ADOLESCENT PROFILE 2021

OVERVIEW

270,203,917
1

(Indonesia’s total population)

2/3 are of productive age 2

17% are adolescents (age 10-19)3

46
6
Age
%
10-14 51
5

million 4 48% 52% 15-19 49

%

Distribution of adolescent population per main island (age 10-19)7

4
34
31
32 Top 6 Bottom 5
33
% %
18 1. West Java 0.5 30. West Sulawesi
30 % %
16 2. East Java 0.4 31. North Maluku
% %
14 3. Central Java 0.4 32. Gorontalo
5 6 1 % %
3 2 5 4. North Sumatra 0.3 33. West Papua
4.6% 5. Banten 0.2% 34. North Kalimantan
%
4.1 6. DKI

60% Java 20% Sumatra 7% Sulawesi 6% Kalimantan 5% Bali, NTT & NTB 2% Maluku & Papua

Sources: 1, 3-6. BPS (2020) | 2. UNICEF (2020) | 7. Bappenas, BPS & UNPF (2013)

POVERTY
More adolescents
adolescents
10.8% live below Rural in rural than urban areas2
Age 10-19 Exception:
the poverty line1 More female adolescents aged 15-19 years
Urban live in urban areas

Sources: 1. BPS (2021) | 2. BPS (2019)

While the mortality rate of adolescents has gradually

declined over the years, several NCD and NCD* risk
Adolescent DALYs ranking Adolescent mortality ranking1
factors are becoming the top cause of DALYs** and Top causes Top causes
death among Indonesians

Road injury Road injury

*Non-communicable disease (NCD): Chronic diseases that tend Skin diseases Tuberculosis
to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of ?
? ?
?

genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors Childhood behavioural disorders Interpersonal violence
**DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years): The sum of years of Tuberculosis Drowning
potential life lost due to premature mortality and the years of
productive life lost due to disability Anxiety disorders Diarrhoeal diseases

Adolescent mortality rate (death per 100,000 population) 2

94.5
90.4 88.7 87.3 85 82.4 81 78.8 76.5 75.2 74.1
mortality Age 10-14 2 per 1,000
=
rate 5 population
4
3
Age 15-19
% %
35 65
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Sources: 1-2. WHO (2016) | 3. WHO (2020) | 4. UN Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2020)
ADOLESCENT PROFILE 2021
OVERVIEW
RISK FACTORS
Tobacco use1 Nutrition2 Air pollution 3
While the number of adolescent (age 13-15) Age 10-19 Age 10-24
tobacco users is slightly declining, the number of 13% DALYs/100,000 Deaths/100,000
adolescents who smoke cigarettes is rising 8% 8%
4% Obese % %
3% 29.7 2009 0.4
2014 20.3% 18.8
%
2019 Thinness
15% 15%
Tobacco Cigarette 12% Overweight
6%
user smoker 2% 15.2
%
2019 0.2
%

2019 19.2% 18.3% 2014

1990 2016
33.3% 2009 0.4%

Pandemic: COVID-19 4 Mental health 5

17.5% 2019 0.2%
Age 15-19 Age 10-19
?
?
% %
26.1 2009 0.3

Unhealthy Physically Social Childhood

diet active connection Anxiety behavioural 13
%
2019 0.1
%

(n=2558) (n=2558) (n=176) disorders

Sources: 1. WHO SEARO (2015 & 2019) | 2. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (2017) | 3. IHME (2021) | 4. U-Report Indonesia (2020) | 5. WHO (2016)

CURRENT POLICIES AND LAWS

Act No. 36 of 2009 : Health as everyone's right
Government Regulation No. 109 of 2012 : Protection for children and adolescents from the use of tobacco products
Health Minister of Health Regulation : Modifiable risk factors include smoking, limited physical activity,
No. 71 of 2015 unhealthy diet, alcohol consumption and unhealthy environments
Minister of Health Regulation : Adolescents' participation in health care sector, as well as the provision
No. 25 of 2014 of comprehensive health care services for adolescents
Act No. 18 of 2014 : Attempt to actualize every individual's optimal mental state

Act No. 40 of 2009 : Youth** health as one objective, encouragement of youth participation
Youth and support for the capacity development of youth
development Presidential Regulation No. 66 of 2017 : Cross-sectoral strategic coordination for youth** services

Act No. 23 of 2002 : Health as every child's* right

Child Act No. 35 of 2014 : Provision of comprehensive health care services and protection from
protection abuse for children*
Minister of Education and Culture
: Prevention of and countermeasures against violence at school
Regulation No. 82 of 2015
Family Act No. 52 of 2009 : Improving adolescents' conditions, including health, for family
development development

*Children: 18 years old or younger | **Youth: 16–30 years old

TARGET INDICATORS
1

Fulfillment of
basic services
To reduce the percentage
of age 10-18 who smoke
cigarettes
To reduce the prevalence
of obesity among individuals
age 18+
RECOMMENDED ACTIONS
Improvement in the quality of
children, women and youth Evidence generation that
meaningfully engages AWARENESS
adolescents, including advocacy
To augment the Youth for age and sex disaggregation
Development Index score
EMPOWERMENT
To reduce the prevalence Advocacy, communication, programme
of violence towards women planning, implementation and evaluation
age 15-64 involving adolescents as equal partners ACTION

Source: 1. Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional 2020-2024

MENTAL HEALTH

Top causes Childhood % SERIOUS CONSIDERATION

1 #3 behavioural
of DALYs (2016) disorders OF SUICIDE ATTEMPTS 2
Age 10-14

Age 10-19 Age 13-15

#5 Anxiety
disorders
Age 10-14

4.8% 6.2%
Childhood
#3 behavioural
disorders #1
Childhood
behavioural
4.0%
3.2%
disorders
Age 10-14

Childhood 2007 2015

Anxiety #5 behavioural

#5 disorders Age 15-19

disorders Male Female

Sources: 1. WHO (2016) | 2. WHO (2007 & 2015)

RISK FACTORS
1

?
Gender (DALYs) ?
? ?

Childhood Childhood
Anxiety
behavioural behavioural
disorders
disorders disorders

Age (DALYs)
Age 10-14 Age 15-19

Childhood #1 Anxiety
Childhood
behavioural
disorders
disorders #5 behavioural #5
#3 disorders

Source: 1. WHO (2016)

Prevalence of abusive experience1 Age 13-17 Prevalence of school bullying2 Age 13-15

62
55.3
61.7
44.7
38.6
23.7
20.5
19

2013 2018 2007 2015

Male Female Male Female

Sources: 1. Kementerian PPPA et al. (2013) & Kementerian PPPA (2018) | 2. WHO (2007 & 2015)
MENTAL HEALTH

INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE
Adolescent mortality
1
ranking (2016)

Age 15-19
#3 Age 15-19

#4 #2
Increases the risk of cigarette use, alcohol use and suicidal ideation

Prevalence of school bullying (victims)

27%
Primary
school 32% Junior
high school 20%
High
school

Provinces with most cases of interpersonal violence (both genders)(2016) 2

5

1. Central Java

4
2. East Java
3. West Java
3
1 2 4. South Sumatra
5. Aceh
Sources: 1. WHO (2016) | 2. KemenPPPA et al. (2017)

ATTITUDES (n=278)1 CURRENT POLICIES AND LAWS

Act No. 36 of 2009 : Right to protection from discrimination

and abuse that may harm one's health
Guarantees good mental health in life
Act No. 40 of 2009 : Empowerment to improve the quality
of mental health and spirituality
Act No. 35 of 2014 : Provision of comprehensive health care
services and protection from abuse for
children*

Age 15-19 Act No. 18 of 2014 : Attempt to actualize every individual’s

optimal mental state

Minister of Education : Prevention of and countermeasures

are afraid/embarrassed
% & Culture Regulation against violence at school
57 to tell others about their
mental health condition No. 82 of 2015

Minister of Women : Anti-violence policies as one indicator of a

thought that receiving therapeutical child-friendly school
Empowerment &
22%
and pharmaceutical interventions
Children Welfare
have negative impacts on their
Regulation No. 8
self confidence and future
of 2014

Source: 1. U-Report Indonesia (2020) *Children: 18 years old or younger

TOBACCO

The number of adolescents who smoke cigarettes is increasing

Age 13-15
1

Current cigarette smokers (2019)

2019 2.9% %
35.5 2019

%
2014 2.5 %
18.8 33.9% 2014

Cigarette smokers and social Cigarette smokers and

economic status (2017)2 Age 15-24 geographical location (2017) 3 Age 15-24

More female smokers More male smokers

reside in urban areas reside in rural areas
#1 #1
Upper Middle Low

#2 #2 Urban Rural
Middle Middle Rural Urban

Cigarette smokers and education attainment (2017)4 Age 15-24

No schooling Did not complete

experience #1 #1 primary school

Did not complete Completed

primary school #2 #2 primary school

Sources: 1. WHO SEARO (2015) & (2019) | 2-4. BPS et al. (2018)

Adolescents (age 15-19) who started

smoking cigarettes before age 15 (2017)1

% %
55.5 57.4
Source: 1. BPS et al. (2018)
TOBACCO

Secondhand smoke Age 13-15 Cessation Age 13-15

Overall Tried to stop

57.8% 2019
Exposure
at home
81.8% 2014
57.3% 2014

School property
(inside and outside) 81.1% 2019 68.1% 81.9%
67.2% 2019
Exposure in
open public 69% 2014
Received help/advice to stop smoking Age 13-15
space %
63.9 2014
%
56 2019

66.2% 2019
Exposure in
closed public The number of girls who The number of boys who
space % received help/advice to stop received help/advice to stop
60.1 2014 smoking decreased over time smoking increased over time

2019 Attitude (2019)

Age 13-15 Age 13-15 Students who think Students who feel that smoking helps
that it is difficult to stop people to feel more comfortable
once people start smoking tobacco in social situations


Age 13-15 Age 13-15
76.6% 63.7% 60.4%
26.9% 8.1%
Purchase cigarettes Were not prevented 27.8 %
12.1 %

from a store, shop, from buying cigarettes

street vendor or kiosk because of their age 28.8% 16.3%

Source: WHO SEARO (2015) & (2019)

Most effective media for tobacco marketing (2019) Age 13-15 Most effective media for anti-tobacco messages (2019) Age 13-15

#1 TV ads or promotion Ads or promotion

#1 at #1 Messages in media Health warnings
#1 on
points of sale packages
Ads or promotion
#2 at #2 TV ads or promotion Health warnings
#2 on #2 Messages in media
points of sale packages
#3 Outdoor media #3 Outdoor media Messages at sporting
#3 or Messages at sporting
#3 or
community events community events

2019
Smokers Non-smokers

46.3% thought about thought about 35.8%

quitting smoking not starting to smoke
59.4% because of because of 39.4%
Age 13-15 health warnings health warnings Age 13-15
% on cigarette packs on cigarette packs
60.5 48.3%

Source: WHO et al. (2019)

CURRENT POLICIES AND LAWS

Government Regulation Minister of Health

No. 109 of 2012 Regulation No. 71 of 2015
Protection for children Smoking as one
and adolescent from behavioural risk factor
the use of tobacco products that is modifiable QUIT SMOKING NOW!
COVID-19

Ever since Indonesia's first COVID-19

%
9.3 Survived cases were confirmed in early March 2020,
%
9.4
positive1
the pandemic's direct and indirect effects
on adolescent health have become
% Deceased
1.3 increasingly evident. This is likely to
continue for the foreseeable future
Age 6-18
Source: Satgas Penanganan COVID-19 (2021)

POVERTY
1

34% 11.3% Urban

of unemployed of individuals Males are More individuals

individuals are who experience reduction more impacted in urban areas of all ages
15-24 y.o. in working hours are than females are impacted than
age 15-24 y.o. those in rural areas

Source: BPS (2020)

School closure
Physical/social
1
distancing (all age groups)

>13,000 High schools

Junior high
>19,000 schools

Shifted to online learning

(belajar dari rumah)
due to COVID-19

Sources: 1. Kemendikbud (2020)

COVID-19

Abuse Age 13-17 Social relationships Age 15-19 (n=176)

63.1% 74.2% 55%

experienced had fewer opportunities had more support had less attention
% more violence to express opinions from friends from parents or caregivers
56.9 during the
pandemic 1
than pre-COVID than pre-COVID than pre-COVID

Relationship with family

Cases Jan 1-Jul 31

% %
30 70 25% 21% 25% 19%
More distant Closer More distant Closer
from family to family from family to family
Source: 1. Kemenpppa (2020)

Social distancing

93% 70%
are negatively impacted are negatively impacted
(mental health condition) (mental health condition)
by distance from family by distance from friends
53% 56%

Dietary habits Age 15-19 (n=2558) Physical activity Age 15-19 (n=2558)

% Consume less
40 variety of foods
due to economic factors

 30
% consume less egg
and plant-based protein are more active
22% than pre-COVID


consume less fruits, are less active
%
30 vegetables, meat
and poultry 49% than pre-COVID

Source: U-Report Indonesia (2020)

Sources
OVERVIEW
General
1. Badan Pusat Statistik (2020). Potret Sensus Penduduk 2020 Menuju
Satu Data Kependudukan Indonesia. Jakarta: BPS RI.
2. United Nation Children's Fund (2020). The State of Children in Indonesia
– Trends, Opportunities and Challenges for Realizing Children's Rights.
Jakarta: UNICEF Indonesia.
3. Badan Pusat Statistik (2020). Potret Sensus Penduduk 2020 Menuju
Satu Data Kependudukan Indonesia. Jakarta: BPS RI.
4. Badan Pusat Statistik (2020). Potret Sensus Penduduk 2020 Menuju
Satu Data Kependudukan Indonesia. Jakarta: BPS RI.
5. Badan Pusat Statistik (2020). Potret Sensus Penduduk 2020 Menuju
Satu Data Kependudukan Indonesia. Jakarta: BPS RI.
6. Badan Pusat Statistik (2020). Potret Sensus Penduduk 2020 Menuju
Satu Data Kependudukan Indonesia. Jakarta: BPS RI.
7. Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, Badan Pusat Statistik &
United Nations Population Fund (2013). Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia
2010-2035. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik
Poverty
1. Badan Pusat Statistik (2021). Laporan VNR Indonesia. Jakarta:
Badan Pusat Statistik
2. Badan Pusat Statistik (2019). Statistik Kesejahteraan Rakyat.
Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik
DALYs & Mortality Rate
1. World Health Organization (2016). Adolescent mortality ranking – top 5
causes (country). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/data/maternal-
newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/indicator-explorer-new/mca/adolescent-
mortality-ranking---top-5-causes-(country).
World Health Organization (2016). Adolescent DALYs ranking – top 5
causes (country). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/data/maternal-
newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/indicator-explorer-new/mca/adolescent-
dalys-ranking---top-5-causes-(country).
2. World Health Organization (2016). Global Health Estimates. Retrieved
from https://www.who.int/ healthinfo/global_burden_disease/en/.
3. World Health Organization (2020). Age-specific Death Rate between Ages
x and x+n. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/gho-
ghe-life-tables-nmx-age-specific-death-rate-between-ages-x-and-x-plus-n.
4. UN Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2020). Mortality
rates among children and youth ages 5 to 24 years. Retrieved from
https://data.unicef.org/resources/dataset/child-mortality/.
Risk Factors
1. World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia (2015).
Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS): Indonesia Report 2014. New Delhi:
WHO-SEARO.
World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia (2019).
Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS): Indonesia Report 2019. New Delhi:
WHO-SEARO.
2. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass
index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A
pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9
million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet, 390(10113). 2627-
2642.
3. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2021). GBD Compare:
Indonesia. Retrieved from https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/
4. U-Report Indonesia (2020). Opinions. Retrieved from
https://indonesia.ureport.in/opinions/.
5. World Health Organization (2016). Adolescent DALYs ranking – top 5
causes (country). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/data/maternal-
newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/indicator-explorer-new/mca/adolescent-
dalys-ranking---top-5-causes-(country).
Published by:
© UNICEF/May 2021
MENTAL HEALTH
1. World Health Organization (2016). Adolescent DALYs ranking – top 5
causes (country). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/data/maternal-
newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/indicator-explorer-new/mca/adolescent-
dalys-ranking---top-5-causes-(country).
2. World Health Organization (2007). Global School-based Student Health
Survey. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/gshs/indonesia/en/.
World Health Organization (2015). Global School-based Student Health
Survey. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/gshs/indonesia/en/.
Risk Factors
1. World Health Organization (2016). Adolescent DALYs ranking – top 5
causes (country). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/data/maternal-
newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/indicator-explorer-new/mca/adolescent-
dalys-ranking---top-5-causes-(country).
Prevalence
1. Kementerian Sosial, Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan
Perlindungan Anak, Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, Badan
Pusat Statistik, & UNICEF Indonesia (2013). Ringkasan hasil survey
kekerasan terhadap anak Indonesia tahun 2013. Retrieved from
https://www.kemenpppa.go.id /lib/uploads/list/0e33f-skta-2013.pdf.
Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak (2018).
Fakta kekerasan terhadap anak di Indonesia: Survei Nasional Pengalaman
Hidup Anak dan Remaja tahun 2018. Retrieved from
https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/lib/uploads/slider/49b98-infografis-snphar-
2018.pdf.
2. World Health Organization (2007). Global School-based Student Health
Survey. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/gshs/indonesia/en/.
World Health Organization (2015). Global School-based Student Health
Survey. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/gshs/indonesia/en/.
Interpersonal Violence
1. World Health Organization (2016). Adolescent DALYs ranking – top 5
causes (country). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/data/maternal-
newborn-child-adolescent-ageing/indicator-explorer-new/mca/adolescent-
dalys-ranking---top-5-causes-(country).
2. Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak & Badan
Pusat Statistik (2017). Statistik Gender Tematik: Mengakhiri Kekerasan
terhadap Perempuan dan Anak di Indonesia. Jakarta: Kementerian
Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak.
TOBACCO
1. World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia (2015).
Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS): Indonesia Report 2014. New Delhi:
WHO-SEARO.
World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia (2019).
Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS): Indonesia Report 2019. New Delhi:
WHO-SEARO.
2. Badan Pusat Statistik, Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana
Nasional, & Kementerian Kesehatan (2018). Survei Demografi dan
Kesehatan Indonesia 2017:Buku Remaja. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
COVID-19
Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak (2020).
SIMFONI (Sistem Informasi Online Perlindungan Perempuan and Anak).
Retrieved from https://kekerasan.kemenpppa.go.id/ringkasan.
Satgas Penanganan Covid-19 (2021). Peta Sebaran COVID-19. Retrieved from:
https://covid19.go.id /peta-sebaran-covid19.
Badan Pusat Statistik (2020). Keadaan Ketenagakerjaan Indonesia Agustus
2020. Retrieved from: https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2020/11/05/1673/
agustus-2020--tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka--tpt--sebesar-7-07-persen.html#
:~:text=Jumlah%20angkatan%20kerja%20pada%20Agustus,juta%20orang
%20dibanding%20Agustus%202019.&text=Tingkat%20pengangguran%20te
rbuka%20(TPT)%20Agustus,poin%20dibandingkan%20dengan%20Agustus
%202019.
Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (2020). Daftar Proses Belajar
Mengajar Satuan pendidikan di Masa Pandemi. Retrieved from
http://sekolah.data.kemdikbud.go.id/kesiapanbelajar/pbm.
U-Report Indonesia (2020). Opinions. Retrieved from
https://indonesia.ureport.in/opinions/.