate
(DHPD, Na2HPO4·12H2O), which was then impregnated into
expanded vermiculite (EV). Because of the addition of GO, the
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contact angle between melted DHPD and EV was decreased from

56 to 45°. The maximum latent heat of the composite PCM
without GO was 167 J/g, which was improved to 229 J/g by
adding 0.2 wt % GO. The phase change temperature of the
composite PCM was around 42 °C. The results from X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle tests
revealed that the improvement in thermal energy storage was achieved because of the reduction of crystal water loss and the
increased encapsulation amount of salt hydrates. Thus, the thermal stability of the composite PCM was improved by the addition of
GO, which was demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis. The results of all analyses indicate that the addition of a low weight
fraction GO can promote the performance of salt hydrates existing in EV.

1. INTRODUCTION However, salt hydrates suffer from supercooling and phase

Owing to the increase in population and demand for thermal
comfort, building energy consumption is expected to increase
steadily, half of which is energy consumed by air conditioning
systems. Air conditioning systems can adjust indoor temper-
ature to thermal comfort by releasing cold or warm wind. The
increased demand for air conditioning systems will have a
negative impact on the environment because of the emission of
harmful gases.1−4 Phase change materials (PCMs) can achieve
indoor thermal comfort by absorbing or releasing heat, when
indoor temperature is too high or too low, respectively. Large
latent heat of PCMs can provide heat storage and cold storage
capacities to maintain indoor thermal comfort. Besides, most
PCMs have low thermal conductivity which can also play the
role of thermal insulation materials for buildings. Therefore,
PCMs can reduce the air conditioning system workload by
absorbing and releasing thermal energy. The applications of
PCMs have been studied for air source heat pumps, floor
heating, and building envelopes.5−8 Thermal insulation layers
using PCMs can reduce the effect of outdoor temperature on
indoor temperature. Additionally, they store thermal energy at
high temperatures and release it at low temperatures to heat
the rooms.
PCMs are categorized as inorganic and organic. For organic
PCMs, such as paraffin and fatty acids, it is difficult to meet the
requirements of building materials for nontoxicity, non-
flammability, and nonirritating odors. In contrast, inorganic
PCMs, mainly salt hydrates, having outstanding performances
with low cost and high thermal capacity, exhibit enormous
potential in the building energy conservation fields.9,10
separation, which limit their practical applications.11 Currently,
many researchers are focusing on addressing these defects.12
The most common methods are compositing with porous
supporting materials and modification with nucleating
agents.13,14 Porous supporting materials with thin-layer pores
can eliminate the salt hydrates’ phase separation and maintain
shape stability. The supercooling degree can be decreased
slightly using supporting materials according to the heteroge-
neous nucleation theory and can be further decreased or
eliminated by addition of nucleating agents. Peng et al.15
immersed disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate
(DHPD) in fumed silica. The DHPD supercooling degree
was reduced from 14.4 to 4.1 °C by the fumed silica porous
structure. The supporting materials may also influence the
thermal conductivity of the composite PCMs.11,16,17 Xiao18 et
al. combined sodium acetate trihydrate with xanthan gum and
copper foam. The thermal conductivity of the final composite
PCM was 2.10 W/(m·K), which was increased 1.76 times by
the copper foam. Thus, the supporting material was found to
play a decisive role in the performance of composite PCMs.
Received: March 17, 2020
Accepted: June 8, 2020
Published: June 17, 2020

© 2020 American Chemical Society https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01184

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The supporting materials for salt hydrates are primarily
metal foam, porous ceramics, and porous minerals.19−24
Among these materials, porous minerals are more suitable
for thermal insulation owing to their low price and low thermal
conductivity. Expanded vermiculite (EV) with a layered
structure is an interesting porous mineral for encapsulation.
However, after encapsulation, the melting enthalpy of the
composite material decreased significantly, which was often
lower than the theoretical value calculated from the
encapsulation amount.25 Xie26 et al. impregnated eutectic salt
hydrate into EV to prepare a shape-stabilized composite PCM.
The melting enthalpy of the composite and eutectic salt
hydrate was 110.3 and 195.3 J/g, respectively. A similar
phenomenon occurred with composite PCMs that were
prepared by encapsulation in other porous minerals.27−29
The melting enthalpy of salt hydrates is the heat absorbed by
the crystal dehydration and dissolution.30 It can be concluded
that in salt hydrate PCMs, the melting enthalpy decreases
because of the loss of crystal water during the high temperature
melting and mineral matrix water absorption. Because
encapsulation for maintaining shape stability is inevitable, it
is necessary to further enhance the thermal storage of
composite PCMs.
Considering the key factors that affect the thermal storage
capability, the salt hydrate proportion and crystal water
stability of composite PCMs must be enhanced. The
encapsulation rate for salt hydrates should be increased by
reducing the contact angle between the matrix and salt
hydrates. However, to prevent crystal water loss, more
hydrogen bonds should be introduced into the salt hydrates
to improve the attractive force. Graphene oxide (GO) is a
suitable additive for these two demands. Several functional
groups, such as carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of GO, readily
form hydrogen bonds with crystal water.31,32 The skin friction
coefficient of fluid increases with an increase in the GO volume
fraction, thereby preventing leakage when the salt hydrate is
melted.33 However, GO is widely used to enhance the
conductivity of photoelectric materials, biomaterials, and
modified polymers.34−37 Lu38 et al. enhanced the thermal
conductivity of polyurethane/wood powder composite PCMs
by incorporating GO. Dogonchi39 et al. conducted a study on
the GO−water nanofluid in a porous channel with a low
nanoparticle volume fraction using a mathematic model and
experimentation. The study demonstrated that the fluid
temperature profile had a direct relationship with the GO
volume fraction. However, the fluid thermal conductivity did
not change significantly as the GO volume fraction increased
negligibly.33 Therefore, GO with a low fraction is feasible as an
additive for composite PCMs with low thermal conductivity.
To date, very few studies have reported the performance of salt
hydrate PCMs modified with GO.
Herein, DHPD is selected as the salt hydrate PCM because
of its excellent thermal performance. DHPD shape stability was
achieved by EV encapsulation. A novel composite PCM with
GO as an additive was prepared. Furthermore, the
encapsulation ability of EV in DHPD was investigated. Finally,
the effects of GO on the crystal water of DHPD encapsulated
in EV and on the thermal energy storage of the composite
PCM were evaluated.
2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2.1. Wettability of DHPD and DHPD−GO on EV Pore
Walls. High wettability can reduce the possibility of salt
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hydrate leakage in matrices. The contact angle is considered to
be an efficient criterion in the study of wettability. The EV
particles were compressed into thin slices with a length of 45
mm, a width of 30 mm, and a height of 1 mm under a pressure
of 8 MPa to test the contact angles between the salt hydrates
and EV. As shown in Figure 1, the contact angle decreases
Figure 1. Contact angles between EV and the melted (a) DHPD and
(b) DHPD−GO salt hydrates.
from 56 to 45° after adding GO. This indicates that GO can
reduce DHPD surface tension. The low surface tension makes
the flow of the salt hydrates difficult in the matrix pores to
obtain shape-stable composite PCMs (Figure 1).
2.2. Supercooling and Phase Separation of DHPD
and DHPD−GO. Phase separation is present in the melted salt
hydrates and supercooling during the solidification process.
The effect of GO on DHPD phase separation and supercooling
degrees was studied by observing the melted salt hydrates and
the temperature variation (high to low) of the melted salt
hydrates, respectively. The DHPD−GO cooled more slowly
than pure DHPD, as shown in Figure 2a, because the natural
convection of melted DHPD was reduced by GO, which is
beneficial when forming shape-stable PCMs. The decrease in
the cooling rate indicates that the salt hydrate with GO has a
stronger resistance to rapid temperature drop than pure
DHPD. The supercooling degree of DHPD, DHPD−0.1%
GO, DHPD−0.2% GO, DHPD−0.3% GO, and DHPD−0.4%
GO was 10.8, 14.9, 11.3, 11.8, and 10.3 °C, respectively.
Because the supercooling degree of salt hydrates would be
increased by the decrease of the temperature cooling rate, it
can be only considered that GO lessened the crystallization
drive force when the weight fraction is 0.4 wt %. Additionally,
there are narrow crystallization platforms for salt hydrates
within GO. It can be considered that though GO has limited
capability in lessening the crystallization drive force for salt
hydrates, it may accelerate the crystallization process. The
supercooling degree of salt hydrates, as the driving force of
nucleation, is determined by the difficulty of nucleation. A low
supercooling degree is acceptable for building thermal energy
storage. The DHPD time−temperature curve shows that the
absorption and release of heat by the PCM proceeds at 32 and
22 °C, respectively, which keeps the indoor temperature
comfortable for human habitation. By increasing the GO
weight fraction, the supercooling degrees of the salt hydrates
can be reduced. As shown in Figure 2b−e, both DHPD and
DHPD−GO salt hydrates exhibit no phase separation after 10
melting/crystallization thermal cycles.
2.3. Constituents of DHPD/EV and DHPD−GO/EV
Composite PCMs. Hydrates of Na2HPO4 include Na2HPO4·
7H2O, Na2HPO4·2H2O, and Na2HPO4·12H2O. Na2HPO4·
12H2O gets easily converted to Na 2 HPO 4·7H2O and
Na2HPO4·2H2O when the crystal water escapes at high
temperatures. Composition of salt hydrates with and without
GO encapsulated in EV by X-ray diffraction (XRD) are shown
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Figure 2. (a) Time−temperature curves of the DHPD and DHPD-GO salt hydrates and images of samples, (b) liquid DHPD−0.1% GO, (c) solid
DHPD−0.1% GO, (d) liquid DHPD, and (e) solid DHPD after 10 melting/crystallization thermal cycles.

in Figure 3. The characteristic peaks of Na2HPO4·12H2O and
Na2HPO4·7H2O are located at 16.25 and 20.88°, respectively.
Figure 3. XRD patterns of raw materials and composite PCMs.
The main composition of pure DHPD is Na2HPO4·7H2O and
Na2HPO4·12H2O. The characteristic peak of Na2HPO4·2H2O
located at 10.48° appears in the DHPD/EV composite.
Na2HPO4·2H2O and Na2HPO4·7H2O are the main compo-
nents of salt hydrates in DHPD/EV because of the loss of
unstable DHPD crystal water and EV water absorption.
However, the main components of salt hydrates in DHPD−
GO/EV are Na2HPO4·7H2O and Na2HPO4·12H2O without
Na2HPO4·2H2O. The peak intensity of Na2HPO4·7H2O and
Na2HPO4·12H2O is promoted in the XRD patterns of
DHPD−GO/EV composites, indicating that the proportion
of salt hydrates increased after GO was added into DHPD. GO
plays a significant role in salt hydrates retaining crystal water,
thereby improving the amount of encapsulation. With an
increase in the weight fraction of GO, the proportion of
Na2HPO4·12H2O decreased, indicating that the hydrogen
bonds formed by GO and crystal water affect the amount of
crystal water in the salt hydrates. Therefore, there is a suitable
GO weight fraction for achieving the maximum thermal energy
storage of composite PCMs.
2.4. Morphology of DHPD/EV and DHPD−GO/EV
Composite PCMs. The sample images are shown in Figure
4. The EV remains granular after immersion in melted DHPD
and DHPD−GO. The white substance seen on the surface of
the EV particles, as shown in Figure 4b, is the DHPD
dehydration product. Particles of DHPD−GO/EV, as shown
in Figure 4c, appear deeper in color than particles of EV and
EV/DHPD, which illustrates the existence of GO in the
DHPD−GO/EV composite. Good shape stability is shown in
each sample of the DHPD/EV and DHPD−GO/EV
composites. The adsorption and morphology of the salt
hydrates in EV are presented by scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) in Figure 5. As shown in Figure 5a, the DHPD
thickness in the EV pores reaches 25 μm when the DHPD
mass ratio is only 50 wt %. This indicates that a large amount
of salt hydrates exists on the surface of EV. As shown in Figure
5b−f, the composite PCM particles were peeled to observe the
morphology of the salt hydrates on the EV pore walls. It is
obvious that the DHPD morphology in the composite changes
with GO. DHPD crystals of the DHPD/EV composite present
small particles in Figure 5b as the size of a particle is about 1
μm. The surface of DHPD crystals smoothens when GO
content is 0.1 wt %, and the surface is likely be covered by a
thin film when GO content is 0.2 wt %. DHPD crystals
become larger, with particle sizes of 5−10 μm when GO
content is 0.3 and 0.4 wt %. The difference in the morphology

Figure 4. Visual images of (a) EV, (b) DHPD/EV, and (c) DHPD−GO/EV composite after heating at 60 °C.

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the DHPD/EV samples are lower than those of DHPD, and

the peak positions of the DHPD/EV composites shift to high
temperatures as the DHPD content increases. The measured
values of melting enthalpy and melting temperature are listed
in Table 1. With the increasing DHPD weight fraction, the

Table 1. Thermal Storage Properties of DHPD and

Composite PCMs
melting melting
enthalpy composite melting temperature
samples (J/g) enthalpy ratea (%) (°C)
DHPD 240.0 43.6
50% DHPD/EV 100.8 42.0 40.0
60% DHPD/EV 139.6 58.2 44.9
70% DHPD/EV 153.0 63.8 46.4
80% DHPD/EV 167.0 69.6 46.5, 51.3
DHPD−0.1% 189.9 79.1 42.8
GO/EV
DHPD−0.2% 191.4 79.8 42.1
GO/EV
DHPD−0.3% 229.0 95.4 42.5, 48.8
GO/EV
DHPD−0.4% 204.0 85.0 42.2, 51.2
GO/EV
a
The composite melting enthalpy rate = the composite melting
enthalpy/the pure DHPD melting enthalpy.
Figure 5. SEM images of (a) 50% DHPD/EV, (b) 80% DHPD/EV,
(c) DHPD−0.1% GO/EV, (d) DHPD−0.2% GO/EV, (e) DHPD− latent heat of the DHPD/EV composite increases. However,
0.3% GO/EV, and (f) DHPD−0.4% GO/EV composite PCMs. the composite melting enthalpy rate is lower than the DHPD
weight fraction value. The difference may be because DHPD is
indicates that GO exists in DHPD, which is present on the EV converted to Na2HPO4·2H2O and Na2HPO4·7H2O. The
surface.44−46 GO has some oxygen-containing functional changes in the melting temperature of the DHPD/EV
groups that easily form hydrogen bonds with crystal water. composite can illustrate this point. The melting temperature
The attractive force caused by these hydrogen bonds can of salt hydrates increases with the decrease in the content of
improve the thermal stability of crystal water. Therefore, crystal water. In the DSC curves, the increase in the melting
according to the results of SEM and XRD patterns, the DHPD temperature of the composite PCMs illustrates that the
crystal water, which is present on macro-pore walls, is unstable fraction of Na2HPO4·12H2O decreases. Without any additives,
without GO, whereas it becomes stable in the presence of GO. the maximum composite melting enthalpy of DHPD/EV
2.5. Thermal Storage Properties of DHPD/EV and reaches 69.6% of pure DHPD. The melting enthalpy ratio can
DHPD−GO/EV Composite PCMs. Both high thermal energy be improved by using GO as an additive. The maximum
storage density and suitable phase change temperature are the melting enthalpy rate of the DHPD−GO/EV composite goes
key selections in the PCM application. The EV is completely up to 95.4%, when the GO weight fraction reaches 0.3 wt %.
immersed when the proportion of DHPD reaches 80 wt %, as As shown in Figure 6b, a new melting peak of the DHPD−
shown in the sample photographs in Figure 6a. This indicates GO/EV DSC curves appears around 45−55 °C, and the
that the maximum encapsulation ratio of DHPD in EV is lower temperature variation of the peak shifts to high temperatures
than 80 wt %. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with the increasing GO weight fraction. According to the
curves of the DHPD, DHPD/EV, and DHPD−GO composites resulting XRD patterns, there are only Na2HPO4·7H2O and
are shown in Figure 6. In Figure 6a, the DSC peak heights of Na2HPO4·12H2O in DHPD−GO/EV composites. Therefore,

Figure 6. DSC curves of (a) DHPD and DHPD/EV composite PCMs at a temperature rising rate of 5 K/min and (b) DHPD−GO/EV composite
PCMs at a temperature rising rate of 2 K/min.

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Table 2. Summary Studies of Salt Hydrates on Latent Heat with Different Additives
additives, concentration weight
salt hydrates (wt %)
Na2SO4·10H2O40 attapulgite, 9.33
Na2SO4·10H2O41 super absorbent polymer, 2.9
CH3COONa·3H2O41 carboxyl methyl cellulose
carboxyl, 3
CH3COONa·3H2O42 methyl cellulose, 4
CH3COONa·3H2O43 carboxyl methyl cellulose, 2 and
DHPD, 2
Na2HPO4·12H2O (encapsulated in EV, in GO, 0.3
this work)
Figure 7. (a) TG and (b) DTG curves of the EV, DHPD, and composite PCMs.
the shape changes of DHPD−GO/EV composite DSC curves
indicates that the content of Na2HPO4·7H2O in DHPD−GO/
EV composites increases with the increasing GO weight
fraction. Table 2 compares salt hydrates with different
additives with the DHPD−GO/EV composite. It shows that
the ratio of latent heat corresponding to the pure salt hydrate is
high in this work even after encapsulation, and the additional
GO amount is low. These results indicate that GO has a good
impact on promoting the thermal energy storage of salt hydrate
composite PCMs.
2.6. Thermal Stability of DHPD/EV and DHPD−GO/EV
Composite PCMs. Thermal stability in the employed
temperature range is an important PCM standard for
construction applications. The crystal water loss is the primary
weight loss of salt hydrates in their working temperature range.
The thermogravimetric (TG) and differential TG (DTG)
curves of EV, DHPD, and composite PCMs are presented in
Figure 7. Pure DHPD loses crystal water slowly from 25 to 80
°C and then rapidly from 105 to 110 °C. Na2HPO4·12H2O is
first converted to Na2HPO4·7H2O, then Na2HPO4·2H2O, and
finally Na2HPO4 with the increasing temperature. For
composite PCMs, the quick crystal water loss from 105 to
110 °C disappears. The total weight loss of the composite
PCM when temperature reaches 180 °C decreases with GO,
and the weight loss of the DHPD−GO/EV composites
correlates less with their encapsulation ratios. This indicates
that the crystal water loss is reduced by GO existing in DHPD,
which is on the EV surface, thus, the thermal stability of
encapsulated salt hydrates can be promoted by GO. However,
the promotion of the thermal stability is less affected by the
increase in the GO weight fraction. The DTG curves show the
crystal water loss more clearly. The most remarkable crystal
water loss process occurred in the temperature range of 25−75
°C. The crystal water loss over 75 °C is negligible when the
weight fraction of GO is 0.2 wt %. It can be inferred that the
special structure of a thin film of GO covering DHPD particles
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latent heat the latent heat ratio of the composite with the additive to the pure
(J/g) salt hydrate (%)
202 87.8
227 89.4
206 90.0
227 95.4
253.6 92.0
229.0 95.4
has a significant impact on the thermal stability of the DHPD−
GO/EV composites. The crystal water loss process is right-
shifted when the GO weight fraction is 0.4 wt %. Partial crystal
water in DHPD is free in the crystal cell. The thermal stability
of this type of crystal water can be promoted by forming
hydrogen bonds with GO. Therefore, there is a trend that the
crystal water loss decreases and needs higher temperature with
the increase in the weight percentage of GO. Analysis
illustrates that the thermal stability of salt hydrates existing
in EV can be improved by GO; however, this improvement is
unstable when the GO weight fraction is low.
3. CONCLUSIONS
The study of salt hydrates as PCMs is an important topic for
energy conservation, and the use of porous minerals as
encapsulation matrices is an excellent option for application on
building envelopes and decoration. Several studies have
reported the elimination of supercooling and phase separation
of salt hydrates using nucleating agents and porous supporting
materials. In this study, we focused on the thermal energy
storage of salt hydrates existing in the supporting material. This
is the first time that a shape-stable composite PCM was
prepared by adding GO to salt hydrates. The results indicate
that GO can significantly improve the thermal energy storage
and stability of composite PCMs with a low weight fraction.
The composite PCM with 0.3 wt % GO as the additive
presents a high latent heat and core main melting temperature
of 229 J/g and 42.5 °C, respectively. The change in the contact
angles between the EV and the salt hydrates on addition of GO
confirms that the DHPD encapsulation volume is improved by
GO. The SEM and XRD results confirm that the crystal water
loss of salt hydrates in EV is reduced by GO. All analyses
explain the effect of GO on improving the thermal energy
storage of composite PCMs. In conclusion, the shape-stable
composite PCM developed in this study demonstrates
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excellent potential for reducing energy consumption in
building applications.
4. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
4.1. Materials. The DHPD (analytical grade) was
purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
(Beijing, China) and used as the PCM. The EV with a
porosity of 89.4%, a pore volume of 4.1 mL/g, and a specific
surface area of 17.8 m2/g was obtained from Hebei Lingshou.
GO with a size of ∼10 μm was purchased from Shanghai
Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Both the
pore size distribution curve and SEM image of EV are shown
in Figures S1 and S2.
4.2. Preparation of DHPD/EV Composite PCMs. The
DHPD/EV composite PCMs were fabricated by impregnating
melted salt hydrates with different weight proportions (50, 60,
70, and 80 wt %) into EV. The mixtures were placed in glass
bottles and heated in a water bath at 50 °C for 3 h. The glass
bottles were sealed to prevent the loss of crystal water of salt
hydrates during the encapsulation process. Subsequently, the
mixtures were removed and placed on filter papers to remove
the flowing melted salt hydrates on the EV surface. The
obtained EV particles were placed in a refrigerator at 4 °C for
complete solidification. The weight of each raw material used
in preparation is listed in Table S1.
4.3. Preparation of DHPD−GO/EV Composite PCMs.
The DHPD−GO-modified salt hydrates were prepared by
mixing DHPD with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 wt % GO. The GO
weight fraction was low to maintain economic feasibility. First,
the DHPD was placed in sealed glass bottles and melted
completely in a water bath at 50 °C. The GO was then added
into the melted salt hydrates and stirred homogeneously using
a glass rod. The contact angles between the EV and salt
hydrates with and without GO were tested at the salt hydrates
liquid state using a contact angle measurement instrument.
The DHPD−GO/EV composite PCMs were fabricated by
impregnating DHPD−GO into EV using the same preparation
steps as used for the DHPD/EV composite. The EV mass
percentage in the DHPD−GO/EV composite was 20 wt %.
The weight of each raw material in preparation is listed in
Table S1.
4.4. Characterization of Salt Hydrates and Salt
Hydrates/EV Composite PCMs. The contact angles between
the salt hydrates and EV were tested using a contact angle
measurement instrument (Zhongchen JC2000C1). The
constituents and phases of the salt hydrates and composites
were characterized by XRD (Rigaku DMAX 2400) with Cu Kα
radiation (λ = 1.541 Å) in the 2θ range of 5−70°. The
morphology of the shape-stable composite PCMs, coated with
gold before the experiment, was observed by SEM (JSM-
IT300). The pore walls of EV with salt hydrates were observed
by peeling the composite particles as one of the novelties of
this study. To determine the latent heat and phase change
temperature of DHPD and composite PCMs, DSC (Netzsch
DSC 214) was employed to measure the heat flow change
from 0 to 60 °C. The degree of exactitude of the instrument
was within 1%, and the temperature error was within 0.1 °C.
The supercooling degree of the modified salt hydrates with
different GO weight fractions was measured by recording the
real-time temperatures of these salt hydrates during their
solidification processes using a multiple channel data recorder
(Toprie TP720). The thermal stabilities of the salt hydrate and
composite PCMs were studied by thermogravimetric analysis
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(TGA, TGA Q5000). The thermal conductivity of the
composite PCMs was measured using laser flash diffusivity
apparatus (Netzsch LFA 467). Visual photographs were taken
by the author Kaiyue Huang.
■
*
ASSOCIATED CONTENT
sı Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.0c01184.
Pore size distribution of EV and SEM images of EV and
the composite particle and each raw material weight
(PDF)
■
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
Jinhong Li − Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of
Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of
Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology,
China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, P.R. China;
orcid.org/0000-0002-0368-8184; Phone: +86 186 1198
5215; Email: jinhong@cugb.edu.cn
Authors
Kaiyue Huang − Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials
Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes,
National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials
Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences,
Beijing 100083, P.R. China
Xuezhu Luan − Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization
of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National
Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science
and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing
100083, P.R. China
Lijie Liu − Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of
Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory
of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and
Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083,
P.R. China
Zhiwei Yang − Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization
of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National
Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science
and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing
100083, P.R. China
Chengdong Wang − Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials
Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes,
National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials
Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences,
Beijing 100083, P.R. China
Complete contact information is available at:
https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01184
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (NSFC grants no. U1607113 and
U1803116) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the
Central Universities (grant no. 2652018296). We would like to
thank Editage (www.editage.cn) for English language editing.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01184
ACS Omega 2020, 5, 15210−15217
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ACS Omega 2020, 5, 15210−15217