SEC. 2.

3] Stress and Strain: Important Relationships 21

Equation (c) is of the form of Eq. (2.3-7). Thus, the transformation matrix is
2 3
cos y sin y 0
½T ¼ 4
sin y cos j cos y cos j sin j 5 ðdÞ
sin y sin j
cos y sin j cos j

Substituting y ¼ 45 and j ¼ 30 gives

2 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 3
2 2 2 2 0
1 6 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 7
½T ¼ 4
6 6 2 5 ðeÞ
4 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
2
2 2 3

The transpose of ½T is

2 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 3
2 2
6 2
16 p ffiffiffi p ffiffiffi pffiffiffi 7
½TT ¼ 4 2 2 6
25 ð fÞ
4 pffiffiffi
0 2 2 3

From Eq. (2.3-8),

2 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 32 3 2 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 3
2 2 2 2 0
8 6
2 2 2
6 2
1 6 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 76 1
7 6 p ffiffiffi p ffiffiffi pffiffiffi 7
½sx0 y0 z0 ¼ 4
6 6 2 54 6 4 25 42 2 6
25
4 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi 4 pffiffiffi
2
2 2 3
2 2
5 0 2 2 3

This matrix multiplication can be performed simply using either a computer

spreadsheet or mathematical software, resulting in
2 3
4 5:196
3
½sx0 y0 z0 ¼ 4 5:196
4:801 2:714 5 MPa

3 2:714
8:199

Stresses on a Single Surface. If one was concerned about the state of

stress on one particular surface, a complete stress transformation
would be unnecessary. Let the directional cosines for the normal of
the surface be given by l, m, and n. It can be shown that the normal
stress on the surface is given by

s ¼ sx l2 þ sy m2 þ sz n2 þ 2txy lm þ 2tyz mn þ 2tzx nl ð2:3-10Þ

and the net shear stress on the surface is

t ¼ ½ðsx l þ txy m þ tzx nÞ2 þ ðtxy l þ sy m þ tyz nÞ2

þ ðtzx l þ tyz m þ sz nÞ2
s2 1=2 ð2:3-11Þ