REPORT

of

PRACTICE SCHOOL

In the Faculty of Science and Technology,

Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University,
Nagpur

by

PRAJWAL V. DEOKULE
B. Pharmacy Semester VII

PRIYADARSHINI J. L. COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

ELECTRONIC ZONE BUILDING, MIDC, HINGNA
ROAD, NAGPUR-440016
2021 – 2022
 Priyadarshini J. L. College of Pharmacy
ELECTRONIC ZONE BUILDING, MIDC, HINGNA ROAD, NAGPUR-440016
2021 – 2022

Dr. D.R. Chaple

M. Pharm. Ph.D.
Principal
Priyadarshini J. L. College of Pharmacy,
Nagpur - 440016.
_________________________________________
___________
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled “PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT”, has been
submitted for B. Pharmacy Semester VII in the faculty of Science and Technology,
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur. This report has been
submitted by PRAJWAL V. DEOKULE, Priyadarshini J. L. College of Pharmacy,
Nagpur.

This report is now ready for examination.

Place: Nagpur
Dr. D. R. Chaple
(Principal)
Date:
 Acknowledgement

The success of any work depends on the efforts of individuals.

This research project work has an eye-opener for me as it
opened new vistas of information. Work shall never be
sufficient to describe experiences while doing study.
I would like to thank Dr. D. R. Chaple, Principal, his kind
disciplined and invaluable guidance who inspired us to solve all
the difficulties that came across during completion of the
project.
Finally, I am thankful to one and all that directly and indirectly
helped me in the successful completion of this project.

(PRAJWAL DEOKULE)
 INDEX

SERIAL CONTENTS PAG

NUMBER E
NUM
BER
1 MODULE NO 1: FORMULATION DEVLOPMENT 1-7
TOPIC: SUSTAINED RELEASE TABLET FORMULAION AND
EVALUATION
2 MODULE NO 2: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY& CELL CULTURE 8-14
TECNIQUES
TOPIC: PRODUCTION OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE
BY RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
3 MODULE NO 3: QC AND QA OF PHARMACEUTICALS 15-19
TOPIC: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL OF
SOLUTIONS
4 MODULE NO 4: DRUG DESIGN AND PROCESS CHEMISTRY 20-26
TOPIC: MOLECULAR DOCKING AND VIRTUAL SCREENING OF
ACETAMINOPHEN
5 MODULE NO 5: EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY 27-32
TOPIC: GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES
6 MODULE NO 6: HERBAL TECHNOLOGY 33-38
TOPIC: STANDARDIZATION & QUALITY CONTROL OF
PICRORHIZA ROOTS/RHIZOMES
 MODULE NO: 1 FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINED RELEASE TABLET FORMULATION
AND EVALUATION
1. Abstract
Among the various routes of drug delivery oral route is most preferred
route. But conventional dosage form offers few limitations which
could be resolved by modifying the existing dosage form. Sustained
and controlled drug delivery system helps in maintained of constant
plasma drug concentration and retards the release rate of drug herby
extending the duration of action. There are various formulation
strategies for sustained release tablets among which matrix tablet
serves as an important tool. Hence the problem like poor patient
compliance, multiple dosing, and see-saw fluctuations can be easily
minimized. Matrix tablets can be formulated by either direct
compression or wet granulation method by using a variety of
hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymers.
2. Introduction [1]
2.1 Oral Drug Delivery Systems
The term “Drug Delivery” covers a very extensive range of techniques
used to deliver therapeutic agents into the human body. Drugs are
administered with a main aim of curing patient ailments. Drugs are
never administered in their pure form but are converted in a suitable
formulation so that its onset and intensity of action as well as total
duration of action can be checked. Among the various routes of drug
delivery oral route is most widely used route of drug delivery. But
conventional dosage form offers few limitations which could be
resolved by modifying the existing dosage form.
2.2 Limitations of conventional oral dosage form
• Poor patient compliance; chances of dose missing.
• See-saw fluctuations.
• Multiple drug therapy enhances the risk of toxicity as well as overall
cost of treatment.

1
2.3 Approaches to overcome these limitations.
• Development of new, better and safer drugs with long half-life and
large therapeutic indices.
• Effective and safer use of existing drugs through concepts and
techniques of controlled and targeted drug delivery systems.
The first approach has many disadvantages, however second approach
can be used widely.
3.0 Sustained Release Dosage Form [1]
Sustained release dosage form is defined as well characterized and
reproducible dosage form, which is designed to control drug release
profile at a specified rate to achieve desired drug concentration either
in blood plasma or at target site. This system will provide actual
therapeutic control that would be temporal (time related), spatial (site
related) or both.

3.1 Advantages of sustained drug delivery system:

• Reduced see-saw fluctuations.
• Total amount of dose decreases.
• Improved patient compliance.
• Increased safety of drugs.
3.2 Disadvantages of sustained drug delivery system:
• Chances of dose dumping.
• Dose retrieval is difficult.
• High cost of formulation.
3.3 The Purpose of developing SR
1)   To extend the duration of action of the drug
2)   To reduce the frequency of dosing.
3)   To minimize the fluctuations in plasma level

4. Comparision of drug release profiles [2]

2
 5. Method used[5]
5.1 Slugging method
 All the ingredient were screened through sieve no 30.
 Except lubricant all the ingredients were thoroughly blended in a
blender for 5 min.
 First the mixture was compressed using 23mm flat faced punch on
rotatory tablet compression machine.
 The above slugs were deslugged by using hammer and the DE slugged
material was passed through sieve no 30.
 The granules which were passed through the sieve no.30 were then
passed through sieve no 60.
 The sieve no 60 passed granules were reslugged, finally the yield was
70:30(70% granules and 30% fines), the above obtained granules were
lubricated with magnesium stearate for 2min.
 The above lubricated blend was compressed using 9.8x4.3mm caplet
shaped punch.

3
6. Factors affecting sustained release tablet[2,3]
A) Biological Factor

1. Half-Life:-The usual goal of an oral sustained-release product is to

maintain therapeutic blood levels over an extended period. The
elimination rate is quantitatively described by the half-life.
2. Absorption:-The characteristics of absorption of a drug can greatly
affect its suitability as a sustained-release product. Since the purpose of
forming a sustained-release product is to place control on the delivery
system, it is necessary that the rate of release much slower than the rate
of absorption.
3. Distribution:-The distribution of drugs into tissue can be an important
factor in the overall drug elimination  kinetics since it not only lowers
the concentration of circulating drug but it also can be rate  limiting in
its equilibration with blood and extracellular fluid.
4. Metabolism:-Drugs that are significantly metabolized before
absorption, either in the lumen or tissue of the intestine, can show
decreased bioavailability from slower-releasing dosage forms. The
drug is released at a slower rate to these regions, less total drug is
presented to the enzymatic process during specific period, allowing
more complete conversion of the drug to its metabolites. Formulation
of these enzymatically susceptible compounds as prodrugs is another
viable solution.

4
B) Physicochemical Factors
1. Dose Size:-a single dose of 0.5-1.0 gm is considered maximal for a
conventional dosage form. This also holds for sustained-release dosage
forms. Those compounds that require large dosing size can sometimes
be given in multiple amounts or formulated into liquid system.
2. Aqueous Solubility:-Compounds with very low solubility are
inherently sustained, since there release over the time course of a
dosage form in the GI tract will be limited by dissolution of the drug.
The lower limit for the solubility of a drug to be formulated in a
sustained-release system has been reported to be 0.1mg/ml, so it is
obvious that the solubility of the compound will limit the choice of
mechanism to be employed in sustained delivery system.

3. Partition Coefficient
Compounds with a relatively high partition coefficient are
predominantly lipid-soluble and, consequently, have very low aqueous
solubility.
4. Stability
Compound that is unstable in the small intestine may demonstrate
decreased bioavailability when administered from a sustaining dosage
form. This is because more drugs is delivered in the small intestine
and, hence, is subject to degradation.
5. ProteinBinding
Drug protein binding can serve as the depot for drug producing a
prolonged release profile, especially if high degree of drug binding
occurs. There are, however, other drug – protein interaction that have
bearing on drug performance.

7. In Process Quality Control Test For Tablet [4]

A. Group weight: Take 20 tablets. Determine the individual weights of
each tablets. Take average weights of 20 tablets. Compare the
individual weight of tablets with average weight. Not more than 2

5
 tablets should deviate from average weight by percent deviation and
none should deviate more than twice the percentage.
B.  Thickness: - The thickness of a tablet depends on the upper and lower
punches at the moment of compression. The range varies with +/-
5.0%. It is tested using Multi parameter hardness tester.
C. Hardness: - Hardness can affect the disintegration. So if the tablet is
too hard, it may not disintegrate in the required period of time. And if
the tablet is too soft, it will not withstand the handling during
subsequent processing such as coating and packaging. It is tested using
Multi parameter hardness tester.
D.  Friability: - Friability refers the ability of the compressed tablet to
avoid fracture and breaking during transport. Friabilty is done by
Roche Friabilator. 20 Tablets are taken and put into friabilator. It is
rotated at 25 RPM for 5 mins. After it is completed weight of tablets
are taken and it is compared to the initial weight of tablet. After which
percent friability is calculated.
E. Disintegration test:-
 It provides critical safety data on drug bioavailability in the body
Without having to utilise in In Vivo Method.

This is multi parameter hardness tester which is used for testing

Hardness and thickness of tablet.

This is Roche Friabilator which is used for friabilty.

6
8. Conclusion
It is concluded that, Oral Sustained Release tablets provide the drug
release in a modified form than their counterparts. It is an effective to
ascertain the therapeutic goals with maximum patient compliance.
However, accurate adjustment of various physicochemical parameters
is necessary. Matrix tablet is helpful in overcoming the problems
associated with conventional dosage form. Apart from various
advantages associated with it cost effectiveness and once daily dose are
the key benefits associated with it. Due to its key benefits and better
patient compliance it can easily lead the market by replacing its
counterparts.

9. References:-
1. https://www.imedpub.com/articles/oral-sustained-release-tablets-
an-overview-with-a-special-emphasis-on-matrix-tablet.php?
aid=19258.
2. https://www.aclr.com.es/clinical-research/formulation-and-
evaluation-of-sustained-release-matrix-tablets-of-nifedipine.php?
aid=5842
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3267306/
4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270275859_Sustained_R
elease_Drug_Delivery_Systems_A_Patent_Overview/link/54a5088
90cf267bdb9067fe6/download.
5. Verma RK, Mishra B, Garg S. Osmotic ally controlled oral drug
delivery. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. Page no 695
to 708.

7
 MODULE NO: 2
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY& CELL CULTURE
TECNIQUES
PRODUCTION OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE
BY RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

1.0 ABSTRACT
Human growth hormone (HGH) is a polypeptide of approximately
22,000 Dalton’s in size that is synthesized in the pituitary. Mature
HGH has been produced in Escherichia coli bacteria using
recombinant DNA technology (1) using the scheme outlined in Fig. 1.
The process involved cloning of cDNA to the pituitary hGH mRNA
(2) and the subsequent adapting of the cloned gene for expression in E.
coli. hGH, as it is synthesized in the pituitary, is made as a prehormone
containing a hydrophobic leader peptide of some 20 amino acids in
length. This leader peptide is proteolytically removed by the pituitary
during the secretion of hGH. However, most E. coli do not have the
biochemical machinery to do the same processing efficiently (Fig. 2),
thus, 84 base pairs of double-stranded DNA were synthesized to tailor
the hGH cDNA for direct expression. Thus, the molecule synthesized
in E. coli contained the full 191 amino acids of mature GH and one
additional amino acid, an amino terminal methionine, from the start
codon.

2.0 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Recombinant DNA (r DNA)
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is a form of artificial DNA that is created
by combining two or more sequences. It is made possible by two
important enzymes. Restriction enzymes and DNA Ligase are the two
principal tools, first used by Paul Berg in 1972, employed to alter
DNA.

8
Recombinant DNA (r-DNA) technology has made a revolutionary
impact in the area of human healthcare by enabling mass production of
safe, pure and effective r-DNA expression products.
Recombinant DNA is specifically from two or more DNA incorporated
into a single molecule. Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA
technology, genetic modification and gene splicing are terms are
applied to the direct manipulation of an organism’s gene. The
development of these new technologies have resulted into production
of large amount of biochemically products r-DNA involves using
microorganisms.
1.To create new pharmaceuticals.
2. To create safer/ more effective version therapeutic agents.
2.2 Cloning
 The term 'clone' means, exact copy of the parent. A duplicate or
a look alike carving the same genetic signature or genetic map.
 Cloning is the best application of recombinant DNA technology
and could be applied to something as simple as DNA fragment
or a larger, sophisticated mammalian specie such as humans.
 Molecular cloning is carried out in-vitro where a specific
fragment of DNA is isolated from an organism 'donor' and
introduced into a 'plasmid' that replicates in a 'host' cell making
multiple copies of that DNA fragment.

3.0 METHODS BY WHICH RECOMBINANT DNA IS MADE

ARE:

Fig. No. 1: Methods by which recombinant DNA

9
3.1 Role of Enzymes in R-DNA Technology
 Restriction Endonuclease: Cleaves DNA at a specific base
sequence.
 DNA Ligase: Binds two DNA molecules or fragments.
 DNA polymerase: Fills single — stranded gaps in duplex DNA
by stepwise addition of nucleotides to 3 ' ends (removes RNA
polymer).
 Reverse Transcriptase: Makes a DNA polymer of an RNA
polymer
 Polynucleotide Kinase: Adds a phosphate to the 5' OH end of a
polynucleotide, to label it or permit ligation.
3.2 Production of Human Growth Hormone (Hgh) By
Recombinant DNA Technology
 The gene for human growth hormone (hGH) is isolated from
human pituitary gland.
 Insertion of whole hGH gene into plasmid vector and cloning
into E.coli results into production of biologically inactive
hormone because bacteria can translate the region of gene that
are not translated in human thereby producing a prehormone
containing an extra 26 amino acids which might be difficult to
remove.
 Hence the segment of gene that codes for the first 24 amino
acids of hormone is constructed chemically from blocks of
nucleotide.

10
 Fig. No 3: Production of Human Growth Hormone (Hgh) By
Recombinant DNA Technology

Step I: Chemical synthesis of gene for first 24 amino acids:

 From the known amino acids sequence of hGH, gene for first 24
amino acids are constructed chemically. These genes are
constructed in three small fragments and then they are joined by
T4 DNA ligase to get whole gene for first 24 amino acids.
Step II: Isolation of mRNA for hGH
 In this step mRNA for hGH is isolated from human pituitary
gland tissue.

Step III: Reverse transcription

 Using reverse transcriptase enzyme complimentary DNA
(cDNA) is synthesized from mRNA.
 The cDNA obtained by reverse transcription process, is the gene
for  hGH.
 The full gene is cut with restriction endonuclease enzyme to
remove first 24 gene.
Step IV: Joining of synthetic gene and cDNA
 In this step synthetic gene (gene for first 24 amino acids) and
cDNA are joined in order to obtain full gene with its own
initiation codon (AUG). T4 DNA ligase join these genes.
Step V: selection of suitable vector and recombination:
 Expression vector phGH407 derived from plasmid vector
PBR322 is used as carrier vector.
 HGH gene is ligated into a restriction site just downstream of
Lac; promotor/operator region of the expression vector.
Step VI: selection and recombination into suitable host cell
 E. coli is used as suitable host cell.
 The recombinant expression vector is then transformed
into E.coli.

11
  The recombinant E. coli then starts producing hGH.

3.3 APPLICATION OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

3.3.1 Hepatitis B Vaccine - (HBV)
 HEPATITIS B is an infectious inflammatory illness of the liver
caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is a sterile solution
of Immunoglobin containing antibody to hepatitis-B surface
antigen. Kept at p H 6.2 Formulated in 0.075M NCI, 0.15M
glycine, 0.01% polysorbate 80. Used by intramuscular route as a
vaccine for hepatitis B.
 Preparation of hepatitis b vaccine by r-DNA Hepatitis B vaccine
(rDNA) is produced by the expression of the viral gene coding
for HBsAg in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or a mammalian
cells (Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells or other suitable cell
lines).

3.3.2Humulin (Insulin)
 Since Banting and Best discovered the hormone, insulin in 1921
diabetic patients, whose elevated sugar levels are due to
impaired insulin production.
 The hormone, produced and secreted by the beta cells of the
pancreas' islets of Langerhans, regulates the use and storage of
food, particularly carbohydrates. Chemically, insulin is a small,
simple protein. It consists of 51 amino acid, 30 of which
constitute one polypeptide chain, and 21 of which comprise a
second chain.
 The two chains are linked by a disulphide bond.

12
 Fig No. 3: Humulin (Insulin)
3.3.3 Human Growth Hormone (Somatotropin/ Humatotropin)
 Polypeptide hormone of rDNA origin, with 191 amino acids,
molecular weight-2-115 dalton.lt is a pituitary hormone.
 Humatroph, a sterilised lauphilised powder sub-cutaneous or i.v.
injection. Phosphoric acid or NaOH added to adjust pH up to 7.5
and oxygen sensitive.
 Gh deficiency treatment
 Athletics supplement
 Growth deficiency

4.0 SUMMARY
 Recombinant DNA has been gaining in importance over the last
few years, and recombinant DNA will only become more
important in the 21st century as genetic diseases become more
prevalent and agricultural area is reduced. Below are some of
the areas where Recombinant DNA will have an impact.
 Better Crops (drought & heat resistance).
 Recombinant Vaccines (i.e. Hepatitis B).
 Production of insulin.

13
  Production of recombinant pharmaceuticals.
 Germ line and somatic gene therapy.
5.0 REFERENCES:
1. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-7201-
5_20
2. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology — Fundamentals and
Applications
3. Biochemistry —U. Satya Narayana.
4. A Text Book of Biotechnology — R .C Dubey
5. A Text book of intermediate second year BOTANY
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBR322
7. https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/production-human-
growth-hormone-hgh-recombinant-DNA-technology/
8. https://www.touchendocrinology.com/pituitary/journal-
articles/the-role-of-recombinant-human-growth-hormone-
biosimilars-in-the-management-of-growth-disorders.
9. D. V. Goeddel, H. L. Heynecker, T. Hozumi, R. Arentzen, K.
Itakura, D. G. Yansura, M. J. Ross, G. Miozzari, R. Crea, and P.
H. Seeburg, Direct expression in Escherichia coli of a DNA
sequence coding for human growth hormone, Nature 281:544,
1979.
10. PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14
 PRACTICE SCHOOL - MODULE 3
QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE OF
SOLUTIONS

1. INTRODUCTION:
Quality assurance and quality control are two aspects of quality management.
Quality control (QC) can be defined as the process of making sure that the
stakeholders are adhered to the defined standards and procedures is called
quality control. In quality control, a verification process takes place.
Quality assurance (QA) can be defined as Quality Assurance is a broad
practice used for assuring the quality of products or services. There are many
differences between quality control and quality assurance. In quality assurance,
a constant effort is made to enhance the quality practices in the organization.
Therefore, continuous improvements are expected in quality functions in the
company. For this, there is a dedicated quality assurance team commissioned.
2. SOLUTIONS
A homogenous mixture of two or more substances in relative amounts that can
be varied continuously up to what is called the limit of solubility. The term
solution is commonly applied to the liquid state of matter, but solutions
of gases and solids are possible. The component of the solution which is present
in a large quantity is known as “SOLVENT” whereas the component present in
small quantity is termed as “SOLUTE”
Eg. Syrups

2.1 Classification

15
2.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To administer, orally different doses of the cough syrup to rats within a specified
period.
2. To view and observe changes in behavioral patterns of the rats.
3. To carry out toxicity test in the blood, liver, kidney and brain
3. QUALITY CONTROL TEST FOR SYRUP & ELIXIR: -
Sr. TEST FOR SYRUP TEST FOR ELIXIR
no.
1 Transmittance of light Determination of Alcohol
content
2 Visual inspection Viscosity Measurement
3 Ph. measurement
4 Sucrose concentration
5 Physical stability

Concentrated solution of a sugar, such as sucrose, in water or other aqueous

liquid, somet imes with a medicinal agent added; usually used as a flavored

Table No. 1 QUALITY CONTROL TEST FOR SYRUP & ELIXIR

vehicle for drugs. It is commonly expanded to include any liquid dosage form
(e.g., oral suspension) in a sweet and viscid vehicle. Following tests are carried
out for the evaluation of syrups.

16
3.1 Transmittance of light:
A light transmittance meter is a newer tool that is used to check syrup color. In
a light transmittance meter, a syrup sample is checked for color by passing light
through the sample. The percent of light transmission is compared to light
transmission rates set for different grades. When using one, you need to be sure
there are no finger prints on the syrup test bottle, and that the syrup sample has
no bubbles or cloudiness. Any of these condions may diminish the light that is
transmitted through the sample and therefore lowers the grade of the sample.
3.2 Visual inspection:
With visual inspection, the ingredients and the final products are carefully
examined for purity and for appearance. Physical appearance of products for
patient adherence and compliance is critical so it should be

 Good looking
 Elegance in appearance

3.3 pH measurement:
The measurement and maintenance pH is also very important step in the quality
control testing. Generally there are two different types of methods used in the
measurement of ph.

3.4 Methods for pH measurement:

17
The simplest and cheapest is to dip a piece of pH paper into the sample. The
paper is impregnated with chemicals that change color and the color may be
compared to a chart supplied with the paper to give pH of the sample
If greatest accuracy is required a pH meter should be used. A typical pH meter
consists of a special measuring glass electrode connected to and electronic
meter that measures and displays the pH reading.
3.5 Sucrose concentration:
The determination of sucrose concentrations is also very important in quality
control testing of syrups. It the concentration of sucrose in the syrup is very
high it may crystallize the syrup and less sucrose concentrations give favor for
the microbial growth. There is no specific method for the determination of
sucrose in syrup, we use HPLCand UV-spectroscopy for this purpose.

3.5 Physical stability in syrups:

The syrup are must be stable physically.
Example
1. Its appearance (no crystallization and microbial growth)
2. Colour must be completely soluble with other ingredients
3. Odor and taste
4. Solid material is completely miscible in liquid.

4. EVALUATION OF ELIXIRS
Definition: Elixirs are clear, sweetened hydro alcoholic solutions intended for
oral use and are usually flavored to enhance their palatability.
Determination of alcohol content:
Elixir usually contains 5 to 40% alcohol. The determination of alcohol unless
otherwise specified in the individual monograph. It is suitable for examining
most fluidextracts and tinctures and elixirs provided the capacity of the
distilling flask is sufficient (commonly two to four times the volume of the
liquid to be heated) and the rate of distillation is such that clear distillates are
produced. Cloudy distillates may be clarified by agitation with talc, or with
caldum carbonate. And filtration is done. After which the temperature of the

18
filtrate is adjusted and the alcohol content determined from the specific gravity.
During all manipulations, take precautions to minimize the loss of alcohol by
evaporation For Liquids it is presumed to contain less than 30% of Alcohol.
Viscosity measurement:
Viscosity is a property of liquids that is directly related to the resistance to flow.
Viscosity measurement is very important quality control test in case of syrups
an elixirs. Viscosity and consistency directly relates with stability of solutions.
If viscosity increases, then there is a chance of increase in stability.

5. CONCLUSION
QC is an essential part of the manufacturing of ophthalmic pharmaceuticals. It
represents the control of the superiority of a product quality. If the quality of a
product is not maintained properly, then it is tough for the product to survive in
the market. To conform the requirements of ophthalmic pharmaceuticals during
manufacturing QC tests are completed as per pharmacopoeial standards and
specifications with a view to remove error or if necessary to adjust the process.
Every test is distinctive and delivers comprehensive evaluation of QC for
ophthalmic pharmaceuticals to promote the quality of pharmaceuticals for the
betterment of public health.

6. REFERENCE
1. ASQ, 2010 https://asq.org/quality-resources/quality-assurance-vs-control
Abolfazl Aslani "Formulation, Characterization and Physicochemical
Evaluation of Ranitidine Effervescent Tablets" Adv Pharm Bull. 2013 Dec;
3(2): 315-322.
3. P.Chinna Reddy" "A review on bloadhesive buccal drug delivery systems:
current status of formulation and evaluation methods" Daru. 2011; 19(6): 385-
403.
4. Jaysukh J Hirani "Orally Disintegrating Tablets: A Review Tropical Journal
of Pharmaceutical Research, April 2009; 8 (2): 161-172
5. SANTOSH GIRI, SELLAPPAN VELMURUGAN

19
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GLIPIZIDE SUSTAIN
RELEASE MATRIX TABLETS International Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 5, Suppl 1, 201.
MODULE NO.4 : DRUG DESIGN AND PROCESS
CHEMISTRY
TITLE: MOLECULAR DOCKING AND
VIRTUAL SCREENING OF ACETAMINOPHEN

1.0 Abstract:
Drug discovery and designing is an expensive process due to the
high costs of R&D and human clinical tests. The average total
cost per drug development varies from US$ 897 million to US$
1.9 billion. The typical development time is 10-15 years. R&D of
a new drug involves the identification of a target (e.g. protein)
and the discovery of some suitable drug candidates that can block
or activate the target. Clinical testing is the most extensive and
expensive phase in drug development and is done in order to
obtain the necessary governmental approvals. In the US drugs
must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA).Computer aided drug design CADD or the Computer
assisted drug design or the Computer assisted Molecular-
designing CAMD involve all the computer-assisted techniques
used to design, discover and optimize biologically active
compounds.
2.0 Introduction:
2.1 Computer-aided drug discovery and development
(CADD)
Computer-aided drug designing has emerged as a cost-
effective and rapid tool for the discovery of newer therapeutic
agents. Several algorithms have been developed to analyse
protein structure and function, to identify interacting ligands,
active site residues, and to study protein–ligand interactions,

20
which can eventually lead to the identification of new drugs. In
silico drug designing involves identification of the target protein
which is responsible for the development of the disease under
study. The three-dimensional structure of the protein can be
predicted using homology modelling, while molecular docking
is applied to study the interaction of a drug molecule with the
protein. The best orientation of the ligand-protein docked
structure which has overall minimum energy needs to be
obtained. In silico methods can be used to identify potential
drugs for various diseases. Thus, computer-aided drug
designing has become an indispensable and integral part of the
drug discovery process.

2.2 Virtual Screening:

Virtual high throughput screening (vhts), also known as virtual
screening (vs) is one of the essential steps involved in in-silico
drug designing. There are several bioinformatics tools that
facilitate the virtual screening of thousands of compounds such as
gold, glide, autodock vina, and so on.
Despite all the processing done by these tools, a basic
methodology is required for vhts of thousands of compounds
present in a database. In this article, we are presenting a few
basic steps required for performing structure-based vs using
bioinformatics tools. The complete schema is presented in figure
1.

21
 Figure 1 basic steps involved in virtual screening.
Step 1. Prepare receptor
Download the structure of receptor protein from pdb. In case, the
structure is not available, predict the structure using homology
modeling or ab-initio methods of structure prediction. Search the
literature to gather information about the binding pocket or
binding residues of the protein of interest. Select a chain (or two)
consisting of the binding region. If the structural details are not
available in the literature, then go for binding pocket prediction
using webservers or tools.
Step 2. Download compound databases such as the zinc
database of small molecules.
Download the .sdf or .mol2 files of compounds. Some databases
allow downloading only smiles of the compounds, then download
the smiles and use a web server or software to convert these
smiles into .sfd/.mol2 files.
Step 3. Prepare receptor and ligands for docking
Depending upon the software you are using for vs, prepare the
files of the receptor protein and the ligands. For example, auto
dock vina requires receptor and ligand files in .pdbqt format.
Step 4. Run vs
Load all the files in the software and run vs. Wait for the results.

22
Step 5. Select drug-like compounds
Select the drug-like molecules based on the binding affinity and
interaction with binding residues. You can also select some lead-
like molecules showing less binding affinity.
Step 6. Filtering
You can further filter obtained drug-like molecules based on their
toxicity, adme properties, poses, and so on.
Step 7. Compound selection
Select potential drug candidates for further in vitro experiments.
These are the basic steps involved in vs for structure-based drug
designing. There are several bioinformatics tools other than those
mentioned above that are used in vs including discovery studio,
ligandscout, and so on.

3.0 CADD of Acetaminophen:

Acetaminophen is a p-aminophenol derivative with analgesic and
antipyretic activities. Although the exact mechanism through
which acetaminophen exert its effects has yet to be fully
determined, acetaminophen may inhibit the nitric oxide (no)
pathway mediated by a variety of neurotransmitter receptors
including n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) and substance p, resulting
in elevation of the pain threshold. The antipyretic activity may
result from inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and release in
the central nervous system (cns) and prostaglandin-mediated
effects on the heat-regulating center in the anterior hypothalamus.

3.1 Flow of Work-

A. Downloading of software program
B. Preparation of ligand
C. Preparation of receptor
D. Virtual screening

A. Downloading software program: -

23
 Chemsketch is an open-source software is a chemical
molecule or molecular modelling program used to create,
draw and modify images of chemical structures or
compounds and there is software that allows molecule and
molecular models displayed in two and three dimensions, to
understand the structure of chemical bonds and nature of the
functional groups.
 Avogadro software is a molecule editor and visualize
designed for cross platform use in computational chemistry,
molecular modelling, etc and also used to convert a .mol file
to .pdb format.
 Pyrx software is virtual screening software for computational
drug discovery that can be used to screen libraries of
compounds against potential drug targets.
 Discovery studio 3.5 was used for molecular interaction and
visualization.

B. Preparation of ligand: -
 Acetamenophen’s structure was drawn using chemsketch
software and then the structure was cleaned by using the
clean structure tool and then the structure was saved in the
working folder as .mol file.
 This .mol file was then accessed in avogadro software in
which that the .mol file is converted to .pdb format and then
the structure was optimized by using the optimization tool
and then saved the optimized structure in the working
directory as .pdb file.
 Open the chrome and then open software molinspiration-
 Enter the smiles and calculate the properties and bioactivity.
 After completion of above step open a new tab and search
swiss target prediction.
 Open that software and then enter the smiles; it will process
the request and will present all the possible targets of the

24
 acetamenophen. Select any target and do the next steps given
below.

C. Preparation of receptor: -
 Open the pdb (protein data bank) site and search the 4YJI N-
terminal bromodomain of human brd2 with n-(4-
hydroxyphenyl) acetamide which is a protease and download
the structure of 4YJI in .pdb format from the online database
and was rectified using auto dock software which is already
present in the pyrx software.
 The .pdb format is opened in the discovery studio and then
press ctrl + h and then remove the pre-associated ligand
present in the protease and the active sites were identified
and then saved in the working folder as .pdb file.

Figure 2- 4YJI
The crystal structure of a bacteria Aryl Acylamidase Belonging
to the Amidase signature (AS) enzymes family

D. Virtual screening: -
 Now the pyrx software is used for virtual screening
protocols. The vina wizard module was started and selected
the ligand and the macromolecule and converted into .pdbqt

25
 formats. The grid was selected and the screening was carried
out.

4.0 Conclusion:
The study showed that acetaminophen molecule having potent
anti-pyretic activity, analgesic effect. The binding affinity of
acetaminophen is -6.5 kcal/mol. However, the realistic
interactions between small molecules and receptors are still relied
on experimental technology. Accurate as well as low
computational cost scoring functions may bring docking
application to a new stage. The docking was successfully
performed and acetaminophen was found to bind with 4YJI with
highest affinity.

5.0 References:
1) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc5248982/
2) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-
and-molecular-biology/computer-aided-drug-design
3) https://bioinformaticsreview.com/20200703/virtual-
screening-methodology-for-structure-based-drug-designing/
4) https://biomedres.us/fulltexts/bjstr.ms.id.003789.php
5) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234154614_comput
er-
aided_drug_designing_leading_pharmacy_profession_and_p
harmacist_towards_innovation
6) https://ijpsr.com/bft-article/role-of-computer-aided-drug-
design-in-drug-development-and-drug-discovery/
7) https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2020.003
43/full#h13

26
 MODULE NO.5:–EXPERIMENTAL
PHARMACOLOGY
TOPIC: GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES

1. INTRODUCTION
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations became part of the
regulatory landscape in the latter part of the 1970s in response to
malpractice in research and development (R&D) activities by
pharmaceutical companies and contract facilities used by them. The
malpractice included cases of fraud, but by far the most important
aspects were the lack of proper management and organization of
studies performed to generate data for regulatory dossiers. The US
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mounted a series of
investigations in toxicology laboratories throughout the USA. The
results of these investigations revealed a situation that could only be
dealt with by imposing binding regulations. These regulations are the
GLP regulations. GLP regulations were first instituted by US FDA,
then by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); many other
nations have since followed suit. In 1981, the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) also published GLP
Principles, and these now dominate the international arena. To date 30

27
countries (the member states of the OECD) have signed an agreement
binding them to OECD GLP Principles. Other non-OECD member
states have also adopted the OECD GLP Principles. The intent of GLP
is to regulate the practices of scientists working on the safety testing.
1.1 History of Good Laboratory Practices.
GLP was first introduced in New Zealand and Denmark in 1972.GLP
was instituted in US following cases of fraud generated by toxicology
labs in data submitted to the FDA by pharmaceutical companies. 
Industrial Bio Test Labs. (IBT) was the most notable case, where
thousands of safety tests for chemical manufacturers. Were falsely
claimed to have been performed or were so poor that police
investigators could not piece. Together what work had been done.
Even though IBT superficially delivered the test results their contracts
with the manufacturers specified. These issues were made public in the
hearings at the US Congress, which led to the FDA's publication of
Proposed Regulations on GLP in 1976, with establishment of the Final
Rule in June 1979 (21 CFR 58).

1.2 Definition of GLP

Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a quality system concerned with
the organisational process and the conditions under which non-clinical
health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed,
monitored, recorded, archived and reported.
1.3 Objective of GLP
1. GLP makes sure that the data submitted are a true reflection of the
results that are obtained during the study.
2. GLP also makes sure that data is traceable.
3. Promotes international acceptance of tests.
2. PRINCIPLE OF GLP
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) embodies a set of principles that
provides a framework within which laboratory studies are planned,
performed, monitored, recorded, reported and archived. These
studies are undertaken to generate data by which the hazards and

28
risks to users, consumers and third parties including the
environment can be assessed for pharmaceuticals (only pre-clinical
studies), agrochemical, cosmetics, food, additives, food additives
and contaminant, novel foods, bio-seeds, detergents, etc.
1. Test Facility Organisation and Personnel
2. Quality Assurance Programme
3. Facilities
4. Apparatus, Material, and Reagents
5. Test Systems
6. Test and Reference Items
7. Performance of the Study
8. Reporting of Study Results
9. Storage and Retention of Records and Materials.

2.1 Test Facility Organisation and Personnel

1. Test Facility Management's Responsibilities
2. Study Director's Responsibilities.
3. Principal Investigator's Responsibilities.
4. Study Personnel's Responsibilities.
1. Test Facility Management’s Responsibilities
 Responsibilities of management as defined by these principles of
good laboratory practice.
 Sufficient number of qualified personnel, appropriate facilities,
equipment, and materials are available for the timely and proper
conduct of the Study
 Ensure the maintenance of a record of the qualifications, training,
and experience.

2. Study Director's Responsibilities.

 Approves the study plan.
 Any amendments to the study plan by dated Signature.
 Availability of SOPS to the personnel.
 Raw data generated are fully documented and recorded.

29
 Computerised systems used in the study have been validated.
3. Principal Investigator's Responsibilities.
The Principal Investigator will ensure that the delegated phases
of the study are conducted in accordance with the applicable
Principles of Good Laboratory Practice.
4. Study Personnel’s Responsibilities
 Should have the Knowledge of the GLP principles.
 Access to the study plan and appropriate SOP's.
 Comply with the instructions of the SOP's.
 Record raw data.
2.2 Quality Assurance Programme
 Access to the updated study plans and SOP's.
 Documented verification of the compliance of study plan to the
GLP principles.
 Inspections to determine compliance of the study with GLP
principles.
 Three types of inspection:
1. Study-based inspections
2. Facility-based inspections.
3. Process-based inspections.
 Inspection of the final reports for accurate and full description.
 Report the inspection results to the management.
 Statements.
2.3 Facilities.
1. Test system
 Sufficient number of rooms or areas assure the isolation of test
systems and the isolation of individual projects involving
substances or organisms known to be or suspected of being bio
hazardous.
 There should be storage rooms or areas as needed for supplies and
equipment.

30
 Areas should be available for the diagnosis, treatment and control
of diseases, in order to ensure that there is no unacceptable degree
of deterioration of test systems.
2. Archive Facilities
 Archive facilities should be provided for the secure storage and
retrieval of study plans, raw data, final reports, samples of test
items and specimens.
 Archive design and archive conditions should protect contents from
untimely deterioration.
3. Waste Disposal
 Handling and disposal of wastes should be carried out in such a
way as not to jeopardise the integrity of studies. This includes
provision for appropriate collection. Storage and disposal facilities,
and decontamination and transportation procedures.
2.4 Apparatus, Material, and Reagents
1) Apparatus, including validated computerised systems, used for the
generation, storage and retrieval of data, and for controlling
environmental factors relevant to the study.
2) Apparatus used in a study should be periodically inspected,
cleaned. Maintained, and calibrated according to Standard
Operating Procedures.
2.5 Test System.
 Physical and chemical test systems.
 Biological test systems.
 Records of source, date of arrival, and arrival conditions of test
systems.
2.6 Test and Reference Items.
 Receipt, handling, sampling and storage.
 Characterization.
 Known stability of test and reference items.
 Stability of the test item in its vehicle (container).
2.7 Performance of the study

31
 Prepare the Study plan.
 Content of the study plan.
1. Identification of the study
2. Records.
3. Dates.
2.8 Reporting of study Results.
 Information on sponsor and test facility.
 Experimental starting and completion dates.
 A quality Assurance Program Statement
 Description of materials and test methods.
2.9 Storage and Retention of Records and Materials.
 The study plan, raw data, samples of test and reference items,
specimens and the final report of each study.
 Records of all inspections performed by the Quality Assurance
Programme, as well as master schedules.
 Records of qualifications, training, experience and job descriptions
of personnel.
3. BENEFITS OF GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES.
 It will give better image of company as a Quality producer in
Global market.
 Provide hot tips on analysis of das well as measure uncertainty and
perfect record keeping.
 Provide guideline for doing testing and measurement in detail.
4. CONCLUSION
 It provide tips on analysis of data as well as measure uncertainty
and perfect record keeping & guideline for doing testing and
measurement in detail.
 GLP Provide guidelines and better control for maintenance of
instruments, environment control, preservation of test records etc.
5. REFERENCE:
1. https://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/glp-trainer.pdf.

32
2.  "Good laboratory practice (GLP) for safety tests on chemicals".
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. 20 January
2017.
3. Ginger, C., 2005. Good laboratory practice CFR 21 Part 58. A
review for OCRA US RAC Study Group.
4. Ginger, C., 2005. Good Laboratory Practice CFR 21 Part 58. A
Review for OCRA US RAC Study Group September 2005.

MODULE NO.6 :-HERBAL DRUG TECHNOLOGY

TOPIC: - STANDARDIZATION & QUALITY
CONTROL PARAMETER OF VASAKA LEAF

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Adhatoda vasica Linn (family Acanthaceae), commonly known as
Vasaka, Malabar nut, or Arusha is a well-known herb in indigenous
systems of medicine for its beneficial effects. Vasaka, also called as
Malabar nut tree, is well known throughout India [1, 2]. The vasaka
plant perennial, evergreen and highly branched with unpleasant smell
and bitter taste, the plant lives for multiple seasons and retains its
leaves throughout the year. It is a shrub 1.0 m to 2.5 m in height, with
opposite ascending branches. . In Ayurveda medicine, Adhatoda
vasica has been used for a variety of disorders including; bronchitis,
leprosy, blood disorders, heart troubles, thirst, asthma, fever, vomiting,
loss of memory, leucoderma, jaundice, tumors, mouth troubles, sore-
eye, fever, and gonorrhea.
1.1 BIOLOGICAL SOURCE

33
It consists of dried as well as fresh leaves of the plant Adhatoda vasica
belonging to family Acanthaceae. It contains not less than 0.6 percent
vasicine.
1.2 GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
It is found in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Burma. It is found at
altitude of 1000 meters. The plant grows as weed and is propagated by
seeds. . It grows all over the India and in the lower Himalayan ranges.
The plant reaches maximum height of 2 to 3 meters.
2.0 MORPHOLOGY OF VASAKA
A dense glabrous shrub up to 0.5 to 1 m.
Leaves— alternate, simple, opposite, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate,
acuminate.
Flowers—white, in dense spikes, white; bracts ovate or obovate; calyx
deeply five-lobed; stamens glabrous.
Fruits— four seeded capsules with a solid base.
Seeds— glabrous.
Flowering and fruiting between.February-May.

Fig 1: Vasaka

3.0 MICROSCOPY OF VASAKA

Vasaka leaf is a dorsiventral. Epidermal. Cells are covered with thin
cuticle on both layer of surfaces and have wavy walls particularly on
the upper surface. A double of elongated loosely arranged palisade
cells is present below upper epidermis and certain of its cells contain
cylindrical cystoliths. Mesophyll consists of 3-6 layers of spongy
parenchymatous cells with intracellular spaces. Leaf bears with spaces

34
glandular trichomes; covering and covering trichomes, uniseriate, 1-3
celled, warty and conical; glandular trichomes, small sessile with
quadricellular head. The midrib region shows collenchymatous cells
beneath both epidermal layers. The far layer central region is occupied
by 3 vascular bundles of which the central one is the largest. The
phloem is present on the dorsal side and xylem ventral side and
radiating medullary rays

Fig 2: Microscopy of Vasaka

4.0 CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
Vasaka contain Quinolone alkaloids
• Main alkaloids are Vasicine (2.0 to 2.5%), Vasicinone, and 6-hydroxy
Vasicine
• Leave contain Volatile oil, Betain & Vasakin.

Vasicine Vasicinone

5.0 BIOACTIVE COMPOUND, ITS STRUCTURE

35
 Famed as a natural Expectorant, Vasa has a rich concentration of
bioactive compound Like Vasicine, Luteolin, Carotene, Vasakin,
Other quinazoline alkaloid, and essential oils. The leaves are abundant
in phytochemical constituents like tannins, saponins, alkaloids,
flavonoids and phenolic.
5.1 Extraction of chemical constituents and bioactive compound
Preparation of extracts: Three types of extracts namely aqueous
extract with 5 % citric acid, acetone: alcoholic (1:1) extract and
alcoholic extract 90 % were obtained by macerating the vasaka powder
with the respective solvents for 15 days and the extracts were dried
(cold maceration process)
Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed in the extract of
Adhatoda vasica in the presence of Saponin, Alkaloids, Tannins,
Flavonoids, Steroids, Carbohydrates, Vitamin C, Cardiac Glycoside
and Reducing sugar groups.

Sr Type of Type of extract

No. phytochemical
Methanol Hydroalcoholi
c Aqueous
1 Saponin ++ ++ ++
2 Alkaloids ++ ++ +
3 Tannins ++ ++ +
4 Flavonoids ++ ++ ++
5 Steroids ++ ++ +
6 Carbohydrates + + +
7 Vitamin C + + -
8 Cardiac + + -
Glycoside
9 Reducing Sugar + + -
Groups

36
 ++= Present (clearly visible), += Present (dark), -= absent
6.0 Instrumentation methods for its identification by
chromatographic Techniques TLC and HPLC

TLC studies: The presence of vasicine in the extracted amorphous

residue was assessed by TLC method. About 5 mg of amorphous
residue was dissolved in 5 mL of methanol. The spots (5 µL each) for
solutions of extracted residue sample and reference standard of
vasicine (75 µg/mL) were applied separately on the TLC plate and
eluted with a mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol (8:2) made at pH
9.5 with liquid ammonia as mobile phase. The detection was done
firstly by UV detector and then spraying with 1% v/v of concentrated
sulphuric acid in methanol.

Fig.3 TLC chromatography for reference for vasicine

HPLC Studies: The vasicine content in sample solution was

determined by reversed phase HPLC equipped with ODS column. The
isocratic elution was carried out with a binary solvent system of water
and methanol (65:35) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min
maintaining ambient temperature. The sample injection volume was 20
µL and the analyses were monitored with the UV-Vis detector at 298
nm.]
HPLC method for estimation of vasicine
Preparation of calibration curve of standard vasicine: 25 mg of
standard vasicine was dissolved in 25 mL of ethanol to yield stock
solution 1000 µg/mL. Calibration curve from 4-12 µg/spot was
prepared and checked for linearity. The concentration range for
calibration curve was decided on the basis of probable concentration of
vasicine in the pharmaceutical herbal formulation.
Preparation of Standard The vasicine content in sample solution was
determined by reversed phase HPLC equipped with ODS column. The
isocratic elution was carried out with a binary solvent system of water
and methanol (65:35) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min
maintaining ambient temperature. The sample injection volume was 20
µL and the analyses were monitored with the UV-Vis detector at 298
nm.]
Sample preparation:

37
Dry purified extract of 12 mg was taken in a clean and dry 10 mL
volumetric flask. About 5 mL of HPLC grade methanol was added and
shaken thoroughly to dissolve the sample and then sonicated for 5 min
to complete the dissolution. The solution was allowed to cool at room
temperature and then the volume was made up to the mark with
methanol. The solution was then filtered through 0.45 um disk filter.
The concentration of sample stock solution was 1200 ug/mL. After
suitable dilution with methanol, the solutions having the concentrations
of 600, 300, 150, 75 and 50 µg/mL were prepared. The sample
solutions were kept in clean vials and stored at below 4°C.

Fig.4 HPLC of standard vasicine Fig.5 HPLC of A vasika residue

Spectral Analyses of purified extract were carried out using UV-Vis

spectrophotometer16, FT-IR and LCMS/MS. For UV analysis, the
purified extract and reference standard of vasicine were separately
dissolved in methanol at concentration of 300 µ g/mL and the
spectrums of the resultant solutions were taken within the range
of 200-400 nm to determine the absorption maxima (λmax). The
analysis was repeated for three times. The FT-IR analysis of
purified extract was performed for detection of characteristic
absorption bands for the functional groups of vasicine within the
range from 400 to 4000 cm-1 using potassium bromide (KBr)
disc. The molecular weight of purified vasicine was determined by
LCMS/MS.

Fig.4 FTIR OF VASICINE

7.0ALLIED DRUGS
Perganum harmala is an allied drug of vasaka.

38
 REFRENCE
1. http://www.lacpharmacy.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/05/antitussives.pdf
2. https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijrsb/v2-i11/19.pdf
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852058/
4.  "Justicia adhatoda  L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-01-26.

NAME OF MODULE NAME AND SIGN OF MODULE SIGN

INCHARGE
FORMULATION DR. R.H. KASLIWAL
DEVELOPMENT

MOLECULAR MR. A.R. THAKRE

BIOLOGY AND CELL
CULTURE
TECHNIQUES
QUALITY CONTROL DR. MRS. M.P. YEOLE
AND QUALITY
ASSURANCE OF
PHARMACEUTICALS
DRUG DESIGN AND DR. MRS. A.J. ASNANI
PROCESS
CHEMISTRY

39
 EXPERIMENTAL DR. MRS. S.A. DESHPANDE
PHARMACOLOGY

HERBAL DR. V.D. GULKARI

TECHNOLOGY

NAME AND SIGN OF STUDENT

(Prajwal Deokule)

40