1.8 LINEAR DEPENDENCE AND INDEPENDENCE OF VECTORS Linear Dependence A set of r vectors x,, X,, ... X, is said to be linearly dependent if there exist r scalars (numbers) k,, k, ... k, not all zero, such that Kx, +kx, ++ +k x, =0 Scanned with CamScanner1.8 Linear Dependence and Independence of Vectors 1.99 Linear Independence A set of r vectors x,, x, ...x, is said to be linearly independent if there exists r scalars (numbers) kk, ...k, such that if kx, thx, then k Linear Combination of Vectors A vector x which can be expressed in the form KER FAN, Hoth, is said to be a linear combination of the vectors x, x, x,, where hy, k, numbers, . A, are any Results: (1) Ifasset of vectors is linearly dependent then at least one vector of the set can be expressed as a linear combination of the remaining vectors. (2) Ifa set of vectors is linearly independent then no vector of the set can be ex pressed as a linear combination of the remaining vectors. Example 1 Examine for linear dependence or independence of vectors x,=(1, 1-1, ¥,=(2,3,~5),4,=(2,-1,4) If dependent, find the relation between them. Solution Let Ax, thx thx, =0 (1-1) +4, (2,3, -5)+4,(2,-1,4)=0 (ky + 2k, +2ky, k, +3k; ky, —k, Sk; +4k;) = (0,0, 0) Equating corresponding components, k, +2k, +2k, =0 K,+3k,- =0 k, -5k, +4k, =0 The matrix form of the system is Ax=0 1, 2. 21k] fo 1 3 -1kJ=/0 -1-s 4k} [o Scanned with CamScanner1.100 Chapter 1. Matrices The augmented matrix of the system is 1 2 210 13 ay “1-5 410 Reducing the augmented matrix to echelon form, R-R, A+R 12 210 ~lo 1-310 0-3 610 Ry+3R, Le 220 -lo 1-310 0 0 310 1 (-3)s 12 210 ~]0 1-340 0.0 110 Number of nonzero row: pP(A)=3 Hence, the system has a trivial solution. k, (number of unknowns) k,=0 Since k, k,, k, are all zero, the vectors are linearly independent. EEC ee Example 2 Examine for linear dependence the system of vectors (1, 2,-1, 0), (3. 1, 2), (4, 2, 1, 0), (6, 1, 0, 1) and if dependent, find the relation between them. ; [May °05, May 09) Solution Let Ax +x, thx, thx, =0 A,(1, 2, 1,0) +4; (1, 3,1, 2)+4s(4, 2, 1, 0)+4,(6,1, 0,1) =0 (hy +h + Ak + 6k 2h 43k +2 +h, kh +h, 2h +h.) = (0,0, 0,0) Scanned with CamScanner1.8 Linear Dependence and Independence of Vectors 1,101 Eqiating corresponding components, ky ky 44k, 46k, =0 2k +3k, +2k, +k, =0 h+ k+ k=0 2+ ky =0 The matrix form of the system is Ax=0 [114 6k] fo 23.2 1k o -11 1 offk| Jo 020 iffe} Lo ‘The augmented matrix of the system is Bet 23 -r 1 02 Reducing the augmented matrix to echelon form, R,-2R, +R, 11 4° 6{0 0 1-6 -I1!0 We 8 Go 02 0 110 R,-2R,, R,+2R, 1174-610 ADA 01-6 =1!0 ‘ “lo 0 17 2810 0.0 12 23:0 1 (i) 11 4 610 Scanned with CamScannerNumber of nonzero rows = 4 p(dy=4 (number of unknowns) Hence, the system has a trivial solution. f 20, = 0,4 = 0h, =0 Since fs ky yy hy ae all 2210, the vectors are Finearly independent. ae Example 3 Examine for linear dependence or independence of the following vec. tors. If dependent, find the relation between them. x, =(1,-1,1), X; = (2,1, 1), x; =, 0,2) [Dec °04] Solution Let KX, +k,x, +k,x, =0 A, -1, 1) +k, (2, 1,1) +4, (3 0, 2)=0 (k, + 2k, +3k,, —k, +k,, ky +k, +2ky) = (0, 0, 0) Equating corresponding components, k, +2k, +3k, =0 -h+ k, =0 k,+ ky +2k=0 The matrix form of the system is Scanned with CamScanner1.8 Linear Dependence and Independence of Vectors 1.103 ‘The augmented matrix of the system is (t)a.con, 123 ' 0 -|o 1 110 Number of nonzero rows = 2 p(4)=2<3 (number of unknowns) Hence, the system has a nontrivial solution. Number of parameters = 3 -2=1 The corresponding system of equations is k,+ 2k, +3k; =0 k,+ k=0 Assigning the variable k, any arbitrary value ¢, Since k,, k, k, are not all zero, the vectors are linearly dependent. Scanned with CamScanner1,104 Chapter 1 Matrices Hix, — MX, + = 9 x,+%,-% 70 x, +X, =% Example 4 dependence or independence Examine the following vectors for linear May °04, Dec ‘0g, If dependent, find the relation amongst them. [May 04; Dec 209) ¥, = (2,-1,3,2),% = G5: 22% =b342) Solution Let x, +X +x, =0 (2, -1,3,2)+hG,-5, 252) +All, 3,4, 2)= 0 (2k, +3k, + ky, hy Sky +3ky, 3k; + 2k, + 4ky, 2k, + 2k, + 2k) = (0, 0, 0, 0) Equating corresponding components, 2k, +3k, + ky =0 =k, - 5k, +3k, = 0 3k, +2k, +4k, = 0 2k, +2k + 2k = 0 The matrix form of the system is Ax=0 2031 0 -1 -5 31"! lo 3.2 47 /"lo 22222 eee 0) r The augmented matrix of the system is 2 3-110 -1 -5 31/0 3.2 410 2.2 240 Reducing the augmented matrix to echelon form, Scanned with CamScanner1.8 Linear Dependence and Independence of Vectors 1.105 R+R, 1-2 410 _|-1 -s 310 3.2 410 22 R,+R, Ry-3R,, Ri-2R, 1-2 410 0-7 710 “Jo 8 -8!0 0 6 6 “deel 1-2 410 0 1-110 “lo 1-110 o 1-10 Ry-R RR, 1-2 410 0 1-110 “lo 0 of0 0 0 OF ‘Number of nonzero rows = 2 plAy=2<3 (number of unknowns) Hence, the system has a nontrivial solution. Number of parameters = 3-2=1 The corresponding system of equations is k,-2k, +4k =0 ky- &=0 Assigning the variable k, any arbitrary value #, ky — 4k, = 2-41 = -2 Since k,, ky kare not all zero, the vectors are linearly independent. Scanned with CamScanner-2in, +1x, +) =O 2x, =O Example 5 ao Test the following vectors for linearly between them if dependent. 31> X, = (1.2.4), x; = (2,-1,3)1X =, 1 2), Xs = (3, 7, 2) dependence and find the relation [Dee *95) Solution Let hx, hak, + hex thx, = 0 Ky(L,2, 4) + by(2,-1,3) +4, (0,1,2)+4,(-3, 7, 2) = 0 (k, + 2k, -3k,, 2k, ky + hy + Thy, 4k, + 3k, + 2k, + 2k, = (0, 0, 0) Equating corresponding components, K+2k- 3k, =0 2k, - ky + ky +Tk,= 4k, + 3k, + 2k, + 2k, The matrix form of the system is Ax=0 120-3 He 0 2 as =|0 432 ay z,| 1 The augmented matrix of the system is 1 20 -319 2-11 7! 4°32 29 Reducing the augmented matrix to echelon form, Ry-2R, Ry~4R, TeA22.01883 1.0 15 Os Buchs, 1B 10 0 -5 2 1419 Scanned with CamScanner1.8 Linear Dependence and Independence of Vectors 1.107 120 -jo1 4 3 0-5 2 R+5R, 12 0 -310 -|o1 1 Blo Pens 00 1 10 Number of nonzero rows = 3 p(4)=3<4 (number of unknowns) Hence, the system has a nontrivial solution. Number of parameters = 4-3 = 1 ‘The corresponding system of equations is K+ 2k 3k, =0 1, 2B hogh-Fh=0 k+ k=0 Assigning the variable k, any arbitrary value f, k=-t 8, 5 k, =-2k, +3k, 1 1 13 Kasht ha sCotlO= (Bean Since k,, ky, k,pk, are not all zero, the vectors are linearly dependent. Saya -myamce 9x, +12x, -5x, +51, =0 9x, +5x, = 12x, +5x, Example 6 Examine whether following vectors are linearly independent or dependent: x, = (2,2, 1)',x.=03,)", x, = (1, 2,2)" Scanned with CamScannerEXERCISE 1.4 Examine whether the following vectors are linearly independent or depen. dent. If dependent, find the relation between them. 1, ay 10 (i) x, = (3, 1, - 4), x, = (2, 2, -3), X= (0, - 4, 1) [Dec "03, May [Ans. : Dependent, 2x, = 3x, +x] (ii) x= (1, 1, 1, 3), x = (1, 2, 3, 4), = (2, 3,47) [Dec’ 06] [Ans. : Dependent, x, + X, = x] (iii) x, = 2, 3, 4, -2), x= (A, -2,-2, = (1, 1, 2-1) ay’ 07] [Ans. : Dependent, x, + X, = X,] (iv) x, = (1, -1, 0), x, = (2, 1, 3), x)= (0, 1, 1), x,=(2, 2,1) [Dec’ 07] [Ans. : Dependent, x, = 2x, + 3x,] (v) x, =(1, -1, 2, 2)", x, = (2, -3, 4, -1)", x, = (1, 2, -2, 3)" [May’ 08] [Ans. : Dependent, x, = x, + x,] (vi) x, = (2, 2, 1), X= (1, 3,1) = (1, 2, 2)" [Ans. : Independent] (vii) x, = (1, 2-1, 0), % = (16 3) 1, 2% = 4, 2, 1, 0), x, = (6, 1, 0, 1) 1 [Ans. : Independent] ssa) = (3, 1p 1p X= (2s OI = (4 BA) j (viii) x, = (3,1, % . [Ans. : Independent] _. = en antcENRMATION Scanned with CamScanner