2 Matrices

2.2 Properties of Matrix Operations

Objectives
§ Use the properties of matrix addition, scalar
multiplication, and zero matrices.

§ Use the properties of matrix multiplication and

the identity matrix.

§ Find the transpose of a matrix.

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Algebra of Matrices

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Algebra of Matrices (1 of 3)
This section begins to develop the algebra of matrices.
Theorem 2.1 lists several properties of matrix addition and
scalar multiplication.

Theorem 2.1 Properties of Matrix Addition and Scalar

Multiplication
If A, B, and C are m × n matrices, and c and d are scalars,
then the properties below are true.
1. A + B = B + A Commutative property of addition
2. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C Associative property of addition

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Algebra of Matrices (2 of 3)
Theorem 2.1 Properties of Matrix Addition and Scalar
Multiplication
3. (cd)A = c(dA) Associative property of multiplication
4. 1A = A Multiplicative identity
5. c(A + B) = cA + cB Distributive property
6. (c + d)A = cA + dA Distributive property

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Example 1 – Addition of More than Two Matrices

To obtain the sum of four matrices, add corresponding

entries as shown below.

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Algebra of Matrices (3 of 3)
Theorem 2.2 properties of zero matrices
If A is an m × n matrix and c is a scalar, then the
properties below are true.
1. A + Omn = A
2. A + (−A) = Omn
3. If cA = Omn, then c = 0 or A = Omn.

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Example 2 – Solving a Matrix equation
Solve for X in the equation 3X + A = B, where

Solution:
Begin by solving the equation for X to obtain
3X = B − A

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Example 2 – Solution
Now, using the matrices A and B, you have

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Properties of Matrix Multiplication

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Properties of Matrix Multiplication (1 of 3)
Theorem 2.3 Properties of Matrix Multiplication
If A, B, and C are matrices (with sizes such that the matrix
products are defined), and c is a scalar, then the
properties below are true.
1. A(BC) = (AB)C Associative property of multiplication
2. A(B + C) = AB + AC Distributive property
3. (A + B)C = AC + BC Distributive property
4. c(AB) = (cA)B = A(cB)

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Example 3 – Matrix Multiplication Is Associative

Find the matrix product ABC by grouping the factors first as

(AB)C and then as A(BC).

Show that you obtain the same result from both processes.

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Example 3 – Solution (1 of 2)
Grouping the factors as (AB)C, you have

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Example 3 – Solution (2 of 2)
Grouping the factors as A(BC), you obtain the same result.

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Properties of Matrix Multiplication (2 of 3)
Theorem 2.4 Properties of the Identity Matrix
If A is a matrix of size m × n, then the properties below are
true.
1. AIn = A 2. ImA = A

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Example 6 – Multiplication by an Identity Matrix

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Properties of Matrix Multiplication (3 of 3)
Theorem 2.5 Number of Solutions of a Linear System
For a system of linear equations, precisely one of the
statements below is true.
1. The system has exactly one solution.
2. The system has infinitely many solutions.
3. The system has no solution.

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The Transpose of a Matrix

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The Transpose of a Matrix (1 of 2)
The transpose of a matrix is formed by writing its rows as
columns.

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Example 8 – The Transpose of a Matrix
Find the transpose of each matrix.

Solution:

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Example 8 – Solution

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The Transpose of a Matrix (2 of 2)
Theorem 2.6 Properties of Transposes
If A and B are matrices (with sizes such that the matrix
operations are defined) and c is a scalar, then the
properties below are true.

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