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 0 1 0  x1   0 
    
When  = 2,  0 0 1  x2    0   x2 = 0, x3 = 0 and x1 takes any value, say k  0.
 0 0 0  x   0 
  3   
 k  1
   
Therefore the eigenvector is  0    0 
 0 0
   
a 4
11. Find the constants ‘a’ & ‘c’ such that the matrix   has 3 & –2 as its eigen values.
1 c
Solution : (APR/MAY 2011, 2017)
Sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonals  a + c = 3–2 = 1-----(1)
product of the eigen values = A  (3)(-2) = ac – 4
i.e. –6 = ac – 4  ac = -2

P
 c = -2/a

ww
sub c in (1) a + c = 1  a + (-2/a) =1  a2-2 = a i.e. a2-a-2 =0

AP
solving a = -1, 2  c = 2,-1

w.E
12. Determine  so that  (x2 + y2 +z2) + 2xy – 2xz + 2zy is positive definite.
  1  1
 

asy
Solution : The matrix of the given quadratic form is A   1  1 
 1 1  
 

En
R
The principal sub determinants are given by
 1
D1 = , D2 =
gin
 2  1  (  1)(  1) & D3 = |A| = (+1)2( -2)
CO

1 

eer
The Quadratic form is +ve definite if D1, D2 & D3 > 0   > 2
13. If  is the eigen value of the matrix A, then prove that 2 is the eigen value of A2.
Solution :
ing
Let X be the eigen vector of the matrix A corresponding to the eigen value , then AX =  X.
(JAN 2014)

.ne
U

Multiply by A  A2 X = A (X)
=  (AX)
t
ST

=  ( X)
=  2X
Hence, 2 is the eigen value of A2.
14. What is the nature of the quadratic form x2 + y2 + z2 in four variables? (JAN 2016)
1 0 0 0
 
 0 1 0 0
Solution : The matrix of the given quadratic form is A  .
0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 0
Since the matrix is the diagonal matrix, its main diagonal elements are its eigen values.
The eigen values are 1,1,1,0. Hence the nature is positive semi definite.
15. If 2,-1,-3 are the eigen values of the matrix A, find the eigen values of the matrix A2  2I .
Solution : (A/M 2014)
2 2 2 2
The eigen values of A are 2 , (-1) ,(-3) = 4, 1, 9.
The eigen values of A2-2I are 4 – 2,1–2,9 –2 = 2,–1,7

Engin eering 3
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2 0 1
16. If 2,3 are the two eigen values of  0 2 0  ,then find the value of b. (NOV/DEC 2014)
 
b 0 2
 
Solution: Let  be the third eigen value of the given matrix.
Sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonals
i.e. 2+3+ = 6   = 1.
product of the eigen values = A
(1)(2)(3) = 2(4) +1(-2b)  6 = 8-2b  b=1
17. Find the rank, index and signature of the Quadratic form whose Canonical form is
x12  2x 22  3x 32 . (APR/MAY 2011)
Solution :
Rank (r) = Number of terms in the C.F = 3 ,
Index (p) = Number of Positive terms in the C.F = 2

P
wwSignature (s) = 2p – r =1
18. Identify the nature, index and signature of the quadratic form 2 x1 x2  2 x2 x3  2 x3 x1 .

w.E
AP
(NOV/DEC 2015)
Solution:
0 1 1

asy 
The matrix of the quadratic form is given by A  1
1
0 1 
0 
En
R
1
The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 0
gin
CO

S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal element  (0 1)  (0 1)  (0 1)  3 ;
S3 = A = -1(0-1)+1(1-0)=2 eer
The characteristics equation is λ3 –3λ – 2 = 0.
(λ +1)2( λ–2)=0  The eigen values are λ = –1,–1,2 ing
.ne
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Nature: indefinite
Rank (r) = Number of eigen values.
Index (p) = Number of Positive eigen values.
t
ST

Signature (s) = 2p – r =2(1) – 3 = –1.

19. Write down the matrix of the quadratic form 2 x2  8z 2  4 xy  10 xz  2 yz . (APR/MAY 2013)
Solution :
The matrix of the quadratic form is given by
a11 = coeff of x 2 = 2 , a 22 = coeff of y 2 = 0 , a 33 = coeff of z 2 = 8
1 4 1 10
a12 =a 21 = (coeff of xy) = =2, a13 = a 31 = (coeff of xz) = =5
2 2 2 2
1 -2
a 23 =a 32 = (coeff of yz) = =-1
2 2
2 2 5
  1
 A  2 0
5 1 8 

Engin eering 4
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 0 5  1
 6  .
20. Write down the quadratic form corresponding to the matrix A   5 1
(APR/MAY 2012)
 1 6 2 

Solution :
 0 5  1  x1 
 5 6  x 
T
Quadratic form of A is given by X AX =  x1 x2 x3   1  2
 1 6 2   x3 
= 0x12  x 22 +2x32  10 x1 x2  12 x2 x3  2 x3 x1
PART-B
2 0 1
 
1(a) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A   0 2 0  (JAN 2016)

P
1 0 2
 
ww
Solution:

AP
The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.

w.E
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 2+2+2 = 6;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal element

=
2 0
0 2

2 1
1 2

2 0
0 2 asy
 (4  0)  (4  1)  (4  0)  11 ;

En
R
2 0 0 0 0 2
S3 = A = 2 0 1  2(4  0)  1(0  2)  8  2  6.
0 2 1 2 1 0
gin
CO

The characteristics equation is λ3 – 6 λ2 + 11λ – 6 = 0.

(λ –1)( λ–2) (λ–3) =0 
The eigen values are λ = 1,2,3 eer
We know that, (A-I)X=0   0
2

0 1   x1 
 
2- 0   x 2  = 0
ing
.ne
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1 2    
 0  x 3 
(2   ) x1  0 x2  x3  0 
t
ST


0 x1  (2   ) x2  0 x3  0     (1)
 x1  0 x2  (2   ) x3  0 

Case (1) :  = 1
Substituting =1 in (1) we get
x1 +x 3  0,
x 2  0,
x1  x 3  0
Solving x1  x3 , x 2  0.
Take x1 1  x 3   1.
1 
 
The eigen vectors is X 1   0 
 -1
 

Engin eering 5
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Case (2) :  = 2
Substituting =2 in (1) we get
x 3  0,
x1  0
x1  x 3  0 and x2 takes any value . Take x 2  1
0
 
The eigen vector is X 2  1 
0
 
Case (3) :  = 3
Substituting =3 in (1) we get
-x1 + x 3  0,
x 2  0,

P
x1  x 3  0

ww
Solving x1  x 3 , x 2  0.

AP
Take x1 1  x 3 1.
w.E 1 
 
The eigen vector is X 3   0 
1 
  asy
En
R
1   0  1 
     
The eigen vectors are  0  , 1  ,  0 
 -1   0   1 
gin
CO

     

(b) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A   2
eer
 2 2 3 
 
1 6 
ing
 1 2 0 
 
(APR/MAY 2014)

.ne
U

Solution:
The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = –1;
t
ST

S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = -21;

S3 = A = 45.
The characteristic equation is λ3 + λ2 –21λ –45 = 0.
(λ +3)( λ+3) (λ–5) =0
The eigen values are λ = – 3,– 3, 5
 2   2  3   x1 
  
Consider  2 1   6   x2  = 0
 1 2 0    
  x 3 
(2   ) x1  2 x2  3x3  0 

2 x1  (1   ) x2  6 x3  0     (1)
 x1  2 x2   x3  0 

Case (1) :  = 5
Substituting =5 in (1) we get

Engin eering 6
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7x1  2x 2  3x 3  0,
2x1  4x 2  6x 3  0,
 x1  2x 2  5x 3  0
Solving the above equation we get x 1  1, x 2  2, x 3  1
 -1 
 
Eigen vectors is X 1   -2 
 1
 
Case (2) :  = –3
Substituting  = – 3 in (1) we get
x1  2x 2  3x 3  0,
2x1  4x 2  6x 3  0,
x1  2x 2  3x 3  0,

P
ww
The above three equations are reduced to single equation x1  2x 2  3x3  0,

AP
3

w.E
Put x 2  0 we get the value , x 1  3 x 3  1
 
 X 2   0
1 
 

asy - 2
 
En
R
Put x 3  0 we get the value , x 1  -2 x 2  1  X 3   1 
 0

gin  
CO

Therefore the Eigen values λ = 5,– 3,– 3 with corresponding Eigen vector are
 -1  3 - 2
     
- 2 ,0 , 1  eer
 1  1   0 
      ing
.ne
U

 8 6 2 
 
2(a) Diagonalize the matrix A=   6 7  4  by means of an orthogonal transformation.
 2 4 3 
 
t
ST

Solution:
 8 6 2 
 
The symmetric matrix A=   6 7  4 
 2 4 3 
 
The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 18;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = 45;
S3 = A = 0.
The characteristic equation is λ3 – 18 λ2 + 45λ = 0.
(λ )( λ–3) (λ–15) =0  The eigen values are λ = 0,3,15
 8 6 2  x1 
  
Consider   6 7    4  x 2   0 -----(1)
 2  
 4 3    x 3 


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Case (1) :  = 0
Substituting =0 in (1) we get
8x1  6x 2  2x 3  0,
6x1  7x 2  4x 3  0,
2x1  4x 2  3x 3  0
1 
 
Solving x1  1, x 3  2, x 2  2 ,  Eigen vectors is X1   2 
 2
 
Case (2) :  = 3
Substituting =3 in the (1) and solving we get
5x1  6x 2  2x 3  0,6x1  4x 2  4x 3  0, 2x1  4x 2  0
 2

P
 

ww
solving x1  2, x 3  2, x 2  1,  Eigen vector is X 2   1 
- 2
 

w.E
AP
Case (3) :  = 15
Substituting =15 in the (1) and solving we get
-7x1  6x 2  2x 3  0,
6x1  8x 2  4x 3  0, asy
En
R
2x1  4x 2  12x 3  0

gin
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  2, x 3  1, x 2  2 .
CO

 2
 
Eigen vector is X 3    2  eer
 1
 
ing
It is clear that X1T X 2 = X1T X3 = X 2 T X 3  0
.ne
U

1   2   2
   
3  3 

 3

t
ST

2  1  2
Normalized Eigen vectors are   ,   ,  
3  3   3 
2 -2  1 
     
3  3   3 
1 2 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
   
Normalized matrix N=  2 1 2
 and NT= 2 1  2
3 3 3 3 3 3
   
2  2 1 2  2 1
 3 3 3   3 3 3 

Engin eering 8
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1 2 2 1 2 2
3 
3 3  8 6 2  3  3 3
   
 2 1 2    2 1 2
T
N AN=   6 7  4 
3 3 3  3 3 3
   2  4 3   
2  2 1 2  2 1
 3 3 3   3 3 3 
0 0 0 
 0 3 0   D ( 0, 3,15 )
0 0 15
(b) The Eigen vectors of a 33 real symmetric matrix A corresponding to the eigen values 2,3,6 are
(1,0,-1)T, (1,1,1)T and (1,-2,1)T respectively. Find the matrix A. (APR/MAY 2011)
Solution:
We know that under orthogonal transformation real symmetric matrix A can be diagonalized in to a

P
2 0 0

ww
diagonal matrix D =  0 3 0  .

AP
 0 0 6 

w.E
i.e. NTAN = D, where N is an orthogonal matrix.
Pre multiply by N and post multiply by NT, we get
N(NTAN)NT = N(D)NT
(NNT)A(NNT ) = NDNT asy
En
R
I( A) I = NDNT
 A = NDNT
 1 1   1
gin 
CO

1 0 -1
   
 2
 0
Normalized matrix N  
1
3

6
2 
 2
 1
 and N  
T eer
1
2
1
2 


 2
 1 1
3 6
1 
 3
 1
3
2ing 1
3 

 2   6 
.ne
U

 3 6   6 6 
 1 1   

1
 
1 0 -1

t
ST

 2 3 6
2 0 0  2 2 2 
 0 1 2  0 3 0  1 1 1 
A  NDN T        
 2 3 6
 0 0 6   3 3 3 
 1 1 1   1 2 1 
 2 6   
 3  6 6 6 
 2 3 6   1 0 -1 
   
 2 3 6   2 2 2   3 1 1
 3 2   1 1 1   
 0     =  1 5 1
 3 6  3 3 3   1 1 3 
 2 3 6   1 2 1 
 2 6   
 3  6 6 6 
 3 1 1 
 A   1 5 1
 1 1 3 

Engin eering 9
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Sub. Name & Code: Mathematics-II/ MA8251 Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2017- 18
3 Reduce the quadratic form x  5x2  x3  2 x1 x2  2 x2 x3  6 x3 x1 into a canonical form by using
1
2 2 2

orthogonal transformation. Hence find its rank, index, signature and nature. (APR/MAY 2014, 2015)
Solution:
1 1 3
The matrix of the quadratic form is given by A  1 5 1 
3 1 1 
The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements =1+5+1 = 7;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = (5-1)+(1-9)+(5-1) = 4–8+4 = 0;
S3 = A = –36.
The characteristic equation is λ3 –7λ2 +36 = 0.
(λ +2)( λ–3) (λ–6) = 0
The eigen values are λ = – 2, 3, 6

P
1   3   x1 
ww
Consider 
 1
1
5
 
1   x 2  = 0

AP
 3 1     x 3 
w.E 1
(1   ) x1  x2  3x3  0
x1  (5   ) x2  x3  0


    (1)
3x1  x2  (1   ) x3  0 
 asy
En
R
Case (1) :  = –2
Substituting = –2 in (1) we get
3x1  x2  3x3  0
gin
CO

x1  7 x2  x3  0
3x1  x2  3x3  0 eer
ing
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  1, x2  0, x3  1
 -1
.ne
U

 
Eigen vectors is X 1   0 
 1
 
t
ST

Case (2) :  = 3
Substituting = 3 in (1) we get
2 x1  x2  3x3  0
x1  2 x2  x3  0
3x1  x2  2 x3  0
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  1, x2  1, x3  1
 1
 
Eigen vectors is X 2   1
 1
 
Case (3) :  = 6
Substituting = 6 in (1) we get

Engin eering 10
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Sub. Name & Code: Mathematics-II/ MA8251 Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2017- 18
5 x1  x2  3x3  0
x1  x2  x3  0
3x1  x2  5 x3  0
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  1, x2  2, x3  1
1 
 
Eigen vectors is X 3   2 
 1
 
 -1  1 1 
     
The eigen vectors are X 1   0  , X 2   1 , X 3  2
 1  1  1
     
It is clear that X1T X 2 = X1T X3 = X 2T X 3  0.  allthe eigen vectors are pairwiseorthogonal .
 1   1 

P
-1 1 -1 0
   
ww 
 0
2
-1
3 6 
2 

 1
2
-1
2 2 
1 

AP
T
Normalized modal matrix N=   and N =  

w.E 



1
2 3
1
6
1 
6 




1
3 3
2
3 
1 
6 
 -1

0 1 

asy 2
 -1

3
1 1 

6 6

En
R
 2 2 2  1 1 3  2 3 6 
  0 0 0 
 1 -1 1     0 -1 2   
  0 3 0   D (  2,3, 6 )
gin
T
N AN=   1 5 1  
 3 3 3 
3 1 1  
2 3 6
CO

0 0 15
 1 2 1   1 1 1  
 6
 6 6   2
 3 6 
eer
ing
Consider the orthogonal transformation X= NY, where N is an orthogonal matrix.
Now, Quadratic form = XTAX = (NY)TA(NY)
= (YT NT )A(NY)
.ne
U

= YT (NTAN)Y
= YT (D)Y = Canonical form
t
ST

Under orthogonal transformation X = NY the given quadratic form reduced to canonical form provided
NTAN = D.
Reduced canonical form is 2 y12  3 y22  6 y32 .
Nature: indefinite
Rank (r) = Number of terms in the C.F = 3.
Index (p) = Number of Positive terms in the C.F = 2.
Signature (s) = 2p – r =2(2) – 3 = 1.
4(a) Reduce the quadratic form 6 x2  3 y 2  3z 2  4 xy  2 yz  4 xz into a canonical form by using
orthogonal transformation. Hence find its rank, index, signature and nature. (NOV/DEC 2015, JAN 2014)
Solution:
 6 2 2 
The matrix of the quadratic form is given by A   2 3 1
 2 1 3 
The characteristic equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.

Engin eering 11
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S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements =6+3+3 = 12;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = (9-1)+(18-4)+(18-4) = 8+14+14 = 36;
S3 = A = 32.
The characteristic equation is λ3 –12λ2 +36-32 = 0.
(λ -2)( λ–2) (λ–8) = 0
The eigen values are λ = 8,2,2
6   2 2   x1 
   = 0
 2 3   1   x2 
Consider
 2 1 3     x3 
(6   ) x1  2 x2  2 x3  0 

2 x1  (3   ) x2  x3  0     (1)
2 x1  x2  (3   ) x3  0 

Case (1) :  = 8

P
ww
Substituting = 8 in (1) we get
2 x1  2 x2  2 x3  0

w.E
AP
2 x1  5 x2  x3  0
2 x1  x2  5 x3  0

asy
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get x1  2, x2  1, x3  1
 2
 
En
R
Eigen vectors is X 1    1
 1
 
gin
CO

Case (2) :  = 2
Substituting = 2 in (1) we get
4 x1  2 x2  2 x3  0 eer
2 x1  x2  x3  0
ing
2 x1  x2  x3  0
.ne
U

All the above equations are reduced to single equation 2 x1  x2  x3  0 .

Assume x1  0, x2  1. Substitute in 2 x1  x2  x3  0 we get, x3  1.
t
ST

 0
 
Eigen vectors is X 2   1 
 1
 
Case (3) :  = 2
In order to get the pairwise orthogonal eigen vectors we assume the third eigen vector as
 a
 
X3   b .
 c
 
Since X 3 X1  0 we get 2a  b  c  0
T

Since X 2 T X 3  0 we get 0a  b  c  0
Solving the above equation (by cross ratio) we get a  1, b  1, c  1

Engin eering 12
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 1
 
Eigen vectors is X 3   1 
 1
 
 2  0  1
     
The eigen vectors are X 1    1 , X 2  1 , X3  1
 1  1  1
     
 2 0 1   2 1 1 
   
 6 2 3   6 6 6 
 1 1 1  T  0 1 1 
Normalized modal matrix N=   and N = 
 6 2 3  2 2 2 
 1 1 -1   1 1 -1 
 6 3   3 
 2  3 3

P
 2 1 1   2 0 1 

ww 
 6 6

6  6 2 2  6
 

 1
2 3 

8 0 0 

AP
 0 1 1    1 1   
T
2 3 1    0 2 0   D
w.E
N AN=   
 2 2 2 6 2 3
 2 1 3   0 0 2 
 1 1 -1   1 1 -1  
 3 3   6 3 
 3
asy  2
Consider the orthogonal transformation X= NY, where N is a orthogonal matrix.
Now, Quadratic form = XTAX = (NY)TA(NY)
En
R
= (YT NT )A(NY)
= YT (NTAN)Y
gin
CO

= YT (D)Y = Canonical form

eer
Under orthogonal transformation X = NY the given quadratic form reduced to canonical form
provided NTAN = D. Reduced canonical form is 8 y12  2 y22  2 y32 .
Nature: Positive definite ing
.ne
U

Rank (r) = Number of terms in the C.F = 3.

Index (p) = Number of Positive terms in the C.F = 3.
Signature (s) = 2p – r =2(3) – 3 = 3.
t
ST

 2 1 2 
 
5(a) Verify Cayley- Hamilton theorem for the matrix A=   1 2  1 and hence find A4 and A–1.
 1 1 2 
 
(NOV/DEC 2014, APR/MAY 2017)
Solution:
The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 6;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = 8;
S3 = A = 3.
The characteristic equation is λ3 – 6 λ2 + 8λ – 3 = 0.
To verify Cayley Hamilton theorem, we have to show that A 3 - 6A 2 + 8A - 3I = 0
 2  1 2  2  1 2   7  6 9 
    
A    1 2  1  1 2  1    5 6  6 
2

 1  1 2  1  1 2   5  5 7 
    
Engin eering 13
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Sub. Name & Code: Mathematics-II/ MA8251 Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2017- 18
 7  6 9  2  1 2   29  28 38 
    
A    5 6  6   1 2  1    22 23  28 
3

 5  5 7  1  1 2   22  22 29 
    

 29  28 38   7  6 9   2 1 2  1 0 0
3 2
       
A - 6A + 8A - 3I =   22 23  28   6   5 6  6   8   1 2  1  3 0 1 0 
 22  22 29   5  5 7   1 1 2  0 0 1
       

0 0 0
 
 0 0 0
0 0 0
 

 Cayley Hamilton Theorem is verified.

P
ww
Find A 4

w.E
AP
Pre multiply (1) by A

(A 3 - 6A 2 + 8A - 3I )A = 0  A 4 - 6A 3 + 8A 2 - 3A  0

 A 4  6A 3 - 8A 2  3A
asy
En
R
   
gin
 29  28 38   7  6 9   2  1 2   124 123 162 
   
CO

4
A = 6  22 23  28   8   5 6  6   3   1 2  1    95 96  123 
 22  22 29   5  5 7   1  1 2   95  95 124 
      
eer 

Find A -1
ing
.ne
U

Pre multiply (1) by A–1

A -1 (A 3 - 6A 2 + 8A - 3I ) = 0  A 2 - 6A + 8I - 3A -1  0
t
ST

 A -1  A 2 - 6A  8I
 7 6 9   2 1 2  1 0 0  3 0  3
      1 
A =   5 6  6   6   1 2  1  8 0 1 0    1 2 0 
-1

 5 5 7   1 1 2  0 0 1 3  1 1 3 
       
(b) Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find the matrix represented by
2 1 1
 
A8  5 A7  7 A6  3 A5  A4  5 A3  8 A2  2 A  I when A   0 1 0  . (NOV/DEC 2015)
1 1 2
 
Solution:
The characteristics equation is λ3 – S1 λ2 + S2 λ – S3 = 0.
S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 5;
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements = 7;

Engin eering 14
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S3 = A = 3.
Characteristic equation : λ3 – 5λ2 + 7λ – 3 = 0
Cayley-Hamilton theorem states that, every Square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
 A3 – 5A2 + 7A – 3I = 0.
Let P(A) = A  5 A  7 A  3 A  A  5 A  8 A  2 A  I
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

D(A) = A3 – 5A2 + 7A – 3I
By long division method we get ,
A8  5 A7  7 A6  3 A5  A4  5 A3  8 A2  2 A  I
 
 A3 – 5 A2  7 A – 3I (A5  A)  A2  A + I
= (0) (A5  A)  A2  A + I = A2  A + I
8 5 5
 
A2  A + I =  0 3 0 

P
5 5 8

ww  
8 5 5

AP
 A  5 A  7 A  3 A  A  5 A  8 A  2 A  I =  0 3 0 
w.E
8 7 6 5 4 3

5 5 8

2

asy UNIT II - VECTOR CALCULUS

En
R
PART A
1. Find  if   2 xz  x y at (2, -2, -1).
4 2

The gradient of  is   i gin

     
CO

Solution: j k
x y z

x
 2 z 4  2 xy,

y
  x2 ,

z
 8 xz 3 eer
 4


   
  i 2 z  2 xy  j  x 2  k 8xz 3

 ing
.ne
U

     
  
  2, 2, 1  i 2  14  2  2 2  j   2 2  k 8  2  13
 
  2, 2, 1  10i  4 j  16k

t
ST

Magnitude of   102   4    16 

2 2

  100  16  256  372.

  
2. Find the Directional derivative of  = 3x2+2y–3z at (1, 1, 1) in the direction 2i  2 j  k .
     
Solution: The gradient of  is   i j k
x y z
    
 2i  2 j  k  where n̂ is the unit normal vector.
nˆ 
 
  2 2   2 2   12 
 
Directional derivative of  is
  
      2i  2 j  k   19
  n  (6 xi  2 j  3k )      n = .
  3   (1,1,1) 3
3. Find the Unit normal vector to the surface x 2  y 2  z  1 at the point (1,1 ,1). (APRIL /MAY 2017)
Engin eering 15
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