6 0 HOT PRODUCTS FOR THE HOME OFFICE

MAY 1991
$2J)0
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0 "726597"'6'
Popular
THE WHATS NEW MAGAZINE

science MAY 1991

Founded in 1872/Vol. 238, No. 5

WHAT'S NEW 10

COVER STORY
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Wild Weasels Science newsfront 20
U.S. weasel pilots made the Wild Weasels 72
skies over Iraq and Kuwait safe for Superconductors take off. 101
foUovmig alhed aircraft, smoking out and
striking surface-to-air missile laimching sites.
Goading the enemy into showing its radar
took up-to-date electronics—and nerve.
COMPUTERS
AND ELECTRONICS
Electronics newsfront 25
Micro technology
slims the vacuum tube 26
Rxx)m-to-room video 96
Now playing in Japan:

Superconductors high-definition TV. 106

takeoff
Only four years after the development of CARS AND DRIVING
materials that lose their electrical
resistance at practical temperatures, Automotive newsfront 33
prototype applications are here. Rotorcam: piston engine
turned inside out 36
Electric vehicles only. 76

Electric cars 7 6
Air-quality legislation is accelerating the
latest work in battery-driven automobiles: HOME PRODUCTS
By 2003, ten percent of all cars sold in Cal- AND TECHNOLOGY
ifornia must be ZEVs—Zero-Emissions Ve- Home newsfront 65
hicles; other solutions are also under test. The inside story
on outdoor gear. 82
High-tech tools
for the home office 87

9 . ^ . y §
ADDITIONAL FEATURES
From the editor. 4
Readers talk back 6
Product information 129
Looking back 130

High-tech home office

All the comforts of corporate headquarters—
computers, copiers, even interoffice memos
—can now be had without the commute. Elec- COVER BY
tronics equipment is shrinking in size and cost, DANILO DUCAK
enabling more people to set up home offices.
POPULAR SCIENCE MAY 1991 • 3
From The Editor
H
istory will certainly count the celed, although an Air Force source
F-117A stealth attack aircraft says planners remain interested i n Popular
and its laser-guided "smart"
bombs among the leading high-tech
the idea of immanned weaseling.
science
I
heroes of the war against Iraq. With a n the battle to salvage the quality of EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
95-percent accuracy rate, 44 of the t r i - the air we breathe, the electric car Fred Abatemarco
angular black planes reportedly ac- —a technology whose time seemed EXECUTIVE EDITOR
counted for 43 percent of the bombing to have come and gone—is coming Richard L. Stepler
hits, despite the fact that they com- again. While the look of General SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR
prised less than four percent of the Motors' proposed battery-powered Arthur Fisher
1,200 combat aircraft i n the coalition Impact two-seater and gas/electric- ARTICLES EDITOR
fleet in the Persian Gulf. powered HX3 minivan is decidedly fu- Claudia Valentino
Not one of the F-117A aircraft was turistic, the fact is that electric cars ART DIRECTOR
had their moment in Thomas Edison's W. David Houser
lost to enemy fire. For that last fact,
and for Desert Storm's improbably time. I n 1895, Edison himself correct- MANAGING EDITOR
Cecilia Wessner
swift and decisive victory, a large mea- ly predicted that i f electric vehicles
were to survive, batteries would have SENIOR EDITORS
sure of credit belongs to the SAM- John Free, Norman S. Moyersohn,
busting Wild Weasels. I n our cover to improve vastly. Here we are a cen- Don McCosh (Detroit), Down Stover
story this month, Associate Editor tury later, with little improvement i n ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Stuart F. Brown reveals how pilots fly- technology—but w i t h a severely Stuart F. Brown, Moriette DiChristino
ing Vietnam-era Phantom fighters, threatened atmosphere. As Detroit C O P Y EDITORS
retrofitted with the latest radar-locat- Editor Dan McCosh and Los Angeles- Stefonie Benodo, Nancy Negovetich
ing equipment and radar-seeking air- based freelance writer Len Frank ASSISTANT EDITORS
to-ground missiles, engaged in what report in "Electric Vehicles Only," elec- Morcelle M. Soviero, Judith Anne Yeople
tric cars have been leg- ASSOCIATE ART DIRECTOR
islated into existence i n W. Thomas White
C a l i f o r n i a . Necessity, ART ASSOCIATE
rather than the break- Carol Drozdyk
throughs in battery tech- STAFF PHOTOORAPHER
John B. Cornett
nology that would make
PICTURE EDITOR
the cars practical, is the Cynthia von Roden
driving force behind the
DEPUTY PICTURE EDITOR
reemergence of electric Julie Miholy
vehicles. EUROPEAN CORRESPONDENT
Dovid Scott

A uthor Christopher FAR EAST CORRESPONDENT

O'Malley works for Dennis Normile
some of the largest EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Suzanne Kontro
i publishing companies i n
g the world, communicates EDITORUU. BUSINESS MANAGER
Roberta S. Lee
i w i t h sources and col-
CONTRIBUTINO EDITORS
I leagues all over the coim- Robert Gannon,
completlng
F-4G Wild Weasel pilots are welcomed bock after ^^y- gathers his re- A. J. Hand, Ben Kocivar,
a successful SAM-bustIng Desert Storm mission. search from a multitude of Jim AAcCrow, Phil McCofferty
libraries. Yet he rarely
may have been the most dangerous leaves his home office in Florida. As he PHOTOCOPY PERtMSSION Permission is granted by Popular Sciences Icr libraries
and ottiers registered with the Copyrigttl Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy

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Iraq's surface-to-air missile defenses. tions and computer equipment, you ptrohrbtled. Address requests tor permission on bulk orders to Beth Barber. L A Tmee
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Mechanics and Handicrafts

4 • POPULAR SCIENCE MAY 1991

science
MAY 1991

EUCTRONIC
WIZARDS OF
DESERT S T O R M
72 • POPULAR SCIENCE MAY 1991
 t was one of the most important
I n the early hours jobs in the Persian Gulf war, yet
few people would be interested in
this line of work. The assignment
of the air war involved climbing into fighter-
bombers that, while equipped with
specialized weapons and up-to-date
against Iraqi forces, arrays of electronic black boxes, are
essentially refurbished relics of the
Vietnam War era.
steel-nerved U . S . The mission: flying deep into hostile
territory where lethal surface-to-air
missiles (SAMs) are known, or sus-
Wild Weasel crews pected, to be located. Standard proce-
dure called for intentionally goading
the SAM crews into turning on the
flew electronics- radars used to guide their missiles to-
ward intruding aircraft. This was the
air-combat equivalent of making vile
packed jets into the gestures in the other team's direction,
with hopes of starting a brawl. But the
stakes were infinitely higher—for
teeth of deadly sur- both opponents.
The risky tease was part of a tactic
called Wild Weasel used by U.S. Air
face-to-air missile Force jets forming the spearhead of op-
eration Desert Storm's air blitz over
Iraq and occupied Kuwait. By dis-
latteries. Knocking abling the enemy's sophisticated
Soviet and French air-defense net-
works, the daring Wild Weasel crews
helped gain the U.S.-led coalition abso-
lute mastery of the skies. And that, in
turn, was the key to the allies' breath-
takingly quick and overwhelming vic-
tory in the 100-hour ground war.
In the first 36 hours of the massive
aerial campaign unleashed on Jan. 17,
a few dozen F-4G Phantom 11 Ad-
vanced Wild Weasel aircraft led strike
groups drawn from the 2,600-plane al-
lied air fleet. The weasels launched
approximately 268 (the exact number
is classified) radar-homing missiles at
SAM emplacements as far behind ene-
my lines as the outskirts of Baghdad.
The crew of one returning F-4G was
forced to eject near a Saudi airfield af-
them out with ter i t ran out of fuel, possibly due to
damage inflicted by anti-aircraft ar-
tillery. The rest of the weasels made i t
radar-homing mis- back to their bases safely.
The principal munition that weasel
airplanes pack under their wings is
siles, the specially the AGM-88A HARM, or high-speed
anti-radiation missile. Once locked onto
enemy radar's microwave radiation,
trained weasels the HARM streaks toward the anten-
na, demolishing i t with a fragmenta-
tion-type warhead. Thus blinded, a
cleared the way for SAM battery is unable to target its
missiles.
Experienced SAM crews know that
following waves of their acquisition radar's search beam
can suddenly become a pathway to self-
destruction i f an anti-radiation missile
aircraft—and ulti- zooms down it to the som-ce. Air Force
o Capt. John Trauemicht, an expert on
§ weasel operations who manages F-4G
mate air superiority, l tactics and training at Langley Air
Force Base Tactical
Air Command head-
quarters in Hampton,
Va., says that intimi-
dation is a major goal
of weasel work. "The
fact that the F-4Gs
had a specific mission
to go in there and confront those SAM
operators—^yet none were reported hit
by SAMs—should attest to the respect
the operators have for the weasels.
Some of them may have just aban-
doned their sites."
A i r Force F-4G units based i n
California and Germany made up the
Desert Storm Wild Weasel contingent.
Like the "point man" leading an i n -
fantry patrol into a dangerous area,
the modified Phantoms formed the
vulnerable apexes of strike groups
containing hundreds of other aircraft.
Usually working in pairs, the F-4Gs
flew a fair distance ahead of the
bombers, attacking SAM batteries or
frightening their crews into inaction.
The weasels often shared point-man
duty with other specialized aircraft,
such as the powerful E F - I U Raven
jammer, the Navy's EA-6B Prowler
jammer, or the F-117A stealth attack
plane, which could launch "smart"
bombs at key targets w i t h l i t t l e
chance of being effectively tracked by
radar.
A weasel crew consists of a seasoned
pilot and a back-seat electronic-war-
fare officer known as an EWO, or
"bear." EWOs have been likened to the
guy in every barroom who instinctively
gravitates to the pinball machines and
video games. A primary element of
their special electronic gear is a highly
sensitive radar-detection and homing
system, the APR-38. Fed with signals
harvested by 52 antennae sprouting
from the aircraft's fuselage, vdngs, and
tail, the black boxes identify and dis-
play the locations and types of radars
in the area, while determining which
pose the most danger.
The worst-case scenario is an on-
rushing SAM launched by a wily oper-
ator. Then, for too many nerve-wrack-
ing seconds, the EWO uses all of the
defenses he's got: an electronic coun-
termeasures (ECMi pod that muddies
the airplane's radar image; dispensers
loaded with tinsel-like chaff; and i n -
frared-spoofing flares, i n case the
SAM also has a heat-seeking capabili-
ty. Meanwhile, up in the front seat,
the pilot snaps his jet through missile-
dodging maneuvers rehearsed many
times in training. I f the crew does ev-
erything right, the SAM heads off in a
benign direction. One F-4G pilot re-
portedly outmaneuvered a swarm of
six early-generation Soviet SAMs pur-
suing him over southern Iraq.
POPULAR SCIENCE MAY 1991 • 73

McDONNELL
DOUGLAS F - 4 G
P H A N T O M II
WILD WEASEL
NOSE ANTENNAE
Eighteen of the 52 aerials
related to the APR-38
rodor-detection and
homing system are housed
In this chin pod. They
receive mid- to high-
bondwidth radar signak.
WEAPONS
Maximum load is 16,000 lbs.:
•AGM-88AHARM.
• AGM-6S Maverick television-guided and infrared
air-lo-ground missile.
• AIM-/Sparrow oir-to-air missile for self protection.
• Eiectro-opticaiiy guided bombs and cluster bombs.
Loitering i n the vicinity of SAM
launchers for 20 minutes, and living to
tell about it, is sweaty and exhausting
work. "When you get near them
[SAMs], you've got four to six g's on
your body the whole time. You're in
there turning and burning every fifteen
or twenty seconds, because you can't af-
ford to be predictable—or they'll nail
you," says weasel pilot Trauernicht.
"Jink and bank, climb and drop. Roll
inverted, pull down, roll back out, then
climb to reverse direction. This can eas-
ily become very disorienting, and i t
bums fuel like crazy. It's what we do to
let our other airplanes get safely
through to their targets."
Is this a specialty uniquely staffed
by madmen? "The confidence a weasel
needs to do his job doesn't come out of
a sense of macho foolishness, or want-
ing to die," Trauemicht says. " I t takes
years of training flights at 500 miles
per hour, right down at one hundred
feet above the ground. Weaseling is a
job you may be assigned to i f the Air
Force needs F-4G crews, and you're
qualified by your flying experience."
Wild Weasel tactics were developed
during the early years of U.S. involve-
ment in Vietnam, when the Viet Cong
were using new Soviet-built SAMs to
74 • POPULAR SCIENCE MAY
t
HARM '
The AGM-88A high-speed anti-radiation
missile can lock onto a hostile SAM rodoi
detected by the oircroh's rodor-warnlng
receiver or by the HARM's own seeker.
Alternatelv, the 800-pound missile con
locate and attack o rodor source after it
hos been launched.
LOW-BAND
ANTENNAE
Enemy signak including
low-frequency radars and
communications systems
ore received here and
stored in the APR-38's
"threat library."
shoot down airplanes i n alarming
numbers. The Pentagon funded a
crash program to develop the first
generation of radar-detection and
homing equipment, which was i n -
stalled i n two-seat versions of the
F-lOO Super Sabre fighter.
The crews recmited to test the sys-
tem in combat soon designed a shoul-
der patch featuring a cartoonish
weasel above the letters YGBSM,
which stood for "you gotta be sh—ing
me." I t was an understandable reac-
tion to their new job description. I n
1965, these charter weasels began lo-
cating SAM sites and attacking them
with unguided rockets. F-105 fighter
bombers would t h e n drop heavy
bombs on the SAMs. Inventing and re-
fining the new tactic was a horren-
dously risky enterprise. Of the first
seven F-lOO weasel aircraft, five were
quickly lost along with their crews.
Soon F-105s were adapted to the
leading weasel role; F-4s later re-
placed them. Tactics and weapons
steadily evolved, and the weasel units
became an integral part of bombing
missions against SAM-protected tar-
gets. The crews' motto, "first in, last
out," perfectly described their role as
SAM-suppressors who bought the
1991
CAMERAS
A downward- or forward-facing
combat camera for recording missions
con be located under the left or right
wing root.
ECMPOD
Various electronic
countermeasures pods
frustrate accurate radar
tracking of the aircraft.
Shown is the AN/ALQ-
119. The block areas are
various fore- and oft-
focing transmitting
antennae. This version has
now been superseded by
the ALQ131/184 self-
DROP TANKS
protection pod.
Mounted on the outboard
wing pylons the tanks eoch
hold 370gailans of jet fuel.
bombers relatively safe passage
to their targets. 'You went trolling for
the SAMs. You wanted them to shoot
at you," recalls former F-105 weasel
pilot Paul Metz. "It's booga-booga, can
you shoot me? Who-o-a-a-a....that was
close! I f they give themselves away,
then you attack them. Weaseling is
the ultimate game of chicken."
The Wild Weasels' performance i n
helping coalition bombers and attack
planes has drawn attention to them as
a common-sensical adjunct to the cost-
ly radar-foiling technology the Air
Force has bet on so heavily: stealth.
Newly emboldened weasel support-
ers within the Pentagon and the Air
Force argue that while the 118 patent-
ly unstealthy F-4Gs now in inventory
may be long in the tooth and relative-
ly expensive to operate, they are none-
theless still effective—and already
paid for. So why put them out to pas-
ture as has been proposed? Looking
beyond the F-4G, tactical planners
like Trauemicht envision a labor-sav-
ing single-seat Wild Weasel with arti-
ficial intelligence software and ad-
vanced cockpit displays, making the
airplane more or less its own EWO.
SAM designers around the world
must be as busy as bees. BE
AERIAL MENAGERIE: WEASELS, RAVENS, AND EAGLES ON THE PROWL
An F-4G Wild Weasel crew plays thei
"killer" role, firing a HARM onfi- |
radiation missile at a SAM radar |
tracking its partner. A single radar I
unit can provide in-flight guidance fol
SAMs fired from several launchers. .

EF-111 Roven aircraft

are electronic jamffling The "hunter" Wild Weasel has

S
owerhouses that can done its job: SAM operators
Innket enemy rodnr are iiiuminatinq the F-4G with
screens many miles radar. The accelerating weasel
awov with protects itself against SAMs
disintarmntian or sheer with electronic counter-
gibberish. They worked measures, infrared flares, ond
with F-4Gs to clear a clouds of rodnr-reflecting
Bomb-laden F-15E Strike Eagles carried
safe path for the oluminum-foil chaff.
out hundreds of ottodc missions during
Desert Storm. AccomponyiM oir- bombers through |
superiority versions of the F-15 guarded hostile eorly-wornirJ
against scarce lr«p inters. ond missile radars. 1

POPULAR SCIENCE MAY 1991 • 75

Popular
Science M A Y - 3 5 0 Monthly
Take a Ride in
AMERICA'S
HOTTEST JET
What Ford's
Tiny New Car
ill Be Like PAGE 102

Added Life for

Picture Tubes
Your Car and POPULAR SCIENCE YEAR

Your Vacatiou:
>- Home-on-wiieels campers
>- How to drive on bad roads
>• Tips on trailer-towing
she can fight like the devil and run like hell, but to her crew she's

GROUND-LEVEL
EJECTION SEATS

F o r w a r d cockpit of F 4 H has
just squeeze-in r o o m f o r p i l o t .
( R a d a r m a n rides a f t . ) L e f t o f
FUSELAGE-MOUNTED
center above altimeter is M a c h MISSILES
indicator. E m e r g e n c y canopy-
jettison c o n t r o l is l e f t o f seat.
RADAR
ANTENNA

L e t h a l loads: Sparrow I I I a n d
Sidewinder missiles p e r c h u n - VARIABLE-GEDMETRY INLET
der t h e w i n g s a n d fuselage.
She can also tote A - b o m b s .

54 POPULAR SCIENCE MAY 1962

beautifully behaved as Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm

WING PANELS
FOLD FOR
CARRIER STOWAGE

LEADING-EDGE FLAPS

F o r coining in, t h e carrier-based P h a n t o m can fly slowly—150 m . p . h .

WING-MOUNTED L e a d i n g a n d t r a i l i n g edge flaps p r o v i d e increased l i f t , w h i l e air
MISSILES
p u m p e d f r o m t h e engine compressors controls t u r b u l e n c e .

she's so gooney looking I wondered terceptor we have. A n d count these

how she could ever get off the ground.
Her beaklike nose droops out of a
barrel belly. Her wings bend up at the
tips. Her fin is about as graceful as a
homemade^ wtnithervane. A little k i d
seeing the plains for the first time
screamed excitedly, "Look, M o m , they
got the tail on upside down!"
Double threat. But McDonnell Air-
craft, makers of the Phantom 11, couldn't
care less. The plane happens to be the
hottest jet i n the world. So impressed is
the Tactical Air Command that they're
thinking of buying 500 Phantoms—at $2
million apiece. The reason? The plane's
versatility. She's a long-range bomber.
She's a fighter—the toughest, fastest i n -
among her laurels:
She holds the low-level speed record:
932 m.p.h. on the deck over the Mojave
Desert i n a run aptly called "Sageburn-
er." A n d the altitude speed record:
1,606 m.p.h. (Mach 2.55). She can also
sustain herself i n level flight above
66,000 feet, then zoom to over 98,000.
She is impressively long-ranged, can
refuel i n mid-air, and take off and land
in about half the distance of jets w i t h
half the speed, a fact that suits TAG—as
well as the Navy—to a T .
The clincher, as far as the boys who
handle her are concerned, is that the
bird is as beautifully behaved as Bebecca
of Sunnybrook Farm. She forgives mis-
CONTINUED 55
U g l y is the w o r d f o r this b l u n t - e n d v i e w of raised, the $2 m i l l i o n b i r d looks m o r e l i k e
the P h a n t o m I I . W i t h her w i n g panels s l i g h t l y monster b l o w u p of the c o m m o n house fly.

takes that lesser jets would k i l l you for;

has no little cantankerous tricks like her
sister the F-101 Voodoo (which w i l l nip
up and start doing flips if you horse her
just a weenie b i t too hard on takeoff).
De-jamming the jammers. But even
that's not the best news. The Phantom I I
has the deadliest radar of any jet fighter
in the country. Fnemy bombers switch
on jamming gear that showers the radar
sets of most interceptors w i t h jiggles,
squiggles, spokes, and shimmies. But not
the Phantom's scope. Her new General
Flectric-designed radar actually homes
in on the jammer. When a certain dot is
safely corralled, and the "in-range light"
comes on, the radar operator turns the
k i l l over to the pilot. The pilot squeezes
off a Sparrow beam-rider or a Side-
winder heat-seeker, and the enemy
threat becomes a large cloud of assorted
[Continued on page 190]

M a x i m u m speed in level flight: 1,606 m.p.h.

Rate of climb: over 20,000 feet per minute
Ceiling: 98,557 feet in a zoom
S u s t a i n e d altitude: 66,000 feet
Thrust: 32,500 pounds from two improved
General Electric J-79 engines
D i m e n s i o n s : Overall length: 58 feet 3.1 inches
Wing s p a n : 38 feet 4.9 inches
Distance to top of fin: 16 feet, 3 inches
L t . C m d r . L . Scott L a m o r e a u x ( l e f t ) p u t t h e
Records: Low-level speed record: 932 m.p.h.
F 4 H t h r o u g h its paces w h i l e a u t h o r H a r v e y r o d e
Closed course 100-kilometers: 1,390.2 m.p.h.
the b a c k seat—a spot n o r m a l l y o c c u p i e d b y R a d a r Closed c o u r s e 500-kilometers: 1,216.8 m.p.h.
I n t e r c e p t Officer L t . T h o m a s Johnson ( r i g h t ) .

56 POPULAR SCIENCE MAY 1962

 I Rode Our Hottest Jet
[Continued from page 56]

nuts and bolts flying i n loose formation.

W i t h this kind of oomph it's obvious
that the line of people who try to finagle
a back-seat ride i n the Phantom is a
mile long. According to the Navy doctor
D U R A B I L I T Y . . . who checked me over, I was the second
civilian lucky enough to make the grade.
You need t o paint
The pilot for this trip was to be L t .
only w h e n Cmdr. L . Scott Lamoreaux of Fighter
you want to Squadron VF-101, Oceana Naval A i r
Station, Virginia. W h e n he asked what
change colors sort of ride I wanted, I said, "Let's try
to beat Mach 2, i f possible."
" I f possible?" Lamoreaux said, as i f
he were addressing a not-too-bright
child. "You must not know the airplane.
W h a t else?"
"One of your straight-up takeoffs?"
His eyes took on the fond light of a
proud parent. "Of course," he mur-
mured. "Anything else?"
" W e l l , " I said, "anything else that you
think of that's good and lively."
Lamoreaux fairly beamed. Usually
there's no wild-blue-yonder stuff unless
you want to talk it over w i t h the Admiral
later.
High-altitude hazing. There was the
usual ground training necessary before
taking off i n a high-performance jet:
You go through the high-altitude cham-
P A T E K V . I . p . vinyl ber after hearing two hours of horror
interior paint is so stories from a medical type who seems
durable and long-lasting
that you need only bent on scaring you out of your wits.
paint when you want (He succeeds.) I emerged w i t h a funny
to—not because you bubbling i n my left ear, which later
have to. Patek V . I . P . is
completely scrubbable;
went away.
dries in less than an Briefing continued w i t h L t . W a l t Phil-
hour; has no objection- lips, a radar expert, who explained how
able odor and leaves intercepts are made w i t h the F 4 H . A n
a soft, lap-free finish.
Patek V . I . P . Is easy to apply. U s e brush enemy, to find and destroy a Navy car-
or roller—no messy clean-up e i t h e r - rier, would have to fight its way past a
just wash out your tools in warm dozen or so of these birds, plus a skyful
soapy water.
of missiles from missile cruisers. Theo-
when you think of paint- retically some enemy planes might get
think of... through—but not before the carrier had
launched her nuclear bombers.
L t . Jerry Byan, a back-seat radar op-
erator, crouched on the ladder outside
the cockpit and painstakingly saw to i t
P A T E K P A I N T C O M P A N Y • M I L W A U K E E 1, W I S C . that we were hooked up and lashed i n
190 POPULAR SCIENCE M A Y 1962
 I Rode Our Hottest Jet
safely. Jerry's final words were, "Don't
grab hold of those loops over your head
unless y o u mean to eject. They're as
deadly as a loaded gun, right now."
W e taxied out to the takeoff point.
"This is Navy one seven zero," Lamor-
eaux said to Oceana tower. " W e are
ready for takeoff. Request permission to
make an unrestricted climbout."
The tower came back smartly w i t h
clearance and permission.
"You a l l set back there?" Lamoreaux
asked on the intercom.
" A l l set," I said, and swiped at my dry
lips w i t h a dry tongue.
"Okay, here we go."
The two J-79 engines i n the belly of
the plane came up smooth to f u l l power.
Lamoreaux released the brakes, and the
plane began to roll. I could see the run-
way by leaning over to the left. I t was
almost solid black w i t h rubber burns
from practice field-carrier landings. They
began to suck past i n a blur.
I expected a belt i n the bottom when
the two afterburners fired, but i t didn't
happen. The new J-79 afterburners are Y e a r s m e a n n o t h i n g to these precision
sophisticated. They cut i n politely, a lathes, a s t h e y go o n a n d o n t u r n i n g o u t
little at a time. a c c u r a t e w o r k a t l o w cost w i t h . . .
Lamoreaux lifted off about midfield,
• M i c r o f i n i s h e d bearings w i t h n o m e t a l -
sucked i n the wheels, and held her low,
to-metal contact.
building u p speed. Then he pulled u p
smoothly and very steeply. I stared out • B e l t d r i v e to spindle for vibration-free
o p e r a t i o n — n o gear m a r k s .
the side window, fascinated. I t must be
something like the sensation an astronaut • P r e c i s i o n - c u t gears a n d ground shafts for
s m o o t h p o w e r feeds.
feels when his Atlas leaves the p a d -
only faster. (The Atlas is very sluggish • Rugged, rigid construction that will stand
u p u n d e r h a r d usage.
for the first couple of thousand feet or
so; the Phantom is not.) • E x a c t i n g w o r k m a n s h i p b y skilled crafts-
men.
Oddly, there was a plugged-up painful
feeling i n my ears. Normally this only SPECIFICATIONS I 13* | UVz"
happens when letting down. I n some- Swing over cross slide 7H" 8^*
what less than 2V2 minutes we were at Maximum collet capacity IW I'/fe*

40,000 feet. The field was still directly Spindle speed range 20-940 15-875
Shipping weight. 7' bed 1760 lbs. 2089 lbs.
under us: W e had come straight up. Base price 11759 $2178
Mach 2 plus. " A l l right," Lamoreaux
said. " W e ' l l go out to Mach 2. One thing Write for FREE 80-page catalog,
to remember. Sometimes we get a stall
in one engine as we pass Mach 2. I t f^mm SOUTH BEND LATHE
sounds like a heavy shell exploding i n
I^^^H S O U T H BEND 22, INDIANA
the cockpit, b u t don't let i t bother you.
^^i^^H BMing Better Toots Shce 1906
She'll shake pretty hard for a second or
CONTINUED 191
s c r e e n s , upholstery, c a r p e t s . I Rode Our Hottest Jet
so before I cut the burners. But then
h u n d r e d s of other u s e s . she'll be fine. No sweat."
I watched the Mach meter. The Phan-
tom I I went through the speed of sound
almost as soon as we leveled off, but
getting up to 1.3 required about two
minutes of wide-open running. After
1.3 the speed took a jump, and suddenly
he said, "There she is—Mach 2!"
I looked at the meter. Mach 2 i t was.
"Mach 2.05," Lamoreaux said.
W e felt the buffet begin.
"Mach 2.1," Lamoreaux said. "Feel
that stall nibbling at us?"
Swing line 101 Staple Gun "Yep," I gasped, tense for the violent
Staples practically anything. Exclusive explosion of the heavy shell.
push-button loading and built-in staple "Mach 2.15," Lamoreaux said. "Guess
extractor. At your stationery, depart-
ment or hardware store. I ' l l quit while I ' m ahead."
He cut the burners and the Phantom
F R E E : New8-poge slowed as if we'd thrown out a sky hook.
"TIPS FOR TACKING" Booklet W e sank back from the 1,400 m.p.h.
shows you how to s a v e tinne, money and effort—with a
Swmgline A u t o m a t i c Staple gun. S e n d for yours todayl we'd been doing to a mere 1,350. The
shudder went away.
..^Su/t^t^^fte- INC. I t was a beautiful clear January day.
I 32-00 S k i l l m a n A v e . . L o n g I s l a n d C i t y l . N e w York W e could see contrails below us at
35,000 feet: two A i r Force F-lOO Super
you can always Sabres. Lamoreaux, who flies w i t h an

BE SURE OF A JOB angel's touch but applies G loads and

ear pressure w i t h quick-as-a-rattler sud-
denness, eased us over on our back.
The earth above. I stared through the
canopy at the earth, above us now,
40,000 feet away. Then i t started to t i l t
around as we dived vertically. Needles
stabbed both eardrums. I was ready for
this. I grabbed my nose through the
rubber mask, held it, and blew back
hard and quick. M y ears popped w i t h
squeaky snicks. The sound of the jet,
which had been d u l l and remote, came
clear again. Lamoreaux was pulling out.
I lifted my right hand. I t felt as i f i t was
F O L E Y SAW
Have you been laid off—or afraid you may be? If you want security,
FILER coated w i t h six inches of lead. The nose
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with his Foley Saw Filer. From his starting day R. T. Hart dead ahead and resumed its normal
made $600 in 4 months. Frank P. Layne wrote—"In our town
of 2,800 instead of 200 to 300 saws I did over 1,500 the first year,
averaging about $1.50 each."
position below us.
F R E E b o o k l e t J / M O N E Y I V I A K L N G _ F A C T S " s h o w s you h o w to
a n d both " c o m b i n a t i o n " a n d c r o s s c u t c i r c u l a i U s e our T i m e "You okay?" Lamoreaux asked solicit-
P a y m e n t P l a n - p a y f o r t h e m a c h i n e out of y o u r C A S H p r o f i t s .
S e n d coupon t o d a y - n o o b l i g a t i o n , a n d no s a l e s m a n w i l l c a l l .
ously.
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I Send F r e e Booklet and T i m e Payment P l a n
"Yep," I said, hoping the gaspy timbre
I on Foley Saw F i l e r .
of my voice didn't get through.
I Name
Address- " I ' l l just make those little buddies feel
good," Lamoreaux said, chuckling. " I ' l l
192 POPULAR SCIENCE MAY 1962
 I Rode Our Hottest Jet
drive up beside them w i t h my speed
brakes extended. "
A New Precision Instrument
W e overtook the t w o F-lOOs and
Lamoreaux took up a position close
for Leveling and Incline
aboard one of the A i r Force jets so we Measurement
could look back and forth at each other.
Normally this sort of thing triggers a
dogfight. But nothing happened. The
guy i n the white hardhat looked at us.
I waved at h i m cheerily. He lifted a
hand i n a short gesture as if to say, " A w ,
get lost, you big show-offs!"
Lamoreaux pulled i n his speed-boards,
lit off his two burners, and away we
went, almost straight up again. W h e n
I looked back and down, the little Super
Sabres were still toiling along like a
couple of sluggish toys below us. W e
were at 46,000 feet.
"Wish we could find a couple of
F-104s," Lamoreaux said. "Those F-lOOs
haven't got a chance and they know i t .
That's w h y they didn't even t r y . "
Squirting into space. W e horsed
around the sky for about an hour until
we had burned up enough fuel to make
the F 4 H lighter than the thrust of her
Optional —
engines. Then, out of a high-speed level for t h e
run at 10,000 feet, Lamoreaux pulled thousands
of Hoppy
the vertical climb where you squirt up Transits
Accurate,
faster and faster instead of slower and Inexpensive
now in u s e -
sturdy carry-
slower, straight for outer space. Then he S i m p l e to O p e r a t e i n g c a s e $3 95
rolled out on top at 46,000.
Easy as a camera to operate/ One man —ALONE—
W e came back down and practiced can do leveling and incline measuring. Accurate to
five field-carrier landings. The heavy a fraction of an incfi. Many uses on the job and
b i r d does, indeed, fiy very slowly and around the house. Guaranteed Product Satisfaction

w i t h great stability and safety, but when Carpentry Leveling C o n t o u r Plowing Guttering
it bangs down on the runway you really Patio & T e r r a c i n g Brick L a y i n g Drainage
D u c t Installation Yard Grading Masonry
don't expect to escape without at least F o u n d a t i o n Work Irrigation ETC.
one blown tire. I remarked as much to
Lamoreaux over the intercom.
"Nope," he said. "Not w i t h these tires.
Twenty-eight ply. 400 pounds inflation
pressure. They'll hack i t , don't worry."
They d i d . After landing number 5, we
came i n and made a normal approach, If not available at your Building Supply or
popped the parachute, and that was i t . A Hardware Dealer, write directly to:
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one of these days. • •
113
 Popular Science
Founded in 1872 Mechanics and Handicraft (
Vol 180 No. 5 Popular Science i

' MONTHLY
ROBERT P. CROSSLEY
Editor
FRANK ROWSOME JR. HOWARD JENSEN
Managing Editor Art Director
Assistant Managing Editors Associate Editors Art Editors
Kendall W. Goodwyn Frank Dorr, Sheldon M. Gallager Herbert Anthony, Reginald A. Hawley
Robert P. Stevenson Herbert O. Johansen, Alfred W. Lees Harry Samuels
Alex Markovich, Joan Steen
Senior Editors Ruth Westphal Art Associates
Alden P. Armagnac, Devon Francis Eric A. Karminski Jr.
Martin Mann, Everett H. Ortner Editorial Assistants Henry W. Kazmlrowski
Electronics and Technical Editor Rosa Lee Beeland (Chief) Richard J. Meyer
Anna Dallas, Georgette Sparks
Hubert Luckett Barbara Weishelt, Dorothy Zallen Photography
West Coast Editor W. W. Morris (Chief)
Wesley S. Griswold Robert D. Borst, Eugene Colangelo

May 1962 SPACE AND AVIATION

Cover painting hif Boh McCall
I Rode Our Hottest Jet • 53
Drag Balloon Slows Missile • 68
The Biggest Birds That Ever Flew • 85

CARS AND DRIVING

Hints from the Model Garage • 44

Test-Driving Stock-Car "Monsters" • 64
Ford's New Little Car • 102
How They Blow the F-85 • 108
Gus Tunes In on Trouble • 172

SCIENCE AND INVENTIONS

From stern to bow, she extended
804 feet—more than three city How Typewriters Trap Criminals • 57
blocks of girders, gondolas,
and explosive gas. And luxury World's Biggest Bobot • 60
—you could even take a shower.
And speed—2^2 days to cross
The 1,400,000-Hp. Machine • 70
the Atlantic. And tragedy— The Substance of Man • 98
at 7:25 p.m.. May 6, 1937, in
the form of a yellow column of
flame. Read the dramatic ELECTRONICS-RADIO, HI-FI, TV
double-length epic of the
Hindenburg on page 85. Extra Life for Your Picture Tube • 143
Battery Charger—with Extras • 160
Car Radio for Under $10 • 164

E. S. DuFFiELD, President
J O H N R . Executive Vice-President and Publisher
W H I T I N G ,

E U G E N E W A T S O N , Vice-President C H A R L E S S . T H O R N , Vice-President
L E E P . A D A M S , Vice-President and Advertising Director
EDITORIAL O F F I C E S : 355 Lexington Ave., New York 17, N. Y.
PUBLISHED MONTHLY by Popular Science Publishing Co., Inc., 355 Lexington Ave., New York 17, N . Y.
2 POPULAR SCIENCE M A Y 1962
A PHANTOM
The twin air-induction systems of the Phantom n are unique. Their i.-ariablc throota
are so responsive to engine requirements they seem almost alive.

The thrust potential ot the two J79-GE-8 engines is fully reaii/ed through the
oiwiBlion of the air-induction aystoms. This thrust powers [In; Phantom n to greater
combat performance tlian any other service aiitraft.

Tlie a if-induction sv'slems are a triumph of internal and external aerodynamics. They
are complex in concept, simple in execution, reliable in oiieraiion and remoriuibly
efficienf in all fl^ht regiroBi. Each inlet s\-sfem is comprised of n fised ramp, an
tnfiniteh mo\^hle ramp creating a variable fhroni area aral an engine by-pass. The
rnovemenfs of the ramp am programmed as a function of the engines' air flow
requirements, the math numlicr and inlet air t^perature—ulili/ing air-flmv sensing
devices, tlcxtrical controls and hyxliau lie/mechanical actuation. There is no excess flow
to c m i l e drag, no insuflirieni flow to compromise power.

Altitude, speed aniJ weapon-canning capabilities hiivc been combine*! in the Pliuiiiom a
to a clegree ne^cr before achieved in a combat airciafl. Now in production, the
PhRiilom n offers flexible et>oratkinal and annamenf capabilities for either police
action or fotal war deterrence. l"he most \-ersaiife combat aircraft in existence,
the PJiantom u insures maximum defense for every defense dollar.

ST. uouie, MO.

Air Force and Space Digest, October 1960
NOVEMBER 1966
https://www.wearethemighty.com/tactical/this-flying-brick-could-fly-fast-enough-to-melt-its-paint/

This ‘flying brick’ could fly fast

enough to melt its paint

By Logan Nye Sep 6, 2023 3 minute read

A U.S. Navy McDonnell F4H-1 Phantom II of Fighter Squadron

VF-74 Be-Devilers assigned to Carrier Air Group 8 (CVG-8)
aboard the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal (CVA-59) pictured
taking off from an unidentified airfield. (U.S. Navy photo)

SUMMARY

The F-4 Phantom II was a plane so ungainly that

pilots called it the “flying brick.” But that “flying
brick” had a lot of power.

Airplanes define grace and agility. Their sharp

lines or contoured surfaces speak to their
speed and utility. Well, unless their an ugly
duckling like the F-4 Phantom II, a plane so
ungainly that pilots called it the "flying brick."
But that "flying brick" had a lot of power so it
could lob a massive amount of ordnance at
enemy targets, so much power that it could
burn away its own paint.
Development of Navy
jet fighters
The U.S. Army Air Forces and the Air Force
entered the jet age with the P-59 Airacomet
and P-80 Shooting Star. The early pursuit
fighters featured jet engines but were
otherwise lackluster. American jet fighters
really hit their stride with the F-86 Sabre, a
hero of the Korean War and early Cold War.

But U.S. Navy development took place more

slowly. For most of the Korean War, it still
flew the F9F Panther, a second-generation jet
fighter with mostly straight wings. Pilots flew
it admirably and achieved a good record,
especially against the outdated North Korean
Air Force, but the emergence of the F9F
Cougar, with its swept wings, greatly
improved the situation for the Navy.

Still, the Navy needed a robust fleet defender

that was fast, could carry a large payload, and
could outclass enemy jets at altitude. The F8U
Corsair won the next contract. But the
McDonnell company hated their loss of the
contract, and they dug in deep to turn their
failed entry for the 1953 selection into a
winner for the Navy.
The road from F3H
Demon to F-4
Phantom II

The Navy had a few concerns about the F3H, a

plane that they purchased a few of in 1952 but
then dropped for the Vought F8U. McDonnell
swapped out the engine, improved the angles,
made it larger, and re-thought the weapons.

The Navy showed interest, but it told the

company that it wanted a ground-attack
plane. So McDonell went back through its
weapons, focusing on bombs and cannons.
Then, the Navy came back and said, "Actually,
make it a long-range interceptor."

Instead of spitting out their drinks and asking,

"Are you serious!?" the designers let out a long
sigh, lit cigarettes, put on a pot of coffee, and
re-thought the weapon load-out and other
details one more time. The plane got radar
and space for four Sparrow III air-to-air
missiles.

Frustrated designers considered calling it the

F4 Satan but settled on F-4 Phantom II. With a
few more tweaks and improvements, the
resulting two-seat fighter could cross Mach 2
 in level ight, carry eight tons of ordnance,
and climb to altitude faster than anything it
would face.

It was, umm, ugly, according to most pilots,

though. But with two turbojet engines, they
were still willing to climb inside and
experience the insane acceleration.

VX-4's "Vandy One" with arguably the coolest paint job in military history chases an SR-71 over the Mohave Desert.
(https://www.wearethemighty.com/lists/these-7-photos-prove-the-f-4/)
fl
A pilot burns off his
paint

British naval pilot Jonathan Whaley took the

Phantom for a ride. He'd heard rumors that
the Phantom couldn't actually cross Mach 2,
and took it for a test.
 He had the crew remove all of the external
pylons, stalls, and anything else that would
slow it down. He took it up to altitude, threw
on full afterburner, and slowly descended as
he flew forward as fast as he could. The
acceleration and top speed impressed him all
the way down to 500 feet above sea level.

"So we came storming right down to sea-level

supersonic at about 500 feet, eventually, and
brought it back," he said. "Climbed out, said,
'Aircraft is fully serviceable, thanks very much.
You can take it away.' Got a phone call from
the engineer saying, 'What the F have you
been doing to this aeroplane?' So I said,
'Why?" and he said, 'Come and have a look at
it.' And I came back, and the thing had got so
hot all the paint on the leading edge of the
wings had all burnt off and the aircraft needed
a total respray."

Yup, he really had flown so fast that he burned

off his own paint.

The F-4 Phantom II went on to have a long

and storied career with over 5,000 jets
serving in militaries across the globe,
including the U.S. Navy and Air Force.

SHARE

The McDonnell F3H-G/H mockup, 1954.

 • Vol. 59 No. 5
October 2007
www.afrc.af.mil
Official Magazine of the
Air Force Reserve

peration
Kids 4 Troo
T
By B o Joyner
^ ^ r , '

he Gremlins are back! The magical and mischievous little creatures with
aviator goggles and suction-cup boots who wreaked havoc on Allied air- ^
^^1
planes have been lying low since the end of World War I I . But they've
come out of hiding just in time to help the Air Force celebrate its 60th anniversary.
1
In 1941, Roald Dahl, the acclaimed children's author who would later write "Charlie
and the Chocolate Factory/' "James and the Giant Peach" and "Matilda," wrote his first book.
Titled "The Gremlins: a Royal Air Force Story," the book told the tale of Gus, a fighter pilot in
England who, during a dogfight, sees one of the creatures drilling a hole in his plane's wing.
The story chronicles Gus's efforts to persuade the Gremlins to change their mischievous ways
and aid the Allies' war efforts against Nazi Germany.
Mr. Dahl, then a Royal Air Force flight lieutenant, wrote war. But after the fighting ended, the
the story while serving as an air attache to Gen. Henry " H a p " Gremlins slowly faded into relative
Arnold in Washington, D.C., where he supported Operation obscurity.
Bolero, the two-year air supply mission for what would They remained that way for about 60
become the Normandy invasion. Because Bolero was a high- years, until Andrew Stephens entered
profile and demanding mission, Mr. Dahl "de-stressed" by the picture.
writing the book as a story for Airmen to tell their children. Mr. Stephens, the historian for the 11th
He began sharing his story with friends, and a copy soon Wing at Boiling Air Force Base, D . C , and
found its way into the hands of Walt Disney. an Air Force Reserve public affairs spe-
Mr. Disney, a strong advocate for an independent Air Force, cialist, was doing some research on Jackie
bought the rights to the story with plans to make it into a full- Cochran and the Women Airforce Service
length animated motion picture. While the motion picture Pilots early in 2006 when the small horned
was never completed, the Disney studios did produce a hard- and goggled female creature that appeared
cover book with Mr. Dahl's words and illustrations from as the WASP mascot piqued his curiosity.
Disney artists as a means to promote the planned movie. The creature was a Fifinella, one of the rare
The book was published in 1943, but only 5,000 copies female Gremlins from Mr. Dahl's book. Mr. ''Si
were distributed worldwide. Despite its small press run, the Stephens's research took him to the Library of
book helped touch off a Gremlins craze in the United States. Congress in Washington where he found one of .••i^.v-'.i.^

The mischievous sprites — long popular in British aviation
folklore — were soon featured in other books, cartoons and
advertisements and on numerous military
insignias. They remained
the estimated 300 copies of the original 1943 book
that are thought to still exist today.
" I just fell in love with the book and thought it
would be a great fit to bring it back for the Air
Force's 60th anniversary," Mr. Stephens said.
With the support of Brig. Gen. Duane Jones, 11th
Wing commander at the time, and Col. Kurt F. Neubauer,

TIZE OCTOBER 2 0 a
 the organization's current commander,
Mr. Stephens set out on a quest to have a
special edition of the book printed in
commemoration of the 60th anniversary
of the U.S. A i r Force.
His quest led him to Mike Richardson,
president of Dark Horse Comics, who led
the charge with Disney and the Dah
estate to bring the book back to life.
"Mike Richardson is very passionate in
his support of the Air Force, like a mod-
ern-day Walt Disney," Mr. Stephens said.
"This project would never have succeed-
ed without his active involvement."
" I was amazed to find that Roald Dahl's
very first book had been out of print for
more than 60 years," Mr. Richardson said.
"To learn that he had collaborated with the
egendary Walt Disney on this project and
that the book was responsible for bringing
the mischievous little creatures known as
Gremlins into our pop culture was even
more astonishing.
"Dark Horse was extremely pleased to
team up with the Disney company in
order to re-introduce this lost treasure to
modern readers, both young and old. To
hear that this book has found a new
audience, with the men and women of
our armed forces and their children,
makes this project even more worth-
while."
While Dark Horse sells the book com-
mercially through several sources and
Gremlin toys through its Web site, a spe-
cial Air Force 60th anniversary commem-
orative limited edition of the book is now
available exclusively at Army and A i r
Force Exchange Service main exchange
stores.
The book was first made available at
select exchanges the first day after
Thanksgiving last year and sold out A i r
Force-wide within a few hours.
" A t Boiling, all of the copies were gone
the same day," Mr. Stephens said. "We
set a base record, selling 600 books i n a
matter of hours. It was bigger than Harry
Potter."
A n additional 10,000 copies were dis-
tributed to exchanges beginning on
Independence Day. Priced at $10, the
book is proving to be a popular gift item
for people throughout the Air Force com-
munity. Because they are sold through
AAFES, profits are returned to the A i r
Force in the form of base services.
Mr. Stephens believes the book has
been so popular because it appeals to
both adults and children alike.
"There's a moral to the story that
adults, especially A i r Force members,
appreciate: that the problems that face us
all can be overcome with cooperation
and building friendships," he said.
"For the children of A i r Force mem-
bers, the book lets them know there are
always people looking out for their mom
or dad when they're gone away. The

Gremlins Ge^ t o k n o w your friendly neighborhood air sprite

A lso known as air sprites or air guardians. Gremlins are

a type of forest sprite that diverged into a new species
at the beginning of the 20th century.
Their woodland habitats destroyed to create aircraft facto-
ries, early Gremlins retaliated with "acts of annoyance and
mischief" toward pilots. During World War II, Allied aviators
reached an accord w i t h the Gremlin community where
Gremlins would act as tailgunners, looking out for the best
interests of aviators i n exchange for environmentally friend-
ly policies on Air Force bases.
To adapt to life in the air. Gremlins created their tell-tale
flight suits. Usually brightly colored, the flight suits are
equipped w i t h suction-cup boots and special goggles.
Gremlins also have a "pan-dimensional pocket" on their
flight suits from which a variety of tools —
from hammers and saws to blow
torches and jackhammers — and faith), which are
can be withdrawn as needed.
Originally quick to use
tools to inflict mischief
on an aircraft. Gremlins
are now known to
repair damage to air-
craft at lightning
speed to ensure the
pilot's survival.
Preferred habitats
for Gremlins are air-
fields and training
bases, although Gremlins congregate wherever military avia-
tors gather. Every military aviator is assigned a Gremlin by
the Gremlin Training School, with many Gremlins remaining
assigned to aviators for the duration of the
latter's career.
Gremlins have a unique diet and
are usually seen eating used
postage stamps. Their favorite
type of stamp is one from an
envelope that has traveled a
great distance. It has been
hypothesized that the
Gremlins' "magical" abili-
ties are "recharged" by the
letter writer's positive emo-
tional energies (love, hope
imbued into every heart-
felt letter to Airmen, w i t h
the stamp providing suffi-
cient ambient energy for
the Gremlins to function.
This supposition is
assumed correct as
Gremlins have been known
to refuse stamps on junk mail
and collection notices. *
(Information from Andrew
Stephens's Gremlins Apocrypha)

A typical Gremlin (left) and Fifinella or female Gremlin (right).

1 B
Gremlins serve as a metaphor for the
wingmen who serve alongside their
loved one. The children really are the
biggest fans of the book because they
appreciate its message in ways we've
outgrown."
Mr. Stephens said he knew the project
was a success when he saw an Airman
reading the book to his child under a tree
at Boiling.
"It's a great opportunity for parents to
bond with their children in an A i r Force
environment/' he said. "We don't see
many opportunities like this for A i r
Force families to come together, but this
book fits the bill perfectly."
Brig. Gen. Janet Therianos, director of
the Air Force's 60th anniversary task
force, believes the book is a great fit for
the service's big birthday celebration.
"The 60th anniversary is a historic
milestone for the A i r Force and its
Airmen," she said. "However, the spirit
of commemoration can be hard to com-
municate to a child. The Gremlins book
is an ideal way for us to reach Airmen of
yesterday, today and tomorrow and
inspire children with lasting memories of
what being a part of an Air Force family
really means."
Mr. Stephens calls Gremlins the officia
"spokesfigment" of the A i r Force's 60th
anniversary. A Gremlins exhibit is cur-
rently on display in the Pentagon Library
and Conference Center. Mr. Stephens
said he is amazed by the e-mails he
receives from people all over the A i r
Force, praising the family-friendly mes-
sage of the book.
A public affairs staff sergeant assigned
to Joint Task Force Civil Support at Fort
Monroe, Va., as a Reservist, Mr. Stephens
believes the Gremlins project has
allowed him to marry his civilian career
and Reserve training in a unique way.
"The book has allowed me to utilize
both my skills as a historian in academic Andrew Stephens, historian for the 11th Wing at Boiling Air Force Base, D.C, and an
Air Force Reserve public affairs specialist, poses at the Gremlins exhibit at the
research and as a PA in awareness mar-
Pentagon Library and Conference Center.
keting," he said. " I would not have been
able to succeed as a historian without my Stephens said it's possible they might nity — the kind of project that just makes
PA training and wouldn't have known finally make their way to the big screen. you feel good all over," he said. "The
what to look for as a PA without my his- "It's a possibility," he said. " I f there is Gremlins story has a rich and timeless
torian skills. It almost seemed like the enough interest, the folks at Disney quality to it, and the illustrations in the
project was tailor-made for an A i r Force might look at finishing the movie that book are as rich as those i n Walt Disney
Reservist like me." was first started more than 60 years ago." classics such as Pinocchio and Dumbo.
Now that the Gremlins have come For Mr. Stephens, that would just be It's great that the Gremlins are back
back to life in the new printing of Mr. icing on the cake. among us, and, this time, I think they're
Dahl's beloved children's book, Mr. "It's been a once-in-a-lifetime opportu- here to stay." *
OCTOBER 2007
 A R O Y A L AIR F O R C E S T O R Y

By Flight Lieutenant Roald Dahl

I N T R O D U C T I O N BY L E O N A R D M A L T I N
 THE LOST COLLABORATION OF ROALD DAHL AND WALT DISNEY REDISCOVERED!
r ROALD DAHL'S FIRST CHILDREN'S BOOK!
trations. With on all-new introduction by renowned film and Disney historian Leonard Maltin.

Before Roald uani wtnre^strm Deiovea crassic

ISBN-10: 1-59;07-496-4
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, The Witches, or Matilda, he created a timeless adventure about a group ISeN-13: 978-1-59307-496-8

of magical creatures called Gremlins. Walt Disney bought the story, with the dream of making it into a full- 5 1
length movie. While the movie never happened, the remarkable artists of Walt Disney Studios illustrated
the tale for a hardcover book.
Digitally restored and reproduced as an exact replica of the original book—unavailable since 1943—The HOKSW 781593 074968
Gremlins can now be enjoyed once again by new audiences young and old! 20 YCMIIS

U.S. $12.95/ FICTI

“Rocket Ship Adventure”
Daytona - Permatex “300”, 1973
1985
 >

H 4

The front of this booklet reads: Aim High. The Air Force . . . The future . . .
and You, What does it mean? I t means many things. Things like commitment,
4 dedication and opportunity.
C o m m i t m e n t . . . a pledge, to the Air Force and to yourself, for the future. Dedi-
cation . . . to your country and its freedoms. Opportunity . . . for you, for your
education, experience and security. A i m High . . . means £dl of these things and so
much more.
So we search for special men and women to join the Air Force. People who A i m
High. If you're that special person you can have many reweirds. The rewards are
what this booklet is about. . . and why the Air Force is a great way of life.

--.WIWPPIIBiliiWBIil^^ ----- —----- -•

1
*TRENDS THAT W I L L
AFFECT YOUR FUTURE
Perhaps you are already planning for the
future. Here are some facts about the job
market you will face—facts you should con-
sider as you plan.
• Breakthroughs i n many technological
fields have created a need for more and more
skilled technicians.
• Students entering tomorrow's technical
fields will have to be equipped with knowledge
and skills never before expected of the beginning
worker—skills not easily or quickly learned.
• Enrollment i n the nation's two-year col-
leges and technical schools should continue to
increase. People are entering these schools to
broaden their educational bases, learn new
skills or trades, or update their professional
backgrounds.
• Skilled technicians w i l l be in short supply
during the 1980's, so the future looks especial-
ly bright for people w i t h sound educational
backgrounds and technical expertise.
*THE TECHNICAL FIELDS
A GOOD A L T E R N A T I V E
Many young people are choosing the tech-
nical fields for employment. They're pinpoint-
ing their aptitudes and specializing i n fields
they like. They're learning modem skills that
fit a modem world.
The importance of specialized knowledge is
multiplying rapidly. I t is important to the
mechanic, to the data processor, to the elec-
trician, to the operating room technician and to
the dental assistant. Here are a few tips on
selecting a skill:
• Find out where your aptitudes lie.
• Select a good-paying field where you'll
enjoy working and where jobs are available.
• Select a reputable school whose training
will help you get the job you want. Choose this
school carefully. A technical school is a
substantial investment of time, effort and
money. Try to get the best technical training
available.
There's one source where you can get this
excellent training . . . a source that many
young people overlook. That source is . . .
A ^ e a t way of life.
3
*THE UNITED STATES
AIR FORCE
The first step toward A i r Force enlistment is
taking the Armed Services Vocational
Aptitude Battery—the ASVAB—a written
test designed to determine your special
capabilities.
There is no charge.
No obligation.
And, you may use the results however you
like.
Any A i r Force recruiter will schedule the
exam for you i f you didn't take i t i n high
school. A l l i t takes is a call or visit and a little
of your time.
Your results are given in the following areas:
• MECHANICS
• ADMINISTRATIVE FIELDS
• GENERAL OCCUPATIONAL FIELDS
• ELECTRONICS
When you get the results of your test, talk to
your recruiter about the outcome and how your
scores relate to career fields in the A i r Force.
Find out about A i r Force opportunities and
the A i r Force way of life.
*YOUR T R A I N I N G
OPPORTUNITIES
There may be several career fields open to
you, based on your examination results. The
recruiter will outline these and send you to the
Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS)
for medical examination and further process-
ing. A t the M E P S you can find out more about
the areas that interest you. Ask about the
technical school that w i l l train you. Ask about
the length of the course, the location of the
school, the civilian application of the skill and
whether that skill falls within the Guaranteed
Training Enlistment Program.
I f specific openings are not available, you
should consider the Delayed Enlistment Pro-
gram. You may reserve the training of your
choice and wait up to a year to report for duty,
if you qualify.
Or you may enlist in a specific Aptitude
Index-Mechanical, Administrative, General or
4
Electronics. Under this program, the A i r Force
counselor at the M E P S will help you determine
your training preferences. When you arrive at
Lackland A i r Force Base in San Antonio,
Texas for basic training, another counselor will
discuss your training preferences w i t h you.
You will be asked to select the specialty train-
ing that interests you most from an Aptitude
Index availability list.
No matter what the enlistment program, your
final training and assignment choice will be
based upon the needs of the A i r Force,
availability, your qualifications and your
preference.
*THE COMMITMENT
After you've received qualifying test scores
on the A S V A B , passed the physical examina-
tion and met other requirements, you'll be
ready for enlistment and swearing in. Then
you'll be off to basic training.
*A F A S T S I X W E E K S
A i r Force basic training will probably be the
fastest six weeks of your life. You'll work hard,
sweat a lot, get tired and maybe even get a lit-
tle homesick. You'll be told what, when, how
and why to do things. That's right. Why. The
A i r Force believes that if a person knows why,
the how comes naturally.
You'll find out that you can follow instruc-
tions, help others and work i n a group. More
than two million young people have made i t
through A i r Force basic. More than 70,000
graduated last year. They came from all walks
of life . . . and they'll probably tell you that
basic was a tough, but good experience.
Your last week will arrive before you know i t .
You'll be asked to evaluate your training, and
you'll march in a final review. Then it's over.
You've made i t .
Your orders for school or your first base will
be waiting for you. You'll know where you're
going. You'll be a part of a modem service.
You'll know what you're doing and know a lot
more about yourself. That's what A i r Force
basic training is all about.
•OPPORTUNITIES- F I N A N C I A L ASSISTANCE—The A i r Force A I R M A N EDUCATION A N D COMMIS- When you complete your degree require-
YOU'VE JUST BEGUN will pay up to 90 percent of tuition for ap- S I O N I N G P R O G R A M - I f you already have ments, you will attend Officer Training
proved college courses. Many civilian colleges some college credits, a good way to complete School—a 12-week commissioning program for
and universities offer courses at A i r Force your college degree and earn a commission is Air Force officers. The Education Services Of-
PROMOTIONS—From the day you enter bases around the world. Completing these the Airman Education and Commissioning fice at your base has complete information and
basic training you w i l l begin accumulating courses and others at established colleges and Program (AECP). To qualify, you must have can assist you in applying, i f you meet all the
time in service toward your first promotion universities can go a long way toward fulfilling 45 semester hours of college credit, 30 qualifications for this highly competitive
and your first pay raise. The first steps are degree requirements. semester hours of which must be directly program.
easy. Do your work well and your stripes will transferable to the curriculum you wish to
grow in number. pursue. AECP is currently limited to scientific
BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM-If you are
Promotions get tougher w i t h the ranks above and technical disciplines. ( •
interested in a commission and have reached a
airman first class. There's competition for the
point in your studies that requires full-time col-
responsibility and prestige of the higher
lege attendance, or i f off-duty courses are not
grades. B u t the opportunities are always there.
available, you may qualify for Bootstrap. I f
Your own ability and determination will help
you're selected, you may be assigned to tem-
you succeed.
porary duty at a civilian college for up to one
year to complete degree requirements. You'll
EDUCATION—Your first education oppor-
receive your A i r Force pay while you're a full-
tunity will arrive shortly after you enter the
time student.
Air Force. You'll have a chance to participate
in the Veterans Educational Assistance Pro-
gram, also known as V E A P . When you sign
up, you can arrange to contribute $25 to $100
each month (or make lump sum payments) up
to a mgiximum of $2,700. The government w i l l
match your contribution w i t h $2 for every $1
you put in.

•-tf-n-^-

X ^ . • -J - •

Later, you'll receive a monthly check while

you attend college. I f you contribute $100 each
month to the program for 27 months, you'll
receive $225 per month for 36 months while
attending college.
This important program can provide up to
$8,100 for your education. And, i f you decide
against college, you w i l l get back every dollar
you put into the program. (You will not receive 4

any portion of the government contribution i f

you withdraw from the program or fail to com-
plete at least 180 days of active duty service.) 1 '
J'

8 9
*THE COMMUNITY
COLLEGE OFT H E
•ACCREDITATION COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF T H E AIR FORCE
AIR FORCE The Community College of the A i r Force is a
fully-accredited member of the Southern
The Community College of the A i r Force Association of Colleges and Schools' Commis-
(CCAF) is an accredited educational institution sion on Colleges. This accreditation has been
offering an . associate degree to enlisted men effective since January of 1980, and applies to
and women of the A i r Force. CCAF is the only the CCAF Administrative Center at Maxwell
military agency which has the authority to Air Force Base, Alabama, and to all degree-
grant associate degrees. Enrollment in the col- relevant courses offered at A i r Force schools
lege is voluntary, and without charge, and all affiliated w i t h the College.
programs are specifically tailored to A i r Force
occupational specialties.
The college programs include a combination
of A i r Force technical education, professional
military instruction and college level study at
civilian institutions.
The college w i l l give you an opportunity to
develop your abilities in your A i r Force special-
ty. Completing a CCAF program also will
prepare you for greater responsibilities as you
advance in rank.
The Community College of the A i r Force is a
golden opportunity for you to begin your col-
lege education while earning a good salary.

*CCAF OBJECTIVES

From the beginning, the primary goal of the

college has been to provide maximum career
opportunities for A i r Force enlisted men and
women.
• To obtain academic accreditation of A i r
Force instruction, assuring widespread
recognition of its quality.
• To encourage enlisted people to supple-
ment A i r Force technical instruction with
voluntary off-duty education.
• To help prepare A i r Force noncommis-
sioned officers for their leadership role in the
A i r Force of today.
A n important outgrowth of these CCAF ad-
vantages is a transcript that records your
education and training. This transcript will
help establish experience when you seek
employment.
•PROGRAMS
OF STUDY
To encourage A i r Force enlisted people to
complete off-duty courses in their technical
fields, CCAF developed two-year college-level
programs of study related to A i r Force occupa-
tional specialties. These programs were pat-
terned after the best community college pro-
grams i n the civilian community.
Currently, 76 programs are offered i n five
caireer areas:
• AircrEift and Missile Maintenance
• Electronics and Telecommunications
• Health Care Sciences
• Management and Logistics
• Public and Support Services
For a complete list of study programs, see
Appendix B.
•WHAT C C A F C A N
M E A N TO Y O U
A l l airmen are encouraged to enroll in the
Community College of the A i r Force study pro-
grams. To get you off to a good start, CCAF
will grant four semester hours of credit in
Physical Education for completing Basic
Military Training. You will receive additional
semester hours when you complete A i r Force
technical schools. From that point, i t ' s up to
you.
•CCAF TRANSCRIPT
SERVICE
After your enrollment, CCAF will maintain a
computerized record of your educational pro-
gress. This record w i l l automatically pick up
all applicable A i r Force instruction and
translate i t into semester hours and civilian
educational terminology.
You will be able to add civilian courses which
may be applied toward your associate degree
by contacting the Education Services Center
on the base where you're assigned. The infor-
mation will be forwarded to CCAF for
immediate documentation and addition to your
transcript.
14
When you leave the A i r Force, you may either •THE A I R FORCE
take your transcript with you or write for one
ADVANTAGES
later. I t ' s a document easily understood by
potential employers, trade unions or college
administrative officials. Recent pay raises, plus an excellent promo-
The transcript w i l l be valuable to you tion system, make the A i r Force salary one of
whether or not you complete the requirements the best available to a young person. Your A i r
for the associate degree. Force recruiter can show you the current pay
figures.
A sample of a CCAF transcript and diploma
You'll also receive 30 days of vacation w i t h
are included i n Appendix D.
pay each year, medical and dental care, legal
assistance, a food allowance, family services,
•ASSOCIATE D E G R E E
survivor compensation benefits, a clothing
REQUIREMENTS allowance, use of recreational facilities and
regular pay raises.
Each of the CCAF study programs leads to When you complete your A i r Force enlist-
the award of the associate degree. Each pro- ment (usually four or six years), you may be
gram includes a minimum of 64 semester hours asked to reenlist. I f you're accepted and yours
of A i r Force and civilian instruction including: is a critical specialty, you may be eligible for
• 24 semester hours in technical education, the Selective Reenlistment Bonus. Signing up
part or all of which may be taken at A i r Force for another period of service can mean
schools. thousands of dollars I N CASH.
• 21 semester hours of general education in
such areas as the humanities, mathematics,
communicative skills and the natural sciences.
Usually, credits for these courses are earned on
or off-base at civilian colleges and universities.
• 6 semester hours in management educa-
tion which may be earned through A i r Force
schools or civilian institutions.
A n y remaining hours are distributed in the
technical and general education areas as elec-
tive options.
Appendix C includes a typical CCAF study
progreim.
•THE CCAF CATALOG
The Community College of the A i r Force
General Catalog describes in detail the enroll-
ment procedures and the specific requirements
of each study program.
I f you'd like more information about this
unique college, your high school counselor or
A i r Force recruiter can show you the catalog,
or you may write to:
The Registrar
Community College of the A i r Force
Maxwell A i r Force, Alabama 36122
15
 C5
/
si'

LOWRY AFB, COLO.

Lowry Technical Training Center
SHEPPARD AFB, TEXAS Aerospace Munitions
>'
Sheppard Technical Training Center Audiovisual
Aircraft Maintenance Avionics
Civil Engineering Intelligence
1^
Comptroller Logistics

Q
Transportation Special Instruments
Communications Defense Support Program
Missiles Safety
3785th Field Training Group Disaster Preparedness
GOODFELLOW AFB, TEXAS
Space Systems
3480th Technical Training Wing
Cryptologic Linguist
Cryptoanalysis and Reporting
Cryptologic Maintenance/Systems
CHANUTE AFB, I L L .
School of Health Care Sciences, Chanute Technical Training Center
Sheppard A F B , T e x a s Missile/Weather
Biomedical Sciences Aircraft Maintenance
Dentistry Aircraft Specialist
Health Services Administration Weapon System Support
Medicine
Nursing

LACKLAND AFB, TEXAS

Air Force Military Training Center
Cryptographic
Security Police
Marksmanship

Q
Recruiting
Social Actions

K E E S L E R A F B , MISS.
Keesler Technical Training Center
Avionics
Air Traffic Control
Computer Systems
Radio Systems
Radar Systems
Personnel/Administration
Systems Operations
r 1

1-^
 NiTY c o l l e g e : o f t h e
PROGRAMS O F STUDY
Optometric Technician
Pharmacy Technology
Aerospace Ground Equipment Technology Physical Therapist Assistant
Aircraft Armament Systems Technology Physiological Training Technology
Aircraft Electrical Systems Technology Radiologic Technology
Aircraft Fuel Systems Technology
Aircraft Maintenance Technology
Aircraft Pneudraulic Systems Technology MANAGEMENT AND LOGISTICS
Aircraft Powerplant Technology
Environmental & Ejection Systems Technology Administrative Management
Flight Engineering Contracts Management
Missile Maintenance Technology Data Processing
Systems Technology Logistics Management
Maintenance Production Management
Parcdegal
ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS Resource Management Technology
Restaurant Management
Aerospace Control Systems Technology Technical Maneigement
Airport Operations Technology
Air Traffic Control
Avionics Systems Technology PUBLIC AND SUPPORT S E R V I C E S
Communications Operations Technology
Electronics Engineering Technology Audiovisual Production
Electronics Systems Technology Automotive Maintenance
Nuclear Devices Technology Communications Processing Management
Photographic Systems Technology Communications Technology
Construction Supervision
Criminal Justice
Education Administration Assistant
HEALTH CARE SCIENCES Electric Power Systems
Environmental Services
Animal Technology Fire Science
Biomedical Equipment Technology Instructor in Technology
Cardiopulmonary Laboratory Technology Fuels Distribution
Cytology Technology Heating, Air Conditioning & Refrigeration
DentEil Assisting Intelligence & Imagery Analysis
Dental Laboratory Technology Interpreting & Translating
Emergency Medical Technology Metals Technology

YOUR K E Y Environmental Health Technology

Food and Nutritional Science
Food Hygiene Technology
Music
Printing Technology
Public Affairs

TO T H E F U T U R E Health Care Management

Health Sciences
Histologic Technology
Recreation Management
Safety Technology
Social Service Technician
Medical Laboratory Technology Surveying Technology
Nuclear Medicine Technology Survival & Rescue Operations
Operating Room Technology Weather Technology

>
Ophthalmic Technology

19 20
 •COMMUNITY C O L L E G E
Unit/Orderly Room Administration
BUS 1103 Office Practice 1
BUS 1110 Intermediate Typing 4

OF T H E BUS n i l

BUS 1112
Publications and Documents
Management
Administrative Communications
2

AIR FORCE BUS 1113

Management
Personnel and Unit Program
2

Management 3
SAMPLE PROGRAM
ELECTIVES: I n addition to the above, students must select from the following or comparable
electives to satisfy the required 30 semester hours of Technical Education. The semester hour
Administrative Management values are recommended meiximums.
Purpose: To prepare airmen for noncommissioned officer responsibilities in the administration
career field. Courses Semester Hours
Accounting Principles 6
School Location: Keesler Technical Training Center at Keesler A F B , Mississippi Advertising Principles 3
Program Requirements Semester Hours Business Communications 6
Technical Education 30 Business Introduction 3
Core Curriculum 34 Business Law 6
General Education 21 Business Machines 3
Management Education 9 Data Processing Introduction 3
Physical Education 4 Economic Principles 6
Total Program Requirements 64 Financial Principles 3
Marketing Principles 3
Office Management 6
TECHNICAL EDUCATION Public Relations 3
R E Q U I R E M E N T S : Apprentice-level A i r Force courses comprise a portion of the Technical Records Management 3
Education requirements for this program. Students who did not attend the apprentice-level A i r Shorthand 6
Force course, may apply I N T 3000, Internship-Semiskilled Level (4 semester hours), toward Small Business Management 3
these requirements. The CCAF course designators and semester hour values for the A i r Force Transcription and Dictation 3
courses (current at the time of this catalog's preparation) are listed below. Typing Advanced 6
Word Processing 3
I N T 5000 Internship Skilled Level 4
CCAF Codes CCAF Courses Semester Hours
I N T 7000 Internship Advanced Level 4
Chapel Management
I N T 9000 Internship Superintendent Level 4
BUS 1105 Chapel Management I 4
BUS 1107 Chapel Management I I 4
CORE C U R R I C U L U M
Administration Management
BUS 1110 Intermediate Typing 3
BUS 1111 Publications and Documents RpoT (General, Management, and Physical Education):
T T > T 7 A t u v ^

Management 2 The core curriculum requirements for this program are 34 semester hours.
BUS 1112 Administrative Communications See "Core Curriculum" for application and examples of suggested courses.
Management 1
Staff Support Administration EXCEPTION:
Management: Nine semester hours of management are required.
BUS 1110 Intermediate Typing 3
BUS 1111 Publications and Documents
Management 1 RECOMMENDATION:
Mathematics: A course i n business math or business statistics is recommended.
BUS 1112 Administration Communications
Management 2

22 23
 TRANSCRIPT
ASSOCIATE IN APPLIED 000-00-0027
;- COMMUNITY

AIR
of the

FORCE
COLLEGE
STUDENT JOHN S

SCIENCE DEGREE
NAME
SSAH

COLLEGE TRANSFER 9 OCT 53 M

MAXWELL AFB
9AS1S o r ADWiSSlON ALABAMA 36112 • IRTHDATE sex

AIR FCmCE COURSE NR. TITLE SCHOOL LOCATION DATE COMPLETED

(OR DATS RBCORDSD)
CCAF COURSE CODE TITLE \ MRS * Of

R E G I S T E R E D FOR AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE TECHNOLOGY 2b NOV so

ADVANCED STANDING IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE TECHNOLOGY 26 NOV 80

MABX9900Q 000 BASIC MILITARY TRAINING OR EQUIVALENT

PHE 1000 PHYSICAL EDUCATION ^. u u
3ABR43131C 001 ACFT M A I N T SPEC/JET 1 AND 2 EN6 SHEPPARD AFB 2 0 DEC 77
AMT 1208 MFG T E C H N I C A L MANUALS 1 . 00 s
AMT 1210 ACFT SERV/INSPECTION 2. 00 s
AMT 1218 AIRFRAME SYS/COMP0NENTS 2. 00 s
AMT 1219 ACFT M A I N T FUNDAMENTALS 1 -00 s
AMT 1223 ACFT STRUCTURES 1 .00 s
ELT 1294 ACFT ELECT SYS FAM 1. 00 s
MGT 1202 ACFT M A I N T MANAGEMENT 1 .00 s
4AST43171C 063 ACFT M A I N T TECHN S R 7 1 SH E P P A R D AFB 1 0 MAY 7a
AMT 2 2 3 6 ADV A C F T M A I N T L A B 3, 00 s
4AST43171C 064 ACFT M A I N T TECHN T 3 9 SHEPPARD AFB 2 0 J UN 78
AMT 2 2 3 6 ADV ACFT M A I N T L A B 2. 00 s
5ECI00009 000 CMD N C O A C A D E M Y INDEPENDENT STY GUNTER AFS 1 9 OCT 80
GOV 1407 WORLD AFFAIRS 1 .00 s
T/ie Commander, Air Training Command, MGT
MGT
2812
2814
HUMAN R E S O U R C E
MGT COMM I I
MANAGEMENT 1 . 00
1 . 00
s
s
MIL 1101 GENERAL M I L I T A R Y STUDIES 1 .00 s
by virtue of the authority vested by law
5INT00570 ODD A I R F O R C E S P E C I A L T Y INTERNSHIP CREDIT AWARDED 24 NOV 81
and on the recommendation of the College does hereby confer on INT
INT
5000 SKILLED
7 0 0 0 ADVANCED
LEVEL
LEVEL
4, 00
4, 00
s
s
PENN STATE UNIV , PA (01 ) 24 NOV 81
ENG101 ENGL I FAL 79 3. 00 B
ENG102 ENGL I I FAL 79 3. 00 A
the degree of HATH211 C A L CULUS I
S P C H 2 0 0 S P E E C H COMM
FAL
FAL
79
79
4,
3.
00
00
A
B
CIS201 I N T R O TO C O M P U T E R S FAL 79 3. 00 A

TX A & M UNIV (02) 24 NOV 81

M E C H 1 0 0 COMM 6 N A V I G A T I O N FAL 80 3- 00 6
ELEC200 ELECTRON/ELECT I FAL 80 3. 00 A
ELEC2Q1 ELECTRON/ELECT I I FAL 80 3. 00 A
XrBtaurattl MmuQemtnt AVI210 I N T R O TO A V I A T I O N FAL 80 3. 00 A

CLEP GEN EXAM 2 4 NOV 8 1 (03)

3. 00 S
with all rights and privileges pertaining thereto BIO SCI
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * LAST
NOV 8 0
ENTRY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
ALL VALID E N T R I E S ARE I N T H I S TYPE FONT; ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 0123456789

Given this 28th day of AprU, 1981

1
In witness whereof the Seal of the College
TO.TAL SEM MRS RECORDED: 61 (MIL: 26 / / EXAM/CORR 7 / / CIV: 28)
and our signatures are hereto affixed
KEY TO THE TWWSCRIPT
I^DES: S-SATISFACTORY R ~ REFRESHER
[2"S" E Q U A T E S TQ " C " ORADE OR B E T T E R ^
TRANSCRIPT OFPiCtAL ONLY IF EMBOSSEO
Colonel, U.S. Air Force
r Presi munity College/^ the AM: Force
2 DEC 81 GEORGE F. WOLFE
R E O I S T R A R U S AF

ISSUED FUR CCAF 0 St PAFSC: 43171 1031/0560

A T C FORM 27 2. j
General, U.S. Ai orce
>>. Commander, Air Train Command

24 Information in this brochure is subject to change. See your local A i r F o r c e Recruiter for the latest information.

Nf'S 82 2 P R O D U C E D BY U S AIR E O R C t R t C R U I T I N G SERVICE D I R E C T O R A T E O F A D V E R T I S I N G A N D P U B L I C I T Y

 United States c^ir^orce

^Ad^ At to ce444^ ttuU

YAN J . K - BOLDUC

Aa^ teen €gece^4e4t ^e^mdee dn ^e

^^Itndte^t SPtate^ d4d^ ^o^ce

This new member of America's defense team has shown both

foresight and dedication by volunteering to serve a great nation
and by agreeing to accept the trust and challenge which the
American people have bestowed upon the men and women of the
United States Air Force.

DONALD KOSTYAL, MSGT, USAF

FOB THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

27JUN86

DATE

T H E AIR FORCE, A GREAT W A Y OF LIFE

MPS 83-13
 IR FORCE MILITARY
TRAINING CENTER

" '•''C"^^;N-C .w - i - - ^ . -

7>~. - -^CFJ^^^^^^^..*^;^^

STATES ^

LACKLAND
AIR F O R C E B A S E
 GNITED STATES
AIR FORCE
4 0 Y E A : . - O F PRIDE BASIC
MEMORIAL P A R A D E
GROUNDS MILITARY
D E D I C A T E D T O T H E MEN AND
WOMEN WHO HAVE P A S S E D
TRAINING
T H I S WAY B E F O R E
SCHOOL
4 F E B R U A R Y 1986
LACKLAND AFB T E X A S LACKLAND
AFB
TEXAS
1.1 ri
 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR F O R C E
HEADQUARTERS AIR F O R C E MILITARY TRAINING CENTER (ATC)
LACKLAND AIR F O R C E B A S E TX 78236-5000

Major General C h r i s O . D i v i c h
Commander Dear Graduate

A i r Force M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g C e n t e r Congratulations I You have c o m p l e t e d B a s i c T r a i n i n g and you're

now a f u l l - f l e d g e d member o f o u r p r o u d A i r F o r c e t e a m . During
t h e s e r e l a t i v e l y few weeks, we've g i v e n you a f o u n d a t i o n of
m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g and s e l f - d i s c i p l i n e to b u i l d upon d u r i n g the
years ahead.

F r o m h e r e o n , i t ' s r e a l l y up t o y o u . We've t a u g h t y o u t h e
m i l i t a r y s t a n d a r d s , c u s t o m s , and c o u r t e s i e s , a s w e l l a s t h e
i m p o r t a n c e of teamwork and a p o s i t i v e m e n t a l a t t i t u d e . The
o p p o r t u n i t i e s a r e t h e r e w a i t i n g f o r you to t a k e the initiative
and make them come t r u e .

You've shown t h a t you have what i t t a k e s to become a p r o d u c t i v e

Mfllor General Chris O. D i v i c h is c o m m a n d e r of t h e A i r
Force M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g Center, L a c k l a n d A i r F o r c e Base,
TftMaM. A major c o m p o n e n t of t h e A i r T r a i n i n g C o m m a n d ,
the center c o n d u c t s basic m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g for all personnel
enleilrifi the A i r Force, A i r F o r c e Reserve a n d A i r N a t i o n a l
( h m n l , p i o v i d e s t e c h n i c a l t r a i n i n g in n e a r l y 100 c o u r s e s and
IM) ivi( If-s I nglish language t r a i n i n g for f o r e i g n m i l i t a r y
pn ui M i i i f l .
< HMH'i.il D i v i c h was b o r n Feb. 2 8 , 1934, in D o l a n d , S.D.,
w l i r - i f l i f g r a d u a t e d f r o m h i g h school i n 1952. He g r a d u a t e d
tiMin i l i f (Jniversity of Kansas in 1956 w i t h a bachelor of
^1 i f t K f (It^gree i n e d u c a t i o n a n d received his c o m m i s s i o n
II |h the A i r Force Reserve Officer T r a i n i n g C o r p s pro-
f l i i t i n HIS service schools i n c l u d e S q u a d r o n Officer S c h o o l
ninl It I f Air C o m m a n d a n d Staff College, b o t h a t M a x w e l l
All I (Hce Base, Ala., a n d t h e I n d u s t r i a l College of t h e A r m e d
I U K f s . Fort Lesley J . M c N a i r , W a s h i n g t o n , D.C.
I l f entered t h e G.S. A i r Force in S e p t e m b e r 1956 and in
Ifimiiuy 1958 c o m p l e t e d p i l o t t r a i n i n g at Reese A i r Force
Hrtse, Texas. He served as a KC-97 pilot, a i r c r a f t c o m m a n d e r
niul I n s t r u c t o r p i l o t at S c h i l l i n g A i r F o r c e Base, K a n . , f r o m
M n i c h 1958 t o O c t o b e r 1963. T h e general w a s t h e n as-
signed to D o w A i r F o r c e Base, M a i n e , as a KC-135 c o m -
miinder a n d later s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n a n d e v a l u a t i o n p i l o t .
Af ter c o m p l e t i n g A i r C o m m a n d a n d Staff College in J u n e
196/, he served as a n EB-66 p i l o t w i t h t h e 4 1 s t T a c t i c a l
1 ,l(H:tronic Warfare S q u a d r o n , T a k h l i Royal T h a i A i r Force
Base, T h a i l a n d . He flew 168 c o m b a t m i s s i o n s for a t o t a l of
97b c o m b a t f l y i n g h o u r s .
( I p o n his r e t u r n f r o m S o u t h e a s t Asia in O c t o b e r 1968,
General D i v i c h served as a p i l o t w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l Emergen-
member o f o u r A i r F o r c e . You h a v e t h e q u a l i t i e s needed to f i n d
c y A i r b o r n e C o m m a n d Post at A n d r e w s A i r Force Base, M d . b o t h p e r s o n a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l s a t i s f a c t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e re.si
In M a y 1969 he transferred t o t h e Office of t h e A i r Force of y o u r s e r v i c e t o our c o u n t r y . I w i s h you a l l t h e s u c c e s s i n
Chief of Staff a n d served as c o m m a n d e r , Project S p e c k l e d the w o r l d . Never f o r g e t t h a t i n t h i s A i r F o r c e of o u r s , you a i e
T r o u t , f r o m J a n u a r y 1972 t o A u g u s t 1975. He was responsi- a n i m p o r t a n t p e r s o n who w i l l , I k n o w , do y o u r s h a r e t o m a k e a
ble for w o r l d w i d e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of t h e A i r F o r c e Chief of
great A i r Force even better.
Staff. T h e general also directed a high-level research, devel-
I
o p m e n t , test, a n d e v a l u a t i o n p r o g r a m .
A f t e r g r a d u a t i n g f r o m t h e I n d u s t r i a l College of t h e A r m e d Sincerely
Forces in J u n e 1976, General D i v i c h w a s assigned t o t h e
Basic M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g School, L a c k l a n d A i r F o r c e Base, as
deputy commander and became commander in August
1977. CHRIS 0 . DIVICH
F r o m M a r c h 1979 t o S e p t e m b e r 1981 General D i v i c h M a j o r G e n e r a l , USAF
served as c o m m a n d e r of the 4 7 t h F l y i n g T r a i n i n g W i n g at
Commander
L a u g h l i n A i r F o r c e Base, T e x a s . He w a s t h e n assigned as
c o m m a n d a n t of t h e A i r Force Reserve Officer T r a i n i n g
Corps at M a x w e l l A i r Force Base. In J u n e 1983 he b e c a m e
D e p u t y Chief of Staff for O p e r a t i o n s , Headquarters A i r
T r a i n i n g C o m m a n d , R a n d o l p h A i r Force Base, T e x a s . He
a s s u m e d his present c o m m a n d in J u n e 1986.
T h e general is a c o m m a n d p i l o t w i t h m o r e t h a n 8,000
f l y i n g h o u r s i n m o r e t h a n 2 0 different t y p e s of a i r c r a f t . His
m i l i t a r y d e c o r a t i o n s a n d a w a r d s i n c l u d e the D i s t i n g u i s h e d
S e r v i c e M e d a l , L e g i o n of M e r i t w i t h one oak leaf c l u s t e r ,
D i s t i n g u i s h e d F l y i n g Cross, Bronze Star Medal, M e r i t o r i o u s
Service M e d a l , A i r M e d a l w i t h eight o a k leaf c l u s t e r s , a n d
Republic of V i e t n a m G a l l a n t r y Cross w i t h P a l m .
He was p r o m o t e d t o major general A p r i l 2 1 , 1985, w i t h
date of r a n k M a r c h 1, 1 9 8 1 .
General D i v i c h is m a r r i e d t o t h e f o r m e r Sue A n n M i l l e r of
Mission, Kan. They have a daughter, Deborah.

AIR FORCE—A GREAT WAY OF LIFE

I
•
Colonel R o y D. S h e e t z
Commander
Basic M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g S c h o o l
ColontI Roy D. ShOOtI It t h e c o m m a n d e r o f t h e A i r Force
IlilO MHItOry Training School, L a c k l a n d A i r Force Base,
Toxii. Mora ttian 70.000 young m e n a n d w o m e n receive
their Injtlll A i r Force t r a i n i n g In this s c h o o l e a c h year.
Colonel Sheetz was b o r n Sept. 9. 1 9 4 1 , in San A n t o n i o ,
T t N a i . He g r a d u a t e d f r o m Washington-Lee H i g h S c h o o l ,
A r l i n g t o n , Va., In J u n e 1960 a n d in 1965 earned a bachelor
of a r t ! degree In E n g l i s h f r o m T e x a s A S M U n i v e r s i t y . He
received h i t masters degree In p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n f r o m
A u b u r n U n i v e r s i t y in 1974. He is a 1974 d i s t i n g u i s h e d gradu-
ate of A i r C o m m a n d a n d Staff College, M a x w e l l A i r Force
• a t e , Ala., a n d a 1985 g r a d u a t e of t h e N a t i o n a l War College,
W a i h l n g t o n , D.C.
Colonel Sheetz earned his c o m m i s s i o n t h r o u g h t h e
A l U o rc p r o g r a m at T e x a s A S M U n i v e r s i t y in M a y 1965.
II** I n r n p l e l f d u n d e r g r a d u a t e n a v i g a t o r t r a i n i n g in M a y 1966
ti\ M a l h r r A F B , Ca., and C-130 a i r c r e w t r a i n i n g in Septem-
,I| Pope A i r F o r c e Base, N.C. He w a s assigned to
IHM
III*' //.bid l a c t i c a l A i r l i f t S q u a d r o n , M a c t a n Isle A i r Field,
l ' l i l l l | i | ) l n * ' H . in O c t o b e r 1966, as a C-130 n a v i g a t o r . In De-
' * inlii't |<»()/ he was reassigned t o the 8 t h M i l i t a r y A i r l i f t
• | H i.lr.»u, M c C h o r d A i r F o r c e Base, W a s h . , as a C-141
" I ' M . I M I n.ivigator. U p o n g r a d u a t i o n f r o m S q u a d r o n Offi-
• ' ' ii-" .It M a x w e l l A i r F o r c e Base, in A p r i l 1969, he was
I i.|Mr.| I n i l u ; 6 2 n d M i l i t a r y A i r l i f t W i n g as aide-de-camp
H 1 . 1 I K*'* i i l i v e officer.
Ill I'M>9 h i ' was selected for t r a i n i n g u n d e r t h e A i r Staff
I ' iniing B r o g i a m , and assigned t o t h e A i r F o r c e M a n p o w e r
.11 id I'tMsonnel Center, R a n d o l p h A i r F o r c e Base, Texas.
I m m September 1970 t h r o u g h F e b r u a r y 1971 he was an
e x c h a n g e officer a n d a t t e n d e d VC-10 c o n v e r s i o n t r a i n i n g at
Royal A i r Force Brize N o r t o n , U n i t e d K i n g d o m . He r e m a i n e d
as a VC-10 i n s t r u c t o r / V I P n a v i g a t o r u n t i l J u l y 1973.
In J u l y 1974 Colonel Sheetz was assigned t o t h e Pentagon
as c h i e f of the j o i n t a c t i o n s b r a n c h a n d later as the e x e c u t i v e
officer for t h e personnel p l a n s d i r e c t o r a t e . F r o m J u l y
t h r o u g h December 1978 he a t t e n d e d T-43 i n s t r u c t o r t r a i n i n g
at M a t h e r A i r F o r c e Base, Calif., a n d i n D e c e m b e r 1978 w a s
reassigned t o the 4 5 0 t h F l y i n g T r a i n i n g S q u a d r o n , M a t h e r
A i r Force Base, as a n i n s t r u c t o r n a v i g a t o r a n d o p e r a t i o n s
officer, in M a y 1980, Colonel Sheetz a s s u m e d c o m m a n d of
the 450th Flying Training Squadron.
In J a n u a r y 1982, Colonel Sheetz w a s assigned t o Head-
q u a r t e r s A i r T r a i n i n g C o m m a n d , R a n d o l p h A i r Force Base,
as director of n a v i g a t o r / s u r v i v a l a n d life s u p p o r t . F o l l o w i n g
g r a d u a t i o n f r o m t h e N a t i o n a l W a r College, in J u n e 1985, he
was assigned t o L a c k l a n d A i r F o r c e Base as t h e d e p u t y
c o m m a n d e r of t h e A i r Force Basic M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g S c h o o l ,
a p o s i t i o n he held u n t i l a s s u m i n g c o m m a n d of t h e s c h o o l
Sept. 6, 1985.
Colonel Sheetz Is a master n a v i g a t o r w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y
5 0 0 0 h o u r s of f l y i n g t i m e a n d 9 5 2 c o m b a t sorties t o h i s
credit. His a w a r d s a n d d e c o r a t i o n s i n c l u d e t h e M e r i t o r i o u s
Service Medal w i t h three oak leaf c l u s t e r s . A i r M e d a l w i t h
five oak leaf c l u s t e r s a n d A i r Force C o m m e n d a t i o n M e d a l
w i t h t w o oak leaf c l u s t e r s .
He was p r o m o t e d t o the r a n k of c o l o n e l Sept. 1, 1983.
He is m a r r i e d t o the f o r m e r S h e r r y Seibert of Silver
S p r i n g , M d . T h e y h a v e t w o c h i l d r e n , Roy J r . and Sandra
Kaye.
Colonel J o s e p h G. S c h a d is t h e d e p u t y c o m m a n d e r of t h e
Air Force Basic M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g S c h o o l , L a c k l a n d A i r
Force Base, Texas. T h e Basic M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g S c h o o l is t h e
o n l y s c h o o l in t h e A i r F o r c e t h a t provides initial A i r Force
t r a i n i n g t o t h e enlisted m e n and w o m e n e n t e r i n g t h e A i r
Force, A i r Force Reserve, a n d A i r N a t i o n a l G u a r d .
Colonel S c h a d was b o r n Sept. 2 4 , 1942 in P i t t s b u r g h , Pa.,
and g r a d u a t e d f r o m E v a n s C i t y High S c h o o l , E v a n s C i t y ,
Pa., in J u n e 1960. He o b t a i n e d a bachelor of science degree
In m a t h e m a t i c s f r o m Geneva College, Beaver Falls, Pa., i n
F e b r u a r y 1964. He also holds a masters degree in business
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n f r o m Golden Gate (Jniversity in San Francis-
co, Calif. (1977). He is a g r a d u a t e of t h e S q u a d r o n Officer
School (correspondence, 1972); the Industrial College of t h e
A r m e d Forces (correspondence, 1976); a n d c o m p l e t e d t h e
A i r C o m m a n d a n d Staff College (seminar 1979).
Colonel S c h a d was c o m m i s s i o n e d t h r o u g h t h e Officer
T r a i n i n g S c h o o l at L a c k l a n d A i r Force Base in A u g u s t 1964.
F o l l o w i n g a year of studies at T e x a s A S M , he w a s assigned
as a w e a t h e r officer at L o r i n g A i r Force, M a i n e . In M a y 1967
he a t t e n d e d u n d e r g r a d u a t e pilot t r a i n i n g at Reese A i r F o r c e
Base, Texas. F o l l o w i n g g r a d u a t i o n he r e m a i n e d at Reese as
a T-38 i n s t r u c t o r pilot u n t i l M a y 1972.
A f t e r c o m p l e t i n g s u r v i v a l school and 0-2 t r a i n i n g , Colonel
S c h a d was assigned t o t h e 1 9 t h T a c t i c a l A i r S u p p o r t Squad-
ron, T a n Son N h u t A i r Base, V i e t n a m , w h e r e he flew 4 0
Colonel J o s e p h G . S c h a d
Deputy Commander
Basic M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g S c h o o l
m i s s i o n s as a f o r w a r d air c o n t r o l l e r . In F e b r u a r y 1973 he
was reassigned t o Osan A i r Base, Korea, w h e r e he served
u n t i l September 1973 as a n e m e r g e n c y a c t i o n e l e m e n t c o m -
m a n d post c o n t r o l l e r . He r e t u r n e d t o t h e states in S e p t e m -
ber 1973 as a c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m m e r a n d a n a l y s t at L a n g l e y
A i r Force Base, Va. He also served as a H e a d q u a r t e r s ,
T a c t i c a l A i r C o m m a n d a c t i o n officer for data a u t o m a t i o n
requirements, tactical c o m m u n i c a t i o n s systems until A u -
gust 1977. In S e p t e m b e r 1977 he m o v e d t o R a n d o l p h A i r
Force Base, T e x a s , as a s e c t i o n c o m m a n d e r a n d later opera-
tions officer in t h e 5 6 0 t h F l y i n g T r a i n i n g S q u a d r o n , in Feb-
ruary 1982, he was n a m e d t o c o m m a n d t h e 8 t h F l y i n g
T r a i n i n g S q u a d r o n , Vance A i r Force Base, O k l a . In F e b r u a r y
1984 he was reassigned t o Y o k o t a A i r Base, J a p a n , w h e r e
he served as t h e d i r e c t o r of bilateral plans, a n d later as
assistant d e p u t y c o m m a n d e r for o p e r a t i o n s , H e a d q u a r t e r s
F i f t h A i r Force. He held t h a t p o s i t i o n u n t i l F e b r u a r y 1986
w h e n he a s s u m e d his c u r r e n t p o s i t i o n .
A c o m m a n d p i l o t w i t h m o r e t h a n 4 1 0 0 f l y i n g h o u r s . Colo-
nel Schad's a w a r d s and d e c o r a t i o n s i n c l u d e : t h e M e r i t o r i o u s
Service M e d a l , w i t h three oak leaf c l u s t e r s , the A i r M e d a l
w i t h four o a k leaf c l u s t e r s , a n d t h e A i r Force C o m m e n d a -
t i o n Medal.
Colonel S c h a d was p r o m o t e d t o colonel M a y 1, 1985.
He is m a r r i e d t o t h e f o r m e r M a r g a r e t L y n n e Y o h e of
Beaver, Pa. T h e y have t w o c h i l d r e n : Brenda a n d Gail.
t
 HISTORY OF LACKLAND
T h e l a n d t h a t e v e n t u a l l y b e c a m e L a c k l a n d A i r F o r c e Base used t o be p a r t of K e l l y F i e l d . T h e p i l o t s at K e l l y used t h e area as
a b o m b i n g range a n d c a l l e d it ' t h e hill* b e c a u s e t h e f l a t e s c a r p m e n t rose s t e e p l y a b o v e t h e i r a i r f i e l d .
Brigadier General F r a n k D. L a c k l a n d b e c a m e c o m m a n d e r of t h e A i r C o r p s A d v a n c e d F l y i n g S c h o o l at K e l l y F i e l d . He b r g n n
his m i l i t a r y career in 1911 as a n i n f a n t r y L i e u t e n a n t a n d served w i t h George C. M a r s h a l l ( t h e n also a l i e u t e n a n t ) in Ihr^
C M S g t Michael F . F u r e y P h i l i p p i n e s before W o r l d W a r 1. He r e c e i v e d his w i n g s in 1917. T h i s m a d e L a c k l a n d one of t h e A r m y ' s early b a n d of p i l o t s . An n
c o l o n e l , he b e c a m e c o m m a n d e r of B r o o k s F i e l d in 1934 before t a k i n g c o m m a n d at Kelly i n M a r c h 1938. W h i l e at Kelly, he
Wing Superintendent c o n c e i v e d t h e idea of a major t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t y o n t h e hill o v e r l o o k i n g t h e f i e l d . General L a c k l a n d d i e d o n 2 7 A p r i l 1943 and In
Basic M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g S c h o o l buried in the Arlington National Cemetery.
t T h e g r o w t h of K e l l y ' s hill t o t h e n a t i o n ' s largest m i l i t a r y center r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e foresight of General L a c k l a n d . O n 10
O c t o b e r 1940, t h r e e officers were a p p o i n t e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s for e s t a b l i s h i n g a n a v i a t i o n cadet r e c e p t i o n c r n l r i
for t h e G u l f Coast area. T h e W a r D e p a r t m e n t a p p r o v e d a f a c i l i t y for 1,300 cadets. A letter f r o m t h e A d j u t a n t General datf*(l 21
F e b r u a r y 1941 a u t h o r i z e d 6 2 b u i l d i n g s , i n c l u d i n g 4 2 b a r r a c k s c a p a b l e of h o u s i n g 3 1 m e n e a c h , five m e s s halls, h v r
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n b u i l d i n g s , a fire s t a t i o n , a n i n f i r m a r y , a p o s t e x c h a n g e , a r e c r e a t i o n b u i l d i n g , w a r e h o u s e , a n d five sc houl
b u i l d i n g s . In M a y 1941 t h e p l a n n e d t r a i n i n g c a p a c i t y was increased t o 2 , 0 8 8 cadets.
O n 3 0 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 4 1 , t h e new d e v e l o p m e n t o n t h e hill w a s d e s i g n a t e d t h e A i r C o r p s R e p l a c e m e n t T r a i n i n g C e n l r i (Alt
Crew), K e l l y Field, T e x a s . T h e first class of cadets r e p o r t e d for t r a i n i n g at S a n A n t o n i o o n 12 N o v e m b e r 1 9 4 1 , less I h n n n
m o n t h before Pearl Harbor.
O n 1 F e b r u a r y 1946 t h e p o s t w a s t r a n s f e r r e d t o A A F T e c h n i c a l T r a i n i n g C o m m a n d a n d redesignated t h e A A F M l l l t n i y
T r a i n i n g Center. It absorbed t h e Basic T r a i n i n g S c h o o l f r o m H a r l i n g e n F i e l d , T e x a s a n d began basic t r a i n i n g for e n l l n l r t i
%
p e r s o n n e l o n 4 F e b r u a r y . T h e t r a i n i n g c o u r s e w a s six w e e k s in l e n g t h (30 t r a i n i n g days).
O n 18 S e p t e m b e r 1947 t h e U n i t e d States A i r Force ( U S A F ) w a s b o r n as a separate service. T h e I n d r o c t r i n a t i o n T r n l n i n q
Center (IDTRC) f i n a l l y received a f o r m a l n a m e w h e n i t b e c a m e L a c k l a n d A i r F o r c e Base (AFB) o n 1 J u l y 1947. C e r e m o n l r n
t h a t m a r k e d t h e n a m i n g of t h e base w e r e h e l d o n 12 J u l y .
< M'..|i 1 uri-v i t i r W i n g S u p e r i n t e n d e n t for t h e A i r F o r c e Basic M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g S c h o o l . C h i e f F u r e y was b o r n 3 0
L a c k l a n d A F B g r e w s l o w l y d u r i n g t h e n e x t few years, b u t saw s o m e i m p o r t a n t changes. In O c t o b e r 1948 it began hn«U
I , 1 M , 1 • M ; i n I Wnoklyn, New Y o r k . He g r a d u a t e d f r o m St J o h n ' s Prep H i g h S c h o o l , B r o o k l y n , N e w Y o r k in J u n e 1965 a n d
t r a i n i n g for t h e n e w l y a u t h o r i z e d W o m e n i n t h e A i r Force ( W A F ) . in J u n e 1949 L a c k l a n d began t h e i n t e g r a t i o n of black a l r m r n
I M - . . . i n . ,1 n , A ,-...( 1,lies Degree in i n s t r u c t o r M e t h o d o l o g y f r o m t h e C o m m u n i t y College of t h e A i r Force.
i n t o regular u n i t s w i t h w h i t e s . O n 2 9 J u l y 1950 t h e base p o p u l a t i o n h a d g r o w n t o 28,803, w i t h 3 , 5 0 0 m a l e trainees alit^ady
< I.I I M M V ' n i l I' d in the A i r Force o n 1 N o v e m b e r 1966 a n d c o m p l e t e d basic t r a i n i n g at A m a r i l l o A F B in J a n u a r y 1967.
l i v i n g in t e n t s .
M l ' , i n i t i . 1 1 h i i i i n . I l l <js a P l u m b i n g Specialist at R a n d o l p h A F B w a s f o l l o w e d b y a t o u r w i t h t h e 8 2 3 r d Red Horse, C i v i l
L a c k l a n d began t a k i n g o n a 'new l o o k ' d u r i n g 1962. In N o v e m b e r t h e f i r s t o f w h a t was t o b e c o m e m a n y new self c o n l o l n f J
I n,|it I • . . | n . i . l i . . n . I an Son N h u t A i r Base, Republic of V i e t n a m f r o m S e p t e m b e r 1968 t o M a r c h 1970. U p o n his r e t u r n
d o r m i t o r i e s for basic t r a i n i n g w e r e c o m p l e t e d . E a c h of these t h r e e large b u i l d i n g s p r o v i d e d air c o n d i t i o n e d l i v i n g q u n r t r i H ,
I . . n i i i . .1 I A .1,1, he was assigned t o Pope A i r Force Base, N o r t h Carolina. He v o l u n t e e r e d for a n d w a s selected t o be a
c l a s s r o o m s a n d c o v e r e d d r i l l areas for 2 0 0 trainees.
111 I I I H i i i n i 1 III . I I I ! ( t ( M (MTI) in A p r i l 1 9 7 1 . U p o n c o m p l e t i o n of M T I S c h o o l in J u n e 1 9 7 1 , he w a s assigned t o t h e 3 7 2 7 t h
T h e d i s t i n c t i v e ' S m o k e y Bear' h a t b e c a m e p a r t of t h e M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g I n s t r u c t o r ' s u n i f o r m , o n 3 1 A u g u s t 1967, m n k l n g
H \ i i . n n i i K i • M | i i . i . l i ( > n ( B M T S ) . D u r i n g his initial t o u r as an i n s t r u c t o r , he w a s also assigned t o t h e 3 7 0 2 n d a n d
t h e m l o o k a b o u t t w o feet taller t o m a n y n e w l y a r r i v e d trainees.
.1 I ' l l ' M i l i i . i i V 11 . i i n i r u ) S q u a d r o n s .
T h e L a c k l a n d M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g Center w a s r e n a m e d t h e A i r F o r c e M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g Center o n 1 J a n u a r y I f ) / J . In
... I I M l . V I. II I ,u k l . i i w l i n September 1974 for another t o u r w i t h Red Horse, 5 5 4 t h C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g S q u a d r o n at U t a p a o
r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e f a c t t h a t i t is t h e A i r F o r c e ' s o n l y basic t r a i n i n g center. It is also referred t o as ' T h e G a t e w a y T o I h r A l l
t ^ . y . i l I I I.II A n 1 1 1 ' . . ' , I h . i i l . i n d I o l l o w i n g a s s i g n m e n t t o F r a n c i s E. W a r r e n A i r F o r c e Base, Cheyenne, W y o m i n g in 1975, Chief
F o r c e ' . T h i s is t h e p l a c e w h e r e t h o u s a n d s of d e d i c a t e d y o u n g m e n a n d w o m e n m a k e t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m c i v i l i a n life l o I h n
I I I I . V I. 1.111 I f . I I n I .1. k l . i n . l III J u n e 1977. Since his r e t u r n , his a s s i g n m e n t s have i n c l u d e d i n s t r u c t o r a n d s e c t i o n s u p e r v i s o r for
U n i t e d States A i r Force.
III' i / n n i h M M I A. H< O K O f I f i e M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g B r a n c h , Headquarters B M T S , T r a i n i n g S u p e r i n t e n d e n t for t h e 3 7 0 7 t h a n d
T o d a y L a c k l a n d A i r F o r c e Base is a b u s y c o m m u n i t y s p r e a d o v e r a l m o s t 7,000 acres in t h e s o u t h w e s t p a r t of San Anlt>nlo,
III I'.AO A * hifj, St^iiukiidization Division and Wing Superintendent. it
T e x a s . W i t h m o r e t h a n 1000 b u i l d i n g s , t h e base resembles a s m a l l c i t y . It has a great m e d i c a l center, a m o d e r n Mhopplnu
. I .. M i n i . J lo the rank of Chief M a s t e r Sergeant o n 1 A u g u s t 1986. He is m a r r i e d t o t h e f o r m e r C r i s t i n a S a r m i e n t o of
c o m p l e x , theaters, r e s t a u r a n t s , b o w l i n g a l l e y s , s w i m m i n g pools, gas s t a t i o n s a n d shady residential areas. T h e m a i n p u i p o n r o l
I 11 . i'hili|.|.itH ', Ilu^y have three c h i l d r e n , M a t h e w , J a s o n , a n d M i c h a e l J r . m L a c k l a n d , however, is still t r a i n i n g . D o r m i t o r i e s , c l a s s r o o m s , a n d a t h l e t i c fields c o v e r m u c h of t h e base.
T h e d a i l y p o p u l a t i o n of L a c k l a n d n o w averages o v e r 3 3 , 0 0 0 people, b o t h m i l i t a r y a n d c i v i l i a n . T h i s m a k e s L a c k l a n d the \ 1 %\
largest c i t y in T e x a s . A b o u t half of t h i s p o p u l a t i o n is g o i n g t o s c h o o l . T h e great m a j o r i t y of s t u d e n t s are at t h e A l l F O M n
M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g Center t o t a k e basic m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g . T h i s d e m a n d i n g six-week c o u r s e gives t h e m e n a n d w o m e n w h o r n l U t
in t h e A i r Force a speedy t r a n s i t i o n f r o m c i v i l i a n t o m i l i t a r y life. For t h e m basic t r a i n i n g is h o w t h e y p r o v e t o t h e m s e l v r n aiul to
t h e A i r Force t h a t t h e y are m o t i v a t e d a n d c a p a b l e of j o i n i n g t h e a e r o s p a c e t e a m .
M a n y of t h e o t h e r s t u d e n t s at L a c k l a n d are t a k i n g m o r e a d v a n c e d t e c h n i c a l t r a i n i n g in s u b j e c t s r a n g i n g f r o m Inw
e n f o r c e m e n t t o e l e c t r o n i c s . S o m e of these s t u d e n t s represent t h e A r m y , N a v y , Marines, Coast G u a r d , a n d v a r i o u s c l v l l l n n
g o v e r n m e n t agencies. L a c k l a n d has also b e c o m e a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l e d u c a t i o n a l c o m m u n i t y . M i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l f r o m over M)
n a t i o n s c o m e t o learn E n g l i s h at t h e Defense L a n g u a g e I n s t i t u t e before g o i n g o n t o s t u d y a w i d e v a r i e t y of m i l i t a r y s k l l U
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Maj. R . L . H u m p h r e y Capt. R . Y . K a n e
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Adams, R. B. Henson, K. W

Bernard, J - A. Holland, S. A .

Biscoe, K. E. Holt, T. T.

Blanton, S. C. Ibrao, J. S.

Bolduc, Y . J . Johnson, P. M

Burge, R. Kane, A.

Clark, S. T. Kasper, R. A . Jr.

CordelLJ.O. Lloyd, J.P.

Doucette, R. S. MacGregor, R. L .

Dronoff, D . Michal^i, J. J

EUsworth, P. R. Moore, C.S.

Engiert, K. W, Morris, E. J.

Feldpausch, J. R. Proper, R. W

Franks, S. L . Reid, S. A.

Free, C. A. Roberts, A. J

Fusaro, D. P. Sauers, N . M .

Garcia, D . J . Scott, D, D.

Gibson, C. E. Shears, J. K.

Gordon, E. L . Jr. Sheppard, D. R.

Gunther, R. L. Jr, Snow, M. A.

Guzy, M . R. Sobolew^i, C.

Guzzo, D. S. Stanley, W. B.

Hanke, R. G. Teague, K . H . I I

Hearn, M. R. Vandorsten, B. K

Henion, D.L. Williams, S. G.

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 T h e y are t h e c a u t i o n i n g v o i c e , t h e h e l p f u l h a n d , t h e w a t c h f u l
eye t h a t g u i d e s t h e n e w a i r m e n t h r o u g h six w e e k s o f s t r e n u o u s
Air Force Basic M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g .
T h e y have gained their k n o w l e d g e t h r o u g h p r a c t i c a l experi-
e n c e . It is p r o p e r l y t h e i r j o b t o g u i d e , i n s t r u c t , a n d e n c o u r a g e t h e
y o u n g p e o p l e w h o are t r a i n i n g t o b e c o m e a i r m e n .

MILITARY T h e y are s e a s o n e d g r a d u a t e s o f t h e M i l i t a r y T r a i n i n g I n s t r u c t o r
S c h o o l — a c o u r s e w h i c h r e v i e w s all t h e " B a s i c s " o f B a s i c

TRAINING I N S T R G C T O R S
T r a i n i n g in a c u r r i c u l u m m u c h m o r e s t r e n u o u s t h a n B a s i c T r a i n -
ing. T h e y wear t h e d i s t i n c t i v e m a r k of a graduate of t h a t school
— the C a m p a i g n Hat.
More t h a n 1500 Basic A i r m e n enter and leave the A i r Force
CODE OF THE
Military T r a i n i n g Center each week, b u t the T r a i n i n g Instructors
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A MASTER MILITARY TRAINING INSTRUCTOR IS ONE WHO:

IS A T O T A L P R O F E S S I O N A L I N A L L PHASES
OE BASIC T R A I N I N G — T H E T O P T E N PER-
C E N T OE T H E INSTRUCTOR FORCE.

IS A L E A D E R A M O N G O T H E R INSTRUCTORS
A N D E X H I B I T S O N L Y T H E H I G H E S T CHAR-
ACTERISTICS OE E T H I C S , M O R A L I T Y AND
INTEGRITY.

FULLY SUPPORTS T H E M I S S I O N , T R A D I -
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M I L I T A R Y TRAINING SCHOOL.

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Basic Military Training 1985

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Stillman Park

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Base Exchange (BX)

KENLY AVE

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BERGQUIST GATE BONG AVE
Visitor Center SELFRIDGE EAST GATE
MILITARY DRIVE

Gateway WEST GATE SELFRIDGE WEST GATE

Overpass
Library GARY AVE
6114
3706 BMTS 6275 GEORGE AVE
Arnold Hall ~ Bldg 5506

SELFRIDGE AVE
BMT Chapel
H&T Air Force

ST
6300 Museum 5206

3709 BMTS 3743 BMTS BARNES AVE BARNES AVE

LUKE BLVD

TRUEMPER
CONNALLY
Bowling

MC GUIRE ST
Alley WALKER AVE

3702 BMTS
Skylark
Center HUGHES AVE
5725
5570 3723 BMTS
HUGHES AVE
9038 9028 9020
10416 9085
9050
Troop walk
Overpass 7065 3708 BMTS
Chaparral Center

3701 BMTS CARSWELL AVE

Drill Pad

9122 9110
Security Forces
Museum Chaparral Gym CRAW AVE
3707 BMTS
9210 Drill Pad
3743 BMTS j
PRT
3711 BMTS 9310
PRT

3703 BMTS j 9410 Drill Pad

AIRMANS GATE
Visitor Center
 Golf Course

Basic Military Training 2010

Confidence FOSTER RD
Course
Stillman Park

ST
Warhawk
Gym

LUKE BLVD
PEPPERRELL
HWY 90 GATE

LADD ST
Base Exchange (BX)

Commissary
KENLY AVE

SELFRIDGE AVE
2484

jj jj
j
PARADE GROUNDS

j BONG AVE
BERGQUIST GATE BONG AVE
Visitor Center SELFRIDGE EAST GATE

BASE MAP
MILITARY DRIVE SELFRIDGE WEST GATE
323 TRS Gateway WEST GATE Overpass
Etchberger Training Complex Library GARY AVE
6114 Dunn Dental ~ Bldg 6418
GEORGE AVE
Drill Pad

6275 Reid Clinic ~ Bldg 6612

SELFRIDGE AVE
re
H&T Air Force Bob Hope ~ Bldg 5408

ST
6300 Museum 5206 Arnold Hall ~ Bldg 5506
BMT Chapel
BARNES AVE BARNES AVE
LUKE BLVD

TRUEMPER
CONNALLY
Bowling

Dunn Dental

MC GUIRE ST
Alley WALKER AVE
6420

320 TRS
Skylark
Center 6612 5725
5570 324 TRS
Erwin Training Complex HUGHES AVE
HUGHES AVE
10416 9085 Troop walk
Overpass 7065

331 TRS
Peterson Training Complex
CARSWELL AVE
Drill Pad

9110
Security Forces 322 TRS
Barnes Training Complex
Chaparral Gym CRAW AVE
Museum

326 TRS 9210 Drill Pad

Chapman Training Complex j
319 TRS j 9310
PRT

Jacobson Training Complex

j PRT

321 TRS j 9410 Drill Pad

Hackney Training Complex

Visitor Center
AIRMANS GATE
 IRAN
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 STICKER
An encyclopedic record of the
Allied Coalition deployment in the
Persian Gulf. Statistical data
and photos of military hardware,
biographical information on
military and civilian leaders, and
historically significant dates.

TOPPS #459
DESERT STORM CARDS AND STICKERS
PACKAGE UPC 0-41116 00459-9
36 ct. BOX UPC 0-41116 10459-6
24/36 ct. C A S E UPC 0-41116 20459-3
 DESERT STORM SERIES #2
PACKAGE UPC 0-41116 02459-7
36 ct. BOX UPC 0-41116 12459-4
24/36 ct. C A S E UPC 0-41116 22459-1
Number
THE SPORT AMERICANA.

Caids
By
Christopher Benjamin
Contains current prices for
popular non-sports bubble
gum and other trading
cards issued from 1961 to
the present, with illustra-
tions, descriptions and
checklists. The new alpha-
betical listing makes find-
ing sets a snap! includes a
history of modern trading
cards, a glossary, and a
condition guide.
 STORM:
T H E MOTHER OF A L L TRADING CARD T H E M E S by Bill Mullins
At the end of 1991, when the media reviews the major events of the year,
the War in the Persian Gulf will far and away be the leading story. The same could
be said when reviewing the non-sport hobby. Nothing has attracted attention like
Desert Storm cards since Garbage Pail Kids. No other event has been the subject
of so many cards and sets since the Second World War. Within a six month period,
over 1000 different Desert Shield and Desert Storm cards and stickers were issued
by a dozen card manufacturers.
Topps, long the dominant force in trading cards, challengers like Pacific and Pro
Set, and newcomers like Lime Rock and Spectra Star all manufactured Desert Storm
sets. Card formats ranged from the "homegrown" artwork of sets like "Damn Sad-
dam" and other Crown Sports releases to the slick photographic sets of Pro Set
and DSL Photographs came from a variety of sources: the Defense Department
pool, military contractors, the wire services, free-lance photographers, etc., and a
number of them were duplicated in various sets. Subject matter was both serious
and comic. People, places, events, weapons, flags, and scenes, from the Allies and
the enemy, were documented through the cards. Oddball items like variations, er-
rors, multiple printings, insert and promotional cards showed up. While the focus
of all sets was on the war. Desert Storm demonstrated how diverse the non-sport
hobby can be.
The war happened to occur at a time when the trading card industry had about
run out of ideas. In addition to the traditional "big four" of baseball, football, basket-
ball, and hockey, the last few years have seen sports sets for golf, tennis, bowling,
deer hunting, bass fishing, boxing, all types of motor sports, and horse racing. Even
without the war cards, 1991 has seen more non-sport sets issued than in any time
in recent memory. Card companies old and new were looking for new projects
when world events sent the largest military power in the world across the globe
to wage war — a war featuring heroic leadership and dastardly enemies, and space
age weapons against ditches filled with burning oil. Given the circumstances, it
is amazing that so few Desert Storm cards were issued!
Several of the major sets captured the attention of baseball cards dealers like
no other non-sport set in recent memory: significant quantities of cards, particularly
Topps 1 S t Series Desert Storm, were purchased for reasons ranging from curiosi-
ty to investment / speculation. Some dealers even displayed a growing awareness
of the non-sport hobby. After the initial surge of interest died down and serious
collectors completed their sets, a great deal of unsold material was left, ensuring
that most of the Desert Storm issues would be available in the marketplace for
some time to come.
The various Desert Storm sets attracted a great deal of attention from both
local and national media. Stories and news segments appeared on network and
cable news shows, in USA Today, and Money magazine, and were matched by
hometown coverage in small newspapers, on radio, and on UHF television. Nearly
all of the sports and non-sports card magazines carried articles and press releases
as the different sets were issued. Several publications also printed letters from irate
collectors who vowed to boycott Topps and every other t^ompany who sought
to profit by issuing Gulf War cards. The editorial responses by sports card magazines
to such letters were hardly adequate, demonstrating a disturbing lack of knowledge
about the history of non-sport cards.
Since the introduction of trading cards in the late 1800's, sets of "war cards"
have been released in commemoration of, and often contemporaneous with, the
armed conflicts of mankind. Several sets have pictured the soldiers and weapons
of wars throughout history (for example, Allen & Ginter's tobacco card set "Arms
of All Nations"). Cards have also been issued for specific wars including the Civil
War, The Spanish-American War, World War I, the Spanish Civil War, World War II,

130
DESERT STORM (Continued)
the Korean War, the Cold War, and the Viet Nam conflict. [It is interesting to note
that it took more than a decade for a Viet Nam set to be issued, and that a Cana-
dian company performed the deed.] None of these sets glorify war and its horrors,
but many do reflect the attitudes of society at the time of issue, when national
pride demanded that enemies be described in brutal and racist terms. Almost all
of the war cards of the twentieth century were issued concurrently with the
hostilities they portrayed and all are prized by collectors, not only for their artwork
and text, but also because they, like sports cards, form a collectible means of
documenting their respective subjects. In years to come, hobbyists will hold the
best of the Desert Storm sets in the same high regard.
The collector who aims to complete a full run of all the Desert Storm cards
has a tall mountain to climb. Not all of the cards referring to the war are found
in the sets we have listed below. Some card producers acknowledged the war in
their sports sets: Score's 1991 baseball card #737 has a U.S. flag and a patriotic
message, for example, and Topps printed ten million 1991 baseball cards with
"Operation Desert Shield" logos on front for shipment to the Persian Gulf. Pro Set's
Winston Cup series of stock cars (1991) showed five cars from the 1991 Daytona
500 race which honored the five branches of the armed forces. One Pro Set 1991
football card showed servicemen watching the Super Bowl on TV and another one
portrayed Whitney Houston's amazing rendition of the National Anthem. In addi-
tion to these sports issues, there were Desert Storm sets manufactured in England,
France, Australia / New Zealand, and Portugal, and there may be other foreign series
that have not yet come to our attention.
All of the Desert Storm sets which fit the traditional "non-sports" classifica-
tion are checklisted and priced below. No single card prices are given where cards
were sold only as sets. Although prices were demand-driven and speculative ear-
ly on, especially in respect to Topps 1 st series cards, the market for the most part
has established reasonable values based on supply. With the exception of the pro-
motional, variation, and special insert cards, none of the items listed should be too
difficult to find, since all appear to have been printed in quantities sufficient to satisfy
both the collector market and the gerreral public.
Bill Mullins is a member of the Sport Americana Non-Sport Advisory Board. Com-
ments and information about Desert Storm cards are welcome and should be ad-
dressed to Bill at P.O. Box 16164, Huntsville, AL 35802.

DAMN SADDAM — THE WACKY IRAQI (36) 2 1 /2" X 3 1 /2"

This set of 36 black and white
artwork cards, issued by Potshot
Productions, was sold in com-
plete sets only. The series
features insulting cartoons
about Saddam Hussein, some of
which are risque. The backs of
the cards are picture puzzle
pieces which form a drawing of
a camel relieving himself on the
dictator of Iraq. The cards are
not numbered and many are not
formally captioned, so no
checklist is provided. No wrap-
per or packaging have been
seen.
ITEM MINT EX
Set 10.00 7.00

131
 DEFENDERS OF FREEDOM (144)
In chronological terms,
"Defenders of Freedom/' a
144-card series issued by
Historical Images, is the latest
entry to the pantheon of Desert
Storm sets. Given the advantage
of time and perspective, you
might expect this set to contain
something new and exciting, or
at least, interesting. However,
only about 30% of the cards ac-
tually picture events in the
theater of operations; the rest
are the usual Pentagon press
pool photos of equipment and
training exercises. Moreover, the
"in country" images include five
blown-up Iraqi T-72 tanks, five
different shots of burning oil
wells, and the obligatory camel.
Defenders of Freedom was
distributed in 36-pack boxes and
each gumless pack contained
eight cards. Some reports of
spotty collation have been
received but the box I opened
contained one full set plus part
of another (as the manufacturer
specified it would). This set is an
2 1/2" X 3 1/2"
example of another problem
posed for collectors by the now-
numerous small companies pro-
ducing trading cards: the com-
pany's profit is made up front on
case sales and the company, not
the marketplace, sets the retail
prica Compared to other Desert
Storm sets, "Defenders of
Freedom" may not seem such a
good deal at the asking price of
$25 per set but collectors who
feel compelled to add it to their
Persian Gulf anthology will no
doubt ante up.

19 Dead in the Sand R1 TomAhAwk MissilA

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3 F-15 Eagle Soars 38# F^WOi
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4 Phantom Refuels W
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10 F-16 Falcon Tpil WQI 1 lOVvU
45 iManoAr Ronrc 1 lOIKavoAd
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11 E-3 AWACS at Sundown "46 ilOiI^Oi
TW AVC RhAltAr^WVI9 namAOAd ffXOyWV 110
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12 F-16 Hangars •TV Air VRottA
47 nil vl I v I R L dAOm nvOIn A i1t iO^W 111 AWAPR rProtAction
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13 Destroyed T-72 48 Irani
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14 Loading M-2 Bradiey RomftAA^ 1 iw Fiiii
119 runRflckOBCRpAck racK
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18 Oii Fields Burn 52 Irani
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11/ RolHSar a n d MortAr
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TRADING CARDS WA oecurity roiice
C O
118 F-16 Loaded tor Bear
54 Protective Mask 119 F-4 on Approach
55 Fire Team 120 M-60 Tank in Saudi
56 M16A2 121 Chemicai / Biological
57 Carrier Power Protection
58 C-5A Galaxy 122 Tomahawk Cruise Missile
59 USS Eisenhower 123 Ship of the Desert
60 The Eagle Lifts Off 124 82nd Abn. Div.
61 C-130 On Runway Physical Training
62 Old Reliable F-4 125 Troops Fill Sandbags
63 Avenger 126 F-18 Hornet Buzzes
64 Sea Knights Take Off 127 A-7D Corsair II
65 M-1A1 Abrams MBT 128 Falcons on the Roll
66 Apache Tank Killer 129 Bronco Soars
67 Patriot Missile 130 OV-10A Bronco
68 Decontamination 131 A-6 Intruder Takes Off
69 Harrier Jet Landing 132 Lance Missile
70 USS Missouri 133 C-130 Ninja Turtle
71 General Powell 134 Falcon on the Prowl
Inspects 135 F-14 Tomcat
72 M-2 Bradley 136 A-6 Intruders
73 Night Vision 137 F-18 Hornet Landing
74 M-60 Main Battle Tank 138 T-30 Talon
75 M-109 155 mm 139 USS Virginia
SP Howitzer 140 Twin F-16 Falcons
76 M-60 Tank 141 Tomcat on the Prov^bE:^
77 B-52 Refuels 142 USS Hewitt
78 F-14 Tomcat Roars 143 82nd Abn. Division Trains
79 M-9 Ace Checklist
80 USS lowa-16" Guns

132
 DESERT STORM (250) 2 1/ 2 " X 3 1 / 2 "

The distinction of having the presented on the cards was

largest single-series Desert available free via the mail.
Storm set goes to Pro Set Pro Set also produced two
whose 250 cards feature leaders, special edition boxed sets of
military skills, countries involv- Desert Storm. The first was sold
ed in the conflict and other only at service commissaries
topics related to the war. The and contains six additional cards
cards are full color on front and not included in the regular set.
back, with desert camouflage The second variety of boxed set
backgrounds and accents. They featured boxes with serial
were issued in poly bags, with numbers and the autograph of
ten cards per bag and 36 bags Pro Set president Lud Denny,
per box. The bags were heat plus a three dimensional, lucite
sealed and could not be open- version of the dove card, com-
ed without damage, so the price plete with stand. Quantities of
listed below for "wrapper" per- both types of boxed sets were
tains to a neatly trimmed bag. limited and prices for each are
Nine unnumbered prototype speculative at this time.
cards were distributed to
dealers to promote the set (see ITEM MINT EX
list below). These prototype Set 20.00 14.00
GEOGRAPHY PROTOTYPES cards have the same pictures as Card .10 .07
1 Afghanistan Header / Set Title
their counterparts in the regular Commissary set Speculative
2 Argentina F-117A Stealth Fighter Signed set Speculative
3 Australia The Rt Hon John Major set but are unnumbered and
4 Austria Radio Alphabet some have different titles and Prototype cards Speculative
5 Baghdad United States Air Force text. A checklist sheet (8-1IZ" x Wrapper .10
6 Bahrain General Colin L. Powell
11") with photo credits and a Display box 2.00
7 Bangladesh United Kingdom Paper checklist 1.00 .75
8 Basra Canada bibliography for the information
9 Belgium United Nations
10 Bulgaria
11 Canada
12 China V

13 Czechoslovakia :' ; 'V . ^ •' . -•^^^'^ .•^•^^^O^^^^ v^v•.•-^

14 Denmark am 9l8
)BW
8lf ^^^R8W^B^W
^IW^^^W^W^?
15 Diego Garcia «i>s«te « ( ^ ^ p
16 Egypt
17 Finland
18 France
19 Germany <fi0l movjnl. Tulj^f-iaUft^p^^
20 Greece
21 Honduras
22 Hungary
23 Iceland •X-
24 Iran
25 Iraq Wr, ' .s- . .
'y^\

26 Israel nri — - - ^ .... I.

27 Italy
28 Japan
29 Jerusalem LEADER
66 Brian Mulroney 95 Saudi Arabia System 125 United States Military
30 Jordan
67 Ali Akbar Hashemi 96 United Nations History Academy at West Point
31 Kuwait
Rafsanjani 97 United Nations Organization 126 U.S. Naval Academy
32 The City of Kuwait
68 Tariq Aziz 98 United Nations Resolutions 127 U S. Navy Seals
33 Lebanon
69 Saddam Hussein 99 United Nations Sanctions
34 Libya
70 Yitzhak Shamir 100 United Nations Security INTELLIGENCE FILE
35 Luxembourg
71 His Majesty King Hussein I Council 128 Amphibious Assauft
36 Malaysia
72 Sheik Jaber al-Ahmed 101 United Kingdom System 129 Arabic Language
37 Morocco
ai-Sabah 102 Central Intelligence 130 Arab League
38 Netherlands
73 King Fahd Bin Abdulaziz Agency 131 Chemical/Biological
39 New Zealand
74 Mikhail Gorbachev 103 Congress Warfare
40 Niger
75 Hafez al-Assad 104 U.S. Constitution 132 Christianity
41 Norway
76 John Major 105 Department of Defense 133 Chronology of Events
42 Oman
77 Javier Perez de Cueiiar 106 Pentagon 134 Conserving Energy
43 Pakistan
78 James Baker 107 Judicial System 135 Dog Tags
44 Persian Gulf
79 George Herbert Walker Bush 108 National Anthem 136 Donating Blood
45 Philippines
80 Richard B. Cheney 109 National Security Act 137 Islam
46 Poland
81 Marl in Fitzwater 110 The Pledge of Allegiance 138 Journalism
47 Portugal
82 General Alfred M. Gray 111 President and Cabinet 139 Judaism
48 Qatar
83 Lieutenant General 112 Department of State 140 Mideast Greeting Customs
49 Riyadh
Charles A. Horner 141 Middle East History
50 Saudi Arabia PERSONNEL
84 Margaret Hilda Thatcher Colonial
51 Senegal 113 Fire Fighters
85 Admiral Frank B. Kelso II 142 Middle East History
52 Sierra Leone 114 Military Police
86 General Merrill A. McPeak Present
53 South Korea 115 Radar Operators
87 Brigadier General 143 Middle East History
54 Soviet Union 116 The Chaplains' Corps
Richard I. Neal Ancient
55 Spain 117 The Infantryman
88 General Colin L. Powell 144 Oil
56 Sweden 118 United States Air Force
89 General H. Norman 145 Palestinians
57 Syria 119 United States Army
Schwarzkopf 146 Reconnaissance
58 Taiwan 120 United States Coast Guard 147 Red Cross
59 Tel Aviv 121 United States Marine
GOVERNMENT 148 Reserves
60 Turkey Corps
90 Canadian Executive Branch 149 Rank
61 U.A.E. 122 United States Navy
91 Canadian National Anthem 150 United Service
62 United Kingdom 123 United States Air
92 Canadian System Organization
63 United States Force Academy
93 Iraqi System 151 Yellow Ribbons
64 Washington, D.C. 124 U S. Marine Warrior
65 Yemen 94 Kuwait System

133
Desert Storm — Pro Set
MILITARY SKILL
152 Camouflage
153 Collect/Report Information
154 Courtesy
155 Discipline
156 Education
157 First Aid
158 Fitness
159 Greenwich Mean Time
160 Hand Signals
161 Health 8i Hygiene
162 Heroes Don't Do Drugs
163 Inspection
164 Latitude and Longitude
165 Map Reading
166 Women in Combat
167 Military Time
168 Moon Phases
169 Navigation
170 Noise, Light & Litter
Discipline
171 Phonetic Alphabet
172 Range
173 Recognition Cards
174 Survival
175 Teamwork
MILITARY ASSET
176 USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19)
177 Kilauea Class Ammunition
Ship (AE)
178 USS England (CG-22)
179 USS Inchon (LPH-12)
180 USS John F. Kennedy
(CV-67)
181 USS Midway (CV-41)
182 USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
183 USS Theodore
Roosevelt (CVN-71)
184 USS Saratoga (CV-60)
185 USS Ranger (CV-61) 214 M1M-104 Patroit 232 Tornado
186 USS Richmond K. 215 Tomahawk Cruise 233 F-117A Stealth
Turner (CG-20) Missile Fighter
187 USS Missouri (BB-63) 216 SS-1C Scud B/C 234 C-5 Galaxy
188 Aggressive Class 217 AIM-9 Sidewinder 235 A-7 Corsair
Mine Sweeper (MSO) 218 AGM-65 Maverick 236 A-10 Thunderbolt II
189 Farragut Class 219 M220A1 TOW 237 A-6 Intruder
Destroyer (DDG) 220 FB-111 Aardvark 238 AH-1 Cobra
190 USNS HospKal Ship (TAH) 221 F-14 Tomcat 239 AH-64 Apache
191 Knox Class Frigate (FF) 222 F-15 Eagle 240 AV-8B Harrier II
192 Newport Class Tank 223 F-16 Fighting Falcon 241 B-52 Stratofortress
Landing Ship (LST) 224 F-4G Wild Weasel 242 C-130 Hercules
193 USS America (CV-66) 225 F/A-18 Hornet 243 C-141B Starlifter
194 Ticonderoga Class 226 KC-10A Extender 244 CH-46 Sea Knight
Cruiser (CG) 227 MIG-21 Fishbed 245 CH-47D Chinook
195 Spruance Class 228 MIG-23 Flogger 246 E-2C Hawkeye
Destroyer (DD) 229 Mirage 2000 247 E-3 Sentry AWACS
196 Oliver Hazard Perry 230 UH-1 Iriquois 248 EA-6B Prowler
Class Frigate (FFG) 231 UH-60A Black Hawk 249 Bombs
197 LCAC 250 Peace
198 M60 Machine Gun
199 M2/M3 Bradley
Fighting Vehicle
200 T-62 Main Battle Tank
201 Challenger Main Battle
Tank
202 T-72 Main Battle Tank
203 AMX-30 Tank
204 Multiple Launch :<yyyy^ •L">* ly-y-
Rocket System (MLRS)
205 Ml 09 DSWS Howitzer
206 Ml 13 Armored
Personnel Carrier
207 M998 Hummer
208 Ml Main Battle Tank
209 M1A1 Abrams Tank
210 M551 Sheridan
211 M60 Main Battle Tank
212 F1M-92A Stinger
213 Hawk Guided Missile mmmmm
System

DESERT STORM 1ST SERIES (88/22) 2 1/ 2 " X 3 1 / 2 "

Of all the Gulf War sets, the
three series Issued by Topps
have received the most atten-
tion, both in the media and from
dealers and collectors. The first
series, entitled "Desert Storm,"
began distribution only a few
days after the commencement
of hostilities, and the rapidity
with which it was produced is
evident in the various errors that
appeared in the first printing.
The novelty of the cards and the
great commercial advantage
Topps gained by being the first
major producer to maiicet a Gulf
War set, have muted the
criticism which the company
justifiably deserves for creating
so many errors and variations on
the cards. In all, Topps
distributed five distinct print
runs of first series Desert Storm.
The first two printings had
brown letters in the "Desert
Storm" logos which appear on
•r'- ^i-iy %yy^yyyyyt-'
the wrapper, the cards, and (on-
ly) on sticker #17; these are
designated "1PB" [1st prin-
ting/brown] and "2PB" [2nd
printing / brown] in the descrip-
tions below. After only a few
weeks, a third printing appeared
in which the brown letters of the
Desert Storm logos were chang-
ed to yellow. This run.
designated 3PY" [3rd prin-
ting/yellow], is identical to
brown letter run 2PB except for
the new color of the letters. In
a fourth print run, designation
"4PY" [4th printing/yellow],
Topps finally got around to cor-
recting some of the errors which
appeared in 1PB, 2PB, and 3PY.
The fifth run, labelled "5PY" [5th
printing/yellow], was a boxed
"Deluxe Collectors' Edition"
printed on glossy stock. This
final edition contained correc-
tions for two more error cards
which had not been rectified in
previous print runs: straighten-
ing out Cheney's biography on
card #3 and properly identifying
the aircraft on card #19 as a Har-
rier, not a Tornado.
The same set of 22 stickers ac-
companied the cards of all five
printings. These depict the in-
signia of divisions active in the
conflict, the Congressional
Medal of Honor, the Desert
Storm logo, service and com-
mand logos, and two American
flags. The only known variation
among the stickers is #17, which
was issued with brown letters
in 1 PB and 2PB and with yellow
letters in all subsequent prin-
tings. The brown letter #17

134
Desert Storm 1st Series * -2
3 >

sticker is the KEY to completing

any brown letter set; brown let-
ter sets with yellow letter #17
stickers cannot be considered as
legitimate 1 PB or 2PB sets. All
the stickers of the Deluxe Col-
lectors' Edition have a slightly
different surface finish than the
stickers issued in wax packs, but
collectors are not likely to en-
counter these as singles.
The first four print runs of
Desert Storm were all issued in
wax packages. Sets 1PB and
2PB were distributed in wax
packs with brown letter logos
and the wrapper code
(M59-21 -01 -1. Sets SPY and 4PY
came in yellow letter packs with
the wrapper code 0-459-21 -02-1.
The display boxes also came in
brown and yellow letter
varieties.
In light of the errors confirm-
ed to exist so far in Topps' first
series Desert Storm, it is likely
that collectors will continue ex-
amining the photographs and
print of each and every card in
hopes of discovering more
anomalies. Collector Richard
Laino, for example, has reported
finding a #7, yellow-letter
McPeak card with a Gabriel
biography on back. Moreover, at
some point in time, Topps aired
a television ad offering a Deluxe
Collectors' Edition of Desert
Storm in a red, white & blue box BROWN CAMOUFLAGE LETTERS YELLOW LETTERS
and a Desert Storm Binder con-
taining plastic pages to house 30 Wild Blue Yonder 72 Satellite Dish
the set along with four 11" X 31 Wings Over Egypt 73 Machine Gunner
14" prints ("Sea," "Land," "Air," 32 The Amazing AV-8B Harrier 74 Marine Firefighters
33 The Sentry — An E3A 75 Ready in the Cockpit
and a map). This has yet to turn 34 A-IOs in Formation 76 Wearing the Gas Mask
up at any convention as of this 35 EA-6B Prowler 77 Patriot Missile Command
writing. 36 F-111 Bombers Center
37 F-15 Fighter Plane 78 Machine Guns Ready
38 M-2 Bradley Tank 79 Mid-Air Refueling
39 Manning the M-110 80 In Flight with A-7s
1 The Commander in Chief 40 Tanks Take a Strong Hold 81 The View from Above
2 General Colin Powell 41 Sunset on the Desert 82 Mission Accomplished
3 Secretary of Defense Dick 42 Lining up the Tanks 83 Dawn in the Desert
Cheney 43 M-1 Abrams 84 Heat Storm in the Gulf
4 General H. Norman 44 Hummer Land Vehicle 85 A Quiet Moment
Schwarzkopf 45 TOW Anti-Tank Gun 86 Sunset on the F-14
5 General Richard G. Graves 46 The Power of the Tomahawk 87 The Pentagon
6 Admiral Frank Kelso 47 Tomahawk Missile in Flight 88 Checklist
7 Chief of Staff Charles Gabriel 48 The Patriot Missile
8 Stallion Helicopter 49 The Sidewinder Missile STICKERS
9 CH-53 Helicopter 50 Scud Missile (A) 1 American Flag
10 SH-60B Helicopter 51 Scud Missile (B) 2 37th Field Artillery
11 AH-64 Apache 52 HAWK Missile 3 75th Infantry
12 CH-47 Chinook 53 Phoenix Missile 4 8th Field Artillery
13 UH-1 Huey Navy Bell 54 Army Supply Ship 5 320th Field Artillery
14 CH-53 Super Stallion 55 Carrier Plane at Night 6 73rd Armor
15 Helicopter Formation 56 USS Midway 7 504th Infantry
16 Cobra 'Copter 57 USS America 8 34th Armor
17 Canadian Air Force CF-18 58 Destroyers 9 506th Infantry
18 French Mirage Fighter 59 USS Iowa 10 48th Infantry
19 Britain's Tornado 60 USS Wisconsin 11 41 St Field Artillery
20 State of the Art Stealth 61 USS Ouellet Frigate 12 503rd Infantry
Fighter Bomber 62 Moving In 13 17th Cavalry
21 F-117A Stealth 63 Night Vision Goggles 14 62nd Air Defense Artillery
22 F-14 Flies in Formation 64 F-18 Cockpit 15 6th Field Artillery
23 Phoenix Missiles on F-14 65 At the Controls 16 2nd Infantry
24 Pilots-Eye View 66 Patriot Control Center 17 Desert Storm Logo
25 B-52 Stratofortress 67 Aegis Control Center 18 U.S. Air Force Emblem
26 Ready for Takeoff 68 Airborne Unit 19 Congressional Medal of
27 Flying High — The F-18 69 Preparing to Jump Honor
28 Taking off in an F-18 70 Paratrooper in Flight 20 U.S. Navy
29 An F-18 Waits to Fly 71 Anti-Aircraft Chemical Gear 21 U.S. Central Command
22 American Flag

135
Desert Storm — 1st Series
VALUES FOR SETS, CARDS,
WRAPPERS, AND ANOMALIES
IN TOPPS' 1ST SERIES DESERT
STORM
KEY:
1 P B . . . 1 st print run, brown letters in logo
2 P B . . . 2nd print run, brown letters in logo
3 P Y . . . 3rd print run, yellow letters in logo
4 P Y . . . 4th print run, yellow letters in logo
SET PRICES:
Set 1 P B . . . Brown letters in card logos; Card
#73 lists 16 countries on back;
Sticker #17 has brown letters in
logo; 88 cards BL 22 stickers: $42
mint ($30 excellent).
Set 2 P B . . . Brown letters in card logos; Card
#73 lists 14 countries on back;
Sticker #17 has brown letters in
logo; 88 cards BL 22 stickers: $32
mint ($24 excellent).
Set 3PY... Same as 2Pa EXCEPT letters in
card logos are yellow; Sticker #17
has yellow letters in logo; 88 cards
8i 22 stickers: $15 mint ($10
excellent).
Set 4PY... Same as 3PY, EXCEPT cards
7-33-55-58-88 are revised and card
#73 has no spaces where deleted
countries were removed from list;
Sticker #17 has yellow letters in
logo; 88 cards 8i 22 stickers: $20
mint ($15 excellent).
CARD VALUES:
(1) All cards with brown letter logos EXCEPT
the celebrities, demand cards, & anomalies
listed below: 15$ mint (10$ excellent).
(2) All cards with yellow letter logos EXCEPT
the celebrities, demand cards, 8t anomalies
listed below: 10$ mint (7$ excellent).
STICKER VALUES:
(1) All stickers EXCEPT #17 with brown letters
in logo: 25$ mint (20$ excellent);
(2) Sticker #17 with brown letters in logo: $7.00
mint ($5l00 excellent).
136
::•^:X::^:;:•^:•:•:X;:^::::•^^:•:•:^X:^:::;:^:•r•:•:•:.^ -y y - : y\-<y------?.-:-::---
••••••*•••••••••••-"•• • ••••• " : •:• y y ^ i ^ y i ^ y y
- y •• -..-^^
• : - : y y y y y y
••XX/:'\X:X:X'-'-*-'X*;X:':-:':-;
: : m y y y y y - - - ' y
: y : y m - m y m - i
WRAPPER VALUES:
(1) "Desert Storm" in brown letters (1PB &
2PB), wrapper code = 0-459-21-01-1): 35$.
(2) "Desert Storm" in yellow letters (3PY &
4PY), wrapper code = 0-459-21-02-1): 15$.
"CELEBRITY" Bi "DEMAND" CARDS:
(1) Brown letters in logo:
#1 Bush $2.00 mint ($1.00 excellent);
#2 Powell $1.00 mint (5Q$ excellent);
#4 Schwarzkopf $4.00 mint ($3.00 excellent);
#48 Patriot 50$ mint (35$ excellent);
#50 Scud 50$ mint (35$ excellent);
#51 Scud 50$ mint (35$ excellent).
(2) Yellow letters in logo:
#1 Bush $1.00 mint (75$ excellent);
#2 Powell 50$ mint (35$ excellent);
#4 Schwarzkopf $2.00 mint ($1.50 excellent);
#48 Patriot 25$ mint (20$ excellent);
#50 Scud 25$ mint (20$ excellent);
#51 Scud 25$ mint (20$ excellent).
ANOMALIES:
#3 Incorrectly states that Secretary of
Defense Dick Cheney was a congressman
from Nebraska (should have read Wyom-
ing). This card was finally corrected in the
Deluxe Collectors' Edition, but not on the
regular issue cards. The incorrect card,
therefore^ has no special valua
#7 (1) Pictures Charles Gabriel, brown letters
in logo (1PB 8i 2PB), value: 50$ mint
(35$ excellent).
(2) Pictures Charles Gabriel, yellow letters
in logo (3PY), value: 25$ mint (20$
excellent);
(3) Pictures Merrill McPeak, yellow letters
in logo (4PY), value: $1.50 mint ($1.00
excellent).
#8 Reads "HH53B only" — the word "only"
should not be there. Not corrected, no
special value
#19 The jet pictured on all regular issue cards
is a Harrier Jump J e t not a Tomada This
was not corrected EXCEPT in the Deluxe
Collectors' Edition. No special value
Desert Storm 1st Series
Card #19 also has a vertical blue line
which appears in part or whole on some
cards, and not at all on others, between
the words "and" and "dump" in the text.
This is a printing process anomaly and it
has no special value
#20 In the second-to-last line of text, the word
"within" is misspelled "withing." Not cor-
rected, no special value
yy 1^
'^<S':f:>>>'<:^
r^yf -y4
'^ysy^ 'yy<>y
•yy-yy.'-
#33 (1) The backs of brown letter logo cards
(1 PB 8i 2PB) read "An EA-3B Sentry"
no special value;
(2) The backs of 3rd printing yellow letter
logo cards (3PY) read "An EA-3B Sen-
tr/' — no special value;
(3) The backs of 4th printing yellow letter
logo cards (4PY) read "An E3A Sentry"
— value: $1.00 mint (75$ excellent).
yy yyy <^yA^\ 'yyyz/^'iAyyyyA^ y/y-yy^.'/Ayy^2y.y/y^y--''A
A>-K- 'f^:^y/'-<yi'y.ry/fA'A> -• <AA ''A--'^A AA
^:6:'yii-\yyyii^'x i-y^t; yi-A.-y y-y^yAyXryy ''y.yZ\-yy
y^yyAy^^A>y. >!^-yAA:- o%--yAy Vy y/y^^V/ Y'
#55 All cards have the same text on the back,
but the captions differ:
(1) Brown letter logo cards (1PB 8i 2PB) ...
front caption reads "Carrier Plane at
Night" ... back caption is "Aircraft Car-
rier" — no special value;
(2) Yellow letter logo cards of the 3rd prin-
ting (3PY) have the same captions as (1)
— no special value;
(3) Yellow letter logo cards of the 4th prin-
ting (4PY) have the same caption, "Car-
rier Ship at Night" front and back;
value: $1.00 mint (75$ excellent).
•% ;.-v:>-;:s--:v.-;
i!i^y^^
'yy:':ymm yyyt
'-•/• <•/'////>
I I
#58 (1) Brown letter logo cards (1PB 8i 2PB)
have "Destroyers" caption on front and
"Destroyer Ships" caption on back —
no special valua
(2) Yellow letter logo cards of the 3rd prin
y--yyy
ypy
'yy yy/y-vyy-
' .-
yyy^
x->--
'-'yyyy--:
ting (3PY) have the same front 8i back
captions as (1) — no special value;
V,
(3) Yellow letter logo cards of the 4th prin
•yji/'ny
ting (4PY) have the caption "Frigates
front and back and the text describes
frigates — value: $1.00 mint (75$
excellent).
#60 On cards of all print runs, the fourth
sentence of the text ends with the word
"mem." No special valua
#63 (1) On brown letter logo cards (1PB 8i 2PB),
the last word in the text is "vision." No
special valua
(2) On yellow letter logo cards of the 3rd
printing (3PY), the last word in the text
is "vision." No special valua
(3) On yellow letter logo cards of the 4th
printing (4PY), the last word in the text
is "missions." Value: $1.00 mint (75$
excellent).
#73 (1) Brown letter logo cards of the 1st prin-
ting (1PB) have 16 countries listed on
the back. Value: $10.00 mint ($aOO
excellent).
(2) Brown letter logo cards of the 2nd prin-
ting (2PB) have 14 countrires listed &
spaces where two countries, France and
Bulgaria, were deleted. Value: $3.00
mint ($2.25 excellent).
(3) Yellow letter logo cards of the 3rd prin-
ting (3PY) have 14 countries 8i spaces
where France and Bulgaria were
deleted. Value: $1.00 mint (75$
excellent).
(4) Yellow letter logo cards of the 4th prin-
ting (4PY) have 14 countries listed and
there are NO spaces where France and
Bulgaria used to ba Value: $2.00 mint
($1.50 excellent).
#88 (1) Checklists of I P a 2PB and 3PY all list
the following:
#7..."Chief of Staff General Charles Gabrier
#56.."Carrier Plane at Night"
#5a.."Destroyers"
(2) Checklists of 4PY list the following
changes:
#7..."Chief of Staff General Merrill McPeak"
#55L.."Carrier Ship at Nighf
#5a.."Frigates"
NOTE: All checklists say that #21 is
"F-177A" although the card actually
is captioned "F117A."
137
 DESERT STORM — VICTORY" (88/11) 2 112" X 3 112"
The Gulf War, and much of the
mania over Gulf War cards, was
over by the time Topps releas-
ed the second series of Desert
Storm. The cards, numbered
89-176, have darker desert
camouflage borders on the front
than first series cards and the
back format is an exuberant mix
of red, white, & blue colors and
designs. Variations have been
reported for card ^'s 140, 142,
148, 157, & 160. Of these, only
the so-called "smiling Schwarz-
kopf has attracted any atten-
tion, and it is selling in the $2-$3
range. The eleven stickers show
flags of coalition members on
front and have "puzzle C" picture
piece backs. The wrapper is
basically yellow, with a blue
panel at bottom and red letter-
ing at top (wrapper code =
0-459-21 -03-1). Note: set price in-
cludes stickers.
ITEM MINT EX
Set 15.00 11.00
Card .10 .07
Sticker .35 .25
Wrapper .15
Box 2.00
1

! f\ !'^^!•^^^l•^i•^^^^'•^^^^^>:•;^':^-^!•:^•!•l-^!^^•^-.•
• -- - - •.•^t - - - - • - . 1 - - •

» C' ' . ' - V ' . / ' - . --

f. , # ' FF- - F- . - . . -
\ y y \ y y y \-.' -^. .yy.yyy.,
(• y'y.Yy-y. yy-y' -f - y . -yy: :

f{
W.JWff'ff. W*,aa W M'WTmm'y.'t^W. WW-

89 Stinger Missile 114 The Agile F-14 140 What Is A Tank? 165 Bomb's-Eye View
90 Carpet Bombing* 115 F-16 Fighting Falcon 141 Unit Sizes - A 166 Patriot - The Scud
91 Roiling Out 116 F/A-18 Hornet 142 Unit Sizes - B Interceptor
92 M-551 Sheridan 117 F-15 Dual-Role Eagle 143 Military Terms - A 167 Tomahawk Cruise Missile
93 M-2 Bradiey Fighting 118 A-10 Warthog* 144 MilKary Terms - B 168 Hawk Missile
Vehicle 119 Stealth F-117A* 145 Desert Storm Slang 169 In The Trenches
94 Laying An M-21 Mine 120 USS Eisenhower 146 Allied Forces 170 Stopping The Oil's Flow
95 Machine Gun 121 USS Longbeach 147 Working Together 171 Anti-Chemical Gear
96 M-ls Move Out 122 USS Wisconsin 148 Becoming a Fighter Pilot 172 E-2C Hawkeye
97 The Mighty M-1A1 123 USS Goldsborough 149 Top Gun 173 Satellite Communications
98 TOW Missile 124 Marine APCs 150 LVTP 174 Huey Cobra
99 HMMWV - The Hummer* 125 CH-47 Chinook 151 The Marines Land 175 Tent City
100 LAV - Light Armored 126 USS Sides 152 Harpoon Launch 176 Checklist
Vehicle 127 Desert Hawk* 153 Medical Support
101 Iraq's Scud Missile 128 Apache Attack 'Copter 154 Desert Drink
102 Battleship Cannons 129 The Cobra* 155 In The Cockpit DESERT STORM STICKERS
103 LCAC 130 UH-60A 156 Mail Call 23 U.S.A.
104 A-6 Intruder 131 Chaparral Missile Launch 157 Gen. Schwarzkopf 24 UK.
105 Dragon Missile Launcher System 158 Gen. Powell & Sec. Cheney 25 Canada
106 M-60's Reactive Armor 132 F/A-18 Fighter 159 Lt. Gen. Horner 26 EgYPt
107 M-109 Howitzer 133 F-111 Aardvark* 160 Lt. Gen. Kelly 27 France
108 F-16 Fighter/Bomber 134 Tried 8i True B-52 161 Gen. Yeosock 28 Kuwait
109 F-15 Eagle 135 B-52 In Formation* 162 Paratroopers Land 29 Morocco
110 F-14 Figher 136 AV-8B Harrier 163 Multi-Launch Rocket 30 Saudi Arabia
111 F-4 Phantom 137 Prowler - The EA-6B* System 31 Syria
112 A-7 Avenger 138 KC-10 — The Flying Gas 164 AH-64 Apache Helicopter 32 U.S.S.R.
113 Wild Weasel Can 33 United Nations
139 E-3 AWACS

138
 DESERT STORM HOMECOMING" (88/11) 2 1/2" X 3 1/2"
By the time the "Homecoming
Series" anivedfromTopps, peo-
ple were beginning to realize
that Desert Storm cards were
not a license to print money. The
fact that this set was carried by
far fewer dealers than were
series 1 & 2 does not mean that
Has&gjri, 9?8j (rSSPStey3tf«!5he
it is numerically scarce. In fact
certain areas of the country are
reporting boxes of "Homecom-
<Jis!»89a ««sse5?'s atffts^Je ftaia »« ing" sitting on store shelves in
Silwaif. is 5i« S«s!. ifesseifi's asiisns
'(«« f8s «ai5«n asvssia^a, ««g»8sa abundance. The lack of attention
«!«e'8 i«f«a«ce w 8)8fttafevw88 3sa8
to detail which plagued the first
series from Topps returned with
a vengeance in series 3. Card Ws
200,202,204,209,212,222,226,
& 260 all have errors in spelling
or misidentify photos, but only
^'s 202 and 204 seem to have
been corrected and these are
selling for 50 cents apiece. The
stickers, numbered 3 4 ^ , depict
various service medals (very few
of which have anything to do
with the Persian Gulf) and
several other patriotic items.
Sticker backs are picture pieces
of "puzzle D." Note: set price in-
cludes stickers.
ITEM MINT EX
Set 12.00 9.00
Card .10 .07
Sticker .35 .25
Wrapper .15
Box 2.00
orwi

240 Schwarzkopfs Plan*

[ WHAT voii^ tmmt^ 241 Iraqis Surrender - A
I mmn mms w^ii uki^
242 Iraqis Surrender - B
243 Iraqis Surrender - C
L;X;:^^
244 Target Markings
f 245 Mood at Home
<

246 Rally of Support

247 Liberation Day - A
- " ^ • ^I
1 '. • ' 206 F-15 Eagle 248 Liberation Day - B
207 F-16 Fighting Falcon 249 Liberation Day - C
208 F/A-18 Hornet 250 Anticipation Grows
209 M-198 Howitzer 251 82nd Airborne Returns
210 Paratroopers Jump USS Mississippi Comes
f
211 F-117A Stealth Home*
212 TOW Missile 253 The Wisconsin Returns
177 President George Bush 213 Light Armored Vehicle 254 Pride in the Troops
178 General Norman 214 LVTP Meeting the Crowd
Schwarzkopf 215 M-1A1 Abrams Safe at Home
179 Dick Cheney 216 M-2 Bradley 257 Tomcats Fly In
180 General Colin Powell 217 Multi-Launch Rocket 258 Home Again
woiviKwtiorvOn 181 Emir Jaber Al Sabah System 259 Worth Fighting For
182 John Major 218 M-60 Tank 260 Marines Return
183 Francois Mitterand 219 Night Vision Goggles 261 Heroes' Welcome
184 Hosni Mubarak 220 Working Dogs 262 Reunited!
185 Mikhail Gorbachev 221 Reporting Center 263 Daddy's Home!
186 King Fahd 222 M-110 Howitzer 264 Checklist
187 Hafez Assad 223 Scuds Explode
188 Javier Perez De Cuellar 224 Vulcan System
189 Saddam Hussein 225 Dragon Missile
190 Kuwaiti Troops 226 E-3 Sentry DESERT STORM Stickers checklist
191 Qatari Troops 227 C-58 Galaxy 34 Southwest Asia Service
192 British Troops 228 Tomahawk Cruise Missile Medal
193 French Forces 229 KC-10 Extender 35 National Defense Service
194 Egyptian Forces 230 Hummer Medal
195 Saudi Soldiers 231 Bomb's-Eye View* 36 Purple Heart
196 Syrian Soldiers 232 FB-111 Aardvark 37 Prisoner-of-War Medal
197 AH-1 Cobra 233 M48A1 Chaparral Missile 38 The United States Army
198 AH-64 Apache System Silver Star Medal
199 CH-47D Chinook 234 M-551 Sheridan 39 Joint Service Achievement
200 A-6 Intruder 235 The Burning Fields Award
201 AV-8B Harrier 236 Ecological Warfare 40 Medal of Honor
202 A-10 Thunderbolt 237 M-113 Armored Personnel 41 Top Gun
203 B-52 Stratofortress Carrier 42 These Colors Don't RunI
204 F-4G Wild Weasel 238 Working Together 43 Let Freedom Ring
205 F-14 Tomcat 239 The Ground War* 44 Welcome Home

139
 DESERT STORM CARD & MAP SET (110) 2 1 / 2 " X 3 112"
All the elements of this set —
110 cards and a large
map / poster (20" X 31") — came
mrr< packaged in a nicely-designed
cardboard box (approx. 3-3 / 4" X
10-1 / 2"). The cards have color
photo fronts with blue
frameiines and sand-colored
borders; most of the pictures ap-
pear to have come from the
standard Pentagon pool of train-
ing exercises and publicity stills.
The American flag and a "Desert
Storm" logo unique to this set
are located in the top right and
lower left comers, respectively.
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmy^^ The card numbers, located only
on the backs, are each followed
by a "M" (for "victory?"). Accor-
ding to a credit line which ap-
pears on the cards, the set was
•.•y:mmi
produced by America's Major
r-^.M r-^.M r-^.M
XjfjrJ'^jrJ'jrJj'^Oi^'.'
wOCfi^'Oi^K'-' •
OOcSOfiFHt-' .' • •
-'
>
'
>
'
i - ^ ' -

•
'
'
• '
'
'
'
r , -

' ' ••V

' '''' 'jf
x ,
' ' V
\

Players, Inc. Note: sold only as

a boxed set, so no single or "ex-
cellent" prices are given.
\F^V ' r 'JF d W T - r ' ' ' ' • . - ' - - -
ITEM MINT EX
20.00

M901 Improved TOW 79 LPH 12 U.S.S. Inchon

Vehicle 80 FFG-47 U.S.S. Nicholas
SH-3 Sea King 81 SA 341 Gazelle
52 OV-1 OA Bronco 82 Mirage IIIR
23 EF-111A Raven 53 HH-53B Sea Stallion 83 Mirage 5
24 F-14A+ Tomcat 54 S-3A Viking 84 F-4E Phantom II
25 B-52G Stratofortress 55 RF-4C Phantom 85 Hunter
26 CH-53E Super Stallion 56 F-4G Wild Weasel 86 A-4KU Skyhawk
27 CH-46D Sea Knight 57 Ml 98 Howitzer 87 C-130E Hercules
1 General Schwarzkopf 28 CH-47D Chinook 58 Stinger F-5F Tiger II
2 General Powell 29 UH-1 H Iroquois "Huey" 59 Ml 02 105mm Howitzer 89 F-5E Tiger II
3 Secretary Cheney 30 AH-1 S "Huey" Cobra 60 M47 Dragon 90 Hawk 50
4 President Bush 31 C-5 Galaxy 61 AH-1 W Sea Cobra 91 SU-25 Frogfoot
5 Chemical Protective Gear 32 LAV-25 "APC" 62 UH-60B Blackhawk 92 SU-22M-4 Fitter K
6 M224 60mm Mortar 33 M551A Sheridan 63 RC-135 "Recon" 93 Mirage F.I
7 Patriot SAM 34 M1A1 Abrams 64 M60A1 / A3 Battle Tank 94 MiG-29 Fulcrum A
8 M2 / M3 Bradley 35 OV-1D Mohawk 65 AIM-54 Phoenix 95 MiG-29 Fulcrum C
9 AH-64 Apache 36 CH-46F Sea Knight 66 HH-3 Jolly Green Giant 96 MiG-25 Foxbat
10 M1 Abrams 37 E-3 AWACS (Sentry) 67 AIM-7 Sparrow 97 MiG-23 Flogger B
11 F-14A Tomcat 38 OH-58 Kiowa 68 AC-130 Spectre 98 MiG-21 Fishbed K
12 EA-6B Prowler 39 SH-60B Seahawk 69 A-10 Thunderbolt II 99 Tornado IDS
13 A-6E Intruder 40 AV-8B Harrier II "Warthog" 100 Tornado F.3
14 F-15C Eagle 41 Rockeye Mk20 Cluster 70 U.S.S. John F. Kennedy 101 Mi-8 "Hip-C"
15 TOW Missile Carrier Bomb (CV-67) 102 Mi-24 Hind E
16 F/A-18 Hornet 42 Ml 13 "APC" 71 Mirage 2000C 103 T-62 Battle Tank
17 F-16C Fighting Falcon 43 AAV-7 "Amtrack" 72 Jaguar GR.1 104 BMP-1 Early
18 A-7E Corsair II 44 Ml 10 A-2 Howitzer 73 Tornado GR.1 105 T-55 Battle Tank
19 F-15E Strike Eagle 45 M109 SP Howitzer 74 Victor Tanker 106 T-54 Battle Tank
20 AIM-9 Sidewinder 46 HAWK SAM 75 BB-64 U.S.S. Wisconsin 107 BTR-60 "APC"
21 F-117A Stealth 47 M48A1 Chaparral M269 "SAW" 108 SA-8 Gecko
76
22 F-111E / F Aardvark 48 Ml 63 Vulcan P-3 Orion 109 ZU-23 A / A Gun
77
49 MLRS 78 Cargo / Troop Carrier 110 SS-1 Scud B

DESERT STORM TRADING CARDS (60) (60) 2 1 /2" X 3 1 /2"

The conflict in the Persian Gulf
promoted several companies
with no previous card manufac-
turing experience to try their
hand. Perhaps the strangest was
Spectra Star, a kite maker based
in Pacoima, California. Spectra
Star advertised a series of 300
cards on its packaging, but
when the dust had settled only
two 60-card runs had emerged.
The first printing cards came in
five categories Aircraft, Ar-
mor. Ships, Troops, and

140
Desert Storm Trading Cards
Weapons — with each category months after their first hit the the second series — may prove
sold in J-hook bubble packs of market. These are numbered to be more collectable than the
12 cards with its own package 61 -120 and have red frameiines cards themselves. Note: the
header. The cards within were on the back, but are mostly word 'Troops" is printed in the
connected in strips and single more pictures of ordinance, right comer of the picture area
cards from these packs will have soldiers, aircraft equipment etc. of every card, and some collec-
"nubs" on their edges. The cards In addition, there are photo- tors prefer to call these sets by
were also sold in 60-card rack graphs of some of the U.S. that name.
packs by Treat Hobby World, statesmen and soldiers involved ITEM MINT EX
and these have machine cut in war Bush, Powell, Schwar- Series 1 set 8.00 6.00
edges with no nubs. In addition, zkopf, Cheney, and Horner. Se- Series 2 set 12.00 9.00
uncut sheets of six cards were cond series cards, although Series 1 card .10 .07
included as a bonus in kites packed in J-hook bubble packs Series 2 card .15 .10
made by Spectra Star, which like first series cards, have Series 1 header .35 .25
retailed for about $3.00 in varie- machine cut edges devoid of Series 2 header .50 .35
ty and toy stores. nubs. In the final analysis, the
Spectra Star issued a second ten header cards — and
series of 60 cards several especially the five belonging to

m « ^^^^^^^ r • • • ^^^m
-, 'I'VF \ !

y 'y<t
iciririr mmmmmsmm

tw> or. Hb*^ -Dcojiwl w^^jfi^*

Cotimt Ati 5 SERIES

fOfA*:4W-^ }:^r>:-Mh4 )r. w4i<KAV>;

30O Coiiector Cards

(bttf..!^.

^ l . Hoimvo Vc4>^f > JW^^frOC. >V>.<>c^ vow ^"X^K^

yo(t*vrcvfr^x I*: * i r ? ^ ; 3KA\N C^XO:':! OGy«wXk*>t.>
-vtn b » SvWfci t svcrv ^Nl b ^ r * -JoKoci * V X

1 Stealth Fighter
2 A-10 Warthog
3 Strike Eagle
4 Apache
Myim> mm&A-

5 Intruder 39 Patriot Firing

6 AV-8B 40 BGM-71 rTOW-2) \
F

7 Wild Weasel 41 Tomahawk :jiM ^ '^•r k: ^ ^

8 B-52 42 Cluster Bombs <• -yy.- yy<y\-xy^<^'••ly.yy-i-.-yy -.y'

9 Tomcat 43 MK83
10 Falcon 44 M249
11 E-3A AWACS 45 AT-4
12 Tornado 46 MK-19-3
13 U.S.S. Long Beach 47 Hellfire
14 U.S.S. Brewton 48 Maverick 72 High Tech 97 Scud
15 U.S.S. Kittyhawk 49 Gen. Schwarzkopf 73 Hovercraft 98 G-5
16 U.S.S. Halsey 50 Gen. Powell 74 U.S.S. Spruance 99 Milan
17 U.S.S. Charles F. Adams 51 President Bush 75 U.S.S. Pensacola 100 HAWK
18 U.S.S. Luce 52 Saddam Hussein 76 U.S.S. Vincennes 101 HARM
19 U.S.S. Oliver Perry 53 Lt. Gen. Homer 77 U.S.S. America 102 GAU-8/A
20 U.S.S. Blue Ridge 54 Flight Crew 78 U.S.S. Saratoga 103 Avenger Turnaround
21 U.S.S. Hermitage 55 Stormin Norman / King 79 U.S.S. Inchon 104 Combat Graffiti
22 U.S.S. Wisconsin 80 Failed Diplomacy
Fahd 105 Schwartzkopf [sic] Strategy
23 U.S.S. Arkansas High Command
56 Troops Deploy 81 106 Desert Surrender
24 82 Norman Before the Storm
U.S.S. New Jersey 57 Live Fire 107 Behind Enemy Lines
25 83
LAV 58 Combat Patrol Corsair II 108 Bronco
26
M5S1 59 Howitzer Crew 84 Jaguar 109 Raven
27
M1A1 60 Deck Crew 85 Humvee 110 Super Cobra
28
M113 61 Checklist Series I 8K li 86 AMX-30 111 Iraqi Vandalism
29
LVTP-7 62 CH-47 87 T-55 112 Scud Terror
30
M110-A2 63 Black Hawk 88 MCV-80 113 No Escape
31
MLRS 64 Hornet 89 Challenger 114 Line in the Sand
32
33 T-72 65 Galaxy 90 M-60 A3 115 Deploy Forward
34 T-62 66 A-4M 91 M-109 116 War Zone
35 ZSU-23-4 67 Herky Bird 92 Desert Stealth 117 Coalition Commanders
36 BMP-1 68 MiG29 93 Thanksgiving 118 Baghdad AAA
37 M2 69 Gen. Kelley 94 America Cheers 119 Gas Mask
Tomahawk Firing 70 Gen. McCaffrey 95 Powell Before the Storm 120 Eight Stars
38 Patriot 71 AWACS 96 82nd Retums

141
 DESERT S T O R M W E A P O N S S E T (50) 2 1/ 2 " X 3 1 / 2

The "Desert S t o r m Weapons"

series is p r o b a b l y t h e m o s t
h
h

. .b
•

• -
b
. I
r
v i s u a l l y a t t r a c t i v e o f all t h e Gulf
W a r sets. T h e o u t s t a n d i n g c o l -
4

L J - 4

4 . •
• + 4

or o f t h e photographs, w h i c h
benefit greatly from being
b - b 4 X X . ^
b o r d e r l e s s , is t h e s e l l i n g p o i n t
f o r t h i s set. O f t h e 50 c a r d s , o n e
s h o w s a Saudi j e t t w o depict
^ ^ V % % % 4

^vV'b.-.VVb-b-

British hardware, nine picture

- 4 4 * K « K B _ , I

• • • % •
b • K •

b - 4 4
. ^ . • 4 ^ ^ • . - b - 4 ' b - . - . - .

- -^ 1

Iraqi w e a p o n s a n d m a c h i n e s ,
•V 1% 1• .^ . • V B • t b - ^

4 k . • X b

a n d 38 cards display e l e m e n t s of
t h e A m e r i c a n m i l i t a r y arsenal.
Four u n n u m b e r e d p r o m o t i o n a l
WW

?,Sa'M3 0HAOL£¥ HGHTIHG VSHiCLE

cards, c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o c a r d ^^s
VvV'-vV v\::-:^:\:<: 1'.- •.
2 0 , 2 3 , 3 5 , & 50, w e r e issued a n d
-y. v.-;y:,.-v^ :>:;c ^y:";: v ^v;": y::::^:^-:-\ Ty'^-vx;

h a v e a s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t Desert
4, 4 i 1 '
4 V

V^'-^^yf-v. Desert S t o r m heading on t h e front. The

Storm
C<y^-^:-:^:': iy:\:<y:':

^: r:'::::-:-\ry
• ' r ' 4 X I - '
' 4 ' . ' , ' 4 ' . " 4 ' . - . ' ,
b a c k o f regular issue c a r d # 5 0
contains a checklist w h i l e its
/ . ' . • 4 ' . - 4 ' - ' . - .
• ' ' F ' 4 . .

^vyv;-:vvv'. , y\>-:.'^:-:\ :\yy-y :: •• < • ' '

<^<^yy>y^x:: •:<^y:'^y:> '

iy-« ':>^::>; v>/:">^::c;v-r v.%\.>;x>-^>b F-117A Stealth Ranter promotional counterpart has a
d e s c r i p t i v e t e x t o n t h e reverse.
WMeAHl<lfl

The complete set of "50 plastic

4 -

" 4 1.. / l a m i n a t e d cards" w a s sold in J -

yi b h c o k blister packs a n d singles or
lesser g r a d e c a r d s w i l l n o t l i k e -
ly be encountered b y collectors.
ITEM MINT EX
1 Patriot Anti-Missile Missile Set 7.00
2 A-6E i n t r u d e r
3 M - 1 6 A 2 B a t t l e Rifle
4 F-117A S t e a l t h Fighter
5 J o h n F. K e n n e d y Carrier
6 SCUD Missile
7 F-14 T o m c a t
8 A i M - 9 Sidewinder Missile
9 MiG-29 "Fulcrum"
10 A - 1 0 T h u n d e r h o l t 11
11 AC-130 S p e c t r e Gunship
12 E-3 A W A C S
13 M D - 5 3 0 Defender
14 M 2 / M 3 Bradley F i g h t i n g
Vehicle
15 M 9 Personal S i d e a r m
16 Iowa-Class Battleship
17 F / B - 1 1 1 Aardvark
18 M - 1 A 1 A h r a m s Tank
19 T o r n a d o GR.MK 1
20 M 6 0 Tank
21 Los Angeles-Class S S N
Submarine
22 F-16 F i g h t i n g Falcon
23 F-15 Eagle
24 A m p h i b i o u s Assault Vehicle
25 I w o J i m a H e l i c o p t e r Carrier
26 M998 H M M W U "Hummer"
27 MiG-25 "Foxhat"
28 A H - 1 Cobra H e l i c o p t e r
29 Challenger
30 A I M - 7 Sparrow Missile
31 F-1 M i r a g e
32 A V - 8 B Harrier II
33 M - 1 1 3 A r m o r e d Personnel
Carrier
34 A K - 4 7 B a t t l e Rifle
35 A e g i s Cruiser
36 B-52 S t r a t o f o r t r e s s
37 T o m a h a w k Cruise M i s s i l e
38 L A V - 2 5 L i g h t Assault V e h i c l e
39 C-5 Galaxy
40 T O W Missile
41 M 6 0 Machine Gun
42 T-55 Tank
43 AH-64 Apache
44 T-72 T a n k
45 British Hawk
46 F / A-18 Hornet
47 T-62 Tank
48 F-4G P h a n t o m " W i l d
Weasel"
49 A M - 3 9 Exocet Missile
50 M 6 0 - A 1 Tank a n d CH-53
H e l i c o p t e r [and Checklist o n
hack]

142
 G U L F W A R FACT C A R D S (100) 2 1/ 2 " X 3 117."

T h e w a r i n t h e Persian G u l f dared t o be different and pro- reading a " w a r edition"

prompted the creation of more duced a s e t using actual w i r e n e w s p a p e r , d e j e c t e d Iraqi c o m -
t h a n a dozen trading card sets service a c t i o n s h o t s t a k e n i n t h e manders hearing t h e t e r m s of
a i m e d a t collectors. These range theater of operations. surrender, a n d C o a l i t i o n t r o o p s
in scope and quality f r o m B & W O b t a i n i n g real w a r t i m e i m - in Khafji d u c k i n g h o s t i l e fire. N o
c a r i c a t u r e s o f S a d d a m Hussein agery is m o r e expensive a n d o t h e r Gulf W a r s e t c o m e s close
t o c o l o r p h o t o g r a p h s o f soldiers t i m e - c o n s u m i n g t h a n using p o o l t o matching this realism: these
a n d m i l i t a r y h a r d w a r e . M o s t if p h o t o s o r t r a i n i n g exercise p i c - are real p i c t u r e s o f real e v e n t s !
n o t all, of t h e sets using photos t u r e s , b u t t h e r e s u l t s , as seen i n T h e f l i p s i d e o f t h e 100-card
relied heavily o n pictures f r o m D a i f s "Gulf W a r Fact Cards," are series is equally impressive. Dart
t h e Pentagon m e d i a p o o l , w h i c h spectacular, n He r e w e r e p o r t s t h e f a c t s a c c u r a t e l y in a
w e r e available t o everyone. Only General S c h w a r z k o p f t a l k i n g t o c o m p a c t easy-to-read format
o n e c o m p a n y . D a r t Flipcards, t h e troops, Saudis intently w h i c h refrains f r o m any glorifica-
tion of t h e w a r . The set w a s
MfWVWWWVUUU p r i n t e d i n Canada a n d w a s s o l d
1 Introduction
2 C o l o n i a l Era
o n l y in c o m p l e t e , f a c t o r y - s e a l e d
3 T h e M i d d l e East D i v i d e d b o x e d e d i t i o n s , s o c o l l e c t o r s are
4 Iraq invades K u w a i t n o t likely t o encounter single or
5 Road t o I n d e p e n d e n c e lesser g r a d e c a r d s .
6 S a d d a m ' s Rise t o P o w e r
7 U.N. Speaks O u t ITEM MINT EX
Ceil t o A c t i o n
8 Boxed set 18.00
9 USS i n d e p e n d e n c e
10 Defense Secretary Dick
Cheney
11 S a d d a m Hanged i n Effigy
12 E g y p t i a n s Bolster C o a l i t i o n
13 USS D w i g h t D. E i s e n h o w e r
14 General H. N o r m a n
Schwarzkopf
r Ml
15 U.S. M i l K e r y B u i l d - u p
16 M 2 Bradley
17 A-10 ThunderhoK
"Werthog"
18 C o n t r o l of t h e Sees
19 Battleship USS Missouri
20 F-14 T o m c a t ": ; ; A A V ' ' ^^^'^ ^ ^ A'A^'• A- AN<^yyA>A AOA..
1 '.lb >\^>
21 French H e l i c o p t e r s Land
22 USS T i c o n d e r o g e ' V b ^ (\

23 Iraqi Popular A r m y
24 M i d a i r Refueling
25 C h e m i c a l Warfare T h r e a t
26 Preying o n t h e F r o n t l i n e s b'l 4

27 T r o u h i e d K u w a i t i Emir •. ^ : V A'- -A-"' • X A N \ A > :

28 Refugees Flee invaders y^w•^v^ ^y \

29 Letters f r o m Home
30 TOW Antitank Missile
31 A W A C S — Eyes i n t h e S k y 83 British P M John Major
49 A-7E Corsair A t t a c k Plane 66 B a t t l e s h i p U S S W i s c o n s i n
32 BrKish A r m y "Desert R e t s " 84 Harriers Prepare f o r A c t i o n
50 General C o l i n P o w e l l 67 B a t t l e s h i p B o m b s
33 Apache Attack Helicopter 85 G r o u n d W a r Begins
51 S a d d a m Hussein's B u n k e r Ressurected
34 S y r i a n T-62 T a n k s A r r i v e 86 Allied Strategy - M a p 1
52 Scud Missile Hits Tel Aviv 68 S c u d
M - 4 7 Dragon A n t i - T e n k 87 Allied Strategy - M a p 2
53 Patriot A n t i - M i s s i l e B a t t e r y 69 Baghdad D e v a s t a t e d
35 Missile M u t t i - N a t i o n a l Effort
54 Patriot i n Pursuit 70 S u p p l y Lines
President Bush V i s i t s 55 Shamir Surveys Damage 71 Z o o Tragedy 89 Taking A i m
36 Troops 56 F-4G W i l d W e a s e l 72 A r m i n g t h e F-117 S t e a l t h 90 Evacuating the W o u n d e d
37 S t o c k M a r k e t Frenzy 57 Marine Reinforcements 73 T o r n a d o Fighter 91 Scorched-Earth Campaign
38 L a s t - D i t c h Peace Talks Arrive 74 Final Check 92 ' T h e Mother of A i l
39 Desert S t o r m Begins 58 Hit t h e Dirt 75 K u w a i t i V a l e n t i n e Card Surrenders"
40 Baghdad Attacked 59 M a r i n e s Fire 1 5 5 m m 76 Gorbachev's Peace Efforts 93 Carnage o f W a r
41 Scud Missile Alert! Howitzer 77 Pilot's N i g h t m a r e 94 Skeleton of Retreat
42 "No B l o o d f o r O i l " 60 Cobra A t t a c k s Iraqi 78 Israel Prepares f o r t h e 95 Kuwait Liberated
43 S a d d a m Hussein Positions Worst 96 Cease-Fire Talks
44 Smart B o m h o n Target 61 Fire-Fight a t Khafji 79 T o m a h a w k Cruise Launcher 97 A m e r i c a ' s Pride Reborn
45 F-15 Eagle 80 F/A-18 H o r n e t M a r i n e s Retake U.S.
62 Ecological Disaster
46 Supporting the Troops Fighter-Bomber Embassy
63 F-16 F i g h t i n g Falcon
4 7 B-52 S t r a t o f o r t r e s s 99 S c h w a r z k o p f s Finest Hour
64 V i c t i m s of t h e O i l S l i c k 81 M 1 - A 1 B a t t l e Tank
4 8 W a r Fears Hit Super B o w l 100 Checklist
65 Clearing t h e M i n e f i e l d s 82 M a r i n e s Guard P O W s

HEROES O F T H E P E R S I A N G U L F (110) 2 1/ 2 " X 3 1 / 2 "

L i m e Rock, a c o m m e r c i a l p r i n t -
MmM MAIN 8Arn..E l^ANK ing c o m p a n y i n Providence,
Rhode Island, c a m e u p w i t h t h e
m o s t dramatic set name of any
cx:yj'fWT\-Mu\u\d^yuumuu ihyXybh{<uKi ihvioybu
ori lyb-: of t h e G u l f W a r s e t s . D o n ' t e x -
pect t o see pictures of valiant
f i g h t i n g m e n , h o w e v e r , because
m i l i t a r y h a r d w a r e is w h a t t h i s
set is a l l about. T h e color
rriarhi^^v^ >^iin 4
photograph fronts s h o w n navy
i\un. dbydilyy
m
S-JVJ4 :fv; lv<,•4^\^)•A^^V - V : 4'v\>V :> ; . ;\:)i;<:vi;A A^SA,;' ships, aircraft, assault craft,
tanks, helicopters, a n d a varie-

143
H e r o e s o f t h e Persian G u l f

ty of other w e a p o n s and
1 F-117A S t e a l t h Fighter : w . I ' . i yyyy>y .vr.'.'-< ;':o>jy>vvii*>:''f->x 'y^^ yow Sv>.-, vehicles, a n d each p i c t u r e is sur-
2 F-117A S t e a K h Fighter
rr^.WrfV»'>w> <^i:^r
'f'-x ;^ yyyy/ <'<<*<'^-^
:'>c;»>-'^v-'-- xyy.,:':-x'-Vk\'yyyy
r <^x<-x<^'y'f^xdy.'yyy^'.'j\t^<

yv '> <'>:H<(V*A-VVO^'/:'
'^xt- - v «'yy. -^^yi^yx-.
-f^xyyyyy :j-y>\-.<•:<,':

'^-sr
^ x-y. .', >: y y ^ /.s rounded b y a red, w h i t e & blue
f r a m e i i n e . T h e c a r d n u m b e r is
OfrviX^ ^yyyyr

3 T o m a h a w k Cruise M i s s i l e (yowT f « n ^ H v ( ' - X - W ' - ' - ' ' y x x y l^^y.^x yjy-.'yy. '••yy '.:wy - 9y-yj- '

4 T o m a h a w k Cruise M i s s i l e < >:'>•' - > v rfv.iv::«*>vvL^-' » i v r^^X-

p r i n t e d o n l y o n t h e back, w h e r e
5 F-14 T o m c a t
t h e t e x t is p r i n t e d o v e r a n
-•u^u^'!-1^ • A \ X"'.--yx'.^ >-'>,•:'.'. f'-yx'. •-•.•.'.•^

6 F-14 T o m c a t
7 E-3 S e n t r y (AWACS) '• S > : . ' - - ^ y x y yy- \</y:\ ;> -• » , '.'y -yxy WAX< vr.-l'X-: y .r.-. ^y- A m e r i c a n f l a g d e s i g n . T h e cards
8 E-3 S e n t r y (AWACS) w e r e sold only in consecutively
• i p w ; . n^-' ' - v ; - ':-yy>oo^
iif.A^j<,"'yyyyyyyj

9 B-52 S t r a t o f o r t r e s s
PROTOTYPE CARD numbered boxed sets a n d t h e
10 B-52 S t r a t o f o r t r e s s
11 C-141B S t a r i i f t e r c o m p a n y r e p o r t s t h a t 100,000
12 C-141B S t a r i i f t e r w e r e printed. T w o unnumbered
13 A - 1 0 T h u n d e r h o l t 11 variations of cards # 9 a n d #25
14 A - 1 0 T h u n d e r h o l t 11
w e r e g i v e n a w a y as p r o m o t i o n a l
15 OV-10 Bronco ^j^5^ti?^^.•:•••••y••:•:•••:•:•:F
16 OV-10 Bronco
' • • . • • - . .' - • - . .
cards before t h e regular s e t w a s
17 EA-6B P r o w l e r released t o t h e p u b l i c .
18 EA-6B P r o w l e r
19 A - 7 E Corsair 11 ITEM MINT EX
20 A - 7 E Corsair 11 Boxed Set 20.00
21 A-6 Intruder
22 A-6 Intruder REGULAR C A R D
23 F/A-18 Hornet
64 CH-53E Super S t a l l i o n 89 U S S S h r e v e p o r t (LPD-12)
24 F/A-18 Hornet
65 S H - 3 H Sea K i n g 90 U S S A u s t i n (LPD-4)
25 F-15 Eagle
66 AH-64A Apache 91 U S S V a n c o u v e r (LPD-2)
26 F-15 Eagle
67 AH-64A Apache 92 U S S Nashville (LPD-13)
27 F-4 P h a n t o m II
68 U H - 6 0 Black H a w k 93 U S S Pensacoia (LSD-38)
28 F-4 P h a n t o m 11
69 U H - 6 0 Black H a w k 94 U S S S a i n t Louis (LKA-116)
29 C-5 Galaxy
70 U S N S C o m f o r t (AH-20) 95 U S S M o b i l e (LKA-115)
30 C-5 Galaxy
71 USS M i d w a y 96 U S S O k i n a w a (LPH-3)
31 KC-135 S t r a t o t a n k e r
72 USS A m e r i c a 97 U S S Inchon (LPH-12)
32 KC-135 S t r a t o t a n k e r
73 USS Ranger 98 U S S N e w Orleans (LPH-11)
33 F-16 F i g h t i n g Falcon
74 USS T h e o d o r e R o o s e v e h 99 U S S G u a m (LPH-9)
34 F-16 F i g h t i n g Falcon
75 USS Saratoga 100 U S S Blue Ridge (LCC-19)
35 C-130 Hercules
76 U S S J o h n F. Kennedy 101 U S S S a n Bernardino
36 C-130 Hercules
77 USS D a v i d Ray (DD-971) (LST-1189)
37 F-111
78 USS N o r m a n d y (CG-60) 102 U S S V r e e i a n d (FF-1068)
38 F-111 79 USS A n t i e t a m (CG-54) 103 U S S Elmer M o n t g o m e r y
39 A V - 8 B Harrier II 80 USS R i c h m o n d K. Turner (FF-1082)
40 M 6 0 A 1 M a i n B a t t l e Tank
(CG-20) 104 U S S B r e w t o n (FF-1086)
41 Stinger
81 USS Bunker Hill (CG-52) 105 U S S Curtis (FFG-38)
42 M993 H M M W V " H u m m e r
82 USS England (CG-22) 106 U S S W h i t e Plains (AFS-4)
43 M 1 A 1 A h r a m s Tank
83 USS S t e r r e t (CG-31) 107 T h e Pentagon (Checklist I)
44 M 1 A 1 A h r a m s Tank
84 USS B i d d l e (CG-34) 108 H e l i c o p t e r (Checklist II)
45 M 2 B r a d l e y IFV
85 USS N i t r o (AE-23) 109 Refueling a t N i g h t
46 M 2 B r a d l e y IFV
86 USS S e a t t l e (AOE-3) (Checklist III)
47 M l 02
87 USS Missouri 110 L i g h t n i n g over E i s e n h o w e r
48 M l 9 8 1 5 5 m m H o w i U e r (T)
88 USS Wisconsin (Checklist IV)
49 M l 10 8 - I n c h Cannon
50 M l 10 8 - i n c h Cannon
51 M l 09 Self Propelled yApSJyW ,A..yAp^^
Howitzer
52 Hawk Missile System
53 H a r p o o n Cruise M i s s i l e
54 AiM/RIM-74 Sparrow
wmmmimMi
Missile
55 AiM-(9M) Sidewinder
Missile
wmmmmm
56 L a n d i n g Craft A i r Cushion ;.;:*l*fW.''v:v:.;,:v,.:..:^

57 L a n d i n g Craft A i r Cushion
58 U H - 1 N Huey mmmmmmmi
59 U H - 1 N Huey tb-::^

60 CH-46E Sea K n i g h t
61 CH-47 Chinook
62 CH-47 C h i n o o k
63 CH-53D Sea S t a l l i o n

kfiu--yy---vxy
y « y ^

. b^ • b -
:Sy^ \ - \:

' . ' - 1 .

''•X-XA
•....bT^^iCtiZbT!

b-''b,*'.^'^, . V * • to4

.4

144
 L A N D F O R C E (10) 2 1 / 2 "X 31 / 2 "

I (*; i^^/ ib. m ^Xik^
km «l f'm'. Vi :cA»f^ Si:' iSi:vvtv^
1 M u l t i p l e Launch R o c k e t
System
2 M 2 Bradley F i g h t i n g V e h i c l e
3 M 6 0 M a i n B a t t l e Tank
4 M1A1 Ahrams Main Battle
Tank
5 M i l 3 A r m o r e d Personnel
Carrier
6 M l 09 Self-Propelled H o w i t z e r
7 V-600 Commando
8 Chieftain MK-5 Main Battle
Tank
* Landforce C h e c k l i s t (no If)
* General P o w e l l (no
" L a n d f o r c e " is o n e o f t h r e e
C r o w n Sports Card Company
sets devoted t o picturing c o m -
p o n e n t s o f t h e U.S. m i l i t a r y
arsenal w h i c h w a s e m p l o y e d i n
t h e Persian Gulf. A s t h e t i t l e s u g -
g e s t s , t h i s series d e a l s w i t h
t a n k s , m o b i l e m i s s i l e launchers,
a n d a r m o r e d p e r s o n n e l carriers.
T h e r e are e i g h t n u m b e r e d cards
in t h e s e t a n d a l l c o n t a i n m u l t i -
color a r t w o r k c r e a t e d b y J o s e p h
McLain. An unnumbered
checklist card lists t h e e i g h t card
B O N U S CARD t i t l e s o n b o t h f r o n t a n d back and
is marked "Series T w o "
("Skyforce" w a s t h e first s e t
i s s u e d i n t h e series). T h e t e n t h
card in t h e s e t is a n u n n u m b e r e d
\kk
c a r d o f General P o w e l l ; i t has
TitU; y?y^i>^, l-m km'^.dd
ftOS?*: ^:k i^:^, fii?*i>:>fX orange b o r d e r s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e
^wmim^id.,
5^K^<:<Sm^; ;ift,.
bb.; ft,,
:ifteVv;iri V
^.
(ftr^^^:; artwork picture o n front and
^Vftl?:ft; :.j:(f¥i>^;iy ^:5fti<^: ^ b i o g r a p h i c a l d e t a i l s o n hack.
Note: sold only as a complete
•.•.<f:fty:. ^iitvt^rft? yx
•ftft:<ft;;f;> fft-^fl -^i^y .^^ ky-Xxbd^^y ''<<
:->;--ftft -x^O^ft; *:->:;j>/r;s:< yi.-y. --dyksi -yiM. k^'ivyi-s-Xi:^.
10-card set.
yUs< ift-j '•-'<•'•>• b<'-<: k^yy-: <••'. '. y^yyy. y. ••yd
df<y> fyyy.:^ 'y-ybu XyXy. '-yj^yX-. 'yyyy pyyyi: ITEM MINT EX
Ss^^>^o^v vi 0**ft:ft, X^/iii^:(ymyU:/i>Y dy^-ii>.. --iiy Set 6.00
y^fYyy 5:^ftft.:ftft'ftf:<^iftii. yy^i-^^k, t-Vd-'yd-U<-
;x;f-; Y ft Vftfrftft. i?^^/;S, :3;(>r>:!jft;x;^.(;^^}f^;
\--yi-:t^yi k-yf.: '0'y_ '^yyy-:- y 'dk< 'yy\'".
Ykiy< -.J* 5r<fty^ !!ik-*ft,?:)?sJ^ 0-.v:,-1

O P E R A T I O N DESERT S H I E L D (110) 2 1/2" X 3 1/2"

T h i s is t h e o n l y Gulf W a r s e t t o Pacific, h o w e v e r , has c o m p o s e d
be n a m e d "Desert Shield," these t o better advantage than
r e f l e c t i n g Pacific T r a d i n g Card's m a n y of its c o m p e t i t o r s , a n d c o l -
early c o m m i t m e n t t o p r o d u c i n g lectors w i l l be pleased w i t h the
a Persian G u l f series. E x c e p t f o r c r i s p l o o k a n d f e e l o f t h e cards
a f e w photographs that were and the excellent layouts on the
o b v i o u s l y t a k e n in t h e t h e a t e r of b a c k s (22 cards e v e n have s m a l l
operations, m o s t of t h e color color p h o t o s o n t h e reverse). The
p i c t u r e s a p p e a r t o have c o m e series w a s d i s t r i b u t e d i n w a x
f r o m Pentagon publicity stocks. p a c k s a n d as f a c t o r y s e t s (in
three different boxes, t w o used
b y Pacific a n d o n e u s e d b y Treat
H o b b y Products). T o p r o m o t e
sales, t h e c o m p a n y i n s e r t e d t h e
following types of Schwarzkopf
For ActJon
cards randomly into w a x
packages: 30,000 white-
b o r d e r e d , 10,000 g o l d - b o r d e r e d ,
four silver-bordered, a n d three
cards w i t h h o l o g r a m borders.
T h e " c a m o u f l a g e " c o l l e c t o r s ' set
>
also c o n t a i n e d w h i t e - b o r d e r e d
S c h w a r z k o p f cards. Since prices
An 82nd A^rbom^ officer for t h e s e b o n u s cards t e n d t o he
use^s ' ' w a r p a i n f ' n o t o n l y very active, collectors are
b u t a$so t o g j v o hTOsoJf o advised t o check t h e hobby
Hook o f f e r o c i t y publications f o r n e w s about
t h e i r values.
' 'db^^' '\ "'"-v v"''v-^:"A^ I'^v v\•^)1'"iu':.:^;'
F
• k

^••••efv c:!';"r>v - vvof' iR-e ••y>uYi

ft'..- ;\A:^^>0!!"v:e;'^' pftft..'^.^:.^; > O:' a ^
ITEM MINT EX
yyy; - o iy-x'yovy> i x y x y x y x oy-Y Set 16.00 12.00
Boxed set 18.00
Card .10 .07
.15
• • • . ' •

Wrapper

145
 Operation Desert Shield
1 President George Bush 36 H M M W V w i t h T O W
2 V i c e P r e s i d e n t Dan Quayle M i s s i l e Launcher
1
3 General C o l i n P o w e l l 37 M a i n t e n a n c e o n t h e M o v e
4 USO S h o w [Thomas 38 I S S m m H o w i t z e r
Heams] 39 A r m o r C o m e s A s h o r e
5 M a r i n e s D i g In 40 H A W K M i s s i l e
6 The Backbone 41 " H o m e A w a y f r o m H o m e "
7 U.S. A i r b o r n e I n f a n t r y m e n 42 M - 6 0 M a c h i n e G u n
8 Ready for A c t i o n 43 C h e m i c a l D e c o n t a m i n a t i o n
9 "Big M o " Exercise
10 Protection" 4 4 Phoenix A I M M i s s i l e
11 "Mail Cair 45 "Knock Out Punch"
12 F r o n t L i n e Defense 46 ' T o p Brass" [ P o w e l l a n d
13 House-to-House Assault Schwarzkopf >rft-Y;
14 E v a c u a t i o n Exercise 47 FIREI" iX
15 Sidewinder Missile 48 Sidewinder" y 12
16
17
•Time Out" 49 M 5 5 1 S h e r i d a n Tank I CARDS
M e d i c a l Exercise 50 " T h e Dragon S t r i k e s "
18 R e t u r n i n g f r o m Patrol 51 USS D w i g h t D. E i s e n h o w e r
19 Forming Up" 52 USS N i m i t z
20 Night Fighter" 53 U S N S M e r c y
21 Marine Assault 54 USS M i s s o u r i 72 c-141B Stariifter 91 C-130 Hercules
22 M o c k C a s u a l t y Exercise 55 USS LaSalie 73 F-117A S t e a l t h 92 A - 1 0 T h u n d e r b o l t 11 Refuels
23 F-15 Eagle 56 A i r c r a f t Carrier USS 74 "Free K u w e i t " 93 B-S2 S t r a t o f o r t r e s s
24 " M o d e m Day Desert Rat" Saratoga 75 S-3 V i k i n g 94 A - 6 I n t r u d e r s in F o r m a t i o n
25 Marine Corps M1A1 57 USS Forrestai 76 Eyes e n d Ears" 95 F-14A T o m c a t
Ahrams Tank 58 " S e c r e t a r y a n d Foreign 77 Reedy f o r A t t a c k " 96 A-7E Corsair 11
26 M u K i p l e Launch Rocket Minister" 78 Pinpoint Bombing" 97 F-16 F i g h t i n g Falcon
System 59 A m p h i b i o u s A s s a u l t S h i p 79 U H - 4 6 See K n i g h t 98 F/A-18 Hornet
27 M 6 0 A 3 Tank USS i w o J i m a 80 "Feeding the Wild 99 SH-60 Seahawk
28 "Marine Armor" 60 Close A i r Defense Drill Weasels" 100 CH-47 C h i n o o k
29 M l 19 1 0 5 m m H o w i t z e r 61 U.S. N a v y Seals 81 as
Fangs of t f i e Cobra" 101 F-4 P h a n t o m
30 M a r i n e L a n d i n g Craft 62 " C o m i n g A s h o r e " 82 aa
RECON P a t r o l " 102 B-52G w i t h Cruise M i s s i l e s
31 " T h e S c u d ' s Deadliest 63 B a t t l e s h i p USS I o w a 83 F-14 T o m c a t 103 T o m a h a w k Cruise M i s s i l e
Enemy" 64 USS B o s t o n 84 " A MIG'a W o r s t 104 T o m a h a w k Cruise M i s s i l e
32 B o m b Preparation 65 USS W i s c o n s i n Nightmare" Attack
33 U.S. N a v y A i r C u s h i o n e d 66 H a r p o o n Cruise M i s s i l e 85 F-117A S t e a l t h 105 H a r p o o n Cruise M i s s i l e
L a n d i n g Craft 67 " F i r s t A s h o r e " F-15 Eagle 106 USS Wisconsin
34 Marine Light Armored "The Prowler" 87 F-111 A a r d v a r k 107 F-4Gs O v e r Bahrain
Vehicle 69 F-16 F i g h t i n g Falcons EF-111A Raven 108 F/A-18 Fires S i d e w i n d e r
35 T h a n k s g i v i n g i n t h e Desert 70 C-5A Galaxy 89 A-10 Werthog 109 S a u d i A i r Force Pilots
[Bush] 71 " L o a d e d f o r A c t i o n " 90 F-4 P h a n t o m II 110 A V - 8 B Harrier

O P E R A T I O N Y E L L O W R I B B O N (80) 2 1/ 2 " X 3 112"

"Operation Yellow Rlhhon " pro-
duced hy A A A Sports, w a s sold
In c o m p l e t e , h o x e d s e t s o f 60
Bfiaff $ . E c o n o m y
y^md
cards. S o m e o f t h e p r o c e e d s tives and all of t h e "special
f r o m sales w e r e d o n a t e d t o issue c a r d s are t o o m a r k e t -
GYR, a s u p p o r t a g e n c y f o r ser- a c t i v e t o h e l i s t e d here.
vicemen and their families. The
color p h o t o g r a p h s are a b l e n d of ITEM MINT EX
P e n t a g o n s t o c k s a n d s o m e Per- Boxed set 7.00
sian Gulf v i e w s b u t t h e o n l y u n i -
que cards picture servicemen
w h o s e parents are officials In t h e
GYR organization. T h e manufac-
turer made an ohvlous a t t e m p t
t o c a s h In o n t h e p r o m o -
t i o n a l / b o n u s c a r d craze b y
c r e a t i n g 15 d i f f e r e n t s p e c i a l
cards w h i c h are n o t p a r t of t h e
regular set. T h e s e are: (1) a t e n
c a r d s e t n u m b e r e d P I - P I 0; (2) a
Schwarzkopf card, numbered
P11, w i t h s l i v e r f o i l borders; (3)
u n n u m b e r e d , foil-bordered cards
of B u s h (gold), C h e n e y (sliver),
P o w e l l (silver), a n d S c h w a r z k o p f
(sliver). T h e f o i l c a r d s w e r e
m p a c k e d In cases as dealer Incen-
Navy ^Vm
M l

• x' '.' •.y-y.

:y -y<xy v-

146

A
 i n f l nunrifnor
ODeration Yellow Ribbon Desert W a t c h
C<8 A
51
— a. S A S S-
ZO

ZD
lie CAaa^la
T M ^ M M A i M A M A K I A
52 President George H . B u s h
B ^ f c — * —S — — M. — — — a m — — a*.

1 as BP^aBa ^T S
C o m m a n d e r m Chief 53
A m • AL.!—.4

Richard Cheney S e c r e t a r y o f Defense

^ a ^h.M.^a ^^^^a .^h^a w A. ^*.B ^^k^a4.^a ^ a .^a
Z /
^ T — — — — — —

1 aB^PM^a ^B^aMda,^a^a

9ft intra-AraD r o r c e s /^ai:a D « « « a < * l l laSa* r^l*Sa<a a # C^aff

2 S t e a l t h Fighter F-117A Z D 1 ne D a m e or ivnarji C A
54 C o l i n P o w e l l C h r m . J o i n t c n i e r s or s t a f i
^ W * > M

3 Gas M m k 90
Z9 iMimrod Laser G u i d e d M i s s i l e 55
aa 1 ^A • ** ^^^^^^^la

General H . N o r m a n S c h w a r t z k o p f
^ k ^ a ^ » - ^ k ^ ^ ^ ^ h ^ . a ^ a ^ a ^^K^A

s ——
4 HAWK Missiles 9A Desert S t o r m Field C o m m a n d e r
—a
A-/ s on ratrol
A A H D H 4 H A I ^ ^ f c - _ _ — -B — -—- - — - ^ —— -

5 4 4
M-1 A b r a m s Tank
4 4 •
31 P-18 H o r n e t 56 First L i e u t e n a n t Patrick K. M i l l i g a n U S M C
6 T r o o p s a t Ready^ 32 r-1D e a g l e p^ •
J a m e s Paul S e i t h Lance Corporal U S M C
A—. * l A ^ ? A 1 _ 1 A • 1 I A 4 4 A

7 57
U.S. A i r c r a f t G a m e r 99 Super o t a l l i o n 58
P B a_a44A 1
H M 3 Derek L. Sauer
B — . a k . B ^ k - ^ - .

33
8 as 4 % a aan 34 A 4.4-—
A w a i t i n g the Next Mission
« a p H S 4 S H a H 41_- A 4 4 A s— M
59
P A a r .? - — •- — ^^^44^^^^^
Brian S. E c o n o m y G M G 2 N a v y Diver
^ H . ^ k k * k * ^ ^ k k k k . ^ k M

Harrier A V - 8 B
9 T o m c a t s F-14 9C Ihe BIG GUNS 80
A A
^a_B B A p A \ / B l \ / A -- - 4 1a „ 4 ^ 4 B

44? ^ a _ —t 3D SP4- - T- h
- om
- as^ E. A l c2 o r n 1st C A V D i V A r m y
10 9A Un the Alert ^T — ^T^_
PI
B<a
—?1 _—4.
Patriot M i s s i l e (Scud Buster) C o m m a n d e r In Chief
- —1 — 4, — 1

30
99/
n
4 4
Ready t o G o 3 *|«* /XXf PZ s t e a l t h Fighter F - l l / A
B O
u™n t nat^ae u^an e• n s e
/ ^ B - * M * *

90
3o P3 Gas M a s k
1 1A ^ T . . S 4 . 4 44"^ 2I_ r *
12 comrades in Arms
4 A 4 M ^ Bj a aa l a ^* B O
U.S. G u i d e d M i s s i l e Frigate
13 i 90 T K * |n»«S*al«l*
P4 u A t A i v f*:*i
4 A C I M U * * * B A
1 A 4 4 4 * e^ A
33 1 ne invisiDie r i g n t e r K A : * * I * *

U.S. M a r i n e s i n S a u d i Desert 4U B-D2 B o m b e r H

4 A A W K Missies [sic]
M a x i m u m Control .a*
14 P5 M-1 A b r a m s Tank
4 4 B P 4 4 1 -

C
41 ALJ £il AH**a*
15 M a x i m u m Protection P8 T r o o p s a t " R e a d y " i n t h e d e s e r t
4

AH-04 Apache
16 Air Superiority Jl9 Air t o Air Action P7 U.S. A i r c r a f t Carrier
4 f

4Z
1 no o t i n g o r M i s s i i o PS Harrier A V - 8 B
A Z« A S«
Z9
4 A 4 ^ A — 4 Sf

1/ Air t o A i r Refueling 43
18 AA r - 1 4 l o m c s t A^ob i n t r u d o r P9 T o m c a t s F-14
4 A A^—. A —. •

Sea S u p e r i o r i t y 44
19
4 A
A l l i e d G r o u n d Forces 4D Iraqi P.O.W.s P10 Patriot M i s s i l e (SCUD Buster)
20 Black H a w k UH-60A H e l i c o p t e r Aa
40 i l U AA D i * * L p 1 1 i- P11 Gen. N o r m a n S c h w a r z k o p f
U H - D O Black H a w k
21 Allied Troops in A c t i o n 47 Carrier L a n d i n g G o l d Foil President George H. B u s h
22 U.S.S. W i s c o n s i n 48 A-10 Werthog Silver Foil Richard Cheney
23 F r m K u w a i t i A i r Force 49 Pilot's V i e w Silver Foil Gen. C o l i n P o w e l l
24 M i d - A i r Refueling 50 Standing Guard Silver Foil Gen. H. N o r m a n S c h w a r z k o p f

SEAFORCE (10) 2 1/ 2 " X 3 1 / 2 "

Series Three o f t h e C r o w n bordered card o f t h e "Com-
S p o r t s Card C o m p a n y ant hol ogy mander I n Chief." Joseph
of Desert S t o r m w e a p o n r y Is e n - McClaIn c r e a t e d t h e a r t w o r k f o r
t i t l e d " S e a f o r c e . " T h e r e are t e n t h e cards, w h i c h w e r e s o l d o n -
cards In t h e s e t e i g h t n u m b e r e d , l y In c o m p l e t e s e t s .
a r t w o r k pictures o f naval
ITEM MINT EX
vessels, a n unnumbered
Set 6.00
checklist card, plus an orange-

1 LCAC Landing Craft

!0 A i r Cushion
2 Carrier U S S A m e r i c a
I . h • _ ' , "^ '
(CV-88)
3 M S G Mine Sweeper
b 1^ iX i ' T ) ' ••• / a ? "!
^•^^>A*^>>'^>ft^yyft•>>^•>.v•^•.' ^^^ft^ft'.'A^•^^ft:>>*••'•^" 8|gT« 'km.mdl''-ry 4 A m p h i b i o u s Assault
Vehicle
5 Cruiser U S S
Longheach
k. k d yr: iije iyiks '-jy-x - \dyzxi^dymyi W 8 Frigate U S S Raid
y-m km-x\ m i \kyd Gfe k - m (FFG-30)
! ftv^^N:^ avftvift rftcftv?^^ ;ftftft-. ^y.•::^
7 Carrier U S S Inchon
.ft> rftX"; ^:^^^:ft^ % f t : ft::i j;ftS::f>;S;;? l^y k u YifUf:
m ^^
' ft'ftft>:' ft-vftxft
>.ft"ft: :^:v^ :^i>ft^:^ ;:^:fto^ ^Jft;: C-K^' iy V. x-yy. -•.y-.m-' kxyd ky<^ mUi xft Z'.yky
(LPH-12)
8 Battleship USS
?JtSfJ>stftyftiJft^: fv>ft :ftft>ft ^;;':S:ftfto' vy 'vSft; :ftft ••• ; : W f t '•>: m '•\xy4 %ky\
W i s c o n s i n (BB-84)
f^Stftss: J;5 ;i^-ft:j'' ft::fe-> ;:ift^ ••^iJ-ft^^v'; ^:ftftt:f\'ft;?'
* Seaforce Checklist
(no #)
* C o m m a n d e r In Chief
Pm^d^t\i &^d^^ "^^i&^h^^ fewii^ (no jy)
: .:- ::y-:: : :-ly iy-yyy

B O N U S CARD

SKYFORCE (9) 2 1 / 2 " X 3 112"

' - m i

Y-V-• • V - f t ..-^^v^vT*'^'-•
w r i t t e n In p e n c i l o n t h e back. A
special p r o m o t i o n a l card o f
' '.\-ft ' .R\- ft'^^• •' Fft\' ' 'ftVWVWV'.- ' • - '.•.\-x-.^.-yy^-.-^-.-y
•v:•^:^^^:•:••>:•:'^:>^:^•:^^^^

l-;:ft:-
General Schwarzkopf w a s
.\ftN» d i s t r i b u t e d t o dealers; according
Jtf^mt; Ti«ft\J: y,ift^ ivs t o t h e company, 1250 w e r e
I -y
p r i n t e d . T h e " S k y f o r c e " s e t Is
complete a t eight numbered
\ •

1 Ml y .^^
I
VV>\ft>)i?
Siftovii ;:ft i^'likfttftftS~ft;;-••Xi'vftift.^:^.'"
; cards a n d o n e unnumbered
•ftftft:;fto;;;fty ^f;ft
c h e c k l i s t a n d w a s Issued i n a
x; "•:)
m
blue paper w r a p p e r ( b o t h "Land-
• " ••

f o r c e " a n d " S e a f o r c e " are t e n

c a r d sets).
In c h r o n o l o g i c a l t e r m s , " S k y -
force" w a s t h e first o f three ITEM MINT EX
C r o w n S p o r t s Card C o m p a n y Set 6.00
sets d e p i c t i n g U.S. military hard-
ware a n d t h e unnumbered
1 A-10 T h u n d e r b o l t 11 " W e r t h o g
c h e c k l i s t f o r t h i s nine-card set Is 2 F-117A S t e a l t h F i g h t e r
c l e a r l y m a r k e d " F i r s t Series." 3 F-14 T o m c a t
The production run w a s limited 4 F/A-18 H o r n e t
5
t o 15,000 s e t s a n d t h e c o l o r a r t - F-15 Eagle
6 A-6 Intruder
w o r k w a s drawn h y Joseph 7 A - 7 Corsair
McLaln. Collectors w i l l find t h a t 8 A-4 Skyhawk
e a c h c a r d h a s a serial n u m b e r No # Checklist

147
 T H E DESERT S T O R M C A R D
C O L L E C T I O N (20) 2 1 / 2 " X 3 112"

The distinction of heing t h e first

Desert S t o r m card series
b e l o n g s t o t h e Initial n i n e - c a r d
g r o u p of ' T h e Desert S t o r m Card
Collection," a creation of Crown
S p o r t s Card Co. T h e b l a c k a n d
w h i t e drawings were produced
h y J o s e p h M c L a l n a n d e a c h Is
surrounded by wide
" c a m o u f l a g e " borders. A s e c o n d
series o f t e n c a r d s . In t h e s a m e
1 s t y l e , w a s d i s t r i b u t e d a t a later
date, h u t Is n o w being packaged
w r t h t h e first printing t o f o r m a
2 0 - c a r d s e t ( t h e 2 0 t h c a r d Is a n
unnumbered checklist). Note:
a l t h o u g h t h i s s e t Is l i s t e d as a
20-card set below, collectors
may encounter It divided Into a
1 s t series (9 cards) a n d 2 n d
series (11 cards) f o r $3.00 each.
ITEM MINT EX
Set 6.00

SERIES 1 SET SERIES 11 SET

1 " I n Y o u r Face" H e a d e r / C h e c k l i s t card
2 Q u a r t e r b a c k Sack 10 " S c u d b u s t a r s "
3 Foiled A g a i n 11 U S A - Laading t h a W a y "
as\

4 " M a k e M y Day" 12 A n Easy S t r i k a "

5 Over t h e T o p 13 Racord T I m a "
a»\

6 "Dance, P i l g r i m " 14 B a t t a r U p "

7 Rambush 15 A M a j o r A c h l a v a m a n t "
8 Cutting Remarks 16 S t o r m i n ' Norman'
asi aa

9 First R o u n d T K O 17 B a h i n d t h a 8 Bali
aa\ \aa

18 " W o r l d C h a m p i o n s h i p
Taam"
19 " B a a n K a a p i n ' B a d C o m p a n y
Boys"

ASK AT YOUR LOCAL BOOKSTORE FOR THE MANY

Q U A L I T Y S P O R T A M E R I C A N A PRICE G U I D E S AVAIL-
ABLE FOR THE CARD A N D AUTOGRAPH COLLECTOR

148
 T R I U M P H S & H O R R O R S OF
G U L F W A R (50)
1 M a n of t h e Hour
2 A n A l l i e d Tank u n d e r Fire
3 Greek Riot Police Clash w i t h
Protestors
4 Demonstrators for Saddam
5 S c u d Damage in Saudi
Arabia
6 Israelis Brace f o r S c u d
Attacks
7 Kuwaitis Demonstrate
A g a i n s t Hussein
8 B o m b s Burst in B a g h d a d
9 U.S. Barracks a f t e r a S c u d
Hit
10 Refugee C a m p V i o l e n c e
11 Israeli W o m a n H i t h y S c u d
Attack
12 A T i m e t o Pray
13 S c u d A t t a c k s W r e a k Havoc
14 B o m b e d o u t B u i l d i n g in
Baghdad
15 Dead Iraqi Civilians
16 Faith in G o d S u r v i v e s
17 S c u d s H i t Israel A g a i n
18 H u n g r y Refugees H o p i n g f o r
Food
19 Israeli W o m e n - H o m e l e s s
But Alive
2 0 E x p l o d i n g Iraqi Bunker
21 C a p t u r e d in t h e Desert
22 U.S. M a r i n e w i t h Iraqi
Prisoner
23 The V i c t o r Leading t h e
Vanquished
V I C T O R Y (1)
"Victory" a "one card set"
commemorating t h e U.S.
m i l i t a r y t r i u m p h i n t h e Persian
Gulf War — w a s specifically
d e s i g n e d t o t a r g e t c o l l e c t o r s of
" s p e c i a l i s s u e " cards. T h e c a r d
c o n t a i n s a color a r t w o r k p o r t r a i t
p a n o r a m a of B u s h , P o w e l l , a n d
THE
2 1/2" X 3 112"
Y o u m a y n o t like t h e results, b u t
y o u have t o c r e d i t T N T L S t u d i o s
for producing a card set w h i c h
21 lives u p t o i t s name. S o m e of t h e
m o r e graphic w i r e p h o t o s w h i c h
e l u d e d t h e A m e r i c a n p u b l i c dur-
: • ^VF^^F>^ ' ''y.-> V i n g t h e Gulf W a r h a v e s h o w e d
u p o n these cards. Collectors
'ft'.-".
F"X'' ' . * ' r - -
V .
• V
have voiced different opinions
about the m o t i v e for creating
t h e set: w a s i t c o n t r o v e r s y
d e s i g n e d t o sell c a r d s o r t o p r o -
m o t e peace? Certainly, t h e dona-
t i o n of a p o r t i o n of t h e p r o f i t s t o
t h e Feinstein W o r l d Hunger
Center is a p o s i t i v e indicator, b u t
c o l l e c t o r s are w a r n e d t h a t t h e
c o n t e n t s of t h i s s e t m a y he
u n s e t t l i n g t o c h i l d r e n . T h e 50
cards in t h e set have glossy
obverse surfaces w i t h color
photos surrounded hy blue
b o r d e r s . T h e m a t t e f i n i s h hacks
contain a short t e x t t h e card
number, and a B r o w n Universi-
t y / F e i n s t e i n C e n t e r logo. N o t e :
s o l d as h o x e d s e t s o n l y .
ITEM MINT EX
Set 25.00
40 A f t e r t h e W a r - D e v a s t a t i o n
Continues
41 T h e V i c e President Speaks
Out
42 Hungry, Cold a n d Desperate
43 K u r d i s h Refugees C l a m o r i n g
Stoning Saddam for Food
A n Iraqi T o r t u r e V i c t i m 4 4 T h e H i d e o u s Scars of War
33 A G i f t f o r Her Savior 45 S t a r v i n g K u r d s S t o r m Bread
2 4 Iraqi Prisoners G u a r d e d h y 34 Cheering K u w a i t i C h i l d r e n Trailer
Kuwaitis o n D e s t r o y e d Tank 46 N e w Life S u r r o u n d e d by
25 R e t u r n i n g in T r i u m p h 35 The U g l y Face of P o l l u t i o n Death
2 8 Burned Bus & Iraqi B o d i e s 36 Head of Our V i c t o r i o u s 47 T h e I n n o c e n t Suffer and Die
27 The Face of Hell Forces 4 8 T h e Face of Death
28 W a r t i m e Horrors Spare N o 37 A t Last - K u w a i t Freed 49 Refugees Devour Bread
Creature 38 The W i n n e r and t h e Losers Crumbs
29 L i b e r a t i o n C e l e b r a t i o n 39 Charred L i m b s Hang f r o m 50 T u r n e d Back at t h e T u r k i s h
30 Cheering t h e U.S. T r o o p s Wrecked Truck Border
2 1/2'' X 3 1 / 2 "
Landforce
99
Skyf
99 99
Schwarzkopf which is
emhellished w i t h gold foil a n d "Seaforce")- T h i s single card
b o r d e r s . T h e h a c k carries a arrived in t h e marketplace w i t h
sentence of dedication t o these a m a n u f a c t u r e r - i n d u c e d value of
"United States Commanders" $6.00 a n d o n l y t i m e w i l l t e l l h o w
and mentions the three collectors respond t o it at t h a t
w e a p o n r y sets also p r o d u c e d h y price.
C r o w n S p o r t s C a r d Co. o f
I • ' J , " ^ .
;^^^^ft :ftV
ymdr.
ydddYdx0biimmt>^.mm x
ik.A^
149
 S A T U R D A Y N I G H T LIVE (150) 2 1/2" X 3 112"
It o c c u r r e d t o me^ as I w a s l o o k i n g over t h e c a r d p r o o f s i l l u s t r a t e d here (graciously p r o v i d e d by
S t a r Pics), t h a t S a t u r d a y N i g h t Live is a rare o l d b i r d a m o n g a covey o f r a t h e r c o m m o n t e l e v i s i o n f o w l .
I f s d i f f i c u l t t o believe^ h u t t r u a t h a t S N L m a d e i t s d e b u t seventeen years a g o i n 1975L O n l y t h e T o n i g h t
S h o w a n d 60 M i n u t e s have enjoyed longer careers o n the t u b a T h a t s an incredible a c h i e v e m e n t especial-
ly for a live-broadcast performance-television show.
Has a n y s h o w in radio o r t e l e v i s i o n m a d e s u c h a n i n d e l i b l e i m p r e s s i o n o n s o c i e t y ? I d o u b t i t .
C o u n t l e s s c a t c h w o r d s a n d p h r a s e s f r o m i t have b e c o m e i n g r a i n e d i n o u r s p e e c h ("isn't t h a t special?!")
W e o f t e n m i m i c characters f r o m i t w h e n w e w a n t t o m a k e a p o i n t ("But n o o o o l " o r " N e v - e r m i n d l " ) -
A n d i t has s e r v e d as a s t e p p i n g s t o n e t o f a m e f o r a g e n e r a t i o n of c o m e d i a n s w h o r e d e f i n e d t h e very
w o r d " c o m e d y " for m i l l i o n s o f A m e r i c a n s . If t h e r e ever w a s a s h o w t h a t c a m e u p o n t h e s c e n e a t t h e
r i g h t time, S a t u r d a y N i g h t Live w a s i t . A s Bill M u r r a y s a i d i n t h e m o v i e " S t r i p e s , " 1975 w a s t h e year
i n w h i c h A m e r i c a ' s w a r r e c o r d w e n t f r o m " n i n e - a n d - o h " t o " n i n e - a n d - o n a " S N L h e l p e d us w e a t h e r t h e
psychological s h o c k of t l i e V i e t n a m disaster a n d s l i o w e d us t h a t w e c o u l d s t i l l laugh. T h a t is o n e reason
t h a t t l i e s h o w has such a legendary r e p u t a t i o n a n d s u c h a loyal f o l l o w i n g a m o n g m i d d l e - a g e d Americans.
Card c o l l e c t o r s a n d S N L f a n s w i l l have t h e t i m e o f t h e i r lives w i t h S t a r Pic's C a r d A r t s e t o f 150
t i t l e s . T h e series is d u e t o he released i n J u n e a n d w i l l h e d i s t r i b u t e d o n l y i n packs. T h e cards t h e m s e l v e s
w i l l c o n t a i n c o l o r a n d b l a c k & w h i t e p h o t o g r a p h s t a k e n d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e s h o w . Of course^ t h e r e w i l l
n o t b e a n y m a t e r i a l f r o m t h e E d d i e M u r p h y / B i l l y C r y s t a l era (1980-84) - t h i s isn't e v e n a v a i l a b l e for
t e l e v i s i o n reruns - h u t all t h e rest of y o u r f a v o r i t e characters w i l l s h o w u p o n t h e Star Pics cards. M o d e m
f a v o r i t e s w i l l i n c l u d e C h u r c h Lady, Hans & F r a n ^ T o o n c e s t h e Cat, a n d Wayne's W o r l d ; f o r o l d e r fans
t h e r e w i l l b e cards f o r t h e Coneheads, S a m u r a i , T h e Blues Brothers, Landshark, Baha W a w a , Chico
Escuella, E m i l y Litella, Bass-0-Mati<v a n d M e l ' s Char Palace^ t o n a m e a f e w .
S o hear m e n o w a n d r e m e m b e r m e l a t e r t h i s is THE f u n s e t of 1992, a n d possibly, of t h e d e c a d a
T h a n k y o u . S t a r Pics, f o r m a k i n g a d r e a m c o m e t r u e !

1 Checklist 39 Nerds 76 C a n d y Slice 114 Ronald Reagan

2 Checklist 40 Nerds 77 Widettes 115 George B u s h
3 S u p e r Fans 41 Nerds 78 Wolverines 116 George B u s h
4 S u p e r Fans 42 Samurai 79 Roseanne & T o m 117 Belushi Rant
5 C h u r c h Lady 43 Samurai 80 T a m m y Faye Bakker 118 C h e v y Chase
6 C h u r c h Lady 44 Alien Spacewoman 81 Barbara Bush 119 Jane Curtin
7 C h u r c h Lady 45 All Things Scottish 82 Carsenio 120 Chico Escuela
8 Stuart Smalley 46 Ail Drug Olympics 83 J o h n n y 8i Ed 121 At Franken Decade
9 Stuart Smalley 47 Chippendales 84 Cyrano de Bergerac 122 E m i l y Litella
10 Hans & Franz 48 Chris Farley S h o w 85 B e t t e Davis 123 Bill M u r r a y
11 Hans & Franz 49 Coffee T a w k 86 Dylan 8i P e t t y 124 Point / C o u n t e r p o i n t
12 Hans & Franz 50 The Devil 87 Harvey Fierstein 125 Point / C o u n t e r p o i n t
51 Gulf W a r Briefing 88 Frank SL Nancy 126 Roseanne Roseannadanna
52 H a n u k k a h Harry 89 Frank 8i S a m m y 127 Annoying Man
53 Iraqi Pete 90 S a d d a m Hussein 128 Grumpy Old Man
54 Lothar 91 Jagger 8i Richards 129 Dennis M i l l e r
55 Middle-Aged Man 92 Leona & Zsa Zsa 130 Kevin Nealon
56 Receptionist 93 McLaughlin Group 131 Q u e e n Shenequa
57 Simon 132 Victoria Jackson
58 G.E. S m i t h 133 Buzz Pen
59 S w e e n e y Sisters 134 Chia Head
60 Lank T h o m p s o n 135 Compulsion
61 V i c t o r i a ' s Secrets 136 Colon B l o w
82 T h e Blues Brothers 137 D y s f u n c t i o n a l X m a s LP
83 C h e v y Falls
64 Chevy's Girls
85 Festrunk B r o t h e r s
66 Franken 8i Davis
67 Killer Bees
68 Landshark
89 Lifer Follies
13 I'm C h i l l i n '
70 Irwin Mainway
14 I'm C h i l l i n '
71 Mr. M i k e
15 Pat
72 Judy Miller
18 Pat
73 N i c k t h e Lounge Singer
17 Pat
74 N o t Ready ... Players
18 Pat
75 O t y m p i a Diner
19 Richmeister 94 Sinead O'Connor
20 Richmeister 95 Sally Jessy Raphael
21 Sprockets 96 Regis & Kathie Lee
22 Sprockets 97 A x ! Rose
23 Sprockets 98 Gen. S c h w a r z k o p f
24 Toonces 99 Gene Shalit
25 Toonces 100 Clarence T h o m a s
138 Handi-Off
26 Toonces 101 T o n t o , Tarzan 8i
139 H a p p y Fun Ball
27 Wayne's World Frankenstein
140 H e d l e y 8i W y c h e
28 Wayne's World 102 J u l i a Child
141 Love T o i l e t
29 Wayne's World 103 J o e Cocker
142 Lung Brush
30 Wayne's World 104 Kissinger 8i N i x o n
143 Nikey Turkey
31 NatX 105 T o m Snyder
144 S c h m r t f s Gay Beer
32 Nat X 106 Star Trek
145 Bass-O-Matic
33 Nat X 107 Liz Taylor
148 Donuts
34 Coneheads 108 Tina Turner
147 Jewess Jeans
35 Coneheads 109 Baha W a w a
148 M e l ' s Char Palace
36 Coneheads 110 Lina W e r t m u l l e r
149 Shimmer
37 E. Buzz M i l l e r 111 Richard N i x o n
150 Swill
38 E. Buzz M i l l e r 112 Gerald Ford
113 J i m m y Carter
Copyright ©1992 by Christopher Benjamin

All rights reserved. This work cannot be reproduced in any form or by any means except
in writing from the publisher. Prices in this guide reflect current retail rates determined just
prior to printing. They do not reflect for sale prices by the author, publisher, distributors, adver-
tisers, or any card dealers associated with this guide. Every effort has been made to eliminate
errors. Readers are invited to write us noting any errors which may be researched and cor-
rected in subsequent printings. The publisher will not be held responsible for losses which
may occur in the sale or purchase of cards because of information contained herein.

SPORT AMERICANA® is a registered trademark of

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M a n u f a c t u r e d i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s of A m e r i c a
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I S B N 0-937424-57-9

r
3/20/23, 6:56 AM The Iraq War started 20 years ago with a wave of airstrikes

History → Wars → Iraq War

‘Shock and awe’: The Iraq War

started 20 years ago with a wave of
airstrikes
Before ground troops invaded, coalition forces targeted Iraq's early warning sites from the
skies.
BY NICHOLAS SLAYTON | PUBLISHED MAR 19, 2023 4:26 PM EDT

T wenty years ago today, on March 19, 2003 the war in Iraq started. American and allied forces began
the war not on the ground but in the skies. What unfolded was dozens of airstrikes across Iraq
targeting early warning sites and Iraqi leadership, meant to pave the way for the ground invasion
that launched March 20.

“On my orders, coalition forces have begun striking selected targets of military importance to undermine
Saddam Hussein’s ability to wage war. These are opening stages of what will be a broad and concerted
campaign,” President George W. Bush said in his address to the United States the evening of the 19th.

The air campaign on March 19 was mostly forgotten once ground operations began and coalition forces
took Baghdad, but the first day of the war saw the United States and its allies quickly succeed in one goal
and fail at its second. The former was the mission to take out many of Iraq’s early warning systems, to
provide cover and confusion for the ground operation that followed. Members of the 160th Special
Operations Airborne Regiment used helicopters to attack more than 70 sites along Iraq’s western and
southern borders, which also gave special operations ground forces leeway to insert into the country.

The other mission was to take out Iraq’s leadership in a series of decapitation strikes. Many of these
figures would end up on the infamous deck of cards that were introduced by the United States a month
later. The strikes were changed to focus on Saddam Hussein himself and his two sons Uday and Qusay,
who were said to be visiting the al-Dura Farms complex at the time. The bunker buster bombs and cruise
missiles hit the area and caused casualties, but the Husseins were not present.

At the time of the invasion, the Bush administration repeatedly said that the justification to go after
Hussein was his possession and development of weapons of mass destruction and his ties to al-Qaeda,
both of which turned out to be false.

The opening airstrikes were meant to be disruptive, to leave Iraqi defenders confused and unorganized as
coalition forces moved in. The initial targeted strikes wrapped up on March 21, followed quickly by a
wider air campaign that involved more than 1,500 air strikes, part of a “shock and awe” strategy to not
only take out Iraqi targets but discourage Iraqi forces from fighting back.

Although Bush stated in his March 19, 2003 address that “coalition forces will make every effort to spare
innocent civilians from harm,” by the end of the first year of the war more than 13,000 civilians had been
killed, according to Brown University’s Cost of War project. One civilian death took place on March 19,
2003, at the al-Dura farm, where Hussein was not present.

The March 19 air campaign was the opening salvo of the years-long war, which by the time the United
States withdrew troops in 2011, killed 4,923 American and allied troops, more than 30,000 Iraqi fighters
and by conservative estimates hundreds of thousands of civilians.

https://taskandpurpose.com/history/iraq-war-20th-anniversary-airstrikes/ 1/2
3/20/23, 6:56 AM The Iraq War started 20 years ago with a wave of airstrikes

On March 20 coalition forces crossed over the Iraqi border, launching a ground offensive. Baghdad fell on
April 5. Bush would give his “mission accomplished” speech on May 1, claiming that “major combat
operations in Iraq have ended,” although senior Iraqi officials remained unaccounted for and a long and
deadly Iraqi insurgency was beginning. Uday and Qusay Hussein would be killed by special operations
forces on July 22, and Saddam would be captured many months later on Dec. 13.

The latest on Task & Purpose

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Jon Bernthal is back as The Punisher in ‘Daredevil: Born Again’
The Russian military is so low on ammo that troops are reduced to fighting with e-tools
How the World War I Maxim machine gun became a weapon of choice in Ukraine
IRAQ WAR WARS

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3/20/23, 6:58 AM "Iraqi Most Wanted" Deck of Playing Cards | National Museum of American History

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"Iraqi Most Wanted" Deck of Playing Cards

DESCRIPTION
Physical Description
Paper box with black graphics reading "Iraqi Most Wanted."
General History
A deck of cards depicting the 52 most wanted Iraqis was first seen on 11 April 2003 when
Brigadier General Vincent Brooks held up the deck at a press briefing in Qatar. The cards
were designed "to provide a reminder of key Iraqi personnel of interest and to provide a
recreational resource for troops in the field," according to the Department of Defense.
"We try to have things that have dual usage whenever we can," said U.S. Army Major
Randi Steffy, a Central Command spokesperson. Only a few days after the general
introduced the cards, collectors started looking to acquire them. An initial print run of
only a couple hundred decks was sent to Central Command in Qatar for distribution. The
popularity and demand for the cards sent the Defense Department to an outside
contractor, United States Playing Card Company, to reproduce the popular item.
OBJECT NAME
Deck of Cards
DATE MADE
2003
MAKER

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3/20/23, 6:58 AM "Iraqi Most Wanted" Deck of Playing Cards | National Museum of American History

The United States Playing Card Company

REFERENCED
Iraq
USED
Iraq
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
paper (overall material)
ink (writing material)
plastic (wrapper material)
MEASUREMENTS
overall: 9.144 cm x 6.604 cm x 1.778 cm; 3 5/8 in x 2 5/8 in x 11/16 in
ID NUMBER
2004.0170.09
ACCESSION NUMBER
2004.0170
CATALOG NUMBER
2004.0170.09
RELATED EVENT
Operation Iraqi Freedom
Contemporary United States
Operation Iraqi Freedom
SEE MORE ITEMS IN
Political and Military History: Armed Forces History, Military (/collections/search?
edan_q=&edan_fq[]=set_name:%22Political+and+Military+History%3A+Armed+Forces+Hist
search)
Military (/collections/search?
edan_q=&edan_fq[]=set_name:%22Military%22&custom_search_id=collections-search)
ThinkFinity (/collections/search?
edan_q=&edan_fq[]=set_name:%22ThinkFinity%22&custom_search_id=collections-search)
EXHIBITION
Price of Freedom (/collections/search?
edan_q=&edan_fq[]=set_name:%22Price+of+Freedom%22&custom_search_id=collections-
search)

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3/20/23, 6:58 AM "Iraqi Most Wanted" Deck of Playing Cards | National Museum of American History

EXHIBITION LOCATION
National Museum of American History (/collections/search?
edan_q=&edan_fq[]=set_name:%22National+Museum+of+American+History%22&custom_
search)
DATA SOURCE
National Museum of American History

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https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1274339 4/4
Desert Storm trading cards
Desert Storm trading cards are sets of trading cards that feature people and equipment involved in the
Persian Gulf War. The cards were published in the United States by various companies and the size of sets
varied greatly between companies (such as the nine-card set published by Crown Sports Cards, and the 250
card-set published by Pro Set). The cards were claimed to be educational, with proceeds of the sales
benefiting the children of Persian Gulf War veterans, and were produced at a time when the trading card
industry was expanding its range well outside of the traditional sports figures.

Contents
Topps set
Other sets
Background and popularity
Economic and political background
Popularity and proceeds
Criticism
See also
References

Topps set
The Topps set is made up of 88 cards and 22 stickers,[1] and includes
images of people and material from all sides of the conflict.[2] They
display people such as Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. and Dick Cheney,[3] or
military weapons or vehicles.[4] As Commander in Chief, George H. W.
Bush was featured as the first card in the series.[2] The weapon and
equipment cards give descriptions of each item's features, with
information supplied by sources from The Pentagon and weapon
George H. W. Bush was
suppliers. A package of nine cards and one sticker cost 50¢. Topps featured as card number 1 in
commented on the series stating it was "neither frivolous nor the Topps set.
opportunistic", and the product did not "glamorize war". Topps insisted
the cards provided adults and children educational information in a "non-
sensational way".[1]

Topps issued the Desert Storm Collector Cards in three series: Series I: Coalition For Peace, Series II:
Victory Series and Series III: Homecoming Edition.

Other sets
Pro Set entered the field after Topps did and, they claimed, they took their inspiration from the troops
themselves, who supposedly asked the company, "Why don't you do a set of cards to tell Americans what
we're doing over here." They published a set of 250 cards (including foreign leaders and countries of the
middle east), sold in packs of ten, with proceeds going to "charities for the children of Desert Storm
veterans", according to the company's president.[5] Pacific Trading Cards published a 110-card set, and a
set of nine caricatures was published by Crown Sports Cards.[2]

Background and popularity

Economic and political background

Desert Storm trading cards were part of a broader movement within the trading card industry, which looked
to move away from an "oversaturated and...overpriced" market, and had begun printing cards featuring
"cartoon heroes, television personalities, rock stars and even murderers".[6]

According to Steven C. Dubin, they were indicative of a wave of "patriotic fervor" that swept the US at the
time of Desert Storm.[7] That the cards are iconic images of the combination of economics and patriotism
has been noted by many writers.[8][9]

Popularity and proceeds

The trading cards were popular outside of the typical "card collectors", and they sold quickly. Some stores
sold their stock within hours of delivery, and others selling out within a week. Pro Set pledged to donate
(the higher of) either $1 million or the entire proceeds from their Desert Storm trading card series to
children of Desert Storm veterans, while Topps made unspecified donations, including to the United
Service Organizations.[2]

Their popularity was attested by Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1989 to 1993,
who said that at the time he spent "a good part of [his] time" signing cards. Ten years later, Topps revisited
the idea by printing a set of similar cards related to Operation Enduring Freedom.[10] Supposedly, the card
with Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. was the inspiration for the title of the Beastie Boys' 1992 album Check Your
Head.[11]

In the film Garden State (2004), a scene shows Andrew (Zach Braff) looking through a binder containing a
near-complete set of the trading cards belonging to his friend, Mark (Peter Sarsgaard), who briefly
discusses with him their significance.

Criticism
The trading cards have come under attack for at least two reasons, accuracy and cultural impact. The
information on some of the Topps cards was criticized as being incorrect (such as saying NATO had 27
members, when in 1991 it had sixteen), redundant (such as "ground combat infantryman"), blatantly
obvious ("Transport ships carry enormous weights"), or "simply incomprehensible" (such as the vague
statement "Range and accuracy (of missiles) varies from a few feet to several hundred miles").[1]

See also
Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards

References
 1. Hampson, Rick (11 February 1991). "Hardware heroes in new Gulf war trading cards" (http
s://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x3BGAAAAIBAJ&pg=2492,3099078&dq=desert+stor
m+trading+cards&hl=en). Hudson Valley Morning News (AP). Retrieved 7 March 2012.
2. Thorner, Jim (8 March 1991). "Trading card craze:Desert Storm is hot" (https://news.google.c
om/newspapers?id=bbciAAAAIBAJ&pg=3291,1172101&dq=desert+storm+trading+cards&h
l=en). Beaver County Times. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
3. Romine, Rich (20 March 1991). "Desert Storm cards available" (https://news.google.com/ne
wspapers?id=EHBLAAAAIBAJ&pg=6882,2187340&dq=desert+storm+trading+cards&hl=e
n). Oxnard Press-Courier. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
4. "Military hardware 'Topps' list on Desert Storm trading cards" (https://news.google.com/news
papers?id=eQchAAAAIBAJ&pg=6046,1362774&dq=desert+storm+trading+cards&hl=en).
The Hour (AP). 12 February 1991. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
5. Stapleton, Arnie (5 March 1991). "Desert Storm cards ready for market" (https://news.google.
com/newspapers?id=c4pBAAAAIBAJ&pg=2581,3149024&dq=desert+storm+trading+cards
&hl=en). Point Pleasant Register. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
6. Meier, Barry (19 September 1992). "In Trading Cards, A New Ball Game" (https://www.nytim
es.com/1992/09/19/news/in-trading-cards-a-new-ball-game.html?src=pm). The New York
Times. p. 48. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
7. Dubin, Steven C. (2001). Displays of power: controversy in the American Museum from the
Enola Gay to Sensation (https://books.google.com/books?id=zqcZvfSjE5cC&pg=PA157).
NYU Press. p. 157. ISBN 9780814718902.
8. Ehrhart, William Daniel (2002). The madness of it all: essays on war, literature, and
American life (https://books.google.com/books?id=EgRjhL4BetkC&pg=PA14). McFarland.
p. 14. ISBN 9780786413331.
9. Slyomovics, Susan (2001). "Sex, Lies, and Television: Algerian and Moroccan Caricatures
of the Gulf War" (https://books.google.com/books?id=5XGeEhoobIwC&pg=PA73). In Suad
Joseph, Susan Slyomovics (ed.). Women and power in the Middle East. U of Pennsylvania
P. pp. 72–3. ISBN 9780812217490.
10. Hackett, Thomas (4 November 2001). "War Is in the Cards For Kids" (http://articles.nydailyne
ws.com/2001-11-04/news/18370183_1_cards-cheap-shot-trading). NY Daily News.
Retrieved 9 March 2012.
11. Coleman, Brian (2007). Check the technique: liner notes for hip-hop junkies (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=QuOBbFeg0JIC&pg=PA27). Random House. p. 27.
ISBN 9780812977752.

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 VIA
AIR SPEED E MISSILE FIRED AT IRAQ
cides to fight to the end, as he well THE GULF WAR
may. " I f he backed off," says Jordanian
Gen. Abdul-hadj Majali, who knows
Hussein personally, "he knows he
would not survive." Already, Hussein
has surprised the allied air forces by
stepping up his air defenses after their
initial pounding. Senior Air Force com-
Air powers
ultimate test
manders in Saudi Arabia also believe he
is holding back some of his fighter and
attack aircraft to be used to support his
ground troops once the allies cross the
Kuwaiti border. Ground commanders
under General Schwarzkopf also worry
that the air war has not taken out Iraq's
artillery, which is first-rate and was used For 70 years, the apostles of air power
to punishing effect in the eight-year war
with Iran. Only a relatively small per- claimed bombing would make ground wars
centage of Iraq's tanks are modern Sovi-
et T-72s, and most of them are in the obsolete. Now they have a chance to prove it
hands of his elite Republican Guards,
whose positions in southern Iraq were The modern theory of Kuwait, President Bush —a former Navy
targeted for "rototilling" by B-52 strate- air power was born in bomber pilot — has not allowed Hussein's
gic bombers. Still, the Iraqi leader began British-controlled Iraq forces any sanctuary behind the Iraqi
the war with about twice as many tanks in the 1920s, when the border, and no neighboring country has
as the allied forces, an advantage that Royal Air Force handi- offered the Iraqis safe haven either.
will not be overcome with air power ly put down uprisings Billy Mitchell, updated. The target list
alone. "This operation was orchestratec by bombing villages. On the same ground for the massive allied air strike, which
over months of planning like a fine bal- 70 years later, the overwhelming force of began January 17 at 3:01 a.m. Baghdad
let," says a senior Pentagon official. the allies' air power at last may be vindi- time when the first of 114 Tomahawk
"But it's not a one-act ballet." cating the proposition that wars —real cruise missiles slammed into power
The second act. Even before a full wars —can be won in the skies. plants, military headquarters and missile
ground campaign gets underway, it is In the war against Iraq, a combination sites, could have come straight out of the
likely that the allies will use ground-at- of modern technology and post-cold-war treatises of Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell and
tack aircraft and bombers to demolish politics has freed American and allied other air-power pioneers of the 1920s.
the remaining SCUD launchers and to DOMINIQUE MOLLARD-AP
The object of an air war,
continue pounding the four Republican Mitchell said, is to crush the
Guards armored and mechanized divi- enemy's power to make war
sions behind the Iraqis' front lines. and his will to resist. The Tom-
Roads and supply lines will be among ahawks and the 1,059 bombers
the next targets, and Saddam Hussein's and attack jets that followed in
front-line troops, considered much infe- quick succession in the first 14
rior to the Republican Guards, could hours of the war struck at Iraqi
find themselves isolated. "They're going weapons industries, air-de-
to be trapped in a killing zone," says one fense units, communications,
knowledgeable official. fuel supplies and electrical
Intelligence officials say the front- generators and at Iraq's politi-
line troops are well supplied with food cal-command structure —and
and ammunition. But water could run scored direct hits on the Min-
out as early as this week. Again, intelli- istry of Defense, Saddam Hus-
gence estimates are all over the lot, but Flak alley. Antiaircraft fire erupts in Baghdad. sein's Presidential Palace and
some say as many as 200,000 of the the headquarters of his Ba'ath
530,000 Iraqi troops now in Kuwait pilots from some of the constraints that Party. Fixed SCUD missile sites were de-
might defect from non-Republican frustrated previous apostles of air power. stroyed; 11 mobile sites were later located
Guards units. There would be some- Precision-guided bombs and highly accu- and hit — though not before Hussein was
thing right and fitting about such an rate cruise missiles allowed U.S. com- able to launch a desperate, and largely
end, if after the awesome war in the air, manders to attack strategic targets, even ineffective, missile attack on Israel and
Saddam Hussein's defeat on the ground in crowded urban areas like downtown Saudi Arabia. Iraqi airfields were pound-
came because his men ran short of wa- Baghdad, without worrying too much ed by precision-guided bombs and spe-
ter and will. about errant bombs killing civilians. cialized munitions — carried on British
Moreover, the diminished Soviet threat Tornados —that scattered cratering
B Y BRIAN DUFFY WITH P E T E R C A R Y , C A R T A A N N E has left America freer to throw its most bomblets and mines over the runways,
RoBBiNS, J O S E P H L . G A L L O W A Y AND M I K E T H A R P IN SAUDI advanced weapons at Iraq with less fear then were subjected to devastating "roto-
ARABIA, D A V I D M A K O V S K Y IN I S R A E L , R I C H A R D Z . C H E S N O F F that they might fall into Soviet hands and tilling" attacks by carpet-bombing B-52s.
IN JORDAN, S T E P H E N J . H E D G E S IN T U R K E Y , R O B I N K N I G H T IN be turned against the United States in By the 18th, allied air superiority was
LONDON. B R U C E B . AUSTER, K E N N E T H T . WALSH, GLORIA World War I I I . Finally, although his stat- so firmly established that the massive B-
B O R G E R A N D L O U I S E L I E F IN W A S H I N G T O N ed objective is evicting the Iraqis from 52s could begin carpet-bombing the four

28 U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, JANUARY 28,1991


Safe return. Wild Weasel crews had one of the most dangerous jobs: finding and destroying Iraqi surface-to-air-missile sites.
elite armored and mechanized divisions
of Iraqi Republican Guards just north of
Kuwait. Other bombers and attack jets
carrying laser-guided bombs returned to
Baghdad to hit military communications
centers in an effort to cut off troops in
Kuwait from their commanders — hoping
to weaken or even eliminate opposition
from Iraqi ground forces. "We're waiting
for the kids cooking in the desert to be-
come defectors," said a House Intelli-
gence Committee source.
A t stake immediately is whether
America and its allies will be spared a
bloody ground assault against prepared
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, JANUARY 28,1991
fortifications, a battle that could cost tens
of thousands of casualties with thousands
dlled. The longer-term issue is whether
the Iraqi war will prove, as Mitchell imag-
ined, that the mere threat of aerial attack
can be enough to crush the will of an
enemy. The apparent early success of
American F-117 Stealth fighters and
Tomahawk cruise missiles may already
have assured that future Saddam Hus-
seins will know that the United States can
strike with little risk to itself and with
deadly accuracy from hundreds of miles
away. On the other hand, if air power
cannot defeat the exposed Iraqi troops in
MARK PETERS - DOD POOL
the desert, it will be hard to argue that it
can work anywhere else — at least short of
a strategic nuclear strike. As a senior Air
Force commander in Saudi Arabia said,
" I f we had to pick one spot in the world to
have an air force fight, we picked it."
The first evidence from the gulf sug-
gests that high technology has produced
another revolution in air power as dra-
matic as the earlier ones wrought by
modern metallurgy and jet engines. The
key elements of the revolution:
• Precision, at last. The overblown claims
for precision bombing that go back to
World War I I led many critics to claim —
29
 THE GULF WAR
even in the face of new technologies —
that precision bombing is a contradiction
in terms. The specter of the hundreds of
thousands of civilians killed by bombs in
World War I I has haunted U.S. presi-
dents who have contemplated the use of
strategic bombing since.
In the Air Force's 1986 raid on Tripoli,
Libya, laser-guided bombs failed to live
up to the promises made for them. But
films —admittedly selected for public
viewing by U.S. commanders in the
gulf—showing laser-guided bombs from
F-Ills and F-117s threading through the
doors of a SCUD missile storage hangar
in Kuwait, plunging down the air shaft of
an Iraqi air defense headquarters and
reaming out the core of what Air Force
Commander Lt. Gen. Charles Horner
wryly called "my counterpart's head-
quarters" in Baghdad suggest that the
technology has at last come of age.
Laser-guided bombs glide to their im-
pact point following the reflection of a
laser beam aimed at the target by the
attacking aircraft. The pilot or weapons
officer lines up the target in the cross
hairs of an infrared night-vision sight,
which automatically slues a laser beam
onto the target at the same time; an opti-
cal detector on the nose of the bomb
looks for the reflected beam and adjusts
its glide path by moving tail fins to steer
precisely to the target.

The high-technology war

To coordinate more than a thousand
aircraft, the Air Force is using a
complex system that gathers
intelligence from spy satellites, radar
planes and eavesdropping equipment,
analyzes the data and locates targets,
and then assigns missions to attack
aircraft. The Navy has a parallel
system based on aircraft carriers.
^-'^
E-3 AWACS F-4G
The Airborne Warning and Control System, a Wild Weasel
modified 707, carries a huge radar to detect
and track all aircraft within 300 or more miles,
along with communications links to direct
fighters to their targets and to control traffic.
When enemy aircraft are detected, controllers
relay the information on the general location
of the target tofighters.As the fighters
approach, they use their own airborne search
radar to pinpoint the target. Information on
ground targets can also be relayed via AWACS
to bombers and attack jets.

Satellites
Electronic cameras on
photoreconnaissance
satellites transmit Before bdmWff and battlefield-suppoi
real-time images to aircraft can operate freely, enemy
ground stations; other surface-to-air missile installations and
satellites eavesdrop on radars have to be destroyed or shut down.
radio communications
and watch for missiles. A variety of smart weapons are designed
to do the job, along with radar-evading
Stealth fighters and electronic jammers.
L:2L^S^^
Some of the same weapons were used to
take out heavily defended targets such as
fixed surface-to-surface missile launchers.

• E-8A JSTARS
Radars aboard these
converted 707s spot
armored vehicles and
other ground forces.
Other surveillance
aircraft listen for radar
and radio signals to AIM-9 Sidewinder
locate enemy The heat-seeking Sidewinder missile homes
deployments. in on the infrared emissions given off by the
engines of the enemy aircraft. Newer versions
can befiredhead-on at the target.
Analysis F-117A
Center The Stealth fighter Is designed so that
Information from incoming radar signals are either
all intelligence deflected to the side or absorbed; only
sources is pooled a small fraction of the signal is
and correlated; reflected back toward the radar site to
targets are give away the plane's location.
identified
and assigned. AIM-7 Sparrow
To engage targets at
longer distances—up to 60 mile
U.S. interceptors use the radar-guided
Sparrow; the pilot turns his own radar
onto the target, and the missile homes
In on the reflected radar beam. Abcraft and missHes not drawn to scale

30 U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, JANUARY 28,1991

•
 The F-117s, which missed their mark in
their first operational use during the
United States invasion of Panama in De-
cember 1989, also appear to have hit their
stride. "You pick precisely which target
you want," said A i r Force Col. Alton
Whitley, whose F-117, nicknamed the
"Toxic Avenger," dropped the first
bomb on targets in Baghdad. "You can
get the men's room or the ladies' room."
In its first wartime outing, the $1 mil-
lion Tomahawk sea-launched cruise mis-
EF-111 Raven
Electronic warfare planes carry transmitters
that blanket enemy radar screens with
noise or create false echoes by recording
an incoming radar pulse and then
retransmitting it with a slight delay.
HARM
The High-speed
Anti-Radiation Missile,
which homes in on radar
signals from surface-to-air
missile sites, forces the
defender to make a difficult
choice: either turn his
radars off or turn them on
and have them destroyed.
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, JANUARY 28,1991
sile was at least equally impressive. "The
accuracy was absolutely phenomenal, be-
yond our wildest expectations," said one
Navy official of the Tomahawk missile
strikes. Of the 51 power plants, military
headquarters, command and control fa-
cilities and fixed surface-to-air-missile
sites targeted in the initial wave, 50 were
hit dead on. "The Tomahawk is [an] in-
credible system," said one astonished
military officer in the gulf.
Looking out over Baghdad Thursday
GBU-15
A TV camera mounted on the nose of the
GBU-15 glide bomb transmits a picture to
the weapons officer aboard the attack
aircraft, who can "fly" the bomb to its target
by manipulating a joystick.
Tomahawk TLAM-C
After launch from sea, the Tomahawk cruise
missile flies at 550 mph at low altitude to a
target up to 600 miles distant, carrying a
1,000-pound warhead.
Nearing the target, the missile
activates a fish-eye camera that
searches for the precise target,
photographed in advance by spy
satellites and stored in digital form in
the missile's computer. Impact is
usually within 10 feet of the aim point.
morning, CNN reporters said the city
looked absolutely normal — except for
the total destruction of precise targets,
including refineries, microwave anten-
nas on the roof of the main telecommu-
nications center and the Ministry of De-
fense. A t Dresden, Germany, in 1945,
British and U.S. bombers dropped some
3,000 tons of bombs and killed as many
as 135,000 civilians. In the first 36 hours
against Iraq, allied bombers dropped a
greater tonnage, and even according to
USN&WR—JEFF GUCK, MATT ZANG
Specialized weapons
Once enemy air defenses
are destroyed, bombers
and attack jets can fly
directly over targets with
their bomb loads.
• Maverick
Designed to destroy tanks and other armored
vehicles, the Maverick air-to-ground missile
flies under its own control after the pilot locks
on its TV or infrared seeker.
n JP233 runway
attack munitions
Carried on the British Tornado,
the JP233 dispenses 30
cratering bombs and 215 t I
delayed-action mines to break
up the pavement of an enemy
runway and hinder repair
vehicles. A Tornado can carry
two JP233S.
Carpet bombing
A group of three B-52Gs can
saturate area targets such as
airfields and ground
fortifications with 60 tons of
conventional bombs in a
l,000-by-3,000-yard strip.
 F-4G
Wild Weasel
Before bombers and battlefield-support
aircraft can operate freely, enemy
surface-to-air missile Installations and
radars have to be destroyed or shut down.
A variety of smart weapons are designed
to do the job, along with radar-evading
Stealth fighters and electronic jammers.
Some of the same weapons were used to
take out heavily defended targets such as
fixed surface-to-surface missile launchers.
F-li7A
The Stealthfighteris designed so that
Incoming radar signals are either
deflected to the side or absorbed; only
a small fraction of the signal is
reflected back toward the radar site to
give away the plane's location.
Aircraft and missiles not drawn to scale
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, JANUARY 28,1991
EF-111 Raven
Electronic warfare planes carry transmitters
that blanket enemy radar screens with
noise or create false echoes by recording
an incoming radar pulse and then GBU-15
retransmitting it with a slight delay. A TV camera mounted on the nose of the
GBU-15 glide bomb transmits a picture to
the weapons officer aboard the attack
HARM aircraft, who can "fly" the bomb to its target
The High-speed by manipulating a joystick.
Anti-Radiation Missile,
which homes in on radar
signals from surface-to-air
missile sites, forces the
defender to make a difficult Tomahawk TLAM-C
choice: either turn his After launch from sea, the Tomahawk cruise
radars off or turn them on missile flies at 550 mph at low altitude to a
and have them destroyed. target up to 600 miles distant, carrying a
1,000-pound warhead.
Nearing the target, the missile
activates a fish-eye camera that
searches for the precise target,
photographed in advance by spy
satellites and stored in digital form in
the missile's computer. Impact is
usually within 10 feet of the aim point.
En route, a radar altimeter
measures surface features on the
ground below, which are compared
with a route map stored in an
on-board computer.
J-. * : * •.^j-.f
TARGET
U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, JANUARY 28,1991
 THE GULF WAR missile batteries took a heavy toll on Iraq that posed the greatest — though, as
American fighter-bombers; in 1967, 326 subsequent events all too clearly showed,
Iraqi claims killed only 23 civilians. jets were shot down. SAMs were so effec- not the only —threat to Israel.
The results are sure to be seized on by tive that the A i r Force decided against The Iraqi air defense system was prob-
the Navy, Air Force and defense industry using B-52s over Hanoi during the Roll- ably also simply saturated, unable to
as a vindication of high-technology ing Thunder air strikes of 1965-68. cope with hundreds of incoming planes
weaponry. Still, the Air Force's habit of But this time, a combination of ra- at once. And the ability of Stealth fight-
forgoing $50,000 smart bombs so it can dar-evading Stealth, radar-confusing ers, F-UIs, A-6s and other U.S. fighters
buy more $50 million airplanes may yet electronic jammers and radar-hunting and attack aircraft to operate at night
prove a mistake: Stocks of laser- and F-4G Wild Weasels apparently shut added to the tactical surprise and to the
television-guided bombs may be rapidly down almost all of Iraq's large S A M American advantage.
depleted in the first few days of Opera- sites in the first few hours. "We com- Antiaircraft fire continued from prob-
tion Desert Storm, forcing reliance on pletely blanked them out, we blinded ably hundreds of small, mobile guns, and
unguided, "dumb" bombs thereafter. them," said one military official of the claimed seven allied planes by early Sat-
• Massive force. Not only did the United electronic measures. Although many urday morning in the gulf. But with close
States have an enormous arsenal of SAMs were fired, jamming was appar- to 4,000 sorties flown, that amounted to
high-technology weaponry but this time ently so effective that only one allied an almost unbelievably low attrition rate
it used most of it. For the first time, plane, an F/A-18 based on the carrier of 0.2 percent. Air planners usually count
nearly all of the Penta- KLN CLAUSON - DOD POOL
on a 3 percent attrition
gon's First World hard- rate on the first day.
ware was turned against a After shutting down
Third World opponent. the large SAMs—which
Gen, Colin Powell, the pose the only real threat
chairman of the Joint to high-flying aircraft —
Chiefs of Staff, said the U.S. and allied pilots
United States used "ev- could fly above 10,000
ery tool in the toolbox" in feet, out of the range of
the initial attacks. the guns, and dive down
One factor behind the only at the last minute for
decision to hold nothing the attack. The decision
back was the end of the to include vulnerable B-
cold war. Both Toma- 52s in the initial attack
hawks and Stealth fight- plan reflected the high
ers were proposed for confidence of the plan-
the 1986 U.S. raid on ners in their ability to shut
Tripoli, but top officials down Iraqi air defenses.
vetoed the idea. The • Command and control.
Stealth fighter was being The snafus that plagued
kept under wraps so as joint operations between
not to compromise its Air power. Ground crews wheel a 2,000-lh. bomb out to a waiting F-16. different services in the
"real" mission: clearing a past have not been evi-
path through Soviet air defenses for nu- USS Saratoga, was hit by missile fire in dent in the opening days of Desert
clear-armed bombers in World War I I I . the first two days of the war. Storm. In the 1983 U.S. invasion of Gre-
Likewise, officials were concerned that In approaching a defended target, nada, Navy and Army units were unable
if a Tomahawk malfunctioned and powerful jammers — the Air Force EF-IU to communicate with one another be-
crashed unexploded, the Libyans might Raven and EC-130H Compass Call —fly cause of incompatible radios. "This bat-
turn it over to the Soviets, revealing the holding patterns about 100 miles off. tle will go down in the history books, due
guidance technology also used to steer Their jamming transmitters blanket ene- to the complexity of coordinating and
nuclear-armed cruise missiles. my early-warning radars with electrical executing this strike from a variety of
The allied air assault, says military his- noise, filling their screens with a haze of countries," said Ezer Weizman, former
torian John Keegan, "is the largest since false targets. In a typical operation, two Israeli defense minister and former head
the 1,000-bomber raids of the Second Wild Weasels would then slip through in of the Israeli A i r Force. Raids were
World War." The gradual escalation of company with an attack aircraft. Up to 50 timed so planes could hit a target min-
air attacks in Vietnam, by contrast, al- miles away from a SAM site, the Wild utes after a Tomahawk had softened it
lowed time for the North Vietnamese to Weasels can fire High-speed Anti-Radi- up; electronic combat aircraft, fighter es-
recover, rebuild and resupply forces — ation Missiles that home in on the SAM's corts and refueling tankers were all as-
and to develop new defensive tactics. radar transmitter; the missile warhead sembled in exactly the right place at the
• The answer to air defenses. General explodes in a hail of thousands of steel right time to support attacking aircraft.
Horner said pilots who flew in Vietnam cubes to destroy the radar antenna. The Two Airborne Warning and Control
found Iraqi air defenses "as tough or attack aircraft can then complete its System ( A W A C S ) planes, the A i r
tougher than anything they've ever bomb run in comparative safety. Force's F-3 and the Navy's F-2C Hawk-
seen." Rep. David McCurdy, a member The hard-to-detect Stealths and the eye, played a crucial role in the orches-
of the House Intelligence Committee, low-flying, unmanned Tomahawks of- tration. One F-3 and its radar system
added that "next to Moscow, Baghdad fered another way to slip through air can keep track of as many as 2,000 air-
is the most heavily defended target we defenses, especially to strike at critical craft at once, displaying their locations,
might ever have planned to go against." targets in the first minutes of the war, altitudes, speeds and headings on some
In Vietnam, Soviet-built surface-to-air particularly fixed SCUD sites in Western (continued on Page 39)

32 U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, JANUARY 28,1991

 THE GULF WR

'ALL THE TOOLS IN THE TOOLBOX'

ALLIED FORCES
DOD DOD

F-117 Stealth. Radar-deflecting shape evades detection; Tomahawk TLAM-C. 114 launched from ships in initial attack;
night-vision targeting system delivers laser-guided bombs; flies at low altitude on preprogrammed course; range, 600 miles;
subsonic; 30 used on heavily defended targets in initial attack. accuracy, about 10 feet; carries 1,000-lb. warhead.
GL-.0H(;L I lALl. WOODI-IN C A M P FREDERICK SUTTER GEORGE HAa DOD

F - l l l F . Two-seal, long-range Tornado. Two-seat air-to-air B-52G. Three-decade-old A-6E Intruder. Principal
bomber; infrared, night-vision and air-to-ground fighter; used strategic bomber; 26, modified carrier-based heavy attack jet;
targeting system and ground- by British and Saudi air for conventional missions, subsonic; can carry up to 9
mapping radar permit precise forces; ground-attack version deployed in the region; carries tons of bombs; equipped with
nighttime attacks; carries can carry JP233 runway attack huge, 20-ton payload for infrared targeting system and
laser-guided bombs or as munitions, which dump striking area targets; used ground-mapping radar for
much as 9 tons of unguided hundreds of bomblets and against Iraqi airfields and night attacks; about 100
ordnance; 62 deployed in gulf. mines to crater enemy airfield Republican Guard troop deployed on carriers.
and hinder repairs. concentrations.
GEORGE HAa - WOODFIN CAMP DOD CMDR. JOHN LEENHOUTS DOD LARRY DOWNING-DOD POOL

1' ,«S •-•

'•>. .lit!' .'A.-

A-10. Premier battlefield- AH-64 Apache. Army A-7E Corsair. Small, AV-8B Harrier. Used by
support jet; anned with a battlefield-support helicopter; subsonic, carrier-based attack Marines; able to take off and
gigantic, armor-piercing 30- equipped with laser-guided jet; saw considerable service in land vertically; can operate
mm cannon and Maverick He11 fire missiles to destroy Vietnam; has night/all-weather close to the battlefield,
antitank missiles; slow-moving armored vehicles, ground- capability; now being replaced carrying up to 8 tons of
but heavily protected: titanium attack rockets to hit trucks; on carriers by the F/A-18 but ordnance, including laser-
''bathtub" shields pilot from reportedly used in special 48 in theater; still considered guided bombs and Maverick
ground fire; 120 in gulf operation in Kuwait. reliable and highly survivable. antitank missiles; 150 in gulf

U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, JANUARY 28,1991 33

I
 AfR FORCE

THE GULF WAR

F-4G Wild Weasel. First

developed in Vietnam to
counter Soviet-built surface-
to-air missiles (SAMs);
supersonic fighter-bomber
equipped with 52 antennas
and special electronic gear,
operated by crew member in
rear seat, to take bearings on
SAM radars; carries High-
speed Anti-Radiation Missiles
which home in on radar
emissions and explode
fragmenting warheads to
destroy antennas; also carries
Maverick missiles and cluster
bombs; 36 deployed in gulf;
played major role in taking
out mobile Iraqi air defenses.
GEORGE HALL TECHNICAL SGT. PERRY HEIMER -AIR FORCE DOD LT. CMDR. PARSONS - U.S. NAVY

F/A-18 Hornet. Single-seat, F-16 Fighting Falcon. F-15 Eagle. Principal air- F-14 Tomcat. Two-seat,
dual-role (air-to-air or air-to- Dual-role, single-seat jet; superiority fighter in U.S. and twin-engine air-superiority
ground) carrier-based fighter; nimble air-to-air fighter, can Saudi air forces; top speed of fighter for Navy; powerful
formidable air-to-ground radar also carry a few tons of Mach 2.5; carries four heat- radar and infrared detector
and targeting system delivers ground-attack ordnance; some seeking and four radar-guided can spot enemy aircraft well
laser-guided bombs; more equipped with LANTIRN air-to-air missiles; more than beyond visual range; carries
than 100 on carriers; used to navigation and targeting pods 100 in gulf, plus at least 24 mix of heat-seeking and radar-
strike Iraqi SCUD missile sites for night attack; 120 in gulf two-seat F-15E versions for guided air-to-air missiles;
in western Iraq. ground attack. more than 100 on carriers.

IRAQI FORCES
NOVOSTI FROM SOVFOTO FREDERICK SUTTER ALAIN ERNOULT- FOTO CONSORTIUM DOD

SA-3. One of several types of
Soviet-supplied antiaircraft
missile; most of Iraq's 100
medium-range and 100 short-
range batteries apparently
destroyed in first hours of war;
other Iraqi air defenses
include numerous radar-
guided guns.
MiG-29. Modem, Soviet-built,
highly capable air-to-air
fighter; comparable in some
ways to U.S. F-15; Iraq
reportedly has had difficulty
maintaining the 30 or so of
these aircraft in its inventory;
Iraqi models may not be
equipped with Soviet radar.
Mirage Fl-EQ. Iraq's best
air-to-air fighter, flown by the
best pilots; French-built; 30
equipped with radar and heat-
seeking and radar-guided air-
to-air missiles; 64 assigned to
ground-attack squadrons
probably lack radars needed to
spot enemy aircraft.
MiG-25. Soviet-built, high-
altitude interceptor; equipped
with long-range radar capable
of detecting high-flying targets
at a distance of up to 100
miles; poses greatest threat to
slow, nonmaneuvCling targets
such as B-52s; 25 in
inventory.

38 U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, JANUARY 28,1991


20 computer screens manned by con-
trollers. Aircraft can be identified as
friend or foe through an electronic sys-
tem carried on all U.S. aircraft that
transmits an encoded signal. When an
enemy plane is spotted, controllers alert
fighters over a jamproof radio link. The
Navy's F-14 fighters have a data link al-
lowing an AWACS computer to talk di-
rectly to the F-14's radar computer; the
location of enemy fighters appears di-
rectly on the pilot's electronic display.
Data on ground targets picked up by
radio-eavesdropping planes, spy satel-
lites and radar-detecting equipment can
also be relayed to attack aircraft via an
AWACS. Attack jets assigned to strike
mobile SCUD missile launchers were or-
dered to orbit Iraqi airspace, waiting for
intelligence-gathering planes and sate -
lites to pick up telltale infrared signa-
tures from SCUDs being fueled or fired.
The intelligence was transmitted directly
to a command center in Saudi Arabia,
and the target's coordinates were relayed
to the AWACS and to the attack jets.
Finally, the AWACS perform the vital,
if mundane, function of air-traffic con-
trol: The more than 1,000 jets used in the
operation amount to more than one
fourth of the total number of civilian jet
airliners in the entire United States.
Testing the theory. It is still too early to
tell whether air power alone can win the
war —realizing Billy Mitchell's prophecy
that "future invasions into the heart of an
enemy country will be made by aircraft."
Mitchell, who proved to a disbelieving
Navy that a bomb dropped from an air-
DOD/REUTER
Precision. Former HO, Iraqi Air Force
plane could sink a battleship, declared in
1925 that "air battles . . . will be so deci-
sive and of such far-reaching effect that
nations losing them will be willing to ca-
pitulate without resorting to a further
contest on land and water on account of
the degree of destruction which would be
sustained by the country subjected to un-
restricted air attack."
It never quite worked out that way.
The huge buildup of the bomber fleets in
America and Britain in the years leading
up to World War I I was testimony to the
belief in Mitchell's theories and those of
Italian Maj. Gen. Giulio Douhet, who in
1920 foresaw the massive strategic-
bombing campaigns of the Second World
War. "To have command of the air is to
have victory," he proclaimed.
Yet in 1941, a British analysis revealed
that of RAF bomber crews who thought
they had hit their target, only 1 in 3 had
gotten within 5 miles of it. Radar-guided
antiaircraft artillery and night fighters
had suddenly tipped the balance in favor
of the defender. Douhet and Mitchell
had claimed that nothing could stop a
bomber from getting through, but in the
course of the war nearly 22,000 Allied
bombers were shot down, killing some
110,000 crew members. And the terror
bombing of cities, far from undermining
morale, only hardened the resolve of
those attacked and provided a powerful
source of counterpropaganda. The Stra-
tegic Bombing Survey after the war
found that German production peaked
at the very height of the aerial onslaught.
If the technology failed the theory in
World War I I , politics and geography
failed the theory in Korea and Vietnam.
In Korea, political constraints ruled out
bombing in China or within 12 miles of
the Soviet border. In Vietnam, the jungle
canopy and the continual resupply of
forces from the Soviet Union frustrated
attempts to cut off war materiel.
In the early days of Operation Desert
Storm, the Air Force and the advocates
of naval air power seem to have re-
gained the upper hand. What remains
to be decided is whether the A i r Force
will become what Mitchell said it
would: the instrument that will make
future wars unnecessary.
B Y S T E P H E N BUDIANSKY WITH
B R U C E B . AUSTER, WILLIAM J. COOK
AND G L O R I A B O R G E R

GETTIHG IT RIGHT clear chain of command. Chastened
by mistakes dating to Vietnam —and
Precise plans more recent command confusion in
Lebanon in 1982-83 and during the
order" put together by Horner over
the past five months has smoothly in-
tegrated aircraft of different military
services and all the different missions

in the a i r
1983 attack on Grenada —the military that must be orchestrated with pin-
las done it right this time. "There point timing. Continuously circling
was one plan, one commander in AWACS planes serve as Horner's

O peration Desert Storm, the most chief and one Air Force command-
extraordinarily complex military er," says a senior defense official.
action since D-Day, has unleashed the
largest air war in history.
Aircraft from seven na-
tions and all branches of
the U.S. military have
flown more than 1,000 mis-
sions per day, striking Iraqi
missile sites, command
and control centers, air
bases and troops with re-
markable accuracy.
Desert Storm's thun-
derous air phase has
worked because military
planners established a Planner in chief
That Air Force commander, and
headquarters in the sky and as air-
borne traffic controllers.
In a break with usual patterns, air
DOD
the chief architect of the forces of different nations were pro-
plan, is Lt. Gen. Charles grammed to work together, instead of
Horner, a combat veteran being assigned separate targets. One
who flew more than 100 mission saw Air Force F-15s and Navy
combat missions in F-105s electronic-jamming planes escorting a
over North Vietnam in Saudi aircraft that left four craters on
1965 and 1967. But in con- an Iraqi airfield runway. "We couldn't
trast to the days when have taken a pickup truck, put those
Lyndon Johnson picked bombs [in it] and laid them out there
targets from the White any more accurately," says the man
House, Horner has been who put it all together.
at the controls of Desert
Storm's air forces. B Y B R U C E B . A U S T E R AND
The single "air-tasking DOUGLAS PASTERNAK

U.S.NEWS & WORLD REPORT, JANUARY 28,1991 39

Caring: Air Force Aid Society Integrity: A Simpie Co
.Airman
Official Magazine of the U.S. Air Force
CONTENTS
March 1991
Volume XXXV, Number 3
Secretary of the Air Force
HON. DONALD B. RICE

Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force

FEATURES
GEN. MERRILL A . MCPEAK

Director of Public Affairs

CoL.H.E. ROBERTSON
Commander, AFNEWS
Weasels in the Desert
COL. PAUL F. HEYE The 35th Tactical Fighter Wing trades Southern
Director, AF Internal Information
California's desert calm for the Middle East's
COL. DORAN L. HOPKINS Desert Storm. Mission: destroy enemy radars.
Publisher
LT. COL. MICHAEL B. PERINI
14
Cargo In, Cargo Out
Executive Editor Logistics specialists from four U.S. bases
JERRY P. STRINGER combine talents to keep Desert Storm units well- Taking it to the Enemy
stocked. From CENTAL News Service
Art Director
correspondent SSgt. Sarah Hood: A
22 report on the 4th Tactical Fighter
STEPHEN B. INGRAM

Director of Photojournalism Wing Provisional — a composite of

CMSGT. DON C. SLTTHERLAND
Home Away from Home many units.
Editorial Assistant In Saudi Arabia, biuesuiters conduct the biggest
ALICIA GARCES bare-base buildup since Vietnam.

28 AI Oil CUM i\^M

Stand and Deliver
Before they teach. Air Force instructors learn
how — as students at the Academic Instructor
School at Maxwell AFB, Ala.

34 24
Why Ail This Fuss
Caring: It's Their Business About integrity?
A lot of people now live better lives — thanks to Air Force Academy cadets receive
About the Cover the Air Force Aid Society. a foundation in military ethics and
Capl. Clyde Bellinger, 561st Tactical morality based on a simple code.
Fighter Squadron, F-4G Wild Weasel
pilot, and Capt. Randy Thompson,
electronic warfare officer, inspect a
DEPARTMENTS
HARM (High-speed Antiradiation
Missile) during Desert Storm
operations. For more on the Wild 6 4/rman's World
Weasels, see page 2. Photo by TSgt.
Fernando Sema, assistant director of News from around the Air Force
photojournalism. 12 Airman's Interview
Secretary of the Air Force Donald Rice
Airman
shares his goals and objectives to maintain a
combat-ready Air Force.
is published monthly by the Air Force News
Center (AFNEWS) for the Secretary of the Air Force
Office of Public Affairs. As the officiat magazine of the
U S Air Force, it is a medium of information for Air

The Airman Consumer

Force personnel. Readers may submit articies. photo-
graphs and art work. Suggestions and criticisms are 30
also welcomed. Opinions of individual contributors
are not necessarily those of the U.S. Air Force. Busy managers need to save time without
Editorial offices: Airmatt, AFNEWS, Kelly AFB, TX
78241-5000. Telephone: (512) 925-7757; DSN 945-
cutting corners. Here's how.
7757. For sate by the Superintendent of Documents.
Government Printing Office. Washington, D C.
20402-5000. Subscription prices: $24 yearly domes-
tic. $30 foreign: $2.50 single copy domestic. $3. t3
32 Sports From Wildest Dreams
single copy foreign. Back issues may not be avaiiabie Cockpit progression, from the P-35
Distribution: one copy tor approximaieiy seven miii-
lary and civilian personnel. AFRP 30-15. 33 Here's Jake totheSR-71.
 Weasels by SSgt. Sarah L. Hood,

in the
CENTAF News Service
photos by TSgt. Fernando Serna
Assistant Director of Photojournalism

When Operation Desert Storm began, the Wild

Weasels of the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional)

Desert
were ready.
Their mission: find and destroy enemy radars that
control anti-aircraft artillery systems, surface-to-air
missiles and ground control intercept systems.
The provisional wing's two units flying the F-4G
Wild Weasel in Desert Storm are from the 35th TFW at
George AFB, Calif., and the 52nd TFW at Spangdahlem

2 Airman

AB, Germany. Without Weasels, allied forces could
face heavy enemy fire while trying to hit targets.
Getting ready for Desert Storm was a major effort for
the unit, according to Col. Merrill R. "Ron" Karp, 35th
TFW(P) commander.
"We had to look at the threats — surface-to-air
missiles and triple-A — and design tactics to eliminate
them," said Colonel Karp.
The unit also increased its nighttime missions.
Shortly after arriving at the present duty location.
Colonel Karp directed his crews to start 24-hour-a-day
operations, scheduling half the sorties for night.
"We changed the way we did business," he said.
"We changed the way we tlew formations and how we
March 1991
SrA. Michael Kinzel (left)
delivers an electronic
countermeasure pod to the
flight line. An F-4G tail
(below) denotes the 35th
TFW, George AFB, Calif,
one of two Wild Weasel
tactical fighter wings
supporting Desert Storm.
handled nighttime surface-to-air missile threats."
After five months of preparation, the Weasels were
ready.
The complex Job of "weaseling" is handled by a two-
person crew: pilot and electronic warfare officer. Capt.
Randy Thompson, an EWO with the 561st Tactical
Fighter Squadron, thinks being a weasel is the best job
any back-seater in the Air Force could have.
"We don't just By air-to-air. We don't just drop
bombs. We do a little bit of everything — like a jack-
of-all-trades," Captain Thompson said.
Thompson, a native of Grandview, Mo., is often
teamed with Capt. Clyde Bellinger, a pilot with the 561st
TFS.
3
 A former B-52 navigator. Captain Bellinger got F-4s
after completing undergraduate pilot training. He
recently finished the F-4C formal course at Ceorge AFB
to become a weasel.
"I don't think there's a greater camaraderie or mutual
respect between front- and back-seaters than in the Wild
Weasel. It has to be that way. Neither one can do the
job and survive without the other," the captain said.
Making sure the F-4C's are ready to perform is the
mission of its maintenance crews.
"Some say getting planes aloft is the most important
part of the job," said SSgt. Ronnie Adams. "Getting the
plane and crew hack is the most important part of my
job. Some crew chiefs tell pilots, T'll get you there.' I
tell them, T'll get you hack.'"
Sergeant Adams and other aircraft maintainers are
real go-getters when it comes to keeping the airplanes
flying, according to Lt. Col. Don Searles, deputy
commander for maintenance for the 35th TFW(P). "I
can't say enough about them."
Colonel Searles also noted the similarities of operat-
ing from the Saudi desert and the desert at Ceorge AFB.
"It's windy and sandy here, much like at home,
except this sand is much finer. It gets into strange places
in the aircraft. But the F-4 is a tough airplane," the
colonel said.
The F-4 is the latest aircraft that's been modified for
the Wild Weasel mission. The mission was created in
1965 to counter surface-to-air missile threats in Viet-
nam. The first aircraft were modified F-lOO Super
Sabres, followed by the F-105 Thunderchiefs.
For Operation Desert Storm, being a weasel means
taking the fight away from the enemy. The men and
women of the 35th TFW(P) are doing that. FaI

AlC Sam Medina (top) guards the perimeter. SrA.

Kevin Mix (above, foreground) trouble shoots an
antenna control unit, Sgt. Richard Skiles (middle)
reviews schematics and Sgt. Gene Cullen repairs an
APQ-120 antenna system. Building up flight-line
facilities (upper right) is a never-ending job. Exercises
(right) keep the troops prepared.

Airman
4
SAND NOTES Short hursts about Operation Desert Storm
Aircrews Continue to Press War Against Iraq
Air Force aircrews continue to attack
military targets in Iraq and Kuwait as
the Persian Gulf war enters the second
month.
The intensive air campaign was
justified by Department of Defense
officials as necessary to strip Iraq of
both its current war-fighting capability
and future war-making capability.
Air attacks against the Baghdad
Maj. Dave Elliot, an F-16 pilot from the 614th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 401st
Tactical Fighter Wing, deployed to Operation Desert Storm.
8
regime and it's elite Republican Guard
continue around the clock.
Aircrews and equipment are
performing magnificently, according to
DOD officials.
"We can be even prouder of what
has been accomplished, because no one
among us wanted war," said Secretary
of Defense Dick Cheney before the
House Armed Services Committee.
photo by S S g t . F. L e e Corkran
Much of the success to date is a
result of training and tactics. "The
success of Desert Storm, in large
measure, rests on the training of our
aircrews, our maintenance crews and
the preparations we made logistically,"
said Lt. Gen. Charles A. Homer,
commander of U.S. Central Command
Air Forces.
"We could not have pulled this off
without the superb execution of our
aircrews and planners. Programs like
Red Flag and Maple Flag made the
aircrews capable. And programs like
Blue Flag made this headquarters
capable of writing this massive ATO
[air tasking order] we put out every
day."
Not to be overlooked is the support
for those military forces deployed.
"If you're going to put soldiers into
the field, then you're obligated to
support them. And Americans have
done that superbly. You can see it
everywhere you go. There's a feeling of
well-being. A feeling that what we're
doing is right for our nation," General
Homer said.
Support at Air Force bases hack
home has also been cmcial.
"You can't separate the efforts of the
troops here in Operation Desert Storm
from the efforts of the people in the
United States. And 1 can give a litany of
examples: Such as the civilians hack at
AFLC who are working day and night to
get us parts we need and the munitions
shipped.
"The R&D [research and develop-
ment] community which has given us
the high-tech systems such as our
jamming pods, stealth aircraft and laser-
guided bombs"
"Of course, it was the taxpayer who
gave us the wherewithal to do that. So
while the people over here will probably
get a lot of the glory, the credit goes to
our entire nation."
As Airman went to press, American
forces in the gulf totalled more than
500,000. The total allied strength stands
at more than 705,000.
—Reported by Lt. Col. Michael Perini
Airman
 Designer
creates
war
fashions
Air Force people know that the
proper use of gas masks can save lives.
But New York celebrity fashion
designer, 29-year-
old Andre Van
Pier, is using them
slung over the Military clothing and equipment — a fashion hit.
shoulder to give and worn with high-heel pumps, do not who is crazy about the clothes.
extra "punch" to belong on the Saudi desert. His "The troops are not going to he
his spring "war camouflaged garments, will cost $400 to offended .. . hut just the opposite," the
fashions" $4,000, and will he most at home in designer said. "Since they can identify
collection. discos that cater to the rich and famous. with it, I think it will make them happy.
His war Van Pier insists he is not making It will make them smile."
fashions, often light of the war. He says he has a Some of the jackets and vests are
lined in gold silk brother in the Air Force in Saudi Arabia actually bulletproof.
Here's the latest in jargon from the Persian Gulf war
Here are some of the code names, SAM. Surface-to-air missile. whose main mission is electronic
geographic terms, and slang words SCUD. Soviet-made SS-1, a liquid- countermeasures that can blind enemy
being used in Operation Desert Storm fueled, surface-to-surface ballistic radar.
media reports. Some new. Some old. missile, whose code name is a NATO ZULU. Greenwich Mean Time or
How many do you know? designation. GMT. When it's 0000 zulu (or midnight
SEBKHA. Arabic word for under- GMT) it's 7 p.m. on the U.S. East Coast
AWACS. Airborne warning and ground river. Sebkhas that turn the ground and 3 a.m. in Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi
control system. into quagmires impossible to cross with Arabia. The military uses zulu as its
ECM. Electronic countermeasures tanks lie near the Saudi border and south of time reference worldwide.
designed to blind radar and other Kuwait City.
battlefield sensors. SMART BOMBS
FROGFOOT. Iraq has these SU-25 Bombs guided to target by on-
attack planes similar to the A-10 board video or laser systems.
Thunderbolts. SORTIE. One combat
HUMVEE. High mobility multi- mission by a single military
purpose wheeled vehicle. Replaced the plane.
jeep. TOW. Acronym for tube-
LANTIRN. Low-altitude naviga- launched, optically tracked,
tion and targeting infrared system for wire-guided missile.
night aerial missions. WADI. Arabic word for
MRE. Officially, meals ready to eat. dry ravine or valley. The Iraqis
Formerly called C-rations have set up a defense line he-
PATRIOT. One of the world's few hind the wadi that runs along
workable defenses against surface-to- Kuwait's border with Iraq.
surface guided weapons. The mobile, WILD WEASEL. The
system is operated by the Army. twin-seat F-4G fighter Patriot missile being fired.
9
March 1991
SAND NOTES Short bursts about Operation Desert Storm
Attack Damage Monitored by Center
It's 3 a.m., but the base is active on
this cold, dark morning.
Located in a secured, windowless
room are 11 men and women from
different units making up the base.
Seated in a semi-circle in front of a
large-scale map of the air base, sur-
rounded by communications equipment,
sit the members of the Survival Recov-
ery Center.
"We have representatives from
explosive ordnance disposal, security
police, nuclear, biological and chemical
survivability, civil engineers, the
hospital, communications, personnel
and resource management," said the
director of the SRC, Maj. Walt West of
the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing
deployed from Myrtle Beach AFB, S.C.
"These experts in their areas are
here to make sure the airfield is able to
survive an attack. After an attack, they
direct resources and prioritize recovery.
The only reason the base exists is to
produce combat sorties, which requires
planes and aircrews, the munitions, and
the air base to operate,"
Major West said, "The SRC is the
nerve center for the air base to make
sure the planes have a place to operate
from — the bottom line reason we're all
over here."
The SRC operates by receiving
messages from all over the base about
damage received during an attack,
which is updated on the map to provide
a quick reference for everyone. A status
hoard also shows what is open, and what
action has been taken on it. If the base
comes under attack, the Survival
Recovery Center spreads alarms over
radio nets and telephones, said Major
West. After the attack is over, monitor-
ing teams are sent out to see if chemical
weapons were used.
"For example, if we have a Scud
missile strike, we'll plot it on a map,"
said MSgt. James Spring, nuclear,
biological and chemical survivability
NCOIC from the 354th TFW. "Using
wind speed, air stability and direction.
10
and a large-scale map, we determine the
coordinates and read the information off
to Central Command Air Forces. They
can tell within 100 miles where the
contamination is. They also tell whether
another attack elsewhere will affect us.
With their magic figures, we can guess
how long contamination will last."
The civil engineers also have a
variety of responsibilities directed from
the SRC, including the fire department,
said 1st Lt. Steve Creaghan, civil
engineering representative. Their first
responsibility following an attack,
though, is rapid runway repair.
"We have teams that go out and fill
in craters, then have a team that
assembles an aluminum matting and
pulls it over the crater," Lieutenant
Creaghan explained.
It is also possible that bombs will hit
by SSgt. Charles M. Reger
Preparedness is put to the ultimate test
during the Persian Gulf conflict.
the airfield and elsewhere on the base
without detonating.
"Sometimes, bombs and bullets don't
do what they're supposed to do," said
FOD representative Maj. Douglas
Murray. "If we are bombed, it would he
our job to render safe all the bombs that
didn't detonate. The end result we take
out to a remote disposal site and
detonate: the ultimate disposal."
In addition to directing runway
repairs, the SRC would direct repairs to
the rest of the base. If there is a problem
with communications or radar, the SRC
coordinates between the communica-
tions commander at the central focal
point and the rest of the support
agencies. If an attack hits people, the
hospital and personnel representatives
come into play. The hospital representa-
tive coordinates removing casualties to
the two air transportable hospitals and
the flight surgeons' Last Chance Clinic.
Working with the hospital representative
and the mortuary, the personnel
representative coordinates replacement
personnel requests.
The final support function controlled
from the SRC is that of the security
police. They are responsible for
coordinating base security matters and
passing information to the Base Defense
Operations Center.
The security police representative is
a conduit between the SRC and the wing
operations center. Major West said.
With the wing commander nearby,
keeping track of what's going on at the
base and seeing that planes are taking
off, he can work with the defense
operations center to direct air base
ground defense efforts.
For now, this group is relaxed,
joking, watching TV and playing
dominoes.
But if attacked, these people are part
of the wartime nerve center that directs
the recovery of vital support activities
that make the base function fully.
— SSgt. Joel T. Ridenour
CENTAF News Service
Airman
 Aerial Arsenal
T he 1,300-plus assembled allied aircraft in use at
Desert Storm represent the largest concentra-
tions of warplanes in one place since the Vietnam
War, and for many their first use in combat. For the
Air Force a full array of modem aircraft is being
used. Here is a partial list of the blue-suit line up.

by TSgt. R o s e Reynolds F-15E by TSgt. Fernando S e r n a F-16 by TSgt. Fernando S e r n a

KC-10 ^ ^'"^ KC-135 by TSgt. Fernando S e r n a E-3A """^S^- Fernando S e r n a

March 1991 11
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Your new home Contents

THE MISSION
OENMA Yesterday and today. 3

BALTK SEA

NORTH SEA
ORGANIZATIONS
Air Force and Army 4

RHEINLANDPFALZ
A state known for wine-making 5

• BCRL POLAND

AMSTERO EAST B E F O R E THE MOVE

NETHERLANDS^ WEST Planning, what to bring and shipping vehicles 6
OE RM ANY
QERMANY
\
ANTWERP^--'. I

MONEY
BRU8SELS{^ BONN Financial services available and conversion chart . . . 7
BELGIUM "1\
I
• PRAGUE
/
•SPANGDAHLEM
/ •BITBURG^ •RHEIN-MAIN
- oTRICR W I E S B A D E N ARRIVAL
1 CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Taking care of business,
\ • RAMBTEIN
in-processing and base map 8, 9
•PARIS >
I
I

VIENNA^ HOUSING
MUNICH
FRANCE t Where you wilt live on and off base 10
BCRCHTCtGAOeN
BARMtBH

A U S T R I A
ZURICH
HUNGARY THIS & THAT
'SWITZERLAND Medical care, education and the job situation 11

or the next few-

years, GERMANY
Spangdahlem AB New culture, language,
will be your taws and measurement scales. . 12, 13
home.
Just where is
Spangdahlem? If you look
closely at a map in the L E I S U R E TIME
southwestern section of Germany, Facilities for your needs
along the border with •»»>i and keeping in touch . . . 14, 15
Luxembourg, Belgium and
France, there is a city called Trier. Travel buffs w i l l never have a family members living on and
better opportunity than while at around the base.
Spangdahlem is about 35
Spangdahlem. The French,
kilometers (20 miles) northeast of Many people compare the
Belgian and Luxembourg borders
Trier. Fifel's climate to the western part
While you're here, you'll soon
are all less than 45 minutes away.
By car Holland is about an hour
of Washington state. Summer NEWCOMERS GUIDE
discover wTat an ideal location the temperatures hover around the
and" a half away, the heart of
base is i n . The area, called the upper 60s, while winter averages Welcome to Spangdahlem AB
Switzerland six and northern Italy 4 L4 I +

Fifel region, is filled w i t h historic stick close to freezing.

places to visit, including Trier, the
oldest city in Germany. The Fifel
is dotted with villages of a few ^ overlooking a sprawling green
hundred people but also has many
cities w i t h populations of 50,000
to 100,000.
The most famous of many
agricultural products is the Fifel's
Mosel wines. For those w h o fancy
wines, this area is ideal for wine
tasting. M o r e on that later.
12. Welcome to Spangdahlem AB Is a special newcomers'
It rains frequently here, but the guide edition of the "Spangled Banner," a funded C l a s s I Air
Spangdahlem AB sets atop a hil Force official newspaper published each Friday for the
average annual precipitation is
only 27 inches. About 24 inches of
people of the 52nd Tactical Fighter Wing (USAFE) and
valley of thick forest, farmland Spangdahlem AB, West Germany, APO New York 09123.
and streams. O n a clear day snow blanket the base each year. Opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent
Frequent fog and low cloud those of the U.S. Air Force. The "Spangled Banner" Is
Bitburg A B , some eight miles printed by Paulinus-Druckerei GmbH, Trier, West
away, is visible. ceilings, especially in the winter,
Germany.
make driving and flying
The base has a population of hazardous. It is common between Wing Commander Col. Lawrence E. Day
November and February for the Public Affairs Officer Capt. Jereon M. Brown
some 4,900 military, including NCOIC MSgt. James E. Miller
two Army air defense battalions. base to be below flying minimums NCOIC, Media Relations SSgt. Philip F. Rhodes
There are also roughly 5,300 most or all day. Editor SrA. Timothy P. Barela
 Yesterday
he "Fightm' 5 2 n d " was citation during a raid on Axis aircraft
born just before W o r l d factories, munitions centers,
War I I as the 52nd communications lines and supply
Pursuit Group, points.
Selfridge Field, M i c h . ,
The 52nd amassed 421 aerial
on Jan. 16, 1941. It first flew P-39
victories during W W I I . Following their
Airacobras and P-40 Warhawks. When
return to the States in August 1945, the
the United States became involved in
unit was deactivated.
the war, the 52nd shipped out to the
United Kingdom in 1942. The 52nd rose again i n June 1948 at
Mitchell Field, N . Y . In M a y 1 9 5 1 , the
From July to November 1942, the unit became the 52nd Fighter
group's pilots, equipped with Spitfires, Intercepter G r o u p , then deactivated a
fought in the skies between England year later.
and France. Almost 11 years passed until A p r i l
During Operation T o r c h , the 1963 when the unit again took on an air
invasion of N o r t h Africa in November, defense role as the 52nd Fighter Group
the 52nd took its spitfires to Gibraltar, (air defense). It continued in that role
P-40 Warhawk
then Algeria. Joining 12th, then 15th for five years before still another
Air Force, the group flew bomber
-+

over deactivation.
into Italy, so did the 52nd, w o r k i n g bomber escort to targets all
escort, patrol, strafing and Europe. Then, in November 1 9 7 1 , the unit
over tactical targets during the Allies'
reconnaissance in support of Allied was reactivated at Spangdahlem AB
advance up the Italian peninsula. In
forces in Tunisia. It was in the escort role that the 52nd and equipped w i t h F-4 Phantoms that
A p r i l 1944, the group converted to
As the Allies pushed out of Africa P-51 Mustangs and began long-range earned its first distinguished unit same year.

Today
sensor and computer system which
enables its crew to locate and destroy
enemy radar-guided, surface-to-air
threats in any weather.
Both the G and F models are
equipped w i t h the A R N - 1 0 1 Digital
M o d u l a r Avionics System for improved
- - • i i

navigation and weapons delivery. By

fall of 1987 all the F-4Fs w i l l have been
replaced by F-16Cs, making the 52nd
TFW the first wing ever to
operationally employ a mixed force
hunter-killer team.
W i t h such capabilities, the wing is a
highly prized N A T O resource and is
tasked under many contingency plans
- - - - . . 4 4 -

and in more than 15 U S A F F / N A T O

exercises annually. These provide
valuable training, increase readiness
and demonstrate to any possible
aggressor that N A T O is prepared to
fight — and w i n .

The threat
Because of the ever present threat of
the Warsaw Pact, it is mandatory that
this wing be prepared to perform its job
at all times and under all conditions. In
order to test our combat preparedness,
the wing has periodic exercises, known
as Salty Nations, to evaluate itself.
These exercises are designed to train as
F-16, top, and F-4G well as evaluate our capabilities.

I
These exercises are as realistic as we
^^H^H he 52nd Tactical provide lethal defense suppression in the classic W i l d Weasel way of can make them. Members are required
^^^^1 Fighter Wing has support of N A T O and U.S. forces. It suppressing radars and surface-to-air to wear field gear and protective pants
^^^^H historically been one of maintains a fully trained, combat-ready missiles that threaten N A T O ' s air and jacket throughout the exercises and
^^^^H the top fighter wings in force prepared to respond to any forces. to don gas masks and gloves under
the U.S. A i r Forces in contingency in the defense of Western To carry out this unusual role, the simulated chemical environments.
Europe. The reputation is solidified Europe. wing has the latest McDonnell-Douglas People who normally do not have a
year after year w i t h top ratings ui In November 1984, the 52nd F-4 Phantom lis in the A i r Force wartime job w i l l be assigned to a
N A T O evaluations and by having w o n became N A T O ' s first all-defense inventory. The 2 3 r d , 81st and 480th position augmenting combat functions
the A i r Force Outstanding Unit A w a r d suppression wing, outside the Tactical Fighter Squadrons fly a such as the security police, base
in 1980. continental United States. In war, this mixture of F-4Fs and F-4Gs. The G is recovery after attack teams and shelter
The mission of the 52nd T F W is to wing would be "first in and last o u t , " specially modified w i t h the APR-38 teams.
 Air Force
eeping the "Fighting
5 2 n d " in the air is the
job of the wing's three
aircraft generation
squadrons — 7023rd,
7081st and 7480th — and 52nd
Equipment Maintenance and
Component Repair Squadrons. They
have quite a task to accomplish. This is
evident by the flying record the wing
posts each year: more than 16,000
sorties and more than 20,000 flying
hours.
52nd Combat Support Group
Under the 52nd Combat Support
Group commander are the "backbone"
units that tie the wing together.
The group is comparable to a city
government w i t h the commander as
"mayor." Under him is a network o f
agencies linked to the mission.
One such agency is the 52nd Civil
Engineering Squadron. In addition to
hundreds of housing units, they fix
miles of roads and streets, thousands of
miles of electrical wiring and still have
to be prepared to patch bomb-cratered
runways i n a matter o f minutes.
The protection and security
provided by the people o f the 52nd
Security Police Squadron keep the base
a safe place to live and w o r k . The 52nd
Services Squadron feeds and houses
everyone.
Other units under CSG include
personnel, disaster preparedness, base
operations and training, the 7007th
Explosive Ordnance Disposal Flight
and others mentioned elsewhere in this
guide.
Resource management
Providing support and managing
Army
• j^J 4,000 A i r Force
I ^^^^^H Spangdahlem
AB called
home by more than 800 air
defense artillery soldiers, both
units mentioned earlier.
As their names indicate, both
battalions provide Spangdahlem,
Bitburg and H a h n A i r Bases, and
the entire Fifel Region, with air
defense.
The 6 / 5 6 A D A activated here
in September 1 9 7 1 . The unit
originally was called F Battery,
506th Anti-Aircraft Artillery,
which activated July 29, 1 9 2 1 .
The unit has earned 20 campaign
streamers in campaigns from
W o r l d W a r 11 to Vietnam.
Equipped with six forward
area alerting radars, 24
Chaparral self-propelled missile
systems and 24 Vulcan 20mm
towed guns, the 6 / 5 6 t h A D A
provides short range air
defense.
The 1/1 A D A has been
human resources, material and money
redesigned many times. I t was
to get the mission done at the lowest
activated during the W a r of 1812
possible cost is the job of resource
as Company H , 3rd Regiment of
management. The R M complex
Artillery. The unit earned 41
includes the 52nd Supply and
campaign streamers for actions
Transportation Squadrons, the
from the W a r o f 1812 to the
comptroller and resource plans
Korean conflict. The unit
division.
activated here i n 1970.
Just a few of the ways R M people
The 1/1 A D A is equipped w i t h
support the wing are by buying all
the Improved H a w k missile and
supplies and equipment, delivering fuel
provides air defense against
and parts, processing receipts,
medium and low altitude attack
maintaining and inspecting vehicles,
in the rear combat zone.
operating school buses, shipping and
delivering household goods and
equipment, paying the base's people
and resolving pay problems, planning
deployments, writing plans...and so
on.
The comptroller handles an annual
budget of almost SI00 million and is
part of the A i r Force's most modern
data automation system.
Tenant units
Tenants not under CSG are the
USAF Judiciary 6th Circuit area
defense counsel; the weather people
from Detachment 1 1 , 31st Weather
Squadron; low-level air defense by the
U.S. Army's 6th Battalion, 56th A i r
Defense Artillery; long-range air
defense by the 1st Battalion, 1st A D A ;
and the 2137th Communications
Squadron.
Other tenants include the O F A Det.
4, 7400th Management Engineering
Squadron; Det. 382, A i r Force Audit
Agency; Det. 7033 of the A i r Force
Office o f Special Investigation; 7219th
Civil Engineering Flight (Red Horse);
operating location A C o f the A i r Force
Commissary Service; and one
geographically separated unit, Det., 1 ,
52nd T F W , Chievres, Belgium.

I ^^^^^l get to
Germany, especially
^^^^^H Region,
you'll quickly see how
^^^^^^^ beautiful and well
cared for the area is. Equally impressive
is the historical face o f Germany w i t h
Its many ruins, historical cities and
buildings.
The Eifel also has its own colorful
past. People from many nations have
influenced this area. In the last century,
for example, the city of Bitburg was
under control o f six different nations
while tiny Dudeldorf, 6 kilometers (3.7
miles) away, was controlled from
M a d r i d , Spain, and Spangdahlem was
administered from Vienna, Austria.
The legend of the werewolf was born
in a nearby village called Erdorf.
Matthias, the man picked to replace
Judas, the betrayer of Jesus Christ, is
supposedly buried in Trier,
These are some of the interesting
historical facts one can easily discover
by travel or reading about this treasure
called Germany.
Today, the Eifel is a quiet, rural
area, picturesque and green. It's hard to
believe that i t has one o f the most
multi-faceted histories of any region o f
Europe.
In the Eifel, armies of every nation
fought and died in the last 2,000 years
— from the Roman conquerers in the
last century before Christ, to Allied
soldiers during W o r l d War 11.
Points of interest
As mentioned earlier, Trier is the
oldest city i n Germany. According to
German historians, the city is several
hundred years older than Rome and
was once the northern capital of the
Roman Empire. Its civilized origins can
be traced t o around 50 B.C. beginning
w i t h the Roman occupation.
The landmark o f that civilization is
the gate to the city called the Porta
Nigra, or Black Gate. There are also
Roman baths and an ampitheater,
medieval cathedrals, the market square
2,000-year-old Porta Nigra, Trier
where farmers still sell their produce,
the tomb of St. Matthias (the only
Apostle buried north of the Alps); a
robe believed to have belonged to
Christ, and the Mosel River, which is
part of a tremendous wine-producing
region.
The Eifel's rolling hills and valleys
surrounding the base also are
interesting w i t h their scenic forests,
gentle mountain streams, rivers, quaint
villages, lakes and extinct volcanic
craters.
Guidebooks or maps for this and
almost every area of Germany are
available at the Stars and Stripes
bookstore oh base or i n German
bookstores.
- - -- .- ,• 4,4 .
 What to bring Planning

i
j^^^HH efore the packers come Don't bring refrigerators, electric or sandals, hair curlers or T-shirts in
^^^^ y*^*^^ gas ranges, washers or dryers. These German t o w n s .
j^M \ belongings, you might w i l l be issued to you by housing supply M a k e sure you've got rain gear. The
mi^BMd ask yourself, ''What as they become available. They w i l l wet season is pretty much year
•i^™ shall I bring?" Y o u already be i n government housing, as around.
have to consider your weight well as i n houses o f f base that have been
allowance, but there are certain things previously lived i n by Americans. Expect to live out of your suitcase for
you should and shouldn't bring. at least t w o months and pack
Electric clocks are useless because accordingly.
Bring your small appliances: electric German electricity is 50 rather than 60
i r o n , r a d i o , television, toaster, electric hertz like i n the States. Lamps w i l l w o r k
w i t h new bulbs and an adaptor plug.
About pets
skillet, roaster, sewing machine, mixer
and vacuum. M i l i t a r y A i r l i f t C o m m a n d does
Transformers transport pets f r o m the States on a
Of course, bring kitchenware, space-available basis. Y o u should call
Standard American electrical items
linens, p i l l o w cases, towels, face cloths, well in advance for this benefit.
w i l l require transformers. German
dish cloths, bath sets, blankets and You must arrange transportation for
electricity is 220 v o l t , 50 hertz,
other similar items. Another item to your pet from Rhein-Main to
compared to the U.S. 110 v o l t , 60
pack is clothes hangers — and plenty of hertz. So American motors w i l l r u n 1/6 Spangdahlem. Remember, pets are not
them.
For families w i t h children, bring al
slower here. Transformers are not hard
to f i n d and can be bought f r o m the base
allowed to travel on government
transportation (excluding M A C flights)
I I^^^M there are

baby needs, including highchair, exchange, t h r i f t shop or people nor are they allowed in temporary • J need to know,
bassinette, carriage, stroller and leaving. quarters. • ijaaw^ai^^-^^M especially i f this is
vaporizer. D o n ' t forget, you can take A l t h o u g h there is no kennel available your first t o u r overseas. The
the stroller aboard the aircraft as Hand-carried luggage on Spangdahlem, there are some in the f o l l o w i n g t i p s w i l l help y o u decide
luggage. W h e n you pack for the t r i p , bring area. A veterinary clinic at Bitburg w i l l whether to bring your family right
every type of u n i f o r m , including give pets required shots and treat some a w a y , ship y o u r car a n d h o w t o get
If you are "outdoorsie" bring your
fatigues and boots. health problems. German veterinarians ahead i n the h o u s i n g s i t u a t i o n :
camping equipment. Europeans are
great campers, and camping places O n the civilian side, bring plenty of are competent and easy to f i n d . Concurrent travel: R i g h t n o w
abound, some w i t h real l u x u r y . I f you sweaters, light jackets and some By the w a y , while many Germans everyone can b r i n g t h e i r f a m i l y
wear glasses, bring an extra set of lenses dressier clothes for those nights on the have dogs, because of previous members w i t h them concurrently.
or prescriptions for extra glasses. I f you t o w n . Germans dress up to go out — we problems w i t h American tenants' pets, T e m p o r a r y q u a r t e r s are l i m i t e d ,
require special shoes, stock up before are expected to do the same. Y o u w o n ' t most German landlords don't permit t o o , so some people have t o live in a
you leave. see sweat suits, cutoffs, shower pets. l o t c l <is m u c h as 50 davs o r m o r e .
Most hotels arc four to 15
k i l o m e t e r s a w a y a n d the o n l y

Shipping your c a r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o the base is via t a x i

o r shared rides. Public buses exist

I
and are o n schedule, b u t they m a y
n o t meet v o u r t i m e c o n s t r a i n t s . I n
^^^HH o ship or not to ship, that is the question. •

m o s t hotels at least one o f the staff

^^^Hl I f you plan to ship a vehicle, there are a few
^^^^H things you'll need to k n o w . Vehicles f r o m the
^^^^H States w i l l arrive at Bremerhaven, a German
port o n the N o r t h Sea (about seven hours ride
by train). It w i l l take about 30 to 60 days for your car to
arrive, depending on the time of year you ship i t . Getting to
Bremerhaven isn't hard.
N o r m a l l y , you can swap a ride w i t h someone t a k i n g their
car up for shipment back to the States. Family services
maintains a list of people going to Bremerhaven w h o are
w i l l i n g to swap a ride. There are also people on base w h o
make a part-time business of picking up cars at Bremerhaven.
Check bulletin boards for their cards.
But lets back up a little. Even before you drop your car o f f
at the stateside shipping t e r m i n a l , make sure the car is i n
good shape. O f course you'll have to take the catalytic
converter o f f , but don't t h r o w it away. I f you plan to bring
the car back when your tour is over, the converter w i l l have to
be reinstalled. Germany has the strictest inspection
standards. I f your car has certain defects or malfunctions,
you w o n ' t be able to drive it o n German roadways.
Some of the things to check before you ship:
Body damage I f your car has severe body damage, it
— expect to pay:
w o n ' t be allowed o n the street. Holes caused by body rust
may be no larger than a 25-cent coin.
Tires — They should have a m i n i m u m of one millimeter
depth over the entire tread. Also don't m i x radials w i t h
non-radials.
Exhaust system — Leaks or l o u d exhausts w i l l cause a
reject.
Lights Every light installed o n the vehicle, including
—
those o n the license plate must be i n w o r k i n g order.
SeatbeltS I n Germany there is a mandatory seatbelt
— U.S. forces members i n Germany and their family members
law. M a k e sure you have them and they w o r k .
Brakes They w i l l be tested and must w o r k evenly
w i t h o u t grabbing.
These are some of the things people end up having to fix
when their cars get here. It costs a l o t less and saves more time
to get them done in the States before you put your car on the
boat.
Insurance: You've probably already heard about
German insurance rates. I f you heard they were high, you
heard right.
Like American companies, German insurance is based on
age, m a r i t a l status, driving record and the value of the vehicle
and its horsepower rating. Rates for Americans are high
because of the overall poor driving and accident record of
U.S. m i l i t a r y people here. Here's an example of what to
A typical 28-year o l d , m a r r i e d , driving a car valued at
$7,500 w i l l pay about $1,000 a year for full coverage w h i c h
includes l i a b i l i t y , comprehensive and collision. Drivers can
spread payments over several months after an initial
down-payment, the way you can w i t h U.S. companies.
People must show p r o o f of insurance before registering a
car.
Driver's licenses: Y o u must have a driver's license issued
in the States to be able to drive here. Because of the Status of
Force Agreement between the United States and Germany,
must obtain a U.S. A r m y Europe driver's license.
m e m b e r s w i l l speak E n g l i s h , b u t
there is l i t t l e e n t e r t a i n m e n t a v a i l a b l e
d u r i n g a l o n g stay in t e m p o r a r y
lodging.
If y o u have a large f a m i l y , f i n d i n g
a h o t e l w i t h large e n o u g h r o o m s also
w i l l be a m a j o r p r o b l e m .
Passports: Get the p a p e r w o r k
started e a r l y . I n the States, passports
take a n y- w h e r e f r o m 30 t o 75 da\' s t o
process. M i l i t a r y people d o n ' t need
o n e , b u t all f a m i l y m e m b e r s d o . In
fact, the >• s h o u 1 d h a v e a n o - fee
passport i n t h e i r possession at the
time of travel. T h e U.S. State
D e p a r t m e n t issues passports w i t h a
l O w e a r validitv w h i c h costs S35 t o
S42.
M a k e sure dependents' passports,
eyen those o f f o r e i g n citizens, haye
the C e r t i f i c a t e o f Status s t a m p o n
them. This indicates they are
dependents o f a U.S. seryiceman o r
w o m a n overseas. I f the passport
doesn't hav^e the s t a m p , c o n t a c t vamr
personal a f f a i r s u n i t .
Military people will need
passports o n l y i f thev p l a n t o trave
to n o n - N A T O c o u n t r i e s . I n those
cases, a t o u r i s t passport is w h a t y o u
need. O y e r here a s t a n d a r d f o r m
issued by U S E U C O M , y o u r leaye
o r d e r s a n d an I D c a r d w i l l get y o u
i n t o a n d o u t o f any N A T O c o u n t r y ,
Switzerland and Austria.
 ^1

. I.

6'.7^

Financial services
f you've got SURE-PAY — having your
paycheck sent directly t o a bank — you're
already one i m p o r t a n t step ahead. I f you
don't have i t , i t might be a good idea t o get
it. It's a real convenience.
A t Spangdahlem A B , there are t w o money facilities:
a bank and a credit u n i o n . Both accept checks f r o m the
States, so it's n o t necessary t o transfer your
account.
American Express Bank offers a full line of
banking services, including checking and savings
accounts, savings bonds, loans and currency sales and
redemption.
Some people leave their savings and checking
accounts w i t h their stateside bank and open a savings
account w i t h American Express. D o i n g this gives them
free check cashing privileges and offers the use of
24-hour automatic tellers f o r dollar and Deutsche
mark transactions. There are American Express banks
throughout the U.S. military community in
Germany.
Services Federal Credit Union offers new and
used car loans, personal loans and financial
counseling. They also offer share savings accounts and
free share drafts w i t h a m i n i m a l charge for reordering
checks.
German banks offer check cashing and savings
accounts and loans. One unique service is Eurocheck.
These checks can be w r i t t e n i n any currency almost
anywhere i n Europe. German banks also w i l l pay most
routine bills f r o m your account, such as your rent,
good exchange rate. M a n y European merchants also normally expressed by the number o f D M the dollar
utility bills, car payments or phone bills. Y o u can have
accept major American charge cards. will buy.
your pay sent t o a German bank under the SURE-PAY
The exchange rate of dollars t o marks varies a few
program.
pfennings daily according t o the dollar's value on the Income tax tips
Frankfurt International Currency Exchange.
American Forces Radio and Television broadcast the Some moving expenses are tax-deductible. Keep
Your Money in Germany copies o f all your expenses f r o m your move, including
rate each afternoon; Stars and Stripes, the American
German currency is called the Deutsche m a r k , the forces newspaper, prints i t ; and the base bank posts the after y o u arrive. Some examples are travel expenses,
m a r k or D M . T h e m a r k is based o n a 100 decimal rate. meals, lodging w h i l e you occupy temporary quarters,
system just like the dollar, so 100 pfenning (pf) equals Thus rent and large purchases o f f base can fluctuate expenses attributable to the sale, purchase or lease of
D M 1. your residence, etc.
quite a b i t w i t h one day's variation i n the exchange
A l l base facilities use the dollar, while your off-base rate. After you've compiled a list o f expenses and have
business w i l l all be done i n D M . Some merchants w i l l The dollar w i l l buy about t w o D M i n December completed the move, consult your unit tax adviser w h o
take dollars and American checks and give a fairly 1986, so the D M is w o r t h about 50 cents. Rates are can assist i n preparing the proper forms.

Conversion chart
Marks to d o l l a r s 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30 2.35 2.40 2.45 2.50

1.00 DM = .54 .52 .51 .50 .48 .47 .46 .45 .44 .43 .42 .41 .40 .39
2.00 DM = 1.08 1.05 1.02 1.00 .97 .95 .93 .91 .89 .87 .85 .83 .81 .80
3.00 DM = 1.62 1.57 1.53 1.50 1.46 1.42 1.39 1.36 1.33 1.30 1.27 1.25 1.22 1.20
4.00 DM = 2.16 2.10 2.05 2.00 1.95 2.81 1.86 1.81 1.77 1.73 1.70 1.66 1.63 1.60
5.00 DM « 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.50 2.43 2.38 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.17 2.12 2.08 2.04 2.00
10.00 DM = 5.40 5.26 5.12 5.00 4.87 4.76 4.65 4.54 4.44 4.34 4.25 4.16 4.08 4.00
25.00 DM = 13.51 13.15 12.82 12.50 12.19 11.90 11.62 11.36 11.11 10.86 10.63 10.41 10.20 10.00
50.00 DM = 27.02 26.31 25.64 25.00 24.39 23.80 23.25 22.72 22.22 21.73 21.27 20.83 20.40 20.00
75.00 DM = 40.54 39.47 38.46 37.50 36.58 35.71 34.88 34.09 33.33 32.60 31.91 31.25 30.61 30.00
100.00 DM = 54.05 52.63 51.28 50.00 48.78 47.61 46.51 45.45 44.44 43.47 42.55 41.66 40.81 40.00

D o l l a r s to narks 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30 2.35 2.40 2.45 2.50

$ 1.00 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30 2.35 2.40 2.45 2.50
$ 2.00 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00
§ 3.00 5.55 5.70 5.85 6.00 6.15 6.30 6.45 6.60 6.75 6.90 7.05 7.20 7.35 7.50
$ 4.00 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00
$ 5.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50
$ 10.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.05 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00
$ 25.00 46.25 47.50 48.75 50.00 51.25 52.50 54.75 55.00 56.25 57.50 58.75 60.00 61.25 62.50
$ 50.00 92.50 95.00 97.50 100.00 102.50 105.00 107.50 110.00 113.50 116.00 118.50 120.00 122.50 125.00
$ 75.00 138.75 142.75 146.25 150.00 153.75 157.50 161.25 165.00 168.75 172.50 176.25 180.00 183.75 187.50
$100.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 255.00
I \ fm question on
I ^^H^^fl most people's minds
I HHHj^^H vv^i^en they arrive.
^ H ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ l a challenge finding a
place t o live around Spangdahlem, but
it's not really different f r o m anywhere
else i n Germany. T h e main obstacles
are different languages, a shortage o f
three and f o u r - b e d r o o m housing units
in the area and the fact that most
German landlords don't advertise.
They don't need t o .
The government housing list moves
slowly, t o o .
Housing Referral Services here uses
the "open listing" system f o r off-base
housing. This means that you are free
to seek and select housing o n your o w n
after attending the housing and
temporary lodging allowance briefings,
held daily at 9 a . m . i n the housing
office.
Fortunately, this area has more one
or t w o - f a m i l y houses available than
built-up areas, and less base people
have to live i n large apartment
buildings, than say, at F r a n k f u r t .
•
On-base housing
A t Spangdahlem A B , a person
l o o k i n g for on-base housing has three
choices o f areas i n w h i c h t o live. T h e
base has a total o f 964 government
housing units: 573 o n base, 91 units i n
Trier (27 kilometers away) and 300
government-leased units i n t w o towns a
few minutes away.
Waiting times for government
quarters vary w i t h the size and location
you request. A p p r o x i m a t e w a i t i n g
times are three t o 10 months f o r
t w o - b e d r o o m units, six months for
three and four bedrooms. T h e w a i t i n g
time w i l l vary further depending o n the
time of year you arrive. A r r i v i n g in M a y
or June w i l l shorten your wait
considerably.
Housing in the community
Base and T r i e r housing units are
four-story, multi-family stairwell
apartments w i t h 18 to 22 families i n
each building. H o u s i n g is divided into
t w o categories: regular (first three
floors) and attic apartments (fourth
f l o o r ) . A project n o w i n progress is
adding an extra b a t h r o o m , storage and
laundry space t o most Spangdahlem
base housing. It's i m p o r t a n t you specify
the type of housing you w a n t as soon as
you arrive.
Off-base housing
Besides those in government
housing, another 3,000 families rent
f r o m Germans o f f base.
Because o f the limited number o f
on-base units, most people should
prepare t o live o f f base. M o s t Germans
live i n t w o or three-family houses. T w o
and three-bedroom apartments are
most c o m m o n , while four or more are
rare, but not impossible t o f i n d . O f t e n ,
the landlord w i l l live o n one floor w i t h
American tenants occupying the
other(s).
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Two-bedroom apartment floor plan
German houses are different f r o m heaters w i l l cost $100-$150 per m o n t h
American i n certain respects. Since to operate. Some newer homes are
their houses are taxed according to the equipped w i t h electric heat and r u n
number o f rooms they have, and closets about the same.
are considered rooms, most houses w i l l
One thing that Americans w i l l learn
not have closets or b u i l t - i n kitchen
about living in Germany is
cabinets.
conservation, because all utilities,
including water, are more expensive
Base housing supply tries to provide
kitchen cabinets and one wardrobe f o r than most U.S. rates.
each member o f the family. Generally,
if y o u take an apartment previously
rented to Americans, those items w i l Single quarters
already be installed. I f you f i n d a new If you're single, E-4 or below, y o u
apartment or one not previously rented w i l l most likely live i n the d o r m . Space
to Americans, be prepared to find i t is alloted according to regulation: E-1
empty t o just bare walls. I t w i l l through E-4, 90 square feet; E-5 and
probably have b a t h r o o m fixtures, but E - 6 , 1 3 5 square feet, while E-7 through
perhaps n o t h i n g else — n o t even light E-9 are authorized t o reside off-base.
fixtures.
Because o f a shortage of d o r m rooms
M o s t o f the things we expect t o find here, more than 900 people w h o w o u l d
in an American house are considered normally live i n the dormitories are
the tenant's responsibility here. There living o f f base. M o s t single or
also may be a w a i t o f as much as several unaccompanied senior N C O s w i l l live
months for wardrobes and other large off base, so it's i m p o r t a n t for people i n
items f r o m base housing supply. grades above E-7 to have their stateside
M a n y people w a i t for the housing CBPOs contact the 5 2 C S G / D P M U I for
office t o find their apartments. i n f o r m a t i o n o n additional weight
However, i f y o u are w i l l i n g t o go out allowances f o r shipment o f household
and l o o k and are lucky enough to goods.
stumble u p o n one yourself, contact
lousing for help w i t h a rental
agreement. They must inspect the
Housing allowance
rental unit and ensure that the rent is Like variable housing allowance i n
fair and reasonable before you're the States, USAFE has a system called
allowed t o rent. overseas housing allowance. I t is
adjusted to the dollar's value against the
Deutsche m a r k .
Rent fees The system w o r k s like this: a
speaking o f rent, y o u may be technical sergeant (E-6) with
pleasantly surprised. Since dependents receives $348 i n basic
Spangdahlem is o u t i n the c o u n t r y , allowance for quarters. The
rents are generally lower than many Department o f Defense establishes an
areas i n the States. Including utilities — O H A ceiling based u p o n the member's
that's heat, electric, water, garbage grade and geographic location. Let's
collection and possibly a garage — make the ceiling $270.
expect to pay roughly $300 f o r a one
If the member's basic rent f o r an
b e d r o o m ; $425 f o r t w o bedrooms;
apartment is $250 w i t h o u t utilities, he
$500 for three and $550 for four. Five
w o u l d receive an additional $20 per
bedrooms may cost about $600, but
m o n t h to help cover the costs.
remember, these rates change w i t h
Accounting and finance is responsible
fluctuations o f the dollar.
for O H A and can answer specific
Depending o n the age o f the house, questions concerning your
\ our utilities w i l l varv. The common oil entitlement.

I Spangdahlem are
I I H H H H I handled by the U.S.
™ ^^^^^^^ A i r Force Clinic here.
The clinic is staffed by five p r i m a r y care
physicians, one physician's assistant,
one pediatrician, one pediatric nurse
practitioner, three flight surgeons and
10 dentists (including an orthodontist
and a periodontist) and one
optometrist.
Medical care is provided at the clinic
on an out-patient basis to all active
d u t y , family members, retirees and
other eligible people. People requiring
hospitalization usually are admitted to
the U.S. A i r Force H o s p i t a l at Bitburg
A B , located 15 kilometers (nine miles)
away.
I n a d d i t i o n , all emergency treatment
after n o r m a l duty hours is handled at
Bitburg H o s p i t a l . The Spangdahlem
Clinic is open f r o m 7:30 a . m . to 5 p . m .
M o n d a y t h r o u g h Friday. H o w e v e r , an
ambulance crew comprised of t w o
technicians is o n hand after duty hours
to respond to emergencies i n on- and
off-base housing areas as well as o n the
major roads between Spangdahlem and
Bitburg.
The clinic's optometrist and
technician provide optometric services
for active duty people and children
under 8 by appointment. They can
provide service to other family
members as time permits.
Children up to 18 years o l d can be
treated by the pediatrics clinic. I t also
does well-baby care at the t w o to
three-week; f o u r , six, 12, 15 and
1 8 - m o n t h ; and t w o year periods.
People w h o need a different
specialist's attention or surgery must go
to other U.S. A i r Force or A r m y
hospitals i n Germany. Patients can be
referred to either B i t b u r g H o s p i t a l , the
pangdahlem has an elementary
school on base for kindergarten
through sixth grade. The Trier
lousing area also has its o w n
elementary school. Junior and high
school students attend American schools at Bitburg
AB. Children living off-base are picked up by A i r
Force buses if they live i n a t o w n presently o n the bus
route.
Schools are in the Department of Defense
Dependent School system, and teachers have a
m i n i m u m of a four-ye^F d^S^^^ teaching and one
year's experience.
T o register children f o r school, bring a report card
or transfer statement f r o m the last school. Fork
children entering school for the first t i m e , b r i n g b i t t h k
certificates or passports and a copy of current orderkk
Register at the school office, Bldg. 433, base h o u s i n p
area,: The m i n i m u m age for; phde^g&ten^^
Dec; 31 o f registration yCatj M d f i M
ing special
Medical c a r e
Shots
The A i r Force requires active duty
people and their family members to
receive a T B Tine test before leaving for
any overseas assignment. I f this is not
done before y o u depart the States, i t
must be accomplished w i t h i n 10 days
after your arrival here.
Some other routine immunizations
are required. M i l i t a r y people must have
had a smallpox vaccination w i t h i n
three years, t y p h o i d w i t h i n three years,
influenza every year, tetanus/diptheria
w i t h i n 10 years, p o l i o basic series,
measles basic series and yellow fever for
alert duty and people on m o b i l i t y .
Y o u r family should receive t y p h o i d
shots w i t h i n three years; tetanus and
diptheria w i t h i n 10 years; p o l i o series;
and ages 1 to 14, measles, basic
series.
German medical care
If you're planning to bring people not
USAF medical center in Wiesbaden, the notification of reassignment have least listed as dependents w h o don't have a
2nd General H o s p i t a l in Landstuhl or p r i o r i t y and w i l l be referred to a civilian
valid I D card or plan to have relatives
the 97th General Hospital in source. visit, one thing to remember is they are
Frankfurt.
The dental staff serves a four-base not authorized routine medical care i n
area and is generally very busy. People U.S. facilities. They can be treated i n an
should use a civilian source or w a i t u n t i l emergency but w i l l have to go to
Dental care they return to the States for German doctors f o r routine care.
Unlike stateside clinics, comprehensive dental care for family
The clinic's patient affairs office has
Spangdahlem dental clinic offers members. C H A M P U S is no longer a
a listing of civilian providers i n the area
routine and emergency care to active source for financial aid for routine
who speak English and can provide
duty and family members. H o w e v e r , orthodontic care.
routine care for non-eligible people.
orthodontic care for b o t h is provided Speaking of C H A M P U S , Civilian Complete medical care is available i n
on a space-available basis. Health and M e d i c a l Program of the German hospitals. Remember that
For example, active duty and family U n i f o r m e d Services, it w o r k s basically Medicare, M e d i c a i d and many other
members arriving o n station w i t h the same overseas as it does stateside. health insurance companies don't cover
braces that were placed before the Those living w i t h i n a 40 air-mile radius people outside the U n i t e d States.
sponsor's w r i t t e n reassignment have of a medical treatment facility must use
European pharmacies are well
highest p r i o r i t y for consideration but that facility for routine inpatient care.
stocked but rarely carry American
are still seen o n a space-available basis. Emergency inpatient care at a brand names. Finding substitutes can
W r i t t e n p r o o f of w h e n the braces were civilian hospital as well as authorized be difficult or expensive. Visitors or
placed may be requestec. outpatient care doesn't have t o be relatives should bring a sufficient
Members arriving w i t h braces that authorized i n advance and can be supply of medication w i t h them w h e n
were placed on after written cost-shared by C H A M P U S . traveling.
Education Jobs
I
should write t o : Principal, Spangdahlem Elementary ^^^^l obs for family members o n
School, A P O N e w Y o r k 09123. Spangdahlem are l i m i t e d , but
M 1 there are several avenues f r o m
Adult education w h i c h to choose employment.
Spangdahlem Education Genter offers classes One f o r m of employment is
ranging f r o m high school C()mplefidn;:A^^^^^ appropriated f u n d general schedule (GS) and
degrees. wage grade ( W G ) . There are about 70 GS/WG
positions — most are available for family
Located in Bldg. 192, the center offcrsprofessional
members, but competition is keen.
military training cohtsesyTf tepiddn;:^^
correspondence ^••:cddr^^Sk:;D^^^ Another avenue of employment is the
correspondence schools;;)!) non-appropriated f u n d p r o g r a m w i t h more than
services. 300 positions — most i n morale, welfare and
recreation. These include positions i n the open
angqapiem ypxi cm jpnrspc ya^^
messses, American Y o u t h Activities, child care
center, audio and sports centers, and arts and
dtfegesldF^^^ , Boston ;OniyeFsMyy
University, E m b r y - R i d d l e Aeron crafts. There are a l i m i t e d number of clerical
add pdhithdn^^ of t h e - A i r T d f ^ jobs, most are customer service or f o o d service.
Center counselors can also help w i t h professio nal. The civilian personnel office maintains a
listing of available positions for German, civil
;qo:;iamny;:;;;mfp service and N A F applicants. CPO is i n Bldg. 78,
education thfdugh'Tfidaf:'^:' E x t . 6884.
 Culture Language
erman is the mother language for more than
100 m i l l i o n people. As well as being the
anguage of Germany, it's the language of
A u s t r i a , Liechtenstein and one of the languages
of Switzerland.
While you're here, you'll w a n t to at least familiarize yourself
w i t h some German. Here are a few phrases that w i l l come in
handy:

Common phrases

tngiisn Oierman Kronouncsa

rie lo kjUten tag goo-ten-tauK
VC^ip Pchr PS Ihnpri'^ Vee iiavt ess ee-nen
Vpr\' \v p
r
SP Tf HUT zavr iioot
T l a n k vou Danke shoen dahn-keh-shern
Good-bve Auf wicc erhescn owf-vee-deyr-zayn
Please Birte bit-tuh
Yes ja ya
No Nein nine
Fxcuse me Entschu dcgen Sie en-scioo -di-gen-zee

I
Where is W o ist vo eest
^^^^^H any people w h o move to a offered hand i n Germany is an insult to the the station der bahnor davr bahn-hor
person w h o offered i t . a hote ein hote ain hote
Another German custom is to take or send a restaurant ein restaurant ain re-tow-rahng
flowers if invited for a meal. Be sure,
the toi ct c ie t o i ette dee t\\ ah- et-tuh
1 1 J l fl foreign country experience however, not to send red roses, w h i c h are a
I W I m *^Eilture shock, a sense of symbol of passion. I o the right nach rechts nakh resths
J being lost, frightened and Restaurant etiquette: W h e n couples i 0 the eft nach inks nakh eenks
.f,.^Mrto,-,-r-,,>'...tJl alone in a strange place. It enter a gasthaus or public place, the man goes Srraghr a l e a c geradeaus geh-ra i-deh-ous
usually begins w i t h i n the first few weeks and in first. This permits h i m to check the place \\ ou d like Ic "1 mocchre Ikh merk-ta
may f o r m attitudes w h i c h w i l l last through an out and ask the waiter for a table. The man
entire overseas t o u r . to cat cssen ess-en
leads the way to the table and asks the
One of the main contributors to culture woman's approval. a room ein zimmcr ain tzimmer
shock is the inability to speak the local o r one night fuer einc nac i t feer ain-neh nakht
language. It can be very frustrating to try to
In Germany, you pay the bill at the
find or buy something, or just order a meal
table. There's no need to tip since a service How much is ir.^ Wieve kostet es? vee-fee kaw-stet cs
charge of 10 to 15 percent is automatically 1 he c i e c k , n ease. Yah en hitte tza 1- en. bit-tah
and not be able to communicate your
included. Another thing to remember: meals
desires. Yesrprdnx CTp^tprn c>p 1-vtprn
are prepared individually in Germany, so
Every country has different customs and
V J C> L V i * 1

expect to w a i t after ordering. M o s t 1 OUciV rruete n

Fi
o v\ .'- it"u1n1 l"l
i " \

traditions, most of w h i c h are handed d o w n r

r

Americans agree that you w i l l never find 1 omorrow morgen more-gen

through generations. These differences,
better f o o d i n larger quantities anywhere.
which we sometimes see as i r r i t a n t s , are part Dreakiast rruenstucck tru-snticR
of a country's culture and are an integral part Sunday Is a day of rest. The Eifel is mittagessen mi-tag 1-gess-en
p

lunch
of living there. Americans have to learn to predominantly Catholic. After going to
church, most of the Germans relax for the dinner Abendcssen a i-bend-ess-en
accept things the way they are.
Overcoming culture shock is simple. Get day, or take a spaziergang or w a l k , in the
out i n t o Germany, meet the people, take part afternoon. They do not w o r k o n Sundays and
in German events, become familiar w i t h your w i l l be offended i f you t r y to m o w your l a w n
or wash your car on that day.
new surroundings. As you do this, barriers Numbers
begin to fall and you start to appreciate this Shopping: W h e n they shop, Germans
country's people and culture. expect to be served by store employees,
Speaking of culture, here are some tips to Instead of handling items yourself, especially one eins aintz
remember when you arrive. produce i n open air markets, tell the owner or
two zwei tzvai
One of the first German characteristics sales person w h a t you want and let the
you'll notice is that they shake hands much three drei dry
employee select the item. If not satisfied w i t h w

more than we do. Handshaking to Germans is the selection, just shake your head or tell the four vier feer
the same as a verbal greeting in the States. clerk you w a n t a different item. fi\'e fuenf fwenf
Germans are fastidious peopie and zex
This "store etiquette" keeps produce and six sechs
protective when it comes to persona
fruit fresh i n the grocery stores and avoids seven sieben zee-ben
property. A l l day Sunday is legally considered
spoiled or broken items in variety or gift ahkht
"quiet t i m e , " as is any holiday 1 to 3 p . m . and eight acht
shops.
after 10 p . m . M o n d a y through Saturday. n in e neim novn
A l o n g the same line, Germans w i l l not M o s t stores don't provide shopping bags.
ten zehn tzayn
tolerate excessive noise f r o m cars. A l l o w i n g Germans shop almost every day and bring
their o w n bags w i t h them. I t is most eleven ef el f
your car to idle at high speed can cause
enough noise to violate the road traffic convenient i f you keep a small, foldable bag twe ve z woe If tzyuh fp

ordinance, noise protection l a w and the w i t h y o u w h e n y o u shop in t o w n . thirteen drei/chn drv-tzavn

environmental protection l a w . Store hours: In Germany, most stores ourteen vierzehn fertz-tzayn
When a person greets a coupie, or close p r o m p t l y at 6 p . m . on weekdays, at 2 fifteen : Lienfzehn fcwnf-tzavn
couples meet, the w o m a n always offers her p . m . Saturdays and are closed all day Sunday.
y

twenty zwanzig tzahn-tzik

hand first, not the m a n . A n older w o m a n O n the first Saturday of each m o n t h , stores
should offer her hand first to a younger one w i l l remain open usually until 6 p . m . This is thirtv dreissig drv-tzik
and the same for men. T o not shake an called the lang Samstag or long Saturday. lundrec lundert hoon-dert
 Laws

I
HHH t's important to The base legal office has prepared a dog teams seach public areas under a
preventive law handbook which U.S. A i r Forces in Europe program to
outlines in some detail the most combat drug abuse.
important German laws and other
The A i r Force sees drugs as a threat
things you should k n o w . Some basic
^ ^ ^1 understand that once you to the mission and community
areas are outlined below:
^^^H arrive in Germany, your welfare.
^^^B legal status changes Traffic laws: A l t h o u g h you w i l l
^^^B because you are under Die Pollzei: I n Germany, there are
learn local traffic laws in safety classes
German l a w . M i l i t a r y people also are no local police forces, no sheriffs, just
before receiving a U S A R E U R driver's
subject to the U n i f o r m e d Code of the national police force or polizei. If
license, traffic violations continue to be
M i l i t a r y Justice, i f you travel to other stopped by t h e m , always be polite and
the largest single area of trouble for
countries, you are subject to local cooperative. Being argumentative w i l l
U.S. people, according to base legal
law. only get you into trouble. Y o u r
officials. W h e n you drive, observe the
That's no cause for alarm — constitutional rights don't apply if
German traffic laws. O h yes, there are
European countries are similar i n many you're arrested here. M o s t European
speed l i m i t s , and they're strictly
ways to the United States. Y o u just police are not reluctant to respond to
enforced.
need to be aware of the differences that force w i t h force, but that's up to y o u .
exist. Driving while Intoxicated is Verbal contracts: In Germany a
Under the N A T O Status of Forces treated very harshly in Germany. verbal agreement is considered a
Agreement (SOFA), the German Under German law a person is binding contract. Y o u don't need to
government has w h a t is called "original considered intoxicated if the sign a paper to be obligated by l a w .
involves a German person or German
j u r i s d i c t i o n , " meaning they have the blood-alcohol level is .8, lower than the
property, they usually retain custody.
right to prosecute criminal offenses U.S. standard of 1.0. Y o u can't refuse a Legal assistance: The base legal
In these cases, there is little the military
committed in Germany, both o n and blood test. The police w i l l take blood office offers appointments with
can d o . The base legal office can offer
off base. The U.S. military can take the by force i f you make that necessary. licensed attorneys to help resolve legal
only advice but cannot represent y o u .
case only when the Germans waive problems. Remember t h o u g h , there are
jurisdiction. (The only exceptions to
The legal staff also can visit you in jail Drugs: A t Spangdahlem you can no American courts in Germany.
but cannot allow you to leave the expect to see strong enforcement of
this rule are purely military offenses like
country until the matter has been drug laws o n base. Random urinalysis The legal office can help locate a
A W O L , failure to show up for duty,
resolved. are conducted, and narcotic detector German attorney if the need arises.
etc.)
German authorities often waive
jurisdiction. H o w e v e r , when an offense
Metric s y s t e m

^ • any Americans are shocked to find on their Mileage KPH Clothing

H JH I first shopping t r i p that Germans use the Children Women Men
J metric system. There are no quarts of m i l k ,
BB^HB and clothing sizes seem to go o f f the scale.
German U.S. German U.S. German U.S
^^^^^"1 A n d speaking of scales, the familiar pounds
and ounces also are gone and replaced w i t h kilograms. The 86-92 2 Blouses Suits
charts on this page w i l l help make some sense out of the 92-98 3
market place numbers. 34 28 46 36
98-104 4
O n the A u t o b a h n , speed limits and distances are in 36 29 48 38
110 5
kilometers. I f your car has a mile speedometer, multiply the 38 30 50 40
116 6
kilometers by six and drop the zero. 40 32 52 42
122 6x
N e w measurement takes some getting used t o , but 42 34 54 44
128 8
Americans are b o u n d to convert to the metric system sooner 44 36 56 46
134 10
or later — when they d o , you'll be at the top of the class. 46 38
140-146 12
48 40 Shirts
Length 152-158 14
Temperature 158-164 36 14
16
Dresses/Skirts 37 14l/2
German U.S. 1 centimeter (cm) 0.4 i n . 164-170 18
Centigrade 34 6 38 15
Fahrenheit (zentimeter) (Children's sizes 39 15l-2
1 meter 39 in. 36 8
are d e t e r m i n e d 40 153/4
1 kilometer 0.62 mile 38 10
by height of the
40 12 41 16
2.54 c m 1 in. child, ie: size 104
40 104 is for a c h i l d 104 42 14
91.4cm 1 yd.
30 centimeters tall.) 44 16 Hats
86 1,609.3 meters I mile
46 18
20 68 Weight 57 7
48 20
Liquid 58 7:/8
10 50 U.S. German German U.S. 59 7SM
Shoe B
1 gallon -3.79 60 7 3/8
5 41 1 Gram (gm.) 0.04 oz.
liter 34/35 4 61 7 ;/2
0 32 1 Piund l.llbs. 35/36 5
Shoes
(1/2 kilo, or 36/37 6
15 5 38/39 7 4! 8
5 0 0 gm.) !

1.06 quart 1 liter

18 0 or 2.1 pts. 2.2 lbs.
40/41 8 42 8l/2
1 Kilo.
41/42 9 43 91/2
1 quart .94 liter 0.56 Kilo. 1 lb. 44 10
45 IO1/2
2 9 gms. 1 02. 46 11

t Spangdahlem A B ,
people w o r k hard and
play hard. After a day's
w o r k , there's nothing
like relaxing and
enjoying yourself with friends.
Spangdahlem's Morale, Welfare, and
Recreation Division (rated one of the
best in Germany) has many things to
offer for your free time.
The base library houses more than
19,000 volumes, including a European
travel section and the latest best-sellers.
A special subject area includes
children's and young people's books
and a black history collection.
In cooperation w i t h the education
center, the library offers a reserved
reference section w i t h video tape
lessons for several subjects. There's a
fine collection of more the 2,100 LP
recordings, and cassettes for home use,
as well as stateside magazines and
newspapers. The library has a Z-100
computer, video tapes, typewriter and
copy machine, all free for public use.
The focal point for one of the largest
sports programs in the A i r Force, the
base gym has a regulation size
basketball court w i t h seating for 1,200
fans, a volleyball court, three
racquetball courts and a squash court.
There's a well-equipped weight room
with Nautilaus equipment and men's
and women's saunas.
Outside athletic areas consist of a
baseball field w i t h an electronic
scoreboard and public address system,
a PARS w o r k o u t course, football field,
quarter-mile track, t w o Softball fields
and several tennis courts with seating
for 5,000 spectators.
Competitive athletics encompass 26
varsity sports and a year-round
intramural program for men and
women.
For golf-lovers, the base has a craft shop. A welding r o o m , engine
A lot t o offer
nine-hole golf
recently-renovated pro shop and
clubhouse. Several fun tournaments are
offered during the season to encourage
occasional golfers to participate.
Instruction and golf club checkout also
are available.
Bowlers w i l l be happy to k n o w that
Spangdahlem's alleys have some of the
best pinsetting machines in Europe and
a new computerized scoring system.
This 18-lane, modern facility offers
bowling leagues and tournments for all
ages, a pro shop, more than 400
lockers, an amusement arcade and a
generous grill w i t h a takeout menu.
Arts and crafts enthusiasts have it
made. The crafts center offers
year-round classes in stained glass,
ceramics, photography, oil painting,
needlecrafts, jewelry-making and
more. The center also houses a wood
shop, picture framing and engraving
services, and a darkroom for photo
enthusiasts. There are frequent arts and
crafts contests and exhibits.
Fine tune your vehicle in the autO
>•
: •^i:•
: ^>•|•
:•
: ^•
:•
: ^':
course, room and 13 w o r k stalls (two with
hydraulic lifts), t w o indoor wash stalls
and 22 outdoor storage spots guarantee
a useful auto shop. There's also an
assortment of standard and metric tools
and repair manuals for all American
and European cars. A n unusual feature
is M W R ' s used parts l o t , a yard which
recycles old car parts for l o w prices.
Complete auto repair service and on-
and off-base towing service also is
provided,
Outdoorsmen will appreciate the
recreation equipment check-out
service. Get all your camping gear and
ski equipment there by the day or week
for nominal prices.
The Eifel Mountain Sports
Center, considered the finest in the A i r
Force, serves the Spangdahlem
community. It offers top quality
equipment, sports clothes and athletic
uniforms at the lowest prices. Racquet
stringing and ski maintenance are
available. Skiing, tennis, camping and
backpacking are a few of the specialties
of the sports center.
The M W R audio club, located in
the Sports Store lower level, has audio
and video equipment for sale, including
the latest in laser video discs. There are
more than 2,000 V C R movies for
m check-out and V C R and T V check-out
too. While you are shopping, drop your
film off at the one-hour photo
processing also located in the
basement.
For the younger generation, there's
the American Youth Activities
Center. The center offers all kinds of
organized sports and recreational
activities for Spangdahlem youth
members.
Baseball, soccer, arts, crafts, teen
discos and a computer learning center
for kids are all at the A Y A . The gym is
used for games, basketball and indoor
soccer in the winter. The staff plans
frequent trips to roller-skate, ice-skate,
swim and volksmarch. The A Y A
conducts trips and instruction in special
activities like tap, ballet and jazz for
children and adults.
The Stepping Stones Child Care
Center provides hourly, part-day and
full-day care for children ages six
months to 12 years. Conveniently
located at the entrance to the family
housing area, the center is staffed with
individuals fully trained in safety and
health procedures and child
development.
There is also a pre-school program
for children 3 and 4 years old. Teachers
guide children through curriculum
designed to enhance a child's
understanding of himself and others.
Basic learning skills are stressed in
preparation for entering formal
education.
In addition, the child care center
maintains a list of family day care home
providers who are fully certified and
provide quality care in government
housing in Spangdahlem, Herforst,
Speicher and Trier.
The hub of recreation at
Spangdahlem is the Hilltop
Recreation Center. Seven-day-a-week
service and its central location
makes it a natural place to go.
Want to tour Europe? The Hilltop
offers exciting and affordable tour
packages., including one-day trips to
castles, zoos, river cruises, concerts and
shopping centers. There's also
information about the American Forces
Recreation Centers and travel
information about Germany and other
countries.
Phones for local or overseas calls are
available at the recreation center. Stop
by for a game of pool or table tennis,
watch the large screen television, or
join the talent group...the list goes
on.
Right next door is a commercial
travel office where one can purchase
airline, train or ferry tickets, or tour
and ski packages.
Open messes
spangdahlem Officers' and Eifel
Visa N C O Open Messes offer dining
and entertainment with a distinct
international flavor. A l l is on the
upswing as both clubs are undergoing
major renovation projects to greatly
improve service.
- When completed, the officers' club
vvill feature a barbershop and a
base-wide Italian restaurant which w i l l
attract many customers. After the N C O
club renovation is complete in 1987,
the Gasthaus, separate party rooms,
Top-3 lounge and dining r o o m , large
ballroom, flambe room and pavillion
area will become their main
attractions.
Besides regular live entertainment,
quarterly big name and stateside show
bands the N C O club also boasts of a
dynamic games night t w o nights a
week. Check cashing and DM
conversion services also are provided.
Both open messes feature fine dining,
catering services, barbershops and a
gift shop for use of their membership.
Continued on page 15
 A lot t o offer Keeping in touch

Continued from page 14 n o w i n g what's going on in

;hc w o r l d , a r o u n d Europe
Value Added Tax office and especial!} back home
Americans, as NATO w iil be \ ery i m p o r t a n t t o
members, are eligible to have the \a)u w h i l e \ o u V e o\ erseas.
+ r

German 14 percent value added T h a t i n t o r m a t i o n is available to vou

tax deducted from their
purchases on the economy. If the
German merchant agrees to do
so, you as the purchaser can ask
for an invoice for the item before
you make the purchase.
You then take the invoice to
the V A T office in the basement of
the base gym. For a S3 fee, this
office w i l l take your personal
check or money order for the item
— less the 14 percent tax — and
give you a check in Deutsche
marks. You then take the check
back to the merchant and
purchase the item. The savings
really pay off on expensive items
like furniture or automobiles.
Worship services
Spangdahlem's base chapel is
the focal point for religious
growth and practice. Chaplains
w o r k together to provide many
opportunities for worship, study
and service.
There are organizations for
men, women and children all
aimed at personal spiritual
growth. Choirs, Bible studies,
short courses, retreats, movies
and musicals are only a few of the
outlets for your interests.
The chapel is staffed with four
Air Force Protestant and one
Catholic chaplain, plus four
chapel managers and a secretary.
T w o U.S. A r m y chaplains from
It
community center,
equivalent to a small
supermarket carrying
approximately 5,000 items. It is a
full service store, boasting a fresh
produce market, meat
department, deli, frozen foods
section and a fresh bakerv.
This facility opened in January
1986 and is eqiupped with state
of the art equipment to include
scanning checkouts.
Base exchange
The base exchange is in the
center of the base. It carries the
normal merchandise you see in
t h r o u g h several means.
O n e m a j o r channel is the European
Stars and Stripes newspaper, publishec
daily and available at all U.S. bases i n
E u r o p e . T h e Stars and Stripes costs 15
cents.
Spangdahlem's base newspaper is the
Spangled Banner. It's published o n
Friday by the w i n g public affairs office and
distributed t h r o u g h o u t the base at n o cost.
Y o u can find copies at several locations
i n c l u d i n g the open messes, c o m m i s s a r \ ,
base exchange, l i b r a r y , recreation center,
post office and b o w l i n g alley. A m o n g the
services the Spangled Banner provides
the c o m m u n i t y are free classified ads and
regular i n f o r m a t i o n about trave ane 1
eisure t i m e activities. aased on the distance and length o f t i m e
American Forces Radio and you t a l k . C a l l i n g the States f r o m Ciermany
Television provide the electronic costs about D M 14 for the first three
is minutes or 6 1 units (clicks) and D M 47 for
channels o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n . A l t h o u g h
AFN broadcasts t h r o u g h o u t G e r m a n y , 10 minutes or 2 0 3 units. T h e rare is the
same regardless o f l o c a t i o n i n the States or
some villages can't receive A F N television
time of da\ vou cal .
or r a d i o because the> are o u t of range or
hidden by hills or valleys.
A n A m e r i c a n color television, o p e r a t i n g Air Postal Service
with a transformer, receive a color
Keeping in touch w i t h folks .it home is
picture and n o r m a soune on A I X .
easv t h r o u g h the base's postal service
G e r m a n stations w ill produce a black anc center. Average m a i l i n g time for letters t o
w h i t e picture w i t h no sound. Y o u can and f r o m the States is about five days.
convert y o u r A m e r i c a n T V xo get G e r m a n Packages may take longer, depending on
sound or y o u can buv T V sets at the m e t h o d o( shipping you choose.
Spangdahlem that pick up b o t h G e r m a n
and A F N p r o g r a m s . F'very active duty person or civilian
gov ernment employee on base has a post
A F N radio broadcasts A M programs, office b o x . Retirees in the local area also
24 hours a da\v A g a i n , depending on
are entitled to a post office b o x , subject t o
where you live, you should be able to get
some l i m i t a t i o n s as o u t l i n e d bv Status o f
A F N - A M Kaiserslautern, but the base is
r

Spangdahlem's air defense units Forces Agreement and D e p a r t m e n t o f

round out the chapel's broad
ministry. A Jewish rabbi visits the
base quarterly.
The chapel staff also w i l l help
people contact other religious
organizations off base. There are
a few American-type churches in
the area.
Commissary
The Spangdahlem
Commissary is in the heart of the
the States, plus European
clothing, audio equipment and
supplies, small appliances,
crystal and other items you can't
get stateside.
The BX also manages the
video exchange store where you
can rent video cassettes of your
favorite movies to play on your
home V C R or Beta system, and
the Four Seasons store, where
you can purchase lawn and
garden furniture and equipment,
toys, appliances and baby items.
The base has a Foodland,
similar to the stateside shoppettes
with a selection of everyday
too far awav t o p i c k up F M . T h e frequenc\'
IS i i ( ) 7 A M .
Telephone service
A l l pa\' phones on base are under the
G e r m a n phone system, r u n b\ the
Deutsche Bundespost. They are i n bright
y e l l o w booths and are m a r k e d for either
local o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l calls. A local call is
20 pfennings. M o s t small villages have at
least one pay phone b o o t h .
G e t t i n g a phone for y o u r home vvill cost
D M 65 for new scin ice or i f the previous
tenant had a phone. It takes anywhere
rom t w o weeks t o t w o m o n t h s t o get a
new phone installed, depending o n where
vou live and the availabilitv of a vacant
r
Defense guidelines. A A m e r i c a n mai
goes t o t h . u b o x . rcgarc less o v o u r
residential address.
Y o u r sponsor should get a box number
assigned t o y o u and forw ard the number to
you as soon as possible. If you have n o t
heard f r o m your sponsor or have not had a
b o x assigned by the t i m e you receive this
b r o c h u r e , f o r w a r d a co:^v of v o u r orders
to: A P O Chief-Directi>rv Service, O L
C H O I , 7025 APS, A P O N Y 09 123. Thev
w i l l see that a box is assigned before you
depart y o u r present duty assignment.
Y o u r address w i l l be:
Y o u r grade and name
U n i t , PSC Box X X X X

needs. The BX also runs a barber
shop, beauty salon, auto parts
store, gas station, theater and
floral shop.
But the crowning glory of the
Spangdahlem exchange system is
- A^ the Burger King restaurant in
the center of the base. Just like the
stateside store. Burger King lets
Spangdahlem people ''have it
their w a y , " by bringing a little bit
of home to the overseas theater.
phone line. Phone bills include a basic APO New York 09123-XXXX
monthly charge, less than most U.S.
systems, but d o n o t itemize calls.
T o call the base commercially f r o m the
German postal service
T h e Deutsche Bundesp{ist has an office
States, dial 0 0 1 - 4 9 - { ) 6 5 6 5 - X X X X . The
0 0 1 is the i n t e r n a t i o n a l access code, the 49 conveniently located in the base post
is the c o u n t r y code, the 0 6 5 6 5 is the area office. T h r o u g h the Bundespost you can
code and then the f o u r or five digit
number. T o call the base f r o m a location in
mail letters in Germanv or t o manv other
European addresses wath (ivernight
Germany , dial 06565-6 U X X X X . If delivery. Y o u can also receive mail at
calling a number in base h o u s i n g , the Spangdahlem A B t h r o u g h the Bundespost.
second " 6 1 " isn't requirec .
You can also pay y o u r telephone bills at
Every call costs money. T h e charge is the Deutsche Bundespost.
 FOR TRAINING USE ONLY
NOT FOR USE ON THE JOB

ABDR PRIMARY PURPOSE

Tne p r i m a r y purpose o f ABDR i s t o r e s t o r e s u f f i c e n t s t r e n g t h and s e r v i c e a b i l i t y

t o p e r m i t damaged a i r c r a f t t o f l y a d d i t i o n a l o p e r a t i o n a l s o r t i e s , o f a t l e a s t
p a r t i a l m i s s i o n c a p a b i l i t y , w i t h i n t i m e t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e outcome o f t h e on
going b a t t l e .

ABDR SEOONDARY PURPOSE

The secondary o b j e c t i v e o f ABDR i s t o enable those a i r c r a f t damaged beyond repa

c a p a b i l i t y t o make a one-time f l i g h t t o i t s hom.e s t a t i o n , r e a r base, o r m a j o r
rapair f a c i l i t y .

ABDR PUBLICATIONS

AFR 66-5, A i r c r a f t B a t t l e Damage Repair (ABDR)

'JSAFER 6 6 - 1 7 , ABDR
52TFW MDI 6 6 - • 7 , ABDR
I . e . i-'H-59, General A i r c r a f t B a t t l e Damage Repair
I.e. ABDR
T.D. iF-i6C-39, ABDR

F O R T R A I N I N G U S E O N L Y .
 F O f ? T R A I N I N G U S E O N U Y

DAMACE CATEOORIES (SEE T.O. 1-1H-39)

Category I Structure: PrinBry airframe structural members which are absolutely necessary and
essential to maintain aircraft structural i n t ^ r i t y . Ihese msni)ers would include,but are not
limited to: main Icxi^rms,bulkheads,spare,structural tongue boxes,stress panels,or any group
of structural members i n which a single failure may result i n the iranediate loss of an aircraft
at the maxiiTun expected load. These members are to receive f i r s t and foranost consideration
from the assessor. Three repair l i m i t s are provided f o r this category:
Class A: Degraded Capability
Class B: Repairable Damage
Class C: Acceptable Damage

Category 11 Structure: These secondary structures serve to transfer aerodynamic and other
loads to the primary structural medoere. Repair of these structural m a i i D e r e does not require
restoraticn of original design strength and stiffness within the content of a wartime envircmmt.
Three repair l i m i t s exist f o r these structures:
Class A: Degraded C^Dability
Class B: Repairable DanBge
Class C: Acceptable Damage

Category 111 Structure: These are non-structur'al and non-essential structures. Structures such
as doors,panels,fairings,etc.,may be extensively dama^ or ccmpletely missing and no repair
or replacement i s required to maintain airworthiness or mission capability.

Category IV Structure: These are special structuires which are non-structural,but are essential
for safe f l i ^ t and aircraft performance. Repair requirements are based on considerations
other than strength;such as aerodynamics,pressurization,or engine performance. Three repair
l i m i t s exist f o r these structures:
Class A: Degracted Capability
Class B: Repairable Dama^
Class C: Acceptable Damage

Cat€gory V Structure: These structures are not feasible to repair under battle dama^ repair
restraints due to design and shape. They include a l l ccmplex machined or forged parts and
irregular shaped extrusion. There are three groups of Cat^ory V structure,and two repair
l i m i t classes:
Class A: Degraded Capability
Class B: not applicable
Class C: Acceptable Damage

F O R T R A J N m G U S E O N M
 F r P T R A I N I N G U S E O N U Y

"DAMAGE ASSESSMENT MARKINGS

4k REPRESENTS DAMAGE

MARKING MEANING

TO I N D I C A T E D A M A G E H A S BEEN ASSESSED A N D E V A L U A T E D :

D r a w a c i r c l e a r o u r t d t h e damage.

T D I N D I C A T E S T R U C T U R A L REPAIRS A R E REQUIRED:

D r a w a-second line a b o u t l / 4 t o 1/2 w a y a r o t m d t h e i n i t i a l c i r c l e t h e n d r a w slashes o r Crosshatch

b e t w e e n t h e t w o c i r c u l a r lines.

X STRINGER REPAIR

FRAME REPAIR

TD I N D I C A T E D A M A G E T D SYSTEMS R E Q U I R I N G REPAIRS:

D r a w a series o f " c u r l e y c u e " lines a b o u t 1 / 4 t o 1 / 2 w a y a r o u n d t h e i n i t i a l c i r c l e .

A large cross d r a w n t h r o u g h t h e i n s t r u c t i o n m a r k i n g s i n d i c a t e s repairs have been m a d e .

TD INDICATE REPAIR INSTRUCTIONS APPLY TD I N T E R N A L DAMAGE:

REPAIR D r a w a dashed c i r c l e a r o u n d t h e repair I n s t r u c t i o n s .

INSTRUCTIONS / NOTE

WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONS WITH ND

CIRCLES APPLY TD E X T E R N A L D A M A G E .

CAT ^v*^^" I n d i c a t e s c a t e g o r y o f repair r e q u i r e d .

F O R T R A I N I N G U S E O N L Y

3
 ;0^

CfiJ X
C L f t S S B

iTAvLCToAfiL R£fAI^

- T O tKD\C,fa£. O^rr^fiiC^ H/16

i>f£M A5SesS6£> ^ E V A C U A T C O J
SEC WA/nf£) ftR6&Kf

7*4-Ce>WT<*laAu / ) i £ t s s / n 6 A / y 0<5
cEoeUPJ>y^t

^,XA/5T4utT j
T -

F O R T R A I N I N G U S E O N U Y

4
 F O R T R A I N I N G U S E O N L Y .

WRITTEN INSTRUCTION CODES MEANINGS

• o r 5££ ME ( p r i n t l a s t nane and rank) Ste a s f t s f o r o r «fao«v«r a s s i g n e d

r e p a i r codes l o r a d d i t i o n a l
inloriDation.

Naaes o l p a r t s t o be r e p a i r e d , Where eoatpound daaage occurs t h e

( i . e . , SKIN. STRINGER) nases «nd/or a b b r e v i a t i o n s o i
s o e c i f i c items can he w r i t t e n
a d j a c e n t t o the damage t o
d a r i l y repair instructions.

FULL FIX A f u l l repair i s reouired i n

accordance w i t h s p e c i f i c
peacetime t e c h n i c a l o r d e r s o r
engineering m s t r u c x i o n s .

TEMP FIX Temporary r e p a i r i s a c c e p t a b l e

m accordance w i t h - 3 9 s e r i e s
A£DR manuals o r e n g i n e e r i n g
i n s t r u c t i o n s when t i m e o r
m a t e r i a l a v a i l a b i l i t y do n o t
p e r m i t a s t a n d a r d peacetime
repair.

OK No r e o a i r s r t c u i r e d - damage i s
w i t h m acceptable l i m i t s f o r
b a t t l e conditions.

C o n t i n u a l assessment, o r
reinspection i s required a f t e r
each s o r t i e . A p p l i c a b l e where
r e p a i r s are considered m a r g i n a l ,
( i . e . . due t o m a t e r i a l s s h o r t a g e
or l a c k of proper m a t e r i a l s ) .

a. INSTRUCTION MARKINGS These a d d i t i o n a l a b b r e v i a t i o n s are used t o i n d i c a t e

system r e p a i r a c t i o n s r e q u i r e d .

CAP Terminate o r block the svstem t o

p r e v e n t leakage.

RE?L Remove and r e p l a c e damaged p a r t

TAG R e p a i r i n s t r u c t i o n s are w r i t t e n
on t a g s t i e d t o i n d i v i d u a l
damaged lines/components.

F O R T R A I N | N G : v U . S E O N L ' Y
 VOR T R A I N I N G U S E O N L Y

SYSTEM I D E N T I F I C A T I O N CODES: Tbtse codes are p r i m a n i v abbreviations l o r

each svstem and w i l l be used t o i d e n t i l v
systems which have sustained damage.

iHARKING SYSTEM MtANING

FYS Damage t o unknown system

FUEL Fuel

HYD Hydraulic

HP High pressure

LP Low pressure

ELECT E l e c t r i c a l

AV Avionics

FLT CONT Flight control

AIR Pneumatic

AIR COND Air conditioning

BL AIR Bleed Air Svstem

BLC Boundary iaver c o n t r o l

N2 Nitrogen

02 Oxygen

ENG COKTR Engine control

EGR Egress/cjection

NOTE: .

More than one i d e n t i f i c a t i o n code mav be used t o

describe systems, ( i . e . H . P . HYD).

F O R T R A I N I N G U S E O N L Y
FaZ. T ^ U I O ^ Q k ^ / LYUr RE USE D M THE PAGE 1 OF X X
1. ORGANIZATION 2. LOCATION 3. MDS 4 . stniAL NUMBER S. DATE

SZ. " T F U i AA7 GQI2-S r-MxL /f'\UCL XX. - XX X X XX / AA / A

PARTI PILOT BRIEFING
6. PILOrs NAME GRADE 7. PILOTS ORGANIZATION 8. INCIDENT DATE 9. INCIDENT TIME

\ AFT VrZ Cf>ST. XXX X TFIS x x / x x / x XXXX i-Vatf?."S [rcH

10. AIRCRAFT MISSION 11. INCIDENT LOCATION 12. AIRCRAFT MANEUVER 13. AIRCRAFT AIRSPEED 14. AIRCRAFT ALTITUDE

u)/u\; A-A; A - ^ I3iae./BALH1,ET21. XIYTT^ V\t^

IS. AIRCRAFT REACTION UPON HIT

THE ^;£ue£Ai_ A j e c E A P T EEATDOh] UiHEJd T H E CCiMSAT bAAJlA^ IKXHLEkST OCCDl^EEb.

LiOTE PAI2TlCLiJi_AELY A i i V CiDlonaDL o B PEEPD(2A4AXX1£. PPHR/ F M S / O E EHAAViF.S. ABOa£/VlAl_

iLiSTBtliMEJJT I 2 E A t : i l ) : k i S / SNAbklE / P * E E / P L i U E S , E H T . . i P AADJSE S R C ^ IS iDEEiiEh, CCkSTIW^

ELTTW l i a SjbCJC 2 2 . hNoA^ liESCEjPDOO.

PART II ASSESSOR WILL COMPLETE BLOCKS 16 THROUGH 29

16. UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE INSPECTION (Completad by: Signtturt 1 Grade) 17. DAMAGE NO 18. DAMAGE CATEGORY 19. REPAIR CLASS

A*icr<=<wT «^l/u\^r^^PF /-wPA"hr t 0 2 3 4 5 A (?) C

20. JCN 21. PRI 22. DAMAGE DESCRIPTION

AsskSJOeJb B v UOC. I. CDOT/JUOATkbKi PEDKA BLOCJL IS ( I F UEEhEh) .

23. SVSTEM DAMAGED ESTIMATED MANHOURS

FUSELAGE z. c j x o Eirev IP A DXiO JS POJUL . T H £ T V P E QF U X D LO/LL B £

WING
gjLTFPpn. e k ; ZBMM . A-A MISSLE . e n . laEJuajAu o r T H E
INTAKE
UXZ) LtliLE B E b o m M E l T E b JXl BLOCJd . EEPAlE SiJA^AEV /
uJ/U- HAIMM r uxo'^.
COCKPIT
ECXLAAAEQTS. Q)dL.V E b b PE,e.Wi^^FI AliV
LANDING GEAR
THE OXCb U J I U _ B E E E J U O u E b C^E t£A£A4Eb REIOL T O ALLOi^ -
STABILIZER
IJCX2L A B D E UAiliTEhlAUCi: T E A X A S OKA T H E A i E f g ? A P T .
VERTICAL FIN

3 . A COflAPL£n bSSCJEJPTlOXi oP T W £ LZrATOK^ A K i b EXTEUT O P

PROPULSION
T H E b A A J A o E T D S T B L X T l i E E S / SVSTEiLfS. S O B S V S T E U S . AKih
ENVIRONMENT
EOKAPOKSEXTTS C/DJEEEb B Y THE •b»A^AA4.E O J A ^ B E J O /ki BLX. (7

JLiEL-ObEO iKi THIS bF.ST P l P T I O t i SHODLb B E PACT liOKABEES.

HYDRAULICS
PNEUMATICS >STATIQKi DOMBE/ZS. P A K ^ E E I L I V U B E I S E . S / Z E S . A l i h S H A P E S .
FUEL ALSO. T V P E CP I A A A A I E . SLICH AS EIdT/2AJCXlE / E X \ T / SLAST/

WEAPONS DELIVERY OR. FiEE BA>aA£E SHODOA B E EKSTTEESS.

MECHANICAL CONTROL 4 . txJHEJj A b b r r i O f l l A L <SPACE I S k i E E b E b T O r r n D k ^ E x T A I h U A A ^ E .

AILERON
AbbiT/::^AL A F n FZEJJi Q 7 S / O E A P T O POEAA QlA ZAJ/LE BE
fVSFlT. F O E PZCPEE SUlbAiVF O M ikimAT/U£ OOKiT/KiD/CfnoO
RUDDER
SHEETS . S E E T . O . l-lH-SQ QS-S.AUbTP-l PALE 1-1(0.
FLAP
SPEED BRAKE

5. UJHEA^ T H E A P T O ^ 7 I S CJSEb T U i i U _ B E PLACEb I k i PeOLTT

INSTRUMENTS
(OP T H E A J T O RjexA 721A^ ikA T H E A/ECEAPT FOEALS.

AIR DATA COMPUTER

COMMUNICATIONS
RADAR
ECM

RELAY PANEL
POWER SUPPLY
GENERATOR
CONNECTOR
WIRE BUNDLE

24. TOTAL ESTIMATED

VAN-^CuBS XY * T ( O r A L o P A L L (UlALiHaOfcS EkSTEJeEb IIA S L O C X 2 3
7
AFTO FORM 9 7 . JUL 87 AEROSPACE VEHICLE BATTLE D A M A G E REPAIR DEBRIEF/ASSESSMENT RECORD
MAGUMA ojeJ^PElkir
 A T N O 3 S n D N I N I V t U M O J
2S. RiPAIR INSTRUCTIONS

- tsE-TAiUS A a r r r THE SPEUflL EEPA/ZS tjJJLL B E L J t r r T E i : ! i M THIS BCiSCJC.

- £EPA/E J k i S T E D C r i O K i S SHQOLh ^ l U E\ mTELM IbArA T2EPEEEAJXES THAT

HAUE P A O ^ / F l ^ J J E E LiLVaSEJL . M A T E J E I A L S . F A S T E X i E E S / E T C .

- I F VOLS H A u E AKiV a J E S D O i S / P B o B L E J U S / O E i P V O O U D S T b E J l A T E FRQLK T H E

HASTEDCrOJCSS C\UEJCS V o C / COSPEfL LOrrH T H E A'SSFS'^OE

2«. 1ST, OOWNTIMI 27, ASSESSOR [Print Ntm; Orid; »ndOrgtrntitlen) 21. DATE 29. TIME

E T I f . iiL\ ASSESV)PS PElKTTFh UN./(E , (XRAt£., Aurs ^^M^^ x x / x x / x 1 lYA TtUF.

PARTIII COMPLETED BY REPAIR TECHNICIAN ABDR TEAM LEADER ENGINEER AS APPLICABLE
3 0 . REPAIR SUMMARY , COMMENTS

•RECOEb lUPoETAJiyr THIWVLS ABOOT THE 2EPAt(L. kSTTE O i H E T H e E MEPAlfL txJAS laDOE A S
PPFTPiEEb B V APPLICABLE TECH OCbEES O E A ASOAi-STAlLibAeiS E E P A i C LuAS USEJi. i P
MPCTE/SJALS DSEb LLJEEE b / F F E C E L T THAJs 0 ) ) 2 i C i ) C A L AAATECIALS JTVPE.THiCJOiESS . E T C i UOTE

U M A T LDAS CSEh. ClUE APPEDX. SIZES o P T H E EEPAKC AEEAS / F A E T S ISEPLACEb . P P A M I T ,

i^EAAieEb.erc.

THIS BLOGC LLHLL A L S O B E G s E b T O EECOeib AKSV AblifTlOkbAC coAM^EUns IUAO2TAKJT TO

ErCHESt THE ICClbEJCTT tjJH£J2e T H E A e C I L A F T OJAS b A U A l l E i s . O E T O T H E 2EPA\E USHICH
a3AS MAb£
I. LiXO EEAAOUAL
Z. E E P A e S M A S E ikS CHEUJCAC bEFEJlSSE zlEAR_
3 . EFPEC-nuEJLSESS O P S L J e u i a A B l L T T V
3 2 DATE TIME COMPLETEDppp^|
FEATDJeES.SOCH A S A E M O E ; 3 1 . DATE TIME STARTED g p p A l P . * \
FOAJIA ikS F O E C TAl3>10S . E T C .
H..SPECJFiC E E P A l C P i e o f t / F f t A S XX/xx/x X X X X HES. XX/XX/X XXXX H/^.
33 FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS / HOURLY INSPECTION REQUIRED

AkiV SPECIAL IkiSrEQCTkOkiS / l26STlEJCnOkiS. /kiSPECriO(3S / O C C O U U E J L S T S APPf20PeiAltL T D

THE OPECATDb O P T H E NZLRAFT. i P T H E TSEPAiR kAOST B E i L i S P e D T E b P E l Z i O b l C A L L V R 3 ( C
/ U T E C E J T V / EKJTEE J - X l b FEEZDt NFkSTLV.
34. TRANSFERRED 8 Y
/ k i b i U l b C A L LHH^ TEAkJBFEES
T O T H E 7 8 1 SEEJ E S RoEMS
PART IV R E P A I R S C O M P L E T E D B Y R E P A I R T E C H N I C I A N (Pr;nt Narrfe, Grade. ar>d AFSO

STRUCTURAL REPAIR ELECTRICAL REPAIR

PejklmEb M A k / l E / C E A b E / A k . \ b A F 3 C o P
I k i b l U / t X J A c CDMPLETIkXs T H E LOOEid
AIRCRAFT G E N E R A L REPAIR AVIONICS REPAIR

PNEUORAULIC REPAIR MUNITIONS REPAIR

FUEL SYSTEM REPAIR ENVIRONMENTAL REPAIR

ENGINE REPAIR OTHER

PARTV TEAM LEADER ASSESSOR

PRINT N A M E , GRADE. A N D ORGANIZATION SIGNATURE

Assessors pEjkiihb j D A k A E . c e A b E . Aksb O k ^ r r ASSESSDfZJS SlU^fiTOZE. ^

SEND TO AFWAL/ FIES/SURVIAC. WRIGHT.PATTERSON A F B O H 45433 W H E N N OLONGER N E E D E D

• U.S OPO.1988-0.646-16B 61668

F O R T R A I N I N G U S E O N U Y
 raJ^n-eAjuiLi^ o s ^ . unr PX^ obe: ct^ - w e . jxSB ! PAGE )Cy( OF PAG[

DATE FROM TO CREW CHIEF ORGN LOCATION MDS SERIAL NO

/ / •b.'bif*sr»cj<L S i r S 2 T f L O X X - X X X X

DATE DISCD woe iCN DOC NO CF TO 781A DATED TRANSFERRED TO DATE CORRECTED
781K DATE

X xxxxxxx // / / XX /XX / X
DISCREPANCY CORRECTIVE ACTION

A Battle b^Au/^E l3EPAieeh

SciSTTAlUEb f s E E APTO POCM ^ 7 / bATEb X X / x x / x )

CSEE: AP>TQ PoeAx ^liU^:^ xx/xx/x J

CORRECTEDARANSFERRED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO

DISCOVERED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO INSPECTED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO

\sYM y DATE DISCD WDC JCN DOC NO CF TO 781A DATED TRANSFERRED TO DATE CORRECTED
781K DATE

/ \ XX / x x / X X xxxxxxx // / / XX / XX /
DISCREPANCY CORRECTIVE ACTION

IPl eB3t:iie£b TO^ f . o . A n b e e p a i r . C^/uS / P i - A L L F O . EfJLAOJEb

QOALrrV P£loe. T O I/OCTALLATIOICJ ' O F

PATO^ Al^/oe. PAJLiElL OfA TKEL PCPT

CORRECTEDARANSFERREO BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO

EEPAlft TEA<UL
DISCOVERED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO INSPECTED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO

SYM DATE DISCD woe JCN DOC NO CF TO 781A DATED TRANSFERRED TO DATE CORRECTED
781K DATE

XX A x / x X xxxxxxx // / / / /
DISCREPANCY CORRECTIVE ACTION

Any L E A H / OPS CMEL^ TV/AT U A V

HE RBSIAIEEIA

CORRECTEDARANSFERRED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO

DISCOVERED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO INSPECTED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO

ASS£S2:£. T E A U M£U6Ee
MA6MA4A PREVIOUS EDITION
AFTO IZ. 781A MAIKTENANCE DISCREPANCY AND WORK DOCUMENT WILL BE USED
 F O R T R A I N I N G U S E O N U Y
RAGE XY OF XY PAGES

DATE FROM TO CREW CHIEF ORGN LOCATION MDS SERIAL NO

YY/YY /X / / F'lUL XX -XXXX
SYM DATE DISCO woe JCN OOC NO CF TO 781A DATED TRANSFERRED TO
781K DATE DATE CORRECTED
P I
YX /YY/^ YYYXXXX // / / / /
DISCREPANCV CORRECTIVE ACTION

AJ3V FU6J^ T2E5reiCnOKiS O B KQJ£Ly

AFTO FOZKK Ql . f E J J f E B E b B V THE

PBDUi THE. Al£CJ2AFr PQI2MS BlMb£B.3

CORRECTEDARANSFERRED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO

DISCOVERED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO INSPECTED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO

SYM DATE DISCD woe JCN DOC NO CF TO 781A DATED TRANSFERRED TO DATE CORRECTED
781K DATE

YY /YY /Y XYYXXXX // / / / /
DISCREPANCY CORRECTIVE ACTION

AkJV COUAOMEllrra ISEIiAOJEb FRc^hL

THE AjfiLZfKFT TO RDM. A B D ^

swouub ALSO 2£. Iiocnu£AjrE.b, A L O M ^

LtJrrU ALlV PQLLOL^-O/lli lAAuhnPixAAVr

BSPllSldEKAEJSJS AsaOOJATEh LOCTH SOCH

CORRECTEDARANSFERREO BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO

douPOKjejns.
DISCOVERED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO INSPECTED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO

SYM DATE DISCD WDC JCN DOC NO CF TO 781A DATED TRANSFERRED TO

78 IK DATE DATE CORRECTED

/ / // / / / /
DISCREPANCY CORRECTIVE ACTION

/o
CORRECTEDARANSFERRED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO

DISCOVERED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO INSPECTED BY GRADE EMPLOYEE NO

f ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ' PREVIOUS EDITION

AFTO 781A MAINTENANCE DISCREPANCY AND WORK DOCUMENT * us. a USED
 The
United
States
Air Force
CERTIFIES THAT

AIRMAN F I R S T CLASS YAN J.K. BOLDUC

HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE

J4AMF430X0-000, AIRCRAFT BATTLE DAMAGE REPAIR TECHNICIAN,
PDS CODE OUZ, ( 2 ACADEMIC WEEKS, 60 HOURS),
SHEPPARD TECHNICAL TRAINING CENTER, FTD 922, APO N.Y. 09126-5000
AND IS H E R E W I T H AWARDED THIS

icate
ALBERT G. KELTY, SMSgt^ USAF
Detachment C h i e f , FTD 922 19 OCT 1968
DATE

A F F O R M 1 2 5 6 , N O V 8 6 P r e v i o u s e d i t i o n w i l l b e used
 ^ ^ dd- of
HAND TOOLS

Their Correct Usage and Care

" A l l drawings of Primitive Pete con-

tained i n this booklet are copyrighted
1943 by Walt Disney Productions."

G E N E R A L MOTORS CORPORATION
DETROIT, MICHIGAN

COPYRIGHT IMS GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION


FOREWORD
This book was prepared originally in slightly different
form for use by the Armed Forces of the United States.
It was supplied in large quantities to help in the train-
ing of mechanics, those men who were charged with
the servicing, maintenance, and repair of that vast
supply of mechanized equipment used in modern war-
fare. The material was selected primarily with this
in mind.
It was thought that it might be equally helpful to
other people—the civilian mechanic, high school stu-
dent, or the amateur repair man found in most house-
holds. The latter may not have the same variety of tools
to select from, and consequently he may have to break
some of the rules set forth in the book, but he will prob-
ably learn some things about the tools he does have
which he did not know before.
It is not a theoretical textbook. It is more of a
lecture from a good mechanic with years of practical
experience in the shop. The illustrations carry much
of the story. It is a simple exposition of a subject
which is not as simple as you may think.
THOUSANDS of years ago
had no tools but his bare hands.
T h e y were his knife and fork,
hammer and phers, sword and
club. T h e y caught his food, killed
his enemies, and bmlt his home.
Only his own strength stood be-
tween him and death. T h u s the
man with the strongest hands
owned the best tools. Nothing
counted but physical strength.
B u t one day somebody—and
you can be sure it wasn't the
strongest man in the tribe—dis-
covered that with a stone fast-
ened to the end of a stick he
could strike a harder blow than
he could with his fist alone. H e
could break t h i n g s — i n c l u d i n g
skulls—with more ease than be-
fore. H e could do many things
which even the strongest man
couldn't do with his bare hands.
And so that first hammer was
the start of something brand new.
I t was the start of something
which has continued ever since.
INTRODUCTION
I t was the start of the idea that
the biggest, strongest man was
not necessarily the leader, that
he could not always turn out the
most work or perform the most
amazing feats. Tools give every-
one a chance, regardless of stature.
F r o m this beginning in pre-his-
toric time, tools have been de-
veloped, enlarged, refined. Today
we have powerful machines, some
of them two stories high, which
are controlled by one man but
do things that could not be done
by hundreds of men without tools.
T o o l s a r e m u l t i p l i e r s of o u r
Man
strength, and are Hke millions of
wiUing hands, working for our
c o m f o r t . W i t h o u t tools there
would be no civilization as we
know it today.
B u t through all this develop-
m e n t of c o m p l i c a t e d m a c h i n e
tools, the hand tool has never
lost its importance. I t is still
necessary in mass production, and
even more so in the repair and
maintenance field. A n d what
home does not contain at least a
hammer and a screwdriver? Vol-
umes have been written on ma-
chine tools and only trained men
are entrusted with them. H a n d
tools are considered so simple
that usually no one bothers to
point out the right and wrong
ways of using them and taking
care of them.
So in the following pages we
have picked out some of the most
common hand tools and will try
to point out how to get the best
3
INTRODUCTION
use out of them. We will show
right and wrong ways to do the
job, along with some short cuts
and " t r i c k s of the t r a d e " . Primi-
tive Pete is the unsuspecting vic-
tim who shows us the wrong way
to do things and all the troubles
which result from it. H e means
well, but he was born too many
4 5
years ago and didn't have any-
body to tell him about these
things.
We hope this book will be of
help in turning out better work
and in saving wear and tear on
the tools. Incidentally it may save
some wear and tear on the user
of the tools.
SCREWDRIVERS
F I R S T , we wiU discuss screwdrivers.
Practically everyone is familiar w i t h
the standard screwdriver. The j w r -
tion you grip is called the handle,
the steel portion extending from the
handle is the S H A N K , and the end
which fits into the slot i n the screw
is called the B L A D E .
HANDLE BLADE
SHANK
A screwdriver is intended for one
p r i n c i p a l purpose — t o loosen or
tighten screws. B u t the ordinary
mechanic, especially the beginner,
uses i t for so many other purposes
that i t is one of the most misused
tools i n his k i t .
The conventional screwdriver w i t h
a slim steel shank and wood or plas-
tic handle is designed to withstand
considerable twisting force i n pro-
portion to its size. B u t i t was not
designed to be used as a pry or pinch
bar and i f much force is applied when
i t is so used, i t will bend.
Another thing which may happen
i f the screwdriver is used for prying
NEVER DO THIS
SCREWDRIVERS
is that the blade may break. The t i p
of the blade is hardened to keep i t
from wearing, and the harder i t is
the easier i t will break i f much of a
bending strain is applied.
There are times when a screw-
driver may he used to advantage for
prying, hut i f you use i t to pry make
sure that i t is large enough to stand
the force that is being applied. The
way to avoid possible damage to
your screwdrivers, of course, is not
to use them for prying. Pinch bars,
sometimes called pry bars, should he
KEEP SCREWDRIVER SHANK VERTICAL
TO SCREW HEAD
used instead. They are made pur-
posely for prying and are strong
enough to resist bending.
I f you must use a screwdriver as
a pry, use i t w i t h good mechanical
judgment.
A broken blade means that a
screwdriver becomes useless. I t has
to he reworked and retempered and
that is something which requires
much skill.
I f the shank of the screwdriver is
SCREWDRIVERS
NEVER HAMMER ON THE END OF A
SCREWDRIVER
once bent, i t usually is difficult to
get i t jierfectly straight again. And
i f the shank is not straight, i t is
hard to keep the blade centered i n
the slot of the screw.
D o n ' t hammer on the end of a
screwdriver—it's not to he used i n
place of a cold chisel, a punch or a
drift. B u t here's another contradic-
tion: Suppose you had to remove a
rusty screw and the slot was full of
rust. I n such a case, i t would he all
right to tap gently on the handle of
the screwdriver, holding i t at an
angle to clean the slot. And after the
slot was cleared sufficiently you might
want to tap on the screwdriver with
a hammer to seat i t well into the slot
before trying to loosen the screw.
B u t remember, he cautious and care-
ful. Before you do any tapping on
the handle, see that you have a
screwdriver which has the steel
shank extending through the handle.
Screwdrivers which do not have the
shank extending through the handle
have the handle pinned to the
shank, usually through the ferrule
which is the metal sleeve on the
handle where the shank enters. I f
you attempted to hammer on a
screwdriver of this type, chances are
6 7
the handle would split and the screw-
driver would be ruined. Most of the
better screwdrivers for automotive
work are made with the shank going
all the way through the handle so
you can tap on them i f the occasion
requires. Some of the newer types of
screwdrivers w i t h moulded plastic
handles are made to withstand tap-
ping hut others aren't, so don't take
any chances. Tools cost money and
sometimes they are hard to get when
you need them, so when you use
tools, treat them gently.
Screwdrivers for general purpose
are classified by size, according to
the combined length of the shank
and blade, which is commonly called
the B L A D E . I n size, they r u n 23^,
3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 inches, and
the diameter or thickness of the
shank and width and thickness of
the blade t i p which fits the screw
slot are proportionate to the length
of the shank. There are special pur-
pose screwdrivers, however, which
have extra thick or t h i n blades.
Too much emphasis cannot he
placed on selecting the size of a'
ALWAYS SELECT RIGHT SIZE
SCREWDRIVER
RIGHT WRONG
screwdriver so that the thickness of
the blade makes a good fit i n the
screw slot. This not only prevents
the screw slot from becoming burred
and the blade t i p from being dam-
aged, hut reduces the force required
to keep the screwdriver i n the slot.
The t i p of a correctly ground
screwdriver blade should have the
sides of the blade practically paral-
lel. I t costs more money to grind the
blade like this and most manufac-
turers grind the blade sides so they
gradually taper out to the shank
body. Here is a little trick—dress the
the screwdriver blade on an emery
wheel so the faces taper i n very
slightly for a short distance hack of
the tip. A screwdriver blade ground
in this manner will stay down i n the
screw slot even when a severe twist-
ing force is being exerted. A blade
which tapers out from the t i p , espe-
cially i f the taper is extreme, has a
tendency to raise out of the slot
whenever much twisting is applied.
There is one type of heavy-duty
screwdriver w i t h a square shank.
I t ' s designed that way so you can
use a wrench on i t . The shank is
extra large—made strong enough to
T A K E I T — a n d it's the only type
of screwdriver on which you should
use a wrench. D O N ' T USE P L I E R S
ON A SCREWDRIVER.
SCREWDRIVERS
I n addition to the set of general
purpose screwdrivers, there are other
types designed for electrical and i n -
strument work. Some of you are
familiar w i t h the small screwdrivers
with a clip for fastening them to
your pocket. A mechanic's k i t isn't
complete without a couple of these
small size screwdrivers.
P H I L L I P S TYPE SCREW-
D R I V E R S have become very popu-
lar i n recent years because of the
many Phillips head screws used by
automobile and truck manufacturers,
especially on mouldings and other
t r i m . The heads of these screws have
two slots which cross at the center.
Their advantage over screws w i t h
standard slots is that the screw-
driver can't slide sideways out of the
slot and mar the finish. However,
more downward pressure must he
exerted on the Phillips screwdriver
to keep i t i n the cross slot than to
keep a correctly ground standard
screwdriver i n a standard screw slot.
Three sizes of Phillips type screw-
drivers, a 4, 6 and 8-inch, will handle
all Phillips hegid screws used on auto-
motive vehicles.
NEVER USE PLIERS ON SCREWDRIVER
SCREWDRIVERS
PHIUIPS HEAD SCREW AND SCREWDRIVER
Now and then a mechanic has
need for an OFFSET SCREW-
D R I V E R when there isn't sufficient
space to work a standard screw-
driver. The offset screwdriver has
one hlade forged i n line w i t h the
shank or handle and the other hlade
at right angles to the shank. W i t h
such an arrangement, when the
swinging space for the screwdriver
is limited, the mechanic can change
ends after each swing and thus work
the screw i n or out of the threaded
hole.
One medium and one extra large
offset screwdriver should he i n every
automotive tool k i t . The extra large
size is used on drag link and tie rod
ends i n automobile and truck steer-
ing mechanism.
A word of caution—never use a
screwdriver to check an electrical
circuit where the amperage is high.
B y that, I mean where the electrical
cmrent is strong enough to arc and
melt the screwdriver hlade. This
doesn't mean that you shouldn't use
a screwdriver to find which spark
plug is causing an engine to miss.
Current to the spark plugs is high
in voltage hut low i n amperage and
won't damage a screwdriver.
8 9
This hasn't anything t i ^ d o with
the use of tools, hut we might put
i n a word of caution here on a
closely related subject. D o n ' t wear
rings when working around batteries
or starting motors. There have been
some had burns because of this.
NEVER USE A SCREWDRIVER TO
CHECK HIGH AMPERAGE
When a ring comes i n contact with
a starter terminal and the starter
housing at the same time, there are
rapid and painful results.
I f a screwdriver hlade becomes
damaged through misuse or i f a cor-
ner chips off because the hlade is too
hard, the screwdriver can he made
serviceable again by grinding i t on
an emery wheel. When grinding a
MACHINIST
B - A POOR FIT
DAMAGES
SCREWDRIVER AND
SCREW SLOT
SHOULD FIT THE
SCREW SLOT
damaged hlade, first grind the t i p
straight and at a right angle to the
shank. Never hold the screwdriver
against the emery wheel very long
at a time and keep dipping the hlade
i n water to keep i t cool. Unless this
is done, the heat caused by friction
against the emery wheel will draw
the temper and the hlade wiU he-
come soft. After the t i p is ground
square dress off a little at a time
from each face. Be careful to keep
the hlade thick enough to make a
fairly tight fit i n the slot of the screw
for which the screwdriver is intended.
Keep the faces parallel for a short
distance or have them taper i n a
slight amount. Never grind the faces
so they taper to a sharp edge at the
tip.
HAMMERS
T H E R E are many types of hammers.
The hall peen hammer is the one
used most by automotive mechanics.
The flat portion of the head, used for
most hammering, is called the F A C E
and the other end the P E E N . When
the peen is hall-shaped, i t is known
as a B A L L P E E N . The hall peen is
used principally for riveting. The
hole for the handle is the E Y E .
HAMMERS
Ball peen hammers are classed ac-
cording to the weight of the head
without the handle. Usually they
weigh 4, 6, and 8 and 12 ounces, and
1, Ifi and 2 poimds. A good com-
bination to have is a 12-ounce, a 13^-
and a 4 or 6-ounce. A little hammer
comes i n very handy for light work,
and especially when cutting gaskets
out of sheet stock. The small hall
peen does a good job of cutting out
the holes for cap-screws or studs.
BALL PEEN
FACE
Simple as the hammer is, there
are right and wrong ways to use i t .
The beginner usually has a tendency
to grip the handle too close to the
head. This is known as C H O K I N G
a hammer. I t reduces the force of
the blow and makes i t harder to
hold the hammer head i n an upright
position. When you want to strike a
heavy blow, grip the handle close
to the end. This increases the length
of the lever arm and makes the blow
more effective. Whenever possible,
strike the object w i t h the full face of
the hammer. T r y to hold the ham-
mer at such an angle that when i t
strikes the object the face of the
hammer and surface of the piece
being h i t will he parallel. This dis-
MACHINIST HAMMERS
HAMMER HANDLE SHOULD ALWAYS
FIT HEAD TIGHTLY
tributes the force of the blow over
the entire hammer face and avoids
damaging its edge.
The hammer handle always should
he tight i n the head. Never work
w i t h a hammer having a loose head.
This is dangerous because the head
may fly off and cause an injury. The
eye or hole i n the hammer head is
made w i t h a slight taper i n both
directions from the center. After the
handle, which is tapered to fit the
eye, is inserted i n the head a steel
wedge is driven into the end of the
handle. This expands i t i n the oppo-
site taper i n the eye and thus the
handle is wedged i n both directions.
I f the wedge starts to come out i t
should he driven i n again to tighten
the handle. I f the wedge comes out
HAMMER HEAD
IS WEDGED ON
HANDLE IN BOTH
DIRECTIONS
10
PLIERS
and is lost, replace i t before con- combination pliers are drop forged
tinuing to use the hammer. I f you steel and withstand hard usage.
can't get another wedge right away, THIS IS Avoid using pHers on a hardened
BAD
you can file one out of a piece of flat PRACTICE
surface as this dulls the teeth and
steel or cut one from a portion of the pliers LOSE T H E I R C R I P .
tang of a worn-out file. The tang is Beginners i n this business some-
the end of the file which fits into the times use pliers for loosening or
handle. tightening nuts. A good mechanic
Never use an ordinary hammer loses his respect for any man he sees
where there is danger of damaging doing this. Always use wrenches on
either the siu^ace being struck or the nuis—never pUers. I n fact, don't
fuel oil or some other cleaning
face of the hammer. When you have
solvent.
to use a hammer on a machined sm-
face protect that surface with a
piece of soft brass, copper, lead or a PLIERS
hardwood block.
P L I E R S are the next tools on our list.
There are many types. The pliers
RAWHIDE FACED HAMMER
most commonly used i n automotive
work are the 6-inch combination
DON'T USE PLIERS ON NUTS
slip-joint pliers usually called C O M -
B I N A T I O N P L I E R S . The slip joint use pliers when any other tool will
permits the jaws to he opened wider work.
at the hinge pin for gripping large Another type of pliers which is
diameters. Combination pliers come very useful i n automotive work are
in the following sizes: 5, 6, 8 and 10 the diagonal cutting pliers, usually
inches. This is a measure of their referred to as D I A C O N A L S . Be-
overall length. I n addition to the fl- cause the cutting jaws are at an
inch size, you'll usually find the well
equipped mechanic has 5-inch pliers
for light work, also 10-inch pliers for
heavy w o r k . Some c o m b i n a t i o n
For certain classes of work, special
pliers are made w i t h a side cutter
hammers w i t h rawhide, plastic or
arrangement for cutting wire and
lead faces are used to prevent dam-
cotter pins. The better grades of
aging the work. The plastic hammer
is fast becoming a favorite with
mechanics. DUCKBILL PLIERS
Don't use the end of the hammer angle these pliers are ideal for pull-
handle for himiping purposes, such ing cotter pins, especially when the
as tapping hall hearings into place, cotter pins are i n castellated nuts
THE SLIP JOINT PERMITS JAWS TO
as this will split and ruin the handle. BE OPENED WIDER used on connecting rod and main
And never use the handle for prying.
hearing caps. When installing cotter
Handles are easily broken that way. pins diagonals also come i n very
Keep your hammers clean—every handy for cutting the cotter pin to
now and then give them a hath i n the right length and for spreading
11
WRENCHES
the ends of the p i n after i t is put
in the hole.
Long nose pliers, either the flat
nose or duck bill type, often help a
mechanic out of a tight spot such as
recovering a washer or a n u t which
gets into a place where it's hard to
reach. Long nose pliers make i t easier
to remove and install valve spring
retainer pins used on some engines.
The mechanic who does consider-
able electrical work also will have a
pair of 5 or 6-inch regular side cut-
ting pliers for cutting primary and
high tension ignition wire and mak-
ing other wire replacements i n the
electrical system.
Pliers, like all other tools, should
be kept clean. Give them an occa-
sional bath to wash off the dirt and
grit. Put a drop of oil on the joint
pin. These precautions cut down
wear and prevent rusting, which is
a vicious enemy of all tools.
OPEN-END WRENCHES
SOLID, non-adjustable wrenches w i t h
openings i n each end are called open-
end wrenches.'The average set i n A
good tool k i t numbers about 10
wrenches w i t h openings that range
from to 1 inch i n width. This
combination of sizes will fit most of
the nuts, cap-screws and bolts used
on automotive veliicles.
The size of the openings between
IZ
the jaws determines the size of the
wrench. The smallest wrench i n the
ordinary set has a inch opening
i n one end and a ^ inch opening i n
the other. Consequently, i t would
be called a S/fj by % open-end wrench.
These figures refer to the distance
across the flats of-the n u t or bolt
head and not to the bolt diameter.
The openings actually measure from
five to fifteen thousandths of an inch
larger than the nominal sizes marked
on the wrenches so that they can
easily be slipped onto the nuts or
bolt heads.
The smaller the openings i n the
wrench, the shorter its overall length.
This proportions the lever advantage
of the wrench to the size of the bolt
or stud. W i t h a given amoimt of pull
on a wrench, a short one will pro-
duqe less twisting effort on the nut
than a longer one. This helps reduce
the possibility of the mechanic apply-
ing too great a force at the nut which
would either strip the threads or
twist the stud or bolt i n two.
Wrenches w i t h larger openings are
made proportionately longer to i n -
crease the lever advantage. And they
are made heavier to provide the re-
quired strength.
I n addition to a standard set of
WRENCHES
wrenches, the good mechanic will
have a set of 3 or 4 very small
wrenches for ignition and carburetor
work and for machine screw nuts
used on electrical equipment. A set
of these little wrenches frequently
comes i n mighty handy.
Open-end wrenches have the head
and opening at an angle to the body hexagonal or six-sided nut continu-
ously when the swing of the wrench
is limited to 30 degrees, which is
only one-half the swing which
would be required i f the wrench
^ ) = ^ - ' ^ ' - -
opening were straight and not at an
—most of them are 15 degrees, others angle w i t h the body of the wrench.
22 3^ degrees. You may wonder why Special types of open-end wrenches
they are made that way. I f you have the angle of the opening at 75
think about i t sometime when you degrees and others at 90 degrees.
are working with a wrench i n very
CLOSE QUARTERS, you wiU prob-
ably figure i t out for yomrself. Sup-
pose you are loosening a n u t and
there is very little space i n which to
swing the wrench. B y F L O P P I N G
the wrench after each stroke—turn-
ing i t over so the other face is down
—the angle of the head is reversed
and will fit the next two flats on the
hexagon nut so you can keep on
turning i t off. The illustration on
the next page shows how this works.
The 15 degree angle and the F L O P -
P I N G trick enable you to t u r n a PULLING ON A WRENCH IS SAFER"'
T h e r e are s p e c i a l o p e n - e n d
wrenches, such as tappet wrenches,
which are thin and have extra long
handles that enable a mechanic to
adjust valves on a hot engine w i t h -
out burrung his hands.
There are a few simple rules for
the correct use of open-end wrenches:
Be sure that the wrench fits the nut
or bolt head.
When you have to put a hard pull
DANGEROUS TO PUSH ON WRENCH
on a wrench, such as when loosen-
13
WRENCHES WRENCHES

ing a tight n u t or tightening a loose

nut, make sin-e the wrench seats
squarely on the sides of the nut.
Always P U L L on a wrench—don't
PUSH. Pushing on a wrench is dan-
gerous. When you push on a wrench
to loosen a tight n u t and the n u t
B R E A K S L O O S E unexpectedly,
you w i l l i n v a r i a b l y strike your
knuckles against some part you over-
looked and knock off some H I D E .
This is not a hard and fast rule—
there are exceptions. Sometimes this
is the only way you can work the
wrench. So i f you must push on the wranch is 223^ degrees. The usual
wrench, use the base of the palm and set of adjustable wrenches consists
hold yom- hand open. This will save of a 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12-inch wrench,
yom: knuckles. but they also are made i n 15 and
You never get much sympathy 18-incb. A large 18-incb adjustable
for banging your knuckles or cutting wrencb is very useful for mainte-
yourself. It's usually just plain care- nance work on tanks. Some wrencb
lessness witbout any real excuse manufacturers make double-end ad-
for i t . justable wrenches w i t h an adjust-
I t takes practice to know wbetber able opening on each end.
you are using enougb or too mucb Although adjustable wrencbes are
force on a wrencb. Experience de- especially convenient at times, they
velops a sense of "feel" wbicb en- are not intended t o take the place
ables a mecbanic t o know wbetber a of standard open-end wrencbes, box
nut or cap-screw is tigbtened tbe wrenches or socket wrencbes. Smaller
rigbt ammmt. adjustable wrencbes are principally
This series of illustrations shows how a wrench, with head used when you find an odd size n u t
or bolt that one of yom* open-end
at a 15 degree angle to the body, can be used to turn a A D J U S T A B L E WRENCHES
nut when "swing sgace" is limited to 3 0 degrees.

1 • Wrench, with opening sloping to the left, about to be placed on nut. A D J U S T A B L E WRENCHES are
2. Wrench positioned and ready to tighten nut. Note that spoce for sbaped somewbat similar to open-
swinging the wrench is limited.
3 . Wrench has been moved clockwise to tighten the nut and now
end wrencbes but bave one jaw ad-
strikes the casting which prevents further movement. justable. Tbe name is somewbat con-
4 . Wrench is removed from nut and turned counter clockwise to bo fusing because the ordinary monkey
placed on the next set of flats on nut. But corner of casting prevents
wrench from fitting onto the nut. wrencb is also adjustable. However,
5. Wrench is being flopped over so that wrench opening will slope whenever t b e t e r m " a d j u s t a b l e
to the right.
6 . in this flopped position, the wrench will fit the next two flats on the
wrencb" is mentioned i t refers only
nut. to a wrench wbicb is somewhat bke
7 . Wrench now Is pulled clockwise to further tighten nut until wrench an open-end wrench but has an ad-
again strikes casting. By repeating the flopping procedure, the
nut can be turned until it is tight. justable jaw. The angle of the open-
ing to the handle on an adjustable RIGHT WRONG

14 15
WRENCHES
wrenches or socket wrenches doesn't
fit.
The mechanic who is going to
handle emergency service will find
that a 6, 8 and 12-inch adjustable
wrencb wiU be very bandy to bave
in bis k i t . They cut down on the
munber of open-end wrencbes be
will bave to carry.
Adjustable wrencbes aren't i n -
tended for bard service—treat them
gently. Whenever you bave to exert
any amount of force on an adjust-
able wrencb to "break loose" a tight
nut or "snug down" a n u t which is
being tightened—there are two i m -
portant points to remember. First,
always place the wrencb on the n u t
so that tbe pulling force is appbed to
the stationary jaw side of tbe handle.
Adjustable wrenches can withstand
the greatest force when used i n this
manner. Second, after placing tbe
wrencb on tbe nut, tighten tbe ad-
BAD PRACTICE
DON'T PULL ON AN
ADJUSTABLE WRENCH
UNTIL IT HAS BEEN
TIGHTENED ON THE NUT
justing kmurl so tbe wrencb fits tbe
nut snugly. I f these two precautions
are not observed the life of an ad-
justable wrench will be short.
Adjustable wrenches, bke all other
tools, should be kept clean. Give
them an occasional bath i n fuel oil
or a cleaning solvent and apply a
bttle bgbt oil to tbe kmu-l and tbe
sides of tbe adjustable jaw where i t
sUdes i n tbe body. Inspect them for
cracked knurls or jaws wbicb may
result i n failures.
16
MONKEY WRENCHES
T H E monkey wrencb is familiar to
most of us. I t s use i n automotive
work has been replaced almost en-
t i r e l y by tbe large adjustable
wrencbes and special pmrpose box
wrencbes. I n tbe smaller sizes as sup-
plied i n automobile tool kits tbe all
steel monkey wrencb is known as
an auto wrencb.
Tbe same precautions for tbe use
of adjustable wrencbes apply to
monkey wrenches. I f tbe pull is not
exerted on the right side of tbe
handle—opposite tbe opening—it is
easy for tbe wrencb to sUp and i t
.might be ruined.
Never hammer on a monkey
wrencb. That's something that
shouldn't be done on any wrencb
except a few types pin-posely made
for such use. Hammering on a
wrencb or sbpping a pipe over tbe
handle i n order to increase leverage
puts a strain on the wrench wbicb
RIGHT WRONG
BAD PRACTICE NEVER DO THIS
i t isn't designed to take. I f tbe strain
is excessive, something has to bend
or break.
P I P E WRENCHES
T H E R E is need on rare occasions i n
tbe automotive shop for using a
pipe wrencb, but only on round
objects—never on hexagon or square
nuts. Tbe teeth on tbe jaws of tbe
pipe wrench always leave their mark
on tbe work. No instructions are
necessary on wbicb way to pull on
this wrencb because i t works only i n
one direction. However, tbe wrench
works best when tbe " b i t e " is taken
at about tbe center of tbe jaws.
Pipe wrencbes are made i n sizes
ranging from 6 to 48 inches. The 6-
incb wrench takes pipe from j/g to
WRENCHES
3^ inch. Pipe size refers to tbe inside
diameter. Tbe 48-incb pipe wrencb
will handle 1-incb up to 5-mcb pipe.
A few drops of oil appbed to tbe ad-
justing nut makes i t easier to work.
BOX WRENCHES
B o x wrencbes are very popular
among mechanics. One reason for
this is that they can be operated i n
very close quarters. They are called
"box" wrencbes because they box or
completely simround tbe nut or bolt
bead. I n place of a hexagon or six-
sided opening, there are 12 notches
arranged i n a circle. A wrencb w i t h
this type opening is called a 12-
point wrencb. A 12-point wrencb
can be used to continuously loosen
or tighten a n u t w i t h a minimum
swing of tbe handle of only 30 de-
grees compared to a 60-degree swing
of tbe standard open-end wrencb, or
to a 30-degree swing w i t h tbe open-
end wrencb i f i t is flopped after
every swing. A 60-degree swing is
one-sixth of a full circle. Another ad-
vantage of tbe box wrencb is that
17
 WRENCHES
there is no chance of the wrench
slipping off the n u t and i t can't
spread on the nut. Because the sides
of the opening i n a box wrench are
so t h i n , i t is ideaUy suited for nuts
wbicb are bard to get at w i t h an
open-end wrencb.
I n addition to tbe regular box
wrenches w i t h straight bandies, some
bave the heads set at an angle of
15 degrees to the handle. This tips
tbe end of the wrencb which is not
on tbe n u t upward and provides
clearance for the mechanic's band.
Box wrencbes are also made w i t h
an offset on either one or both ends.
Again, tbe piurpose of these designs
is to provide clearance for obstruc-
tions i n tbe working space and for
tbe mechanic's band. Some me-
chanics call these offset box wrenches
"knuckle savers."
There is one disadvantage to using
box wrenches. While they are ideal
to "break-loose" tight nuts or pull
tight nuts tighter, tbe mecbanic loses
time when be uses a box wrencb to
t u r n tbe n u t off tbe stud or bolt
once i t is broken loose. This is be-
cause the wrench has to be Ufted
completely off the n u t , then placed
back on tbe n u t i n another position.
This would not be true, of course,
w i t h nuts where there is sufficient
clearance to spin tbe wrencb i n a
full circle. After a tight nut is broken
loose i t can be completely backed-off
COMBINATION BOX AND OPEN-END
18
or unscrewed mucb more quickly
w i t h an open-end wrencb than with
tbe box wrencb. This is why many
mechanics prefer c o m b i n a t i o n
wrencbes—a box wrencb on one end
and an open-end wrencb on the
other. They use the box end for
" b r e a k i n g - l o o s e " or " s n u g g i n g
d o w n " nuts and use tbe open-end
9 and heavy w i t h thick walls. They
the rest of tbe time. This combina-
tion box and open-end wrench is
sometimes called a "half and half."
For very heavy duty work, large
STRIKING
WRENCH
THIS WRENCH
IS DESIGNED
TO STRIKE
WITH A HAMMER
box wrencbes are made to be used
w i t h long extension bandies to pro-
vide great leverage and permit tbe
mecbanic to apply aU of bis muscular
abibty.
WRENCHES
Y o u never should hammer on a
wrencb, but there is one exception.
There's a type of box wrencb made
for this pxrrpose.Tbese wrencbes are
heavy and strongly made. Tbe
handle is short and has a pad on
wbicb tbe hammer blows are struck.
These box wrencbes are known as
"slugging" or " s t r i k i n g " wrencbes. -
greatly improved over tbe earber
types. Tbe early sockets were large
S O C K E T WRENCHES
T H E type of wrencb which has done bad to be made that way to provide
most to make tbe mechanic's work sufficient strength to stand the strain.
easier and save time is tbe socket Tbe opening for tbe n u t or bolt bead
wrencb. was hexagonal—six sided. They were
The modem socket wrencb k i t is vastly different i n appearance from
far different from tbe earber types. tbe present sockets wbicb are made
More attention has been given to out of high strength alloy steel and
consequently can bave thin walls
the development and improvement
and at tbe same time be very strong.
of present day socket wrencb sets
You will notice that tbe openings i n
than to any of tbe other commonly
these sockets are formed by cutting
used band tools.
a series of notches i n a circular bole.
Because there are twelve of these
notches i t is called a 12-point socket.
Tbe 12-point socket can be posi-
tioned on a n u t more quickly than a
hexagon sbaped socket because i t re-
quires less than one-twelfth of a t u r n
—usually mucb less—to fit i t onto
tbe n u t as compared w i t h up to one-
sixth of a t u r n for tbe hexagonal
socket.
Tbe first socket wrencbes to be
used on automobiles bad tbe socket To use tbe socket wrencb you
formed as part of tbe handle wbicb select tbe size of socket that fits tbe
was either " T " or " L " sbaped. Each nut, engage i t on tbe ratchet handle
size socket was made as a separate
wrencb. Then someone got tbe idea
of having one handle on wbicb could
be fitted any of tbe different sizes of
sockets i n tbe set. Tbe next i m -
p r o v e m e n t was t h e r a t c h e t t y p e
handle. EARLY TYPE MODERN
Tbe detachable sockets bave been 6-POINT SOCKET 12-POINT SOCKET
19
WRENCHES
and place the socket on the nut. I n -
side the head of the ratchet handle
is a pawl or dog which engages or
fits into one or more of the ratchet
teeth. Pulling on the handle i n one
direction, the dog holds i n the ratchet
teeth and turns the socket. Moving
the handle i n the other direction, the
dog ratchets over the teeth, per-
mitting the handle to be backed up
witbout moving tbe socket. That's
w h y t b e r a t c h e t h a n d l e c a n be
worked so rapidly—tbe socket does
not bave to be raised off tbe nut to
get another''bite.'' Tbe handle ratch-
ets i n one direction when tighten-
ing a nut and i n tbe other direction
w h e n loosening a n u t . A means
usually is provided on tbe handle
for changing tbe direction of ratchet-
ing. On some makes there is a little
lever wbicb is flipped to tbe rigbt to
make tbe bead ratchet when tbe
handle is moved i n a cotmter-clock-
wise direction. This is tbe way you
20
want i t to work when tightening a
nut. When unscrewing a nut tbe
lever is flipped to tbe left and tbe
handle then ratchets i n a clockwise
direction.
Tbe reason that a modem socket
wrencb set is so adaptable for repair
work is that i n addition to tbe set of
sockets and tbe ratchet handle, i t
contains numerous other accessories.
Tbe hinged offset handle is very con-
venient. To loosen a tight nut tbe
handle can be swung so as to be at a
rigbt angle to tbe socket and thus
provide tbe greatest possible lever-
age. Then, after tbe n u t is loosened
to tbe point where i t turns easily,
tbe handle can be hinged into tbe
SOCKET END OF
HINGED OFFSET HANDLE
SWUNG AT RIGHT
ANGLE FOR GREATEST
LEVERAGE
vertical position and twisted by tbe
fingers to completely remove tbe
nut from tbe bolt or tbe stud.
T h a t word " s t u d " may not be
familiar to you as a mechanical term.
I t is a sort of bolt. Of course you
know an ordinary bolt-with threads
on one end and a bead on tbe other.
I f we were to cut off tbe bead and
put threads on both ends, i t would
be a stud, sometimes called a stud
bolt. Studs are used i n numerous
places, particularly on engines. There
they are screwed into tbe engine
casting and used to attach tbe cybn-
SLIDING OFFSET HANDLE
der bead, to bold tbe main bearing
caps i n position, to attach manifolds,
and for many other purposes. Studs
for automotive use that are screwed
into castings bave a coarse thread
on that end and usually a fine thread
on tbe end on wbicb tbe nut goes.
Coarse threads i n castings are mucb
stronger than fine threads.
When i t comes to defining tbe dif-
ference between bolts and cap-
screws, i n automotive practice there
isn't any and tbe two terms are used
interchangeably without distinction.
Getting back to tbe other pieces
i n tbe socket wrencb set—there is a
sbding offset handle. Tbe bead can
be positioned at the end or at tbe
center of tbe handle. Tbe sbding
offset and an extension bar can be
made up as a " T " handle.
Speed bandies sometimes called
"speeders" or "spinners" are con-
venient for many jobs such as re-
moving or tightening oil pan screws.
Tbe speed handle is worked like a
SLIDING
OFFSET MAKE
AND A
EXTENSION T-HANDLE
BAR
WRENCHES
brace wbicb tbe woodworker uses
w i t h a b i t to bore boles. A speed
wrencb wiU help you get cylinder
bead nuts off i n a hurry after they
are first broken loose w i t h tbe sbding
offset or tbe ratchet handle.
A universal joint frequently comes
i n very bandy when working on nuts
i n those places where a straight
wrencb cannot be used. Tbe u n i -
SPEED HANDLE
versal joint enables you to work tbe
wrencb handle at an angle w i t h tbe
socket. Often this is a big help when
working i n close places.
Large socket wrencb sets also con-
tain about five extra deep sockets
for use on spark plugs and on nuts
wbicb are a long way down on tbe
UNIVERSAL JOINT
bolts, such as on " U " bolts that are
used to attach chassis springs to tbe
axles.
Another accessory for tbe socket
wrencb set is a handle wbicb meas-
ures tbe amoimt of pull you put on
tbe wrench. This is called a "torque
wrencb." Torque is tbe amount of
turning or twisting force appbed on
tbe nut. On some makes of torque
wrencbes a pointer indicates on a
scale tbe amount of force being ap-
pbed. On others you set the dial for
the amount of torque or twisting
effort you wish to apply. Then, when
21
WRENCHES
TWO TYPES OF TORQUE WRENCHES
you pull on the wrench, a hght
flashes the instant that amomit of
force is apphed.
Nuts such as those used on the
cylinder head, or main or connecting
rod bearing caps, should be tigbt-
ened to within certain limits. Tbe
amount of torque or twisting force
to be apphed is usually specified i n
the manufacturer's service manual.
A torque wrench enables you to tell
bow mucb torque or twisting force
is being appbed.
Tbe accuracy of torque-measuring
depends a lot on how accurately tbe
threads are cut, tbe amount of lubri-
cation apphed to the threads and the
type of lubrication. Readings shown
by tbe wrencb are mucb more ac-
curate when the threads are lubri-
cated. Therefore, threads i n cyhnder
head nuts and bearing bolt or stud
nuts always should be lubricated be-
22
fore they are replaced and tightened.
AU of tbe weU-known makes of
socket wrencb sets are made of high
quabty materials, and i f not misused
they can be depiended upon to give
long service. The impiortant thing to
remember is that tbe sockets and
NEVER USE PIPE TO INCREASE
LEVERAGE
tbe handles never should be over-
stressed. Never use a bar on a socket
wrencb handle to increase tbe lever-
age. K e e p t b e set clean. Socket
wrencbes and ah tbe other tools you
use wiU get dirty, especiaUy when
working on transmissions, differen-
tials and crankcases. When they do,
wipe off tbe grease and the d i r t —
give the sockets an occasional bath.
Grit, no matter bow fine i t may be,
is an enemy of tbe working parts of
WRENCHES
socket wrencbes or any other mech- These set screw wrencbes vary i n
anism. Keeping your tools clean and size according to tbe size of tbe
your bands wiped off helps keep grit socket i n the set screw. Where such
out. special set screw wrencbes are re-
Socket wrencb sets are made i n quired, they are sometimes fiurnisbed
four sizes wbicb are designated by in a special tool k i t wbicb accom-
tbe size of the square on tbe drive panies tbe equipment.
end of tbe handle. Sets w i t h one
quarter inch drive ends are for light
SPANNER WRENCHES
work. For average general work
We or 3^ inch drives are used, tbe We
T H E British call most any wrencb a
inch being usuaUy preferred for a l l -
"spanner." However, spanner
around w o r k . H e a v y - d u t y series
wrencbes, as we know them, are
sockets are made for % inch drive
special wrencbes for special jobs and
and for extra heavy duty work socket
do not come under tbe classification
wrencb sets are made w i t h a 1-incb
of tools for tbe mechanic's k i t . They
drive. I f possible, always use a size
are sup^bed as special wrencbes i n
big enougb for tbe job. This will
tbe tool equipment furnished to
avoid danger of overstraining either
service certain units.
tbe sockets or the bandies.
S E T - S C R E W WRENCHES
O N R A R E occasions, you may have
need for a headless set screw wrencb
so you should know about the dif- HOOK SPANNER WRENCH
ferent types. AU of them are L -
sbaped bars of tool steel. Tbe most
common type is hexagonal to fit tbe
hexagon socket i n tbe set screw.
Tbe trade name for this type is an
AUen wrencb. Tbe other two types
are made from round bar stock and
ADJUSTABLE HOOK SPANNER WRENCH
each end is fluted to fit tbe flutes or
Uttle splines i n that type set screw. There are a number of types. Tbe
"hook spanner" is for a round n u t
which has a series of notches cut i n
tbe outer edge. Tbe book or lug is
placed i n one of tbe notches w i t h tbe
handle pointing toward tbe direction
i n which the nut is to be turned.
Some book spanner wrenches are ad-
justable and will fit nuts of various
diameters.
U-sbaped book spanners bave two
23
WRENCHES
lugs on the face of the wrench t o
fit notches cut i n the face of the nut
or screw plug.
END SPANNER WRENCH
End spanners resemble a socket
wrencb but bave a series of lugs on
tbe end that fit into corresponding
notches i n the nut or plug.
END SPANNER WRENCH
Pin spanners bave a pin i n place of
a lug and tbe p i n fits into a round
bole i n tbe edge of tbe n u t .
PIN SPANNER
Face p i n spanners are similar to
tbe U-sbaped book spanners except
that they bave pins instead of lugs.
FACE PIN SPANNER
24
W H I C H WRENCH TO U S E ?
N o w that we bave talked about all
of tbe wrencbes ordinarily used by
mechanics, you may wonder bow
you are to find out which is the best
type of wrench to use for the par-
ticular work you are doing. Shall i t
be an open wrencb, an adjustable
wrencb, a socket wrench, a box
wrencb or a combination box and
open end wrench? This is something
that is best learned by actual ex-
perience, but there are a few simple
rules wbicb w i l l be helpful. Tbe type
of job to be done, tbe location and
number of nuts or capscrews are the
things to consider when selecting
tbe wrencb. UsuaUy, i f there are a
number of nuts to be taken off or
put on, the socket wrench set is what
you should use. I n removing the
cylinder head from an engine, for
example, you would first break the
nuts loose by using a socket on a
hinged offset handle with the handle
bent over at an angle of practicaUy
90 degrees to provide the necessary
leverage. Then after the nuts were
b r o k e n loose, the hinged handle
would he held i n the vertical posi-
tion and twisted w i t h the fingers to
run them off. I f the engine is i n -
staUed i n a vehicle and there is
plenty of room to operate a speed
handle, then after breaking the nuts
loose w i t h the offset handle, transfer
the socket to a speed handle and use
this combination to spin the nuts off.
I n replacing and tightening the nuts,
the wrenches would he used i n the
reverse order.
For such jobs as removing and i n -
stalling engine oU pans, timing gear
cases, and differential case covers,
tbe rigbt size of socket on speeder
bandle would be tbe best wrencb to
use. I t can be used to loosen or
tighten these capscrews because no
great amount of force is required.
There are many nuts on various
types of vehicles, particularly those
on some intake and exhaust mani-
folds, where box socket or combina-
t i o n box socket and open-end
wrencbes can be used to good ad-
vantage.
For tbe nuts on fuel and oil lines,
hydrauMc brake lines, clutch and
transmission control rods, brake rods
and cable ends, open-end wrencbes
usually are tbe only wrencbes that
can he used.
W i t h a bttle actual experience i n
a shop, and after using each type of
wrench i n the tool k i t a few times,
you wbl find that w i t h a bttle
T H I N K I N G i t is not at aU difficult
to select tbe type best suited for tbe
job and to pick tbe rigbt size wrencb.
A good mecbanic is the man who can
use his bead as weU as his bands—
who can coordinate bis brain and
muscles.
For instance, i n replacing cylinder
head nuts you will find you can get
the job done i n about half tbe time
i f you use both bands simultane-
ously instead of just one. I t is some-
CHISELS.
thing like learning to use a type-
writer—tbe beginner starts with two
fingers but the experienced typist
uses aU ten. I t is just a matter of
practice.
CHISELS
C O L D chisels are used for cutting
metal. Tbe one most generaUy used
is tbe flat cold chisel. Tbe mecbanic
has need for this tool to cut rivets,
cut t b i n metal sheets, chip metal and
to split nuts.
Chisels are made from tough, high
carbon steel. UsuaUy the bar stock
from wbicb tbe chisel is forged is
octagonal (eight-sided) but may be
hexagonal (six-sided), round, square
or rectangular. The width of the
cutting edge of a cold chisel denotes
its size.
I n addition , to fiat cold chisels,
there are several other types which
sometimes are very useful i n general
repair work.
The cape chisel wbicb is quite nar-
row i n width is used to cut key-
ways, narrow grooves and square
corners.
The roimd nose chisel is used for
cutting semi-circular grooves and
25
CHISELS
COLD CHISEL
chipping inside corners which have
a fillet or radius.
The diamond point chisel is made
square at the point, then ground on
an angle across diagonal corners
which makes the cutting face dia-
mond-shaped. I t is used for cutting
" V " grooves and square corners.
After the cutting edge of a cold
chisel is correctly formed by grind-
CAPE CHISEL
ing, i t is hardened and then tem-
pered. Hardening tbe chisel gives i t
the property of being able to cut
metal. B u t after i t is hardened, i t
must be tempered. Otherwise, tbe
cutting edge would be so brittle that
i t would probably break tbe first
time i t was used.
There are a number of important
things to remember about chisels—
ROUND NOSE CHISEL
Always use a chisel that is big
enougb for tbe job.
Use a hammer that is heavy
enough for the size of tbe chisel—
tbe larger tbe chisel, the heavier tbe
hammer.
Ordinarily a chisel should be held
i n tbe left hand w i t h tbe thumb and
first finger about an inch from upper
end of tbe chisel. Hold tbe chisel
DIAMOND POINT CHISEL
26
w i t h a steady but rather loose grip
with finger muscles relaxed. That
way, i f you miss tbe chisel with the
hammer and strike your band i t will
slide down tbe chisel and lessen the
effect of tbe hammer blow on your
band. Tbe best thing to do, of course,
is to not miss bitting tbe chisel.
When chipping metal, tbe depth
of tbe cut is controlled by tbe angle
at wbicb you bold tbe chisel. Don't
t r y to take too deep a cut. For rough
cuts, one-sixteenth of an inch is
enougb, w i t h half that mucb or less
for finishing cuts.
SPLITTING A NUT
Keep your eyes on tbe cutting
edge of tbe chisel. Swing tbe ham-
mer i n tbe same plane as tbe body
of the chisel. Strike one or two bgbt
TO CUT OFF A l A R G E RIVET HEAD, FIRST CUT
GROOVE THROUGH CENTER OF RIVET HEAD WITH
CAPE CHISEL AS SHOWN IN A. THEN CUT OFF
HEAD WITH FIAT CHISEL AS SHOWM IN B.
blows to check your "swing," then
increase tbe force as required.
When using a chisel for chipping,
always wear goggles to protect your
eyes. I f there are other men close
by, see that they wear goggles or are
protected from flying chips, or else
put up a screen or shield to keep
tbe chips from bitting anyone. These
two precautions can save many a
man from losing tbe sight of an eye.
Remember that tbe time to take
these precautions is before you start
tbe job. After a person" is injured,
it's too late.
I f you are using a chisel on a small
piece, clamp i t rigidly i n a vise. Chip
toward tbe sobd or stationary jaw of
tbe vise. Chip i n a direction away
from, never toward, yourself.
To avoid marring or otherwise
damaging finished surfaces on a piece
which has to be clamped i n a vise
w i t h roughened jaws, use copper jaw
covers. These are frequently called
"soft jaws" or "caps."
Tbe cutting edge of a chisel must
be sharp i n order to cut. I t is sharp-
ened by dressing i t on an emery
wheel. When sharpening a chisel, t r y
to maintain tbe original angle of tbe
cutting edge by grinding only a
small amount at a time from each
side. Hold the chisel against tbe
wheel w i t h very bttle pressure to
CHISELS
avoid overheating and dip the cut-
ting end of the chisel i n water often
enougb to keep i t cool. Otherwise
you wiU draw tbe temjier and tbe
cutting edge will be soft and tbe
chisel useless i m t i l i t is rebardened
and tempered. This is a job that can
be done only by an experienced beat-
treater. Tbe cutting edge should be
groimd on a sbgbt radius—higher
in tbe center than at tbe ends.
After dressing tbe cutting edge of
a chisel on an emery wheel, inspect
tbe other end. Sometimes i t becomes
upset or "mushroomed"—spread out
like an mnbrella—as a result of
hammering. I t ' s dangerous to ham-
mer on a chisel or punch which has
been upset. Pieces may fly off and
cause injiu-y. Grind off tbe upset
metal so the end of tbe chisel will be
slightly tapering and comparatively
flat across the top.
Flat cold chisels are tbe ones most
frequently used by mechanics but
tbe other types mentioned bave
helped many a mecbanic out of a
" t i g h t spot" when tbe rigbt tools to
do tbe job were not at band.
For example, there are several
types of extractors for r e m o v i n g
broken studs—tbe portion of tbe
stud remaining i n tbe part after the
stud has been twisted i n two. I f you
bave to remove a broken stud and
bave a set of these extractors, the
job will be comparatively simple. I f
you don't bave tbe extractor, tbe
broken stud can be removed w i t h
tbe aid of a chisel.
27
 PUNCHES
USING A DIAMOND POINT
CHISEL TO REMOVE BROKEN
STUD IN EMERGENCY
Here are two methods—"tricks of
the trade"—which are useful i n such
cases.
I n either case, you put a center
punch mark exactly i n the center of
the stud, then drill a small hole
down into the stud. Follow w i t h one
or two larger size drills so that prac-
tically all that remains of the stud
is a t h i n sleeve w i t h the threads on
i t . Do not use a drill so large that i t
will cut into the threads. Next use a
diamond point chisel and lightly tap
i t into the hole. Put an adjustable
wrencb on tbe square of tbe chisel
and back out tbe broken stud.
I f a diamond point chisel of tbe
correct size is not available, you can
28
use a roimd nose chisel and start
breaking tbe stud threads out of tbe
tapped bole and thus collapse tbe
remaining portion of tbe stud so that
i t can be removed.
Tbe diamond point chisel isn't
intended for use as a stud extractor,
but like many other instances that
might be considered as misuse of a
tool, it's a way to get tbe job done
i f the rigbt tool is not available.
There are always some occasions
when tbe proper tool is lacking, or
when you do not have tbe replace-
ment parts necessary to make re-
pairs the way they should be done.
Then i t is a question of ingenuity.
Y o u must use what is available. B u t
you should always be sure that tbe
tool being used as a substitute is
used carefully so as not to damage or
destroy i t .
PUNCHES
" S T A R T I N G P U N C H E S " , sometimes
called drifts, are made w i t h a long,
gentle taper wbicb extends from tbe
tip to tbe body of tbe punch. They
STARTING PUNCH
are made that way to stand heavy
shock blows. This type punch is
used to knock out rivets after the
beads bave been cut off. I t also is
used to start driving out straight or
tapered pins because i t can w i t h -
stand the heavy hammer blows re-
quired to break loose tbe pin and
start i t moving.
PIN PUNCH
USE
STARTING
PUNCH
FIRST
After tbe p i n has been driven par-
tially out of tbe bole, tbe starting
pimcb can no longer be used. Tbe
increasing taper on tbe punch be-
comes too large for tbe bole. Then
tbe pxmcb to use is a " p i n punch."
The pin pxmcb is made w i t h a straight
shank—no taper—so that i t fits into
tbe bole. Always use tbe largest size
of starting and pin punches that will
fit tbe bole. Never use a pin punch
to start a p i n because, since i t has a
slim shank, a bard blow on tbe punch
may cause i t to bend or break. Start-
ing pimcbes and pin punches usuaUy
come i n sets of various sizes w i t h 3
to 5 punches i n a set.
Fvery tool k i t should contain an
" a l i g n i n g " or " l i n i n g - u p " punch
which is from 12 to 16 inches long,
made from % or ^ inch bar stock.
This pimcb has a long taper and is
useful i n shifting parts so corre-
sponding boles "Une-up".Tbe punch
is especiaUy bandy when making
ALIGNING PUNCH
PUNCHES
engine instaUations, replacing chassis
springs, fenders and running boards,
and many other jobs.
Another pimcb wbicb is very valu-
able to tbe mecbanic is tbe center
pimcb. Tbe center punch always is
used to mark tbe location of a bole
that is to be drUled. When tbe driU
is placed i n tbe center punch mark,
i t starts drilling tbe bole at that par-
ticular point. I f you t r y to driU a
bole witbout first locating i t w i t h a
center punch mark, tbe driU usuaUy
wUl start to move aU around on tbe
piece. This is caUed "wandering"
and when a driU starts to wander,
tbe mecbanic hasn't any control of
tbe exact location of tbe bole.
CENTER PUNCH
Frequently, tbe cautious mecbanic
wiU use a center punch to make some
corresponding punch marks on two
WITHOUT CENTER
CENTER PUNCH
PUNCH MARK
MARK KEEPS
THE DRILL THE DRILL
DOES , FROM
I
THIS i WANDERING
-
or more parts i n an assembly before
be starts taking i t apart. This wiU
29
 FILES
PUNCH MARKS MAKE IT EASY TO
ASSEMBLE TWO PARTS IN ORIGINAL
POSITION
enable b i n to reassemble tbe parts
m tbeir origmal positions.
The point on a center punch is ac-
curately ground to a true taper point
wbicb is central w i t h tbe shank.
The included angle is usually 60°. I t
requires considerable experience to
grind a center pimcb point by band
CENTER PUNCH POINT
w i t h any degree of accuracy. For
this reason, you should take good
care of your center punch. D o n ' t use
a center punch on metal wbicb is so
bard that i t may dull tbe point.
TANG
FACE
30
FILES
A MECHANIC'S tool k i t would not
complete witbout an assortment of
files. I n automotive repair work,
there are occasions when a file is a
very necessary tool. There are more
than 20 types of files. Sizes for each
type may range from 3 to 18 inches.
They may be either single or double
cut and are further classified accord-
SINGLE-CUT
DOUBLE-CUT
ing to different grades of coarseness
or fineness, depending on tbe size
and spacing of tbe teeth. I t would
take a long time to learn about all
tbe various types of files.
Tbe portion of tbe file on which
tbe teeth are cut is called tbe "face".
The tapered end that fits into tbe
bandle is called tbe " t a n g " . Tbe part
of tbe file where tbe tang begins is
tbe "heel". Tbe length of a file is
tbe distance from tbe point or t i p to
tbe heel and does not include tbe
tang. I n other words, i t is tbe total
length of tbe file minus tbe length of
tbe tang.
Tbe teeth of tbe file do tbe cut-
ting. These teeth are set at an angle
FILES
limit tbe discussion to 8 files wbicb
w i l l be satisfactory for most fifing
be jobs required i n maintenance work.
SINGLE-CUT FILE
TAe 12-iBch Hat haslaxd lUa /or greuerai
toagh liling.
DOUBLE-CUT FILE
across tbe face of tbe file. A file with
a single row of parallel teeth is caUed
TAe 12-inch cacond-cut mill lila lar re-
a single-cut file. Tbe teeth are cut moving a small amount ol matal and malt-
ing the Hied sarlace smooth. All mill Hies
at an angle of 65 to 85 degrees to are single-cut.
tbe centerUne, depending on the i n -
tended use of tbe file.
Files wbicb bave one row of teeth
crossing another row i n a criss-cross The I2-ineh hall-round hastard Hie. The
pattern are called double-cut files. rounded lace ol this Hie i s used to Hie a s-ur-
lace having a large concave radius. The
Tbe angle of the first set usually is Hat lace can he used lor general rough
liling.
40 to 50 degrees and that of tbe
crossing teeth 70 to 80 degrees. Criss-
crossing produces a surface wbicb
has a very large number of bttle TAe M2-inch round hastard Iilo i s usod tor
teeth aU slanting toward tbe t i p of oniarffing
bavinff
Hoios, also tor iilintf
small coneavo radlL
suriacos
tbe file, each Uttle tooth like tbe end
of a diamond-pointed cold chisel.
Files are graded according to tbe
tooth spacing—a coarse file has a Tho e-inch smooth milUilo i s usodlor all
small urark wAere surlacos aro Hat or
small number of large teeth and a con vox.
smooth file has a large number of
fine teeth. Tbe coarser tbe teeth, tbe
more metal w i l l be removed on each
stroke of tbe file. Tbe terms used to Tho 6-inch hall-round socond-cut lilo i s
usod lor purposos similar to tho 12-inch
indicate tbe coarseness or fineness of hall-round hut on smallor nvork urhoro
thoro i s not so much motal to ho romovod.
a file are: Rough, coarse, bastard,
second-cut, smooth and dead-
smooth. A n d tbe file may be either
single-cut or double cut.
Tho €-inch throo-sguaro
liloa Voxy usolul lor liling
or
small
trtanpular
notchos,
Files further are classified accord- sguaro or carnorod holos,andlox straighton-
ing to tbeir shapes and, as previously ing up huxxod or damagod throadsa
mentioned, there are more than 20
different shapes. T o keep tbe subject
of files from becoming too compli-
Tho 6-irtch round lilo, Iroguontly eallod
cated and talking about many files a rat tail lilo, i s usod lor purposos similar
to tho 12-inch round lilo hut on smallor
you will never see or use, we shall urorke
31
FILES
CONVEX SURFACE CONCAVE SURFACE
We have been talking about con-
cave and convex siurfaces and some
of you may not understand wbicb is
wbicb. A curved surface that is hol-
low—one wbicb "caves i n " is "con-
cave". A ciurved surface wbicb arches
outward is convex. Tbe front face of
a headlamp lens is convex, tbe rear
face is concave.
T H E U S E AND C A R E
OF F I L E S
B E F O R E attempting to use any file,
i t should be equipped w i t h a tight
fitting bandle. I t is dangerous to
use a file witbout a bandle. Often tbe
end of tbe tang is quite sharp and i f
you are using a file witbout a bandle
and tbe file meets an obstruction and
is suddenly stopped, the pressure of
your hand against the end of tbe
tang may result i n a bad cut. Re-
member, tbe real mechanic—tbe
IT IS DANGEROUS TO USE A FILE
VIMTHOUT HANDLE
32
man who is careful i n tbe way be
goes about bis work and uses tools
—never has need for a first aid k i t .
To put a bandle on a file, first
make sure tbe bandle is tbe rigb*
size and that tbe bole is large enougb
for tbe tang. Insert tbe tang of tbe
file into tbe bole i n tbe handle, then
tap tbe back end of tbe bandle on
tbe bench or a flat surface on tbe
vise. Make sure tbe bandle is on
straight.
To remove a file bandle, bold tbe
bandle i n your right band and bold
tbe file w i t h yom: left band and give
the ferrule end of tbe bandle a sharp
rap against tbe edge of tbe bench or
tbe side of a vise jaw. Tbe ferrule is
tbe metal sleeve on tbe bole end of
tbe bandle to keep tbe bandle from
splitting when tbe tang of tbe file is
forced into the bolei
Whenever possible, tbe part to be
filed should be clamped rigidly i n a
vise. To prevent rough vise jaws
from damaging finished sm-faces, use
copper caps or other soft material.
I n using a file, remember that tbe
teeth are made to cut i n one direc-
tion only—when tbe file is being
pushed forward. A l l pressure of tbe
file against tbe work should be re-
lieved on the back stroke. Holding a
file against tbe work on tbe back
stroke serves only to help dull the
cutting edges of tbe teeth. Tbe pre-
ferred method of using a file is to
raise i t off tbe work before drawing
i t back. Files stay sbarjjer longer
when used that way.
I n some shops they call a me-
cbanic who drags a file on tbe back-
stroke a "shuffler", because be is bke
a man who is too lazy to pick up bis
feet when he walks.
However, there are exceptions to
this rule, as there are to many others
for tbe use of tools. When draw-
filing, for example, tbe file rests on
tbe work at all times. Tbe file is
pushed across tbe work crosswise and
very Uttle metal is removed. Draw-
filing is a finishing-up operation
when filing an accurate flat svuface.
Beginners frequently bave diffi-
culty i n knowing bow mucb pressure
to use on a file. They usually are told
to "bear-down" on the file without
being told that using too much pres-
smre is almost as bad as using too
Uttle pressure. The point to remem-
ber is to USF O N L Y S U F F I C I F N T
PRFSSURF T O K F F P T H F F I L F
C U T T I N G . Different metals and
different files call for a difference i n
the amount of pressure you should
apply to the file.
Never use a file after the teeth
become "choked" or clogged w i t h
particles of metal. Tbe experienced
filer wiU bump the t i p of the file or
tbe end of the handle on the bench
every now and then while filing to
jar loose the fiUngs which stick i n
tbe teeth. This won't always get all
the chips out though, so tbe thing
FILES
to do when tbe file gets "loaded" is
to clean tbe teeth w i t h a file card.
This is a brush w i t h short, stiff wire
bristles. I f there are any chips re-
maining after using tbe file card,
these should be dug out w i t h a
pointed or flattened cleaning wire
caUed a "scorer". UsuaUy a file card
Uas a scorer attached to the handle.
A file which is loaded w i t h chips
is apt to roughen a siurface which
you are trying to file smooth, es-
pecially i f the material you are fihng
is steel.
Files must be sharp to do their
best work. Metals which are soft
and tough, such as copper and some
of tbe brass alloys, require tbe use
of very sharp files.
To keep files sharp, see that their
surfaces are protected when not i n
use. Tbe best way to protect files i n
tbe shop is to hang them i n a rack
which has a series of slots. Files
wbicb are carried i n a tool box should
be wrapped i n cloth, paper or other
material wbicb will protect them
from other tools. Don't throw files
around on a bench or into a drawer
w i t h other tools and expect theni to
stay sharp. Keep files away from
moisture and water to prevent rust-
ing.
USING A FILE CARD
33
HACKSAWS
FILES ARE NOT PRY BARS
Never use a file for prying. The
tang end is soft and bends easily.
Tbe body of tbe file is bard and very
brittle. A bgbt bending force will
snap i t i n two.
A final and very important pre-
caution is—never hammer on a file.
This is positively dangerous because
i t may shatter w i t h chips flying i n
every direction.
HACKSAWS
T H E hacksaw is used to saw metal.
There are two parts to a hacksaw—
tbe frame and the blade. PracticaUy
all hacksaws now are made w i t h an
adjustable frame designed to take
blades which are 8, 10 or 12 inches
long. Tbe better frames, are made
w i t h a pistol grip bandle. Recently,
several manufactmers bave devel-
oped frames w i t h tbe handle i n an
inverted position. The theory of this
design is that tbe force applied on
the forward stroke of tbe saw is de-
bvered i n a direct line w i t h the blade.
AU adjustable hacksaw frames are
34
made so the blade can be instaUed
i n a vertical or horizontal position.
I n some of the more expensive, bet-
ter designed frames, the saw blade
can be positioned at various angles
between the vertical and horizontal
positions. Often there is an advan-
tage i n having a hacksaw of this
type because i t enables the me-
chanic to use the saw i n places where
there would not be sufficient clear-
ance for the conventional saw w i t h
only two positions for the hlade.
When placing a hlade i n a hack-
saw frame, first that the frame
is correctly adjusted for the length
of the hlade w i t h sufficient adjust-
ment remaining to permit the hlade
to he tightly stretched.
Place the hlade on the pins so that
the teeth point toward the front of
the frame—away from the handle.
Occasionally a beginner gets a saw
blade i n backwards and then won-
ders why the saw doesn't cut. A l -
ways screw up the adjustment so
that the hlade is rigid i n the frame.
I n starting a cut which is being
made to a marked hue i t usually is
a good idea, especiaUy for the ap-
prentice, to use the thumb of the
left hand to guide the hlade until
the cut is started at the desired
location. Use sufficient pressiure i n
starting the cut so that the saw i m -
/-I
mediately begins to bite into the
metal. The cutting action of a hack-
saw hlade and a file are similar—if
you don't use sufficient pressmre so
that the teeth actually bite into and
cut the metal, the rubbing action
helps dull the teeth. When sawing,
reheve the pressure on the return
stroke of the hlade i n the same man-
ner as is done when filing. I t is not
necessary to hft the hlade off the
work when the saw is being started.
B u t when the kerf—that's the term
for the slot made by the saw—he-
comes deep enough t o ' guide the
hlade, the saw hlade can he raised
slightly off the bottom of the kerf on
each hack stroke.
For efficient cutting i n metals of
average hardness the saw should he
worked at the rate of 40 to 50
strokes per minute. I f the saw is
worked too fast, there may he suf-
ficient heat generated by the cutting
action of the teeth to draw the tem-
HACKSAWS
per and ruin the blade. I n cutting
harder metals, the munher of strokes
per minute should he reduced.
There's a limit to the hardness of
metal that can he sawed. Before
ruining aU the teeth on a blade, test
the metal w i t h the very front or
rear teeth or with the t i p of a file to
see i f i t can be cut.
Always use practically the entire
length of the hacksaw blade on every
stroke except when you are getting
the saw started. Keep the blade
moving i n a straight line to avoid
any twisting or binding action. And
again, use enough pressure to keep
KEEP BLADE FROM JAMMING
the blade from getting pinched or
jammed as this often breaks some
of the teeth or breaks the blade.
I f a blade breaks and you have to
finish the operation w i t h a new blade,
always start a new cut w i t h the new
blade i f possible. I f you are sawing
a round piece, rotate i t and start a
new cut i n line w i t h the first one. I f
you are sawing a flat piece, start the
cut from the other edge. The reason
for this is that a new blade has more
"set" than a worn blade and usually
will j a m the saw. The "set" i n a saw
refers to how much the teeth are
3S
F E E L E R GAGES
SET OF TEETH PROVIDES CLEARANCE
FOR BLADE
pushed out in opposite directions
from the sides of the blade. Set is
necessary so that the saw kerf or slot
will be slightly wider than the thick-
ness of the blade and thus provide
clearance to prevent the blade from
sticking in the kerf. Unless extreme
care is used starting a new blade in
a cut which was made by a used
blade, it will jam and that usually
causes the blade to break.
Blades for hand hacksaws are
made with 14, 18, 24 and 32 teeth
per inch. The 18 and 32-tooth blades
are suitable for all automotive main-
tenance work. The 18-tooth blade is
used for all sawing except thin metal
such as sheets or tubing which is
sawed with a 32-tooth blade.
Two or more saw teeth shotdd be
in contact with the work at all times.
On very thin sheet stock, this is not
possible even with the 32-tooth
blade. I f you have occasion to saw
thin sheet metal, clamp it in a vise
between two pieces of wood.
Regarding the care of a hacksaw,
see that the blade is properly pro-
tected when not in use. I n the shop,
a hacksaw should be hung up. I f a
hacksaw is carried in a tool kit, it
should be placed in the box so that
tools and other metal objects do not
rub against the blade teeth. Wiping
a blade occasionally with an oily
cloth will keep it from rusting.
36
FEELER GAGES
T H E performance of gasoline en-
gines largely dep>ends upon the ac-
curacy of various adjustments on
the engine such as valve lifter clear-
ances, the spacing of the ignition
points and the spark plug gaps.
These adjustments require extreme
precision—the mechanic must work
to the thousandths of an inch. To
give you an idea of how much one
thousandth of an inch is, it is about
one-third the thickness of the aver-
age human hair. Most of you men
may think, especially if you examine
one of the hairs in your head, that
working to the thousandths of an
inch would be doing extremely ac-
curate work, but men in the ma-
chine tool industry work to one ten-
thousandth and even one one-
hundred-thousandth of an inch.
The feeler gage is the tool which
enables the automotive mechanic
to work to* thousandths of an inch.
There are several types of feeler or
thickness gages but all have a num-
ber of blades of various thicknesses
hinged in a holder. Some "feelers'*
have short blades, as many as 23,
starting with a blade one and one-
half thousandths of an inch in
thickness and including blades up
to 35 or 40 thousandths of an inch
thick. "Stepped feelers" have each
blade made in two thicknesses.
About the first half inch of the tip
of the blade is two thousandths of
an inch thinner than the remainder
of the blade. If, for example, the
tip of a blade measures 4 thou-
sandths of an inch thick, then the
other portion would measure 2
thousandths thicker or 6 thou-
sandths of an inch. This type feeler
gage is convenient in adjusting
valve clearances. Suppose the clear-
ance for intake valves was specified
at 6 to 8 thousandths. Y o u would
use the 6 to 8 thousandths blade
and make the adjustment so that
the 6 thousandths end of the blade
would go through the clearance gap
and the 8 thousandths portion would
not. Thus, you would know the
clearance was between 6 and 8 thou-
sandths. A stepped feeler is called
a "go" and "no go" gage.
Feeler gages for adjusting the
clearances between brake shoes and
brake drums are made with long,
narrow blades which can be inserted
through the insp>ection slots in the
brake backing plates or brake drums.
Some feeler gages made for ad-
justing spark plug gaps have L -
shaped wires of various diameters
mounted on the blades. A spark
plug which has been in service for
FEELER GAGE FOR BRAKE WORK
FEELER GAGES
any length of time usually has a
slight hollow burned into one of
the electrodes by the sparks. Such
a plug can be set much more ac-
curately by using a roxmd wire
feeler instead of the conventional
type.
Concerning the care and use of
feeler gages—remember that they
are precision measuring tools, and
therefore deserve the best of care.
I n the better quality feeler gages,
the blades are high quahty tem-
pered steel accurately ground to the
NEVER EXERT FORCE ON A FEELER
GAGE
thickness marked on the blade. U n -
less the blade is used carefully, it
may become bent, torn or broken.
When you use a feeler gage to check
valve clearances or the clearance
between other parts such as the
thrust surfaces on crankshafts and
main bearings, never get the blade
wedged in the clearance space. When
adjusting valves, if you can't slide
the feeler used to measure the mini-
mum clearance through the space
without exerting force, there is not
enough clearance and the adjust-
ment should be changed. A feeler
gage should always be moved in
37
STEEL RULES MEASURING UNITS

the same plane as the blade so
thfeie is never any twisting or bend-
ing of the blade. The good me-
chanic, the man who values his
tools, will occasionally wipe the
blades of his feeler gage w i t h a
clean oily cloth to remove any d i r t
and prevent the blades from rusting.
O T H E R M E A S U R I N G TOOLS
IN ADDITION to the feeler
there are some other measuring
tools often used by mechanics.
THE 6-INCH S T E E L R U L E
flexible tsnpes. The thinner the rule
the easier i t is to measure w i t h ac-
curacy because the division lines
are closer to the work. For this
reason, the t h i n flexible rule or scale
is preferred.
Ordinarily there are four sets of
graduations on steel rules, one on
each edge of each face or side.
Graduations are the lines which
mark off the divisions. The longest
lines represent the inch marks. On
gage,
one edge each inch is divided into
8 equal spaces and each space there-
fore represents one-eighth of an
inch. The other edge on this face of
the rule has each inch divided into
16 spaces and thus each division
represents one-sixteenth of an inch.
On the other side of the rule, one
entirely on multiples of ten. The
units are divisions of, or multiples
of, the meter.
10 millimelen (mm.) = 1 centimeter (cm.)
10 centimeters = 1 decimeter (dm.)
the 12-inch steel rule is used. This
10 decimeters = 1 meter (m.)
rule is graduated the same as the
1000 meters = 1 kilometer (km.)
6-inch rule just described.
There are times when the me-
chanic has to measure dimensions
M E T R I C AND E N G L I S H
much longer than 12 inches. One
example of this would be when
CONVERSION T A B L E
straightening a truck frame. For Linear Measure
such measuring the flexible steel
tape rule is very convenient.
1 kilometer = 0.6214 milo
The blade of this rule rolls up 1 meter = 39.37 inches
in the case when not i n use, mak- = 3.2808 feet
ing the rule very convenient to = 1.0936 yards
stow i n the tool k i t . Ordinarily 1 centimeter = 0.3937 inch
these rules are long enough to I millimeter = 0.03937 inch

F O R small measm-ements which do
not have to be accurate to more
than 10 thousandths of an inch, the
6-inch steel rule is used. Usually i t
is called a 6-inch scale and many
men i n the shop refer to i t simply as
a scale. There are flexible and non-
edge has the inches divided into 32 measure 72 inches or 6 feet. The 1 mile = 1.609 kilometer
= 0.9144 meter
spaces. One edge measures i n t h i r t y - inches are divided into sixteenths, 1 yard
I foot = 0.3048 meter
seconds and the other in sixty-fourths w i t h the .first inch and often the
1 foot = 304.8 millimeters
of an inch. One sixty-fourth of an first six inches graduated i n t h i r t y - = 2.54 centimeters
I inch
inch is slightly less than 16 thou- seconds of an inch. 1 inch 25.4 millimeters
sandths.
For measuring dimensions greater E N G L I S H AND M E T R I C
than 6 inches and up to 12 inches. The only standard of measiu^-
UNITS
ment that has been legalized by the
United States Government (in 1866)
I N C H E S , feet and yards, the com-
is the meter. The United States
mon miits of hnear measure used
yard is defined by its relation to the
in the United States, are units of
3600
an English system of measurement. meter. One yard equals—^ - of a
The metric system, used i n many meter. "^^^^
foreign countries such as France,
(]lermany, I t a l y and Spain, is based
INCHES

| i 1111111111111 i j 11111111111111 y 11111111111111 y 11111111111111 y 1111111

-MILLIMETER
lii|lili iliiliiii illi|llli lllljllll jllll lllljllll lllljllll jllll llllj. l l l l j l l l l II
1 4 6 7 8 9 10 11

CENTIMETERS

39
38
MICROMETERS
MICROMETERS
T H E micrometer caliper, more often
called a micrometer or a " m i k e " ,
measures i n the thousandths parts
of an inch.
Toolmakers and machinists use
micrometers almost c o n t i n u a l l y .
The mechanic uses them chiefly for
measuring wear on engine parts such
as piston pins and valve stems to
determine whether the worn parts
should be replaced with new ones.
The cut-away illustration w i t h
the parts named shows how a m i -
crometer is constructed. I t makes
use of the principle of the screw
thread. The portion of the spindle
which extends through the hub is
threaded and works i n the screw
nut which is pressed into the hub.
The part caUed the thimble is rig-
idly attached to the spindle. T i n n -
ing the thimble clockwise screws
the spindle toward the anvil. T u r n -
ing i t counter-clockwise screws the
spindle away from the anvil. The
piece to be measured is placed be-
ANVIL
40
tween the anvil and the spindle, or
the micrometer is held over and
around the piece, and the spindle
screwed down until i t touches the
piece w i t h only the lightest of pres-
sure. The spindle is screwed down
only enough to take up the clear-
ance and get an accurate reading.
Y o u should be able to slide the
micrometer across the piece being
measured to indicate that there is
no amount of clamping action.
CLAMPING A MICROMETER
T I G H T L Y ON T H E PIECE W I L L
QUICKLY RUIN THE M I -
CROMETER.
There are 25 equal spaces around
the tapered edge of the thimble.
Each space represents one thou-
sandth of an inch. Turning the
thimble one space changes the open-
ing between the end of the spindle
and the anvil by one thousandth of
an inch. The reason for this is
simple. The screw thread on the
spindle is cut w i t h forty threads to
the inch. Starting w i t h the spindle
down against the anvil, 40 complete
SCREW NUT
THIMBLE CAP
i +
turns of the thimble would move the
spindle away from the anvil exactly
one inch. Thus one complete t u r n
of the thimble would move the
spindle one-fortieth of an inch. And
one-fortieth of an inch is 25 thou-
sandths of an inch, which is why
there are 25 divisions around the
spindle, each representing one thou-
sandth of an inch.
There also are graduations on the
part called the hub. Through these
cross hues is a hue running length-
wise of the hub called a reference
or datum hue. The smallest d i v i -
sions on the hub graduations rep-
resent 25 thousandths of an inch
which is one complete t u r n of the
thimble. Every fourth cross hue is
numbered and represents 4 complete
turns of the thimble or 4 times 25
thousandths which is 100 thou-
sandths. The figures on the hub
therefore represent one hundred
thousandths of an inch. Figure 1 is
one hundred thousandths, figure 2
is two hundred thousandths and so
on.
MICROMETERS
To make all this more imder-
standable, we will screw the spindle
down against the anvil very hghtly.
There is no space between the
spindle and anvil. The zero hue on
the thimble now lines up with the
zero line on the hub—the m i -
crometer reading is zero. Then we
unscrew the thimble one gradu-
ation mark. Now the opening be-
tween the spindle and the anvil is
one thousandth of an inch—an
amount so small that i t is barely
visible to the eye unless the m i -
crometer is held up to the light.
We continue to unscrew the thimble
until the line at the figure 5 on the
thimble is lined up w i t h the ref-
erence hue on the hub and the
opening between the spindle and
anvil now is 5 thousandths of an
inch. When we have unscrewed the
thimble one complete t u r n , the zero
fine on the thimble is i n line w i t h
the reference line on the hub and
the thimble has uncovered the second
graduation mark or the first space
on the hub which represents 25
41
 SCREW EXTRACTORS SCREW EXTRACTORS

DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS W i t h an tmderstanding of the edges into the sides of the hole and
principle and a little practice i t is grip the broken stud so i t can be
1 fl1Cf> 33 r i p n imscrewed.
64.2656 as easy to read a micrometer as i t
84.0156 i.5156 §.7856
J. n o i l J. onio 17 c o m
is to tell time w i t h a watch. A third type of extractor is per-
12.0312
i?.2B12 32.5312 i . 7 8 1 2 The better grade of micrometers fectly straight, without any taper,
IS onnn 35 c j n n 51 "lAAA usually , carry a table of decimal and has three sharp splines. Drills
64.0468
{4.2969 § . 5 4 6 9 {4.7969 equivalents on the frame for con- are furnished w i t h this set to drill
X ncoc 1 01 oc J cnoc 13 m AC venience. I t shows fractional parts the right size hole for each extract-
il Ma
16 .3125 i1 .5625 tl .8125 of an inch and their equivalent tor, and pilots to center the drills
21 m m 37 c o m 53 AAA4
64.0781 decimals. also are included. The extractor is
64.3281 {4.5781 §.8281
U 0 i 0 9 19 rnoo 97 A J AO Micrometers have an adjustable slightly larger than the hole made
r2.0937
32.3437 37.5937 4.8437 measuring range of only one inch. by the drill. The extractor is driven
X tIMt 23 4 c n i 39 Mint 55 ACAJ Measurements of more than one into the hole w i t h a hammer and
14.1094 64.3594 {4.6094 § . 8 5 9 4
inch and less than two inches are diamond point chisel and w i t h a gets sufficient grip on the broken
1 IOC 1 ooc 5 nor 7 noc roimd nose chisel.'They were emer-
made w i t h a micrometer which stud to permit screwing i t out.
I .125 8 .375 T .625 i .875 gency methods to be used i f a stud
J. l i n e 25 onnn 41 o J no 57 AAA A measures from 1 to 2 inches—of I t requires mechanical judgment
more than two inches w i t h a m i - extractor were not available. Using
{4.1406 64.3906 64.6406 § . 8 9 0 6 to use extractors, especiaUy the
iX iinco 21 ocno 29 nnno crometer which measures from 2 to an extractor is a much easier and
i2.15b2 smaUer sizes. A l l of them are hard-
32.4062 32.6562 4 . 9 0 6 2 3 inches, and so on. quicker method.
11 i n n 27 J o i n 43 Aom 59 Am A
ened and therefore are brittle. Con-
There are several types of ex- sequently, after the extractor gets a
{4.1719 64.4219 § . 6 7 1 9 § . 9 2 1 9 tractors, a l l supphed i n sets w i t h
11 nnoc IS AAOC " b i t e " on the broken screw or stud,
R .1875 R .4375 sizes for screws of various diam-
R .6875 R .9375 the force should be applied grad-
eters. Perhaps the most commonly
{1.2031 B.4531 § 7031 § 9531 uaUy to prevent breaking the ex-
used type is the Ezy-Out which is
tractor.
tapered and has a coarse spiral,
4.2187 37.4687 S.7187 4.9687 I n driUing a hole i n a broken
resembling a thread, w i t h very sharp
stud for an extractor, i t is a good
if.2344 11.4844 S.7344 §.9843 ridges. T o use this tool a hole is
idea to drill a smaU hole first to
drilled i n the exact center of the
1.25 \ .5 1.75 11.0 broken screw or stud. The size of serve as a pilot hole for the larger
the hole should be a little less than drill. I t is important that the first
the small diameter of the screw hole be drilled exactly i n the center
thousandths of an inch. The inside micrometer is used of the broken stud. Check this at
Now for some actual measuring threads to avoid the danger of drill-
to measin-e inside dimensions such ing into and ruining the threads i n the start of the driUing operation.
w i t h the micrometer—we adjust as cylinder bores. I t is read i n the The advantage of starting the hole
the micrometer to this piece of round the tapped hole. Then an extractor
same manner as the micrometer of the right size is inserted into the with a small drill is that i f inspection
bar stock. used for outside measvudng. shows that the hole is not starting
hole and turned w i t h a wrench i n a
The figure 2 on the hub repre- exactly i n the center, the drill can
lefthand or counter-clockwise d i -
sents two himdred thousandths. be manipulated at the start to
rection. The sharp ridges on the
The next graduation line on the SCREW E X T R A C T O R S slightly shift the location and center
extractor " b i t e " into the sides of
hub represents 25 thousandths more the hole.
the hole i n the broken stud so that
— t h a t makes 225 thousandths and
i t can be screwed out.
to this we add the thimble reading SCREW extractors are used to
which is 24 thousandths, making a remove broken screws or studs Another type of tapered extractor
total of 249 thousandths of an inch. and often are called stud extract- is made w i t h foiu- straight flutes
The piece measures 249 thousandths, ors. When we talked about chisels, which have sharp edges. This tool
one thousandth less than 250 thou- methods were described for remov- is tapped into the drilled hole w i t h
sandths or one-quarter inch. ing a broken stud w i t h the aid of a a hammer t o force these sharp ANOTHER TYPE OF EXTRACTOR

42 43
CARPENTER'S TOOLS CARPENTER'S TOOLS

C A R P E N T E R ' S TOOLS RIPPING BAR

Tras book is not intended to cover T H E wrecking bar, sometimes re-

carpenter's tools. Every mechanic ferred to as a ripping bar, is a useful
has to use some of them occasionally tool for uncrating and other prying
however, so we are showing here a jobs. The t i p of the hook or goose
few of the more common ones.

T H E NAIL HAMMER

T H E nail hammer, often called a

claw hammer, is used for driving neck end is shaped like the claw of
a hammer and can be used to pull of the wood, the other to saw cross-
and drawing or pulling nails. When
nails, the hook serving as the ful- wise of the grain. The grain always
Resting the hammer on the nail runs w i t h the length of the board.
crum of the lever. To enter the claw
before drawing i t back increases the The R I P SAW, used for cutting
accuracy of your aim. w i t h the grain or lengthwise of the
To use the hammer to pull or board, has teeth which are shaped
draw a nail, the head of the nail like chisels. The cutting edge of each
must be exposed. Slip the claw of tooth extends the full width of the
the hammer imder the nail head and tooth and is at right angles to the
pull u n t i l the hammer is almost saw blade. When sawing, the teeth
vertical or straight up. cut into the wood hke a row of
Then to relieve unnecessary strain chisels one i n back of the other. The
on the handle and to increase rip saw should be held at an angle
leverage and make i t easier to com- of 60 degrees w i t h the board. Hold-
pletely draw the naU, use a block ing the saw at this angle provides
of wood imder the head of the sufficient force for the saw to cut
hammer. into the board and no additional
pressure i n this direction should be
using i t to hammer, grasp the applied. Use long, easy strokes. I f
handle firmly and near the end. the saw were held vertical the angle
According to the force of the blow
to be struck, force is applied through
the wrist, elbow or shoulder. A under a board on a box and thus
hght force is deUvered by wrist get a pmrchase to pry the board loose
action. A combination of wrist and the back of the hook can be struck
elbow is used for more force, and w i t h a hammer.
wrist, elbow and shoulder action are
used for a blow of maximum force.
To drive a nail, hold i t between HAND SAWS
the thumb and forefinger, rest the
hammer on the head of the nail, T H E R E are two types of hand saws
then draw the hammer back and used for sawing wood. One is qsed
give the nail a light tap to start i t . to saw i n the direction of the grain

44
CARPENTER'S TOOLS
would be 90 degrees. Swinging the
handle back and downward through
one-third of the arc puts the saw i n
correct position for ripping.
T H E CROSS C U T SAW is used
for cutting across the grain or cross-
wise of the board. The front edges
of the teeth are filed w i t h a bevel so
that the teeth actually are pointed
like the end of a knife blade. The
bevel slopes i n one direction on one
tooth and i n the opposite direction
on the next tooth. This provides
two parallel lines of sharp points to
cut the wood fibers like knives, and
the teeth force out the wood be-
tween the two cuts. The cross cut
saw should be held at an angle of
46
^ ^ ^ ^
RIP SAW TEETH CROSS CUT SAW TEETH
about 45 degrees w i t h the b o a r d -
half-way between horizontal and
vertical. Keeping the index finger
along the side of the handle will help
guide the blade. Again, use long,
easy strokes.
Saws should be kept oiled to pre-
vent rusting. They should be hung
up by the handles or otherwise stored
so the teeth will be protected against
being dulled.
POSTSCRIPT
T h i s completes the list of tools to be discussed in this book.
We have by no means covered all hand tools. Space does not
permit it. B u t we have included the more common ones, those
most useful to the average mechanic, particularly in the auto-
motive field. And much of the information about one type of
tool applies equally well to other types.
We wish to repeat here one fundamental requirement which
applies to all tools. T O O L S N E E D C A R E . No matter what
kind of tool it is, it should be kept in shape.
Keep your hands and tools wiped clean while you are using
them. B e sure your tools are clean before you put them away.
Store them in such a manner that they will not suffer harm while
they are not in use. Such a procedure will pay dividends whether
apphed to a complete set of expensive tools or to a dime store
screwdriver.
T h e type of information in this book is no substitute for
practical experience. T h e only way to find out about tools is to
use them. B u t we hope this book offers some new details to those
familiar with tools, and furnishes a certain background for those
unacquainted with them.
And we hope that it has given a new dignity to tools in your
eyes. F o r hand tools are the beginning of industry, and without
them our present civihzation and style of life would still be a
dream of the distant future.
47
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
PAGESy
PAGES

PRINTED I N U. S. A .
 Vol. 20 No. 44 Spangdahlem AB, West Germany Friday, Sept. 14,1990

Sending mail SSgt. Kenneth W.

Cissel (far right)
boards the plane
Guidelines apply for Desert Shield that will take him to
a forward location
by Patricia Warrick in the Middle East,
volunteer staff writer while SSgt. Theresa
Gifford (bottom
People sending letters and packages to Spangdahlem left) bids farewell to
service members deployed to the Middle East should her boyfriend Sgt.
follow these guidelines from the base post office. J.R. Rosalez, as he
Spec. Paul Breski, postal clerk, said the Military prepares to deploy.
Postal Service will forward mail from Spangdahlem to Col. Rudolf F.
the deployed forces at no cost to the sender. Peksens, 52nd
To use this service, write "MPS" in the top right Tactical Fighter
comer where the postage ordinarily belongs. The word Wing commander,
"Deployed" should be added to the member's unit ad- gives a proud
dress. For example: "thumbs up" to
AlC Johnny Begood Spangdahlem's
52nd TFW (Deployed) deploying troops.
APO 09604
Packages travelling MPS can weigh no more than 70
pounds. All packages must be processed through the
finance window and have a completed large, white
customs tag attached. Specialist Breski said.
Certain restrictions apply to anything mailed to the
Middle East.
"No stamps with symbols such as the American flag,"
said Specialist Breski. "Alcohol is forbidden and so are
pictures that show skin — even a postcard of a girl in a
swimsuit."
Further information, including a complete list of
mailing restrictions, can be obtained at the post office or
by calling 452-6067/6768. U.S. Air Force photo by SgL Dcielc Annrlrong

Letters from the Desert Spang deploys to Middle East

by SSgt. Paula Rogers
Tuesday, Sept. 11 editor
Dear Spangdahlem,
Our flight down came off without a hitch thanks primarily to LL Col. Jim Allgood, When Iraq crossed its borders to invade
Lt. Col. Bruce Geddes and all the aircrews and maintenance people who worked through Kuwait, it took on the world, America, and
the night getting the aircraft ready and in-flight data prepared.
Our reception by the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing Forward, (George AFB, Calif), was the 52nd Tactical Fighter Wing.
outstanding. Everything was "fightcrpilot standard" with all members of the 35th bending An undisclosed number of F-4 Phantoms
over backwards to help. Considering diat their flight from the states lasted 15 hours, our departed Spangdahlem Sept. 5 to join the
8-hour sojourn was a "piece of cake." U.S. Central Command in Operation Desert
After the long flight down everyone had a hot meal and found a bed for the night. Shield. The people and equipment needed to
Shortly after midnight, thefirstKC-10 arrived with mwe Spangdahlem folks and the 35th suRxxt the 52nd TFW mission followed closely
TFW quickly in-processed them and had them in their air-conditioned tents. behind.
Unfortunately, due to a loader pn)blem, all personal baggage was flown to an alternate While deployed, the elements of the 52nd
location for downloading, but the bags did arrive the next day. TFW in the Middle East area will work with
Gur next group arrived very early infliemorning on day two, while our third load of the 35th TFW Forward, (from George AFB,
folks arrived in the evening on day three. Again, kudos to the 35th TFW for dieir Calif). Commander of the 35th TFW For-
expeditious handling and transport to messing and sleeping facilities.
From the maintenance side, Maj. Jimmy Johnson has integrated his entire back-shop ward, Col. Tip Osterthaler, said that his hat is
capability with the 35th TFW, but our crew chiefs continue to prep and launch 52nd TFW off to the Spangdahlem community.
aircraft. "I was impressed by how well the 35th
Everyone is looking forward to getting the mail channels t ^ n , so please keep those TFW mobilized and deployed on such short
cards and letters coming. notice," he said. "But I was awed by the way
You should be extremely proud of how quickly Spangdahlem people made this all the 52nd did it literally overnight. It was clear
happen — I know I am. from the moment the first airplane arrived
Until next week, that total professionalism is the minimum
Lt. Col. Randall C. Gelwix acceptable standard at Spangdahlem."
Col. Rudolf F. Peksens, commander of
the 52nd TFW, said there is no doubt in h5S
mind that Spangdahlem is up to the challenge
offered by Operation Desert Shield.
"We met all our timing schedules for the
deployment," the colonel said. "I think the
events, the preparation and the execution of
our mobilization this last week proves abso-
lutely that our training was right on the mark
— We had enthusiastic, hard-working folks
out there."
Because security operations are sensitive,
the exact number of people, airplanes and
equipment deployed to the forward location
cannot be discussed. However, details about
their living conditions were made available
by Colonel Osterthaler.
"Your people are being well-cared for
here. Almost all are housed in a large tent
complex, fully air conditioned, complete with
plenty of shower and latrine facilities."
Colonel Osterthaler said that a small base
exchange facility and movies, accessible 24
hours a day, are available for the troops. Also,
everyone gets three hot meals a day.
"Deployment" continued on page 2.
2 Spangled Banner. Sept. 14, 1990

Deployment
Continued from page 1. the last night they could spend with their "They must wait either for the moment of
families, they wanted to stay with their air- crisis when we might actually have to go into
The colonel added that though the mail planes. Those hard-working troops wanted to combat or wait for the time they can return to
system is still a little slow, it is improving finish the job. They did it right, went home, Spangdahlem. No one knows when either of
daily. said goodbye to their families, and were on these moments will occur."
This funded AirForcenewspaper is an author-
"We are crowded, but morale is sky high," the first plane out in the morning." Though it's impossible to predict the
ized publication for members of the U.S. military he said. Those deployed can expect to work 12 outcome. Colonel Peksens said that this is a
services overseas. Contents of the "Spangled Ban- Morale and dedication to duty were high hour days, six days a week. The seventh day tremendous opportunity for a highly-trained
ner" are not necessarily the official views of, or on Spangdahlem's list of priorities before the will be for rest and a rotation of shifts. wing to show that they are indeed ready for
endorsed by, the U.S. Government, the Department
of Defense or the Department of the Air Force.
departure. Colonel Peksens spoke of an inci- There are many difficult aspects to a any challenge.
The editorial content is edited, prepared and dent that particularly impressed him about deployment of this magnitude: separation firom "We're proud of the special way we have
provided by the public, affairs office of the people here. family members, the unrelenting heat and trained for electronic combat. We do a better
Spangdahlem AB, West Germany, producers of "The night before we deployed, 1 was on adverse conditions of desert living, and fear job than anyone else in the world," he said. "1
U.S. Air Forces in Europe's top class 1 funded the flight line. 1 saw some weapons loaders of the unknown. However, Colonel Peksens personally think that our troops down range
newspaper for 1986,1987 and 1989.
People may submit articles for publication in who were working an extended duty day, in said that he believes the hardest part for the will prove the assertion that we are the best in
the "Spangled Banner" to the public affairs office, fact it was past 9 p.m. Even though this was deployed forces will be the waiting. the world."
Bldg. T-77. Deadlines are Friday at noon for news,
bits and feature articles, 4 p.m. for der markt clas-
sified advertisements, and noon Monday forwcek-
end sports. Office hours are 7:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Desert Shield
weekdays. The office can be reached at 452-6962
or 6224.
lite "Spangled Banner" is published by
Paulinus-Drackerei GmbH, Trier, West Germany.
Strong support system important key
The Rumor Control Hotline is 452-6833. by SSgt. Paula Rogers
Editor
Wing Commander Helping hands from across the base are reaching out to support
Col. Rudolf F. Peksens Spangdahlem's deployed forces and the family members left behind.
Public Affairs Officer When elements from the 52nd Tactical Fighter Wing began
Capt Ron Hahn deploying to a forward location in the Middle East Sept. 5, an intricate
NCOIC support system fell into place, virtually overnight
TSgt. Dave Torrence These support structures take on many forms, both formal and
Editor informal. For Sgt. Michelle A. Marion, a requisitioning clerk with the
SSgt. Paula Rogers 52nd Supply Squadron, friends and family were there for her when
Europe Correspondent
Iris Reiff her husband, Sgt. John S. Marion, 52nd Equipment Maintenance
Volunteer Staff Writer Squadron, got his orders to deploy.
Trish Warrick "We're both in the military and I've always understood that
something like this could happen. 1 know that he went for a worth-
while and important cause. But on a personal level, 1 fell apart 1
didn't want to believe that it was my husband going."
Sergeant Marion said she called her family in the states three
times the night he left and "really ran up the phone bill." "I've
depended on my family and friends to help me get through this." she
said.
Sergeant Marion said the most difficult part is not knowing where us. Air Force photo hy Anm. Bill Gylienswm
her husband is deployed or when he will be home again. TSgt. James K. Longman (right) spends some quality time with his
Though emotions run high for family members, there are also a wife, Susan, and son, Joshua, age 1, before departing to the
few practical issues that must be dealt with such as finances, transpor- Middle East with elements of the 52nd Tactical Fighter Wing.
Sortie scoreboard tation concerns and the everyday business of living.
SepL 4 through 10 Sergeant Marion said her husband gave her a general power of someone to talk with can call 6666 or4444. The law enforcement desk
attorney to take care of things such as registering the cars and will connect the caller with a qualified counselor.
Goal Flown +/- insurance, but finances are heavy on her mind. Like most families, the Another program the Helping Professionals will soon offer is a
Marion's have carefully budgeted their paychecks to meet their deployment briefing.
23 TPS 220 237 H-17 financial obligations. "Chaplain (Maj.) Steven Rich will lead the session," said Ms.
81 TPS 77 79 -1-2 For family members who are concerned about financial and other Hamel-Eifert. He has extensive experience helping members through
480 TPS 102 66 -36 issues, there is a formal support network here that can help. This separations because he used to brief Navy family members during
Wing total: 399 382 group, made up of all the support organizations on base, is called the deployments."
Bottom line; -17 Helping Professionals. The evening briefing, slated for Sept. 30, will offer a free dinner,
Beth Hamel-Eifert, a program specialist with the base Family sponsored by the base chapel. Chaplain Rich and counselors will work
Support Center, said that this support network has been meeting since with adults and children, helping them deal with the feelings people
•••• FY'90 Mi March. experience during family separations.
"Because we had already established a great working network, we "We basically want families to know that there are a lot of people
Goal Flown +/- were able to easily mobilize when needed for the Desert Shield out there who care and want to help them through this difficult
operation," she said. period," said Ms. Hamel-EiferL
23 TPS 5,545 5,538 -7 Col. Rudolf F. Peksens, commander of the 52nd Tactical Fighter The Spangdahlem support network is not only for the families who
81 TPS 5,634 5,614 -20 Wing, said that organizations such as the Helping Professionals are are separated, but for the ones who might face separation in the near
480 TPS 5,588 5,565 -23 one indication of the tremendous difference in today's support system future. One family member, S. Sharlene Forte, takes a positive view
Wing total: 6,76-1 16,717 as compared to earlier times of conflict such as Vietnam. The colonel of the Desert Shield deployment. She is the wife of SrA. Grady H.
Bottom line -50 speaks from experience; he flew combat missions over North and Forte, a crew chief with the 7052nd Aircraft Generation Squadron.
South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia in the early 1970s. Like many military members here. Airman Forte and his wife
"For the troops who deploy, things haven't changed that much," realize that he might be called upon to aid forces in the Middle East.
DWI's: Oct, 1,1989 - Monday Colonel Peksens said. "But for families, it's far different. During the "1 don't want him to go, but if the decision is made that he needs
Unit Last DWI Total Vietnam War not nearly as much consideration was given to families to be there, then I'd be very proud of him. This is his job—something
June 10,1990 as is now appropriate. We didn't have the family support structure he's doing for his country," said Ms. Forte.
52 AGS Feb. 25, 1990 6 that's in effect now." "I'd feel better knowing he was going with his friends, the people
EMS July 7,1990 4 One of the programs brought on line for Desert Shield is a 24- he works with. While they are supporting each other there, we'll
7052 AGS April 13,1990 4 hour, seven day a week, C ARE-line. Those who need help or just need support each other here."
2137 CS 3
 Desert Shield/Storm Diary Entries of Yan J. Kevin Bolduc

The following entries were made when I was a young, juvenile and immature “Buck” Sergeant (E-4 with
NCO [Non-Commissioned Officer] status) in the Air Force, living the single life in the dorms at Spangdahlem
AB, Germany. You could say that a lot of it I find a little awkward to read nowadays, but it was still part of
who I was back then; fond memories nevertheless…. I edited mostly the whining and the cussing (Mom quote:
“If you have nothing nice to say, say nothing at all”; I also would like to interject in here a story from a very
good family friend, Jacques Paiement: “It is Christ who says: If someone is without sin, let him cast the first
stone. And wham, a stone comes flying. Then Christ turns around and says: Mother, will you please stay out of
this”. I guess the moral to this story is that no one is perfect…), and kept some people’s names anonymous for
privacy. My career field in the military can be understood as an aircraft “Tank Rat”, as seen in the 2006 Dirty
Jobs episode titled “Fuel Tank Cleaner” (which is misleading btw, we maintain aircraft fuel tanks, not clean
them) by Mike Rowe, in the U.S. Air Force maintenance (MX) world. Our career field is a small one, and as it
turns out, in that episode, I used to be the supervisor of one of the airmen in the show when we were both
stationed in Alaska prior to that recording.

25 August 1990 (Saturday)

“Woke up early but stayed in bed a long time. I listened to music and read and watched a video. Then Dan
[Civil Engineer buddy of mine.] picked me up and we built three wooden frames for me at his shop: cool!”
[Later that evening as I was sitting in my chair in my barracks room listening to music on my new Kenwood
rack system stereo with the outside door wide open, my Shop Chief walks by and asks me if I wanted to
volunteer for a classified TDY (Temporary Duty assignment), destination and length of tour unknown. I could
only speculate about what was happening in Kuwait at that time in history, so I eagerly agreed for some real-
world action. I was then switched from mids (2300-0700) to day shift (0700-1600).]

3 September 1990 (Monday)

“Today was a holiday. But I got recalled-in ’cause I’m on Mobility and I learned that this week I will have a
90% chance of going to Saudi Arabia and today I was issued an M-16 of my own, serial number 317345.” [I
was right in the middle of watching “A Fistful of Dynamite” on VHS (I still remember the scene.) in my room
when the Bay Orderly guy pounded on my door.]

4 September 1990 (Tuesday)

“Today, in the entire AM, I ran around in the rain getting all I needed to get my stuff ready. Now I’m all
packed up. We’re working 12hrs shifts [0600-1800].”

5 September 1990 (Wednesday)

“Yesterday I got a super short haircut. Number 3 clipper. Today I worked from 5 am ’till noon. I bought a
new set of uniform and some more stuffs. I also learned that I was leaving tomorrow.”

6 September 1990 (Thursday)

“All day today I processed through the Mobility line. I got two vaccination shots. We almost left but we
were too late [For our plane’s flight path takeoff window.]. Got back. I saw Dan. I just downed lots of beer.”

7 September 1990 (Friday)

“At 9 am the KC-10 we were in took off and seven hours later we got here, Bahrain island [Shaikh Isa AB],
desert. 120 degrees Fahrenheit average day time and very humid. But we have climatized tents to sleep in
[Gotta love the Air Force.]. The mood is quite fantastic. I love it. We are in a time combat mode.”

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8 September 1990 (Saturday)
“Well, my first full day here and boy, does it get hot! I did nothing all day but sit around and read my book.
I’m working 12 hrs shifts, from 0730 ’till 1930. I wrote a letter to Mom.”

9 September 1990 (Sunday)

“Slept all right. Today was much less humid than yesterday but it was as hot. I ate again MRE’s but I’m
having good real breakfasts [Over at the Marines chow tent, they cook your eggs the way you like ’em.]. So far
so nothing.”

10 September 1990 (Monday)

“I slept good last night. What’s cool, I’m working with workaholics. The days goes by real fast. It was less
humid today. I’m making new friends. I sharpened five knives so far.”

11 September 1990 (Tuesday)

“Today was freakin’ humid and freakin’ boring. Nothing at all to do. I read a lot. I sweat all day doing
nothing. I hate humidity. I leave this line blank for the things I could not do.”

12 September 1990 (Wednesday)

“Today was a dry day. So I wasn’t in an as bad of a mood as I was yesterday. I played a lot of cards and
read a lot my book. I sat one hour in the sun guarding the entrance of the hangar.”

13 September 1990 (Thursday)

“Today was my first day off. So I slept most of the day, the heat really knocks you out. I sew an entire
uniform of badges. It’s all crooked but screw it. T’was a humid day. I ate only once.”

14 September 1990 (Friday)

“Got out of bed not too tired. Today was a bit humid. I worked all afternoon though. Today, a three-star
general shook our hands. He was just passing through.”

15 September 1990 (Saturday)

“Humid day. I helped hang the American flag in the hangar where we work, by climbing on the wall and
crawling under the ceiling, with someone else. Someone called me a “goddamn monkey”.”

16 September 1990 (Sunday)

“Today was hotter but less humid. I can cope with that. I worked on a couple of F-4’s. I sent two letters full
of newspaper clips to Mom. I’m reading “Zork” now.”

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17 September 1990 (Monday)
“It appears that I am getting used to the heat over here. I’m not so tired at the end of the day anymore. I
finished my book already and I’ll start reading another one.”

18 September 1990 (Tuesday)

“Today I read 240 pages of Stephen King’s book “The Drawing of the Three”. It’s pretty funny. Made me
laugh a lot. And that is all I did all day: read.”

19 September 1990 (Wednesday)

“Today I finished the “King” book. Again, it took me all day. I had the runs four times today. Last time it
was red. I don’t know if it’s the food or what.” [I realized later that I had the habit of collecting all the cherry
flavored powder packets that comes in MRE’s to add to my water, getting extra ones from a scrounge box, and
that’s what was turning my ‘stuff’ red…]

20 September 1990 (Thursday)

“I went five times again today. I barely read today. Worked just a little bit. I created a new alphabet called
the “Tarnahian Alphabet” [To keep me occupied.].”

21 September 1990 (Friday)

“Another quite hot day. I didn’t almost read today. Didn’t feel like it. Now I’ve got my Walkman on, like
every night, all comfy in my climatized tent [!].”

22 September 1990 (Saturday)

“Today was my day off and I got to go to the Rec Center downtown. The place looks like a Hilton. I swam,
ate, watched a few movies and had my share of alcohol. I got a letter from Mom.”

23 September 1990 (Sunday)

“Starting today I work Nights from 1900 ’till 0730. So today I read, listened to music, and wrote a letter to
Mom. I couldn’t sleep too much. My expectations are still great.” [My favorite tape that I would never tire
listening to was “Beneath the Remains” from Sepultura.]

24 September 1990 (Monday)

“Last night they sent me home at 0200. So today I lazied all day. Tonight, I built a wall furniture [From
Supply plywood boxes and empty MRE boxes.] with shelves to put next to my bed, on its entire length.”

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25 September 1990 (Tuesday)
“Today I slept through most of it. I read a bit. Then at work I made a cardboard VCR for the cardboard TV a
friend did. Then I slept some more.”

26 September 1990 (Wednesday)

“I slept a good eight hours again. I’m quite tired by the end of my shift, though. The nights are just getting
more and more boring, it is becoming physical!”

27 September 1990 (Thursday)

“I didn’t do much today but tonight I had plenty! I took out a Number 2 cell and we had a foam change on
another F-4. I was busy all night. And I liked it. T’was cool.”

28 September 1990 (Friday)

“I had a hard time sleeping today. I was too damn exhausted. Tonight I wrote a letter to a Carolyn in
Michigan, a total stranger to me. I had work too.” [We continuously had letters from people all over the world
sending letters to soldiers in the desert. Anyone in the service deployed could open as many as they wished,
read them if they wanted to, and write back if they chose so for those with a return address. Almost all of the
letters had a return address.]

29 September 1990 (Saturday)

“I only slept 5 hrs today. Tonight I built an extension to my furniture and now I’ve got five drawers to use
and some more shelf room. I got off work early.”

30 September 1990 (Sunday)

“After work I only slept four hours. Then I went to the beach with some friends. I got sunburns all over. I
just wrote a small poem. In all today I had 5 beers [Where we stayed and lived on base we only had access to
“near-beer”, non alcoholic. Outside the base, Bahrain allowed the sale of alcohol.].”

1 October 1990 (Monday)

“I was up most of the day. Woke up early. Yesterday was my night off. Today I did my laundry again by
hand. Tonight I was busy again all the time and it was the fastest 12 hrs so far. I wrote another letter to another
stranger but that one is from Germany.”

2 October 1990 (Tuesday)

“Today I slept all day. Felt really good. Tonight at work I had nothing to do so I read and slept. I got a letter
from Jacques Paiement [My Dad’s best friend.]. I like his letters. They touch me the most.”

3 October 1990 (Wednesday)

“Today I slept little but stood in bed and just vegetated. At work it was impossibly boring! It was
unbearable! But finally, it went by and found myself again merrily in bed.”

4 October 1990 (Thursday)

“Again I woke up early but this time I wrote a long letter to a third total stranger, L. She’s 39 years old [She
had included in her letter a somewhat fuzzy Polaroid picture of her head. Yes, “selfies” existed even back
then…]. Tonight, at last, we had some work on jets.”

5 October 1990 (Friday)

“Today I slept a straight 9 hrs through. And y’know what? I slept 7 more hours a few hrs afterwards. I had
the night off. But on the second sleep I had the most intense dreams...”

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6 October 1990 (Saturday)
“Today I was downtown all day. I bought two t-shirts and had three beers. I also swam and took a sunbath.
I watched some cheap movies on video too. I read my book and took it easy.”

7 October 1990 (Sunday)

“Tonight I had another night off. ’Cause last weekend I didn’t have my Saturday off. So, I took it easy and
read a lot. My suntan is getting good although my back peels.”

8 October 1990 (Monday)

“Back to work. Tonight I had details for two hours. I had to lay down slats on the sand to give more room
for the jets to park. I got a letter from Mom.”

9 October 1990 (Tuesday)

“Today I wrote back to Mom. I didn’t like the way she sounded on the letter [Back then, it took on average
two weeks to have a response from a correspondance…. Gotta love technology today.]. Tonight at work there
was nothing going on. So I slept and I slept good too. Now I’m back in bed.”

10 October 1990 (Wednesday)

“I slept all day again. Tonight I took a nap, read a bit, and wrote a long letter to Mom. I felt like it. I was
thinking a lot tonight about this and that. I’m just hanging in there.”

11 October 1990 (Thursday)

“I was in bed again all day. Tonight I had three fuel leaks to fix on my own. I took my time. I’m reading my
“DragonLance” book now. I again took a long nap at work [Twelve-hour shifts are morale killers to all,
especially when there’s hardly anything to do. I witnessed an NCO walking back and forth in the hangar
swinging an axe, mumbling; we never saw him again. Early on I had witnessed an airman sitting and swinging
on the side of a road talking to a rock in front of him…].”

12 October 1990 (Friday)

“Was in bed all day and at work I played cards, read my book, and went out on a few jobs. Then I was let go
early so I could catch some Z’s before my day off kicked in.”

13 October 1990 (Saturday)

“Today I went downtown to the Rec Center and swam and suntan a lot. Then I watched videos and drank
some beer. Then I met some British teenage girls who were really nice. Vanessa listens to thrash just like I do!”

14 October 1990 (Sunday)

“I got up at 0400 and read all day my “DragonLance” book. Went to work and worked super hard on this
detail in which we had to set up an entire hangar. I’m beat.”

15 October 1990 (Monday)

“Woke up at 1600 and read some more. Tonight at work I had nothing to do so I read and slept some more. I
got another letter from Mom. She reveals a lot in it [My father had passed away from cancer the year prior, at
age 49.]. I wrote back.”

16 October 1990 (Tuesday)

“I slept all day. And I made a weird freakin’ dream! At work we had a lot of work to do. What I did is I
stuffed foam in 5 different bladder cells on an F-4. It was a sweaty job.”

17 October 1990 (Wednesday)

“Stood in bed again all day. Slept pretty good. I bought another cool t-shirt this time from the squadron we
all work in. It’s pretty cool. Tonight I worked the same F-4 but I was sent home at midnight.”
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18 October 1990 (Thursday)
“Today is my new day off. I stood near the pool sunbathing for three hours. The back of my legs burnt a
little. It was quite a lovely well-spent day.”

19 October 1990 (Friday)

“I now work days. So I’ve got to get used to being back in the heat. Today the Secretary of the Air Force
gave us a short speech.”

20 October 1990 (Saturday)

“Awesome. Today I saw Steve Martin and his wife Victoria Tennant in a hangar. I got really close to
Victoria for two minutes just watching her [My first celebrity encounter, and too shy to engage.]. She’s got
eyes the same color as mine.”

21 October 1990 (Sunday)

“Slept again good. Today we moved in our own hangar that I helped build. I had work almost all day. I got
another letter from our commander. She keeps mistaking my rank [SrA vs Sgt].”

22 October 1990 (Monday)

“Today I was dedicated to carry the radio and drive the truck all day. I didn’t mind too much. Every night
now I’ve gotta get out of bed and pee not once but freakin’ twice [It was quite the trek to reach the communal
latrines.]!”

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23 October 1990 (Tuesday)
“Today, all day, I started drawing for our two shops (Fuels and Egress) a flag out of a white bed sheet. On it
is a human eagle holding Saddam, a reproduction of a drawing Mitch Cotie did [Back in Spang. I climbed the
hangar ceiling to tie it up myself without asking; I just did it (!).].”

24 October 1990 (Wednesday)

“Well, guess what: another sunny day! I finished our flag and it looks mighty good. I received two letters
from L. The first one is 15 pages long with a picture. I still need to read them. I also got magazines from
Mom.”

25 October 1990 (Thursday)

“Today was my day off. So I remained here and wrote L back a 14 pages letter. I’m reading my “Croc”
magazine too: it’s quite ludicrous with no morals whatsoever: I love it.”

26 October 1990 (Friday)

“I got another letter from L today. I wrote her back. Today at work was quite boring. A lot of historian
people are taking pictures of my flag. Wonder if it’ll show up in a book."

27 October 1990 (Saturday)

“Today at last I felt in the mood of writing a story. So I started one. I also got a letter from Sylvie. The day
was long again.”
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28 October 1990 (Sunday)
“Today was a down day. So I was here all the time, at the tent, resting. A couple of hours ago I had a great
idea of writing my story into a letter. And so, I did. I think it’s cool.”

29 October 1990 (Monday)

“Today I got soaked with fuel [JP-4] at work. I was pissed. Literally. I got cut back at 1400. So I could
finish my story-letter to L. It took me a long time: 10 pages.”

30 October 1990 (Tuesday)

“Today was getting a little bit too long for my taste. It was quite windy and the sand just wouldn’t quit
blowing all over the place. I’m eagerly expecting mail now.”

31 October 1990 (Wednesday)

“The day started all right but things kept irritating me afterwards. I had a crappy job all afternoon, and then I
had to confront a real jerk. I just wrote three letters.”

1 November 1990 (Thursday)

“Today was my day off. So I went downtown and suntanned for over three hours and then swam, then ate
and watched a bit of a stupid video. Got back here early and seriously vegetated.”

2 November 1990 (Friday)

“We had some [fuel] tank work to do. Our hangar will be crowded with officers now, for the DCM has just
moved in with us.”

3 November 1990 (Saturday)

“At last, I had some real work to help pass the day: I removed and replaced an IFR [In-Flight Refueling
receptacle, time consuming and tricky to work on]. The days are slowly getting cooler and I love it. The wind
has stopped for a while.”

4 November 1990 (Sunday)

“Today something new happened. I had a big argument with one of the higher-ranking men: he gave up [He
wanted me to use a pneumatic tool on an aircraft, but I felt more comfortable using regular hand tools.]. I
thought it was funny. I wrote another letter to L.”

5 November 1990 (Monday)

“Today was my cut-back day. So I worked on an F-4 ’till 1400. I got back here and watched half a video,
did my laundry and listened to music. “♫ Tout l’monde est malheureux ♫”.”

6 November 1990 (Tuesday)

“I had some work this morning but then I had nothing to do and boy, was it a long and boring day.
Fortunately, I had a letter from L. I forgot to bring a book to read.”

7 November 1990 (Wednesday)

“Today was another long and boring day. It’s beyond physical now. It now plays straight with your mind.
It’s tough. I tried writing a letter tonight and I felt better.”

8 November 1990 (Thursday)

“Today’s my day off. I went to BAPCO [Bahrain Petroleum Company, our “Rec(reational) Center”] and
worked on my suntan, read a lot and had two beers. Back here, I filled sandbags because I wanted to. I also
swam over there. I wrote a cool poem.”

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9 November 1990 (Friday)
“I had a 10-pages long letter from Mom cussing me out. I had to call her to straighten things out and I finally
succeeded [In making the call to Canada.]. We talked for a while. The day somehow went quick.”

10 November 1990 (Saturday)

“Looks like I’m pretty well used to 12-hours shifts now. There’s a guy who’s losing it at the shop [The one
swinging an axe mentioned above.]. I got a letter from Mom and one from Jacques. The nights are windy.”

11 November 1990 (Sunday)

“Today I had a blast driving a big bouncy forklift [22K All-Terrain] most of the day. I just messed around
with it, along with a friend. I got another letter from Mom.”

12 November 1990 (Monday)

“I did a few errands at work then at 1400 I was let free to go “home”. So I did my laundry and I wrote a
letter to Mom. And, of course, I jammed music in my ears. That’s about it.”

13 November 1990 (Tuesday)

“Today was a little too dragging. We had no work whatsoever. But tonight, I got 4 letters! A fax from L, a
letter from Yvan, Martin, and Mom. Am I happy!”

14 November 1990 (Wednesday)

“Today same thing as yesterday except I got no letters. Srajer and I are now filling sandbags for our bunker.
We are taking our times and it helps pass the day. I wrote back to L.”

15 November 1990 (Thursday)

“Today we had another pig [leaky aircraft] to work on. And that’s what I did all day. Boy, am I anxiously
awaiting mail these days.”

16 November 1990 (Friday)

“Today I had off. I read three newspapers and wrote three letters and started a futuristic story. Speed metal
has a tendency to make me see huge spaceships roaming the universe. Go figure.”

17 November 1990 (Saturday)

“We had no work today. But I was able to find two good books to read. I got some envelopes from Mom
and some pictures too. It is getting colder almost every day now. There were a lot of clouds today.”
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18 November 1990 (Sunday)
“Today I read half of the shift and worked the next. The day went by quickly. I’m awaiting mail quite
anxiously now. I took out my jean jacket. I will read some more.”

19 November 1990 (Monday)

“I got to ride the big forklift again today. I had fun. Today was also my cut back day. So I read a new book
all afternoon. I finished the other one. Food is pretty good on the Marines side.”

20 November 1990 (Tuesday)

“Great day. Almost no wind, just a nice cool breeze. I rode the forklift again. A lot this time. I worked it
around our bunkers we’re building and laid big rocks all around.”

21 November 1990 (Wednesday)

“Today was an extremely nice day weather-wise. I filled 50 sandbags by myself for our bunker. I again got
to drive the big forklift. I had a lot of fun today. I got a tiny skateboard as a keyring from Mom.”

22 November 1990 (Thursday)

“Today was my day off and it was also Thanksgiving. So I went to BAPCO and had a free meal and boy, did
I eat! I was so full I thought I was going to puke. I had three beers before that.”

23 November 1990 (Friday)

“Today we had no work. So I filled a hundred sandbags for our bunker. I have popped blisters all over my
hands now. I got a letter from Mom and a package of reading material from L. I sent her a letter too.”

24 November 1990 (Saturday)

“Today we still had no work. So I rested. I took a long nap this PM. It was a long and dragging day. I got,
at last, Yvan’s first letter. There were pictures in it and I saw Martin’s tattoo.”

25 November 1990 (Sunday)

“What a day. I’m doing details now; we have to build tents. I skated all day and drank “near-beer” all day
too. Then tonight I got 3 letters from L plus another package from her plus a book Mom sent me called “The
Mummy” [From Anne Rice]. I still haven’t read the letters.”

26 November 1990 (Monday)

“Today we sat up more tents. It was hot and humid and I hated it. So I took the time to write another long
letter to L. I’ve got 14 pages and more are still to come.”

27 November 1990 (Tuesday)

“I finished writing today the longest letter I have ever written. I think I wrote 20 pages. I built more tents
today but I really took it slow. I started reading “The Mummy”.”

28 November 1990 (Wednesday)

“We built more tents, but I took plenty of breaks and read a lot “The Mummy”. So far so good. Not as
exciting as “Lestat” though. I wrote a short note to L.”

29 November 1990 (Thursday)

“Today was my day off and I went to Manama with a bunch of friends. I bought some food and a tiny locker
and that’s it. I liked the mall but not that big ‘gold selling’ building. I got by mail a package from Yvan and a
magazine from Ghislaine. Also, a free catalog on publishing books.”

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30 November 1990 (Friday)
“Back to the shop. We had work to keep us busy all day. It went real quick. I read my entire “Croc”
magazine. I got to drive a big forklift for a while too.”

1 December 1990 (Saturday)

“I spent most of the day by myself in the “bungalow”, reading. I love it there. Peaceful and tranquil. At last,
I got L’s missing letter. So now I can write her. I have the next two days off.”

2 December 1990 (Sunday)

“I was supposed to have today off but we got recalled-in and all for nothing. I got to drive the big forklift
though and loved it. I wrote a letter to L. Sent her pictures too.”

3 December 1990 (Monday)

“Today I had off, to catch up for yesterday. I wrote a story of my tattoo [Watermark seen on these pages.] for
L. I wrote and read all day. I went get a case of near-beer and drank all day too.”

4 December 1990 (Tuesday)

“Work was dull and wasn’t much in a good mood I guess, so the day dragged on slowly. I finished reading
“The Mummy”. I thought it was cool but not too interesting.”

5 December 1990 (Wednesday)

“Was it ever despairingly boring today at work. I couldn’t believe it. I got a letter from L and again, this one
dates further back than the last one I got.”

6 December 1990 (Thursday)

“Today wasn’t much better. My mind was on a stand-by mode all day. I simply vegetated while I was doing
the dumbest of tasks. I wrote a letter to L. I’m drinking near-beer.”

7 December 1990 (Friday)

“I had today off. I wrote another letter to L and watched “Cool Hand Luke” on video and bought a six-pack
of near-beer and drank it all and read and listened to music and did my laundry.”

8 December 1990 (Saturday)

“Today I got three letters from L plus two faxes. She is quite disturbing but I think I can straighten it out. It
is quite complex as strong emotions seems to be getting in the way.”

9 December 1990 (Sunday)

“Today is my other day off. I wrote a letter to L, and sent a bunch of Xmas cards too. I read the rest of the
day. It’s getting quite chilly outside. I’m in a fairly good mood.”

10 December 1990 (Monday)

“Boy. All day today I had a blast on the All-Terrain [forklift]. But I’m dead tired now. But boy, was it fun.
Bummer, I didn’t get any mail today or yesterday. I think I’ll write a note to L.”

11 December 1990 (Tuesday)

“I rode the forklift all afternoon. I could have gone on all night too. It’s so much fun. I got another fax from
L. It took five days this time.”

12 December 1990 (Wednesday)

“Damn! No mail. I was quite bummed. I wrote a letter to Nathalie R. We didn’t have any work. So I slept
and played cards. It was pretty lame. The weather is quite nice though.”

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13 December 1990 (Thursday)
“Today at work sucked but I got a letter from L and it’s the most intense one so far. I started writing her
back. We had a bit of work to do and that’s it. I found a 1 dollar bill in a “any servicemember” letter!”

14 December 1990 (Friday)

“I stood in bed all day! I slept quite a lot too. I finished writing back to L. I felt able to listen to music
tonight. I have nothing to read except letters.”

15 December 1990 (Saturday)

“I stood in my bunker most of the day. Last night someone brought to me my mail and I had three letters
from L! I wrote her back. Tonight I went to the Weasel Dome [large circus tent set up to sell alcohol an pizza]
and had two free beers. Today I again rode the forklift for quite a while.”

16 December 1990 (Sunday)

“Today I watched two movies [Got to watch “Home Alone” on VHS on a TV screen.] and listened to music
and hung out on my bed, resting my mind. I wrote a letter to L. We received a lot of boxes from the shop and
our squadron in Spang. Seems like Xmas in here.”

17 December 1990 (Monday)

“Yeah! I was on the forklift all day. The day went by real quick. I got two magazines and a letter from
Mom and a letter from Martin. At last, I also got my LES and yes, I do now get Foreign Language Proficiency
Pay! [French]”

18 December 1990 (Tuesday)

“The forklift was again mine. But this time I had to fetch a second one for I blew a tire off of one [Rolled on
a tent spike.]. Was pretty bummed. I left work before I had a chance to check mail. But I already know I ain’t
got none.”

19 December 1990 (Wednesday)

“Today is quite special: I got two letters from L, and a comic book and a cassette tape from Mom. Today a
bunch of people arrived from Spang and now I’ve got more people to work with that I already know. I’m
feeling good.”

20 December 1990 (Thursday)

“I worked here and there. I got a note of alarm from my mother and I don’t know what the heck is wrong
now. I’m super mad. I got three letters from L plus a package from her with four tapes and two books and a
wax seal kit.”
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21 December 1990 (Friday)
“It took a lot of pains to call Mom but I finally succeeded. There never was any deal at all. I listened to all of
L’s tapes and read a bit of her books and I took most of the day to write her back.”

22 December 1990 (Saturday)

“Boring day at work. But a friend and me built a closet and now I’ve got a small room with four walls and an
entrance. Cool. I got a t-shirt from Mom with two pictures of Toby [Bouvier des Flandres] on it. I played
ping-pong.”

(Photo: Yvan R.)

23 December 1990 (Sunday)

“I did my laundry and went to BAPCO. I drank about 6 double rum-and-cokes and got quite drunk. So when
I got back, I passed out on my bed. Then I built a small book for L.”

24 December 1990 (Monday)

“There was a lot of work today so I was fairly busy all day. I wrote a letter to L tonight. I was sleepy all day
and I didn’t get any mail in the past two days.”

25 December 1990 (Tuesday)

“Work was quite lame today. We didn’t have any so we messed around. I got to drive the forklift a bit more
though. I wrote another letter to L and made a package to send her the book.”

26 December 1990 (Wednesday)

“I read a book all day. I got a letter from L. Boy. I never meant for her to feel that way about me.
Something needs to be done but I don’t know what. I’ve had unusually cruel dreams in the past two nights.”

27 December 1990 (Thursday)

“Wow. There is a super freezing strong wind all day and tonight. This PM I went see the “Bob Hope” show
live at a makeshift amphitheater not far from here. It was pretty sad though, he kept messing up [His age really
showed.].”
13
 [Image retrieved from the internet in 2004 and can be found on IMDb.]

28 December 1990 (Friday)

“The wind never let go! Cold all day! I finished a letter to L. I read most of the day and listened to music,
especially L’s tapes. Today I daydreamed a lot. That’s it.”

29 December 1990 (Saturday)

“I read all day at work. Oh yeah: I drove the small 10K forklift too for a while. I wrote a bit of my
“Smirodon” story [Vampire character I made up.]. I got a card from Jacques and a comic book from Yvan.
I’ve got a headache too.”

30 December 1990 (Sunday)

“Day off. I did my laundry and went get a haircut. Needed one bad. I watched “Bird On A Wire” on video.
I wrote a letter to Yvan and Jacques. I read more short stories out of the book L gave me.”

31 December 1990 (Monday)

“Brooke Shields! I saw her at work, had my hat autographed by her, shook her hand and spoke to her in
French! Then I saw her again tonight at the Weasel Dome and took her picture, then held her by my side and
had someone take a picture of us and I spoke more French to her! Then I shook her hand once more and she
was gone [I was a little tipsy already]. Then I got drunk.”

14
1 January 1991 (Tuesday)
“Well, I still ain’t got mail today. My head was wobbly from last night and still couldn’t get over the fact
that I held Brooke Shields in my right arm last night.”

2 January 1991 (Wednesday)

“No work and extremely boring day. I read more stories and then I wrote a letter to L. I built benches for our
new truck from Spang this morning. Tonight, I’ll listen to music.”

3 January 1991 (Thursday)

“Chill windy day. I woke up with a sore throat and my throat hurt all day. I’ve got a cold. I gorged myself
with vitamin C. I got a comic book from Yvan and a letter from Sylvie. I wrote ’em back.”

4 January 1991 (Friday)

“Almost all day I built a 2000 pieces jigsaw puzzle. It ain’t done yet. I got a short letter from L and one
from Mom. My throat hurts less today but it’s still there.”

5 January 1991 (Saturday)

“Guess who I got a letter from? Tonya! I couldn’t believe it! But it made me quite happy. I got a letter
from Yvan too. I did some more puzzles. Worked a bit too though: some real troubleshooting.”

6 January 1991 (Sunday)

“Today was my day off. I did my laundry, changed linen and thoroughly cleaned my bed, and wrote back to
Yvan. I finished writing Tonya back. I read all of L’s letters and it took me all afternoon!”

7 January 1991 (Monday)

“Boring day. A four-star General came to talk to all of us for four seconds. Tonight I got a cassette-letter
from L.”

8 January 1991 (Tuesday)

“Today I wrote back to L. I wrote to Mom and Vic too. There was no work, and this PM we moved external
jettisonable fuel tanks. Another day gone by.”

9 January 1991 (Wednesday)

“Nothing at all at work, but a ten-minute job. I read a lot, and I wrote a story to L. “Shuffler”, part two. I’m
rewriting it. I ate beans and they work!”

15
10 January 1991 (Thursday)
“Today I got cut back from work shortly after lunch. It’s a down day. I went see “Meatballs” on video then I
read more short stories all afternoon. I’ll go to bed early.”

11 January 1991 (Friday)

“Nothing again at work. So I built myself a big writing desk. Now I’ve got a nice place to work on, if only I
had the right [calligraphy] material. I don’t know if I got mail, I left early.”

12 January 1991 (Saturday)

“Boring day again. No mail again. But I wrote a short one to L with two pictures. I read more short stories.
It is drizzling a bit tonight. My desk is perfectly right!”

13 January 1991 (Sunday)

“Gray day: heck yeah! Heavy rain last night, drizzle all day. It was my day off but could not do my laundry.
I read all day and finished L’s book. Got nothing to read now.”

14 January 1991 (Monday)

“I started today working the “War-Shift”, and mine is from 1300 ’till 0100. I did nothing at all today. I went
to work early. The deadline is nearer and my hopes [for action] higher.”

15 January 1991 (Tuesday)

“I slept better, since I could wake later. I had detail today, I filled sandbags for 6 hours straight. Then I went
to work and wrote a short letter to L. I still got no mail. Sunny day.”

16 January 1991 (Wednesday)

“Woke super late and went to work. There I rode the forklift all afternoon long. At last, I got news from L.
Two thick letters. But I got only numbers 1 and 3. Number 2 is missing.”

17 January 1991 (Thursday)

“I was awakened at 0300 by a loud “SCUD alarm!”. I dressed up, put on my mask and took cover. War
started and boy, am I glad. It’s an awesome atmosphere. Work is totally different now. I’m spending the
[entire] night at work. I got another letter from L, the number 4 though.”

16
18 January 1991 (Friday)
“I couldn’t sleep worth a crap last night, even if I tried. So I took it slow today. I wrote a letter to L and a
note to Mom. Now I’m back in my room. They fired twice more last night. I lost my Brooke-signed desert hat
[In a SCUD alert cover run somewhere outside, someone must have picked it up when we all came out once the
“All Clear” was announced. Glad I took pictures.]! Crap!”

19 January 1991 (Saturday)

“I didn’t sleep too good last night, as I have to sleep in both my uniform and chem gear from now on. We
also had two SCUD alerts. But today we had 8 of ’em! None were directed here though.”

20 January 1991 (Sunday)

“We had no SCUD alarm last night and none today. That is cool. I wrote a long letter to L. Took me half of
the day. I wrote to Yvan and Mom too. I slept good last night.”

21 January 1991 (Monday)

“They messed again with our sleep last night. They launched many SCUDs. I started reading a book. I work
from 0500 to 1700. Days goes by fast. I took a nice shower, first in three days!”

22 January 1991 (Tuesday)

“I think I’m getting used to sleep with all the SCUD alarms. I fall back to sleep quicker. I wrote a letter to L
and one to K.”

23 January 1991 (Wednesday)

“We were disturbed only once last night. But I kept waking up myself. I was super tired today. We had lots
of jobs too. At last, I got L’s missing letter. I wrote her a poem in my new alphabet.”

24 January 1991 (Thursday)

“We had one SCUD alarm last night, none today. We don’t have to wear our chem gear anymore [even in
bed]. I got a letter from L and M! I wrote both of ’em back and one to Mom also.”

25 January 1991 (Friday)

“At last, I could sleep through the night, last night felt good. Today I sculpted a tiny sword with a little piece
of wood. I’m trying to paint it but my choice of colors is narrow.”

26 January 1991 (Saturday)

“Same restful night, same boring day. Today really bummed, I felt like punching someone in the face.
Instead I sculpted a little castle and wrote a letter to L.”

27 January 1991 (Sunday)

“Spangdahlem has decided to send all of my [regular] mail down here. So I got new addresses, a 75 dollars
check, all sorts of junk mail, two “Thrasher” magazines, and a “Demon” [Etrigan] magazine. Cool. Then
tonight I got a letter from Alain.”

28 January 1991 (Monday)

“I couldn’t fall asleep worth a crap last night. Weird. I worked on an IFR this morning and then shortly after
noon I got cut back. I watched part of a video and wrote two letters.”

29 January 1991 (Tuesday)

“We had a SCUD alarm last night. Today I got three cool “Black Label” [beer] posters from Mom. I hung
one up. Work was mellow today. I wrote a letter to L, Mom and Aline.”

17
30 January 1991 (Wednesday)
“We didn’t have too much work today. Ground war has started now. Life is one big time machine: when the
hours strike, the bells toll ....”

31 January 1991 (Thursday)

“Today I replaced an IFR receptacle and I fractured the tip of my right index. So I’ll be writing funny for a
while. I got a letter from Mitch Cotie, Mom and Yvan. I wrote a letter to ’Ti-you. Nice weather.”

1 February 1991 (Friday)

“Yup, my fingernail is history. It is still there, but only the flesh holds it back. They didn’t let me work. I
wrote back four letters. I read Yvan’s “Safarir” magazine [On the same vein as “Croc”.].”

2 February 1991 (Saturday)

“My finger looks ugly. All afternoon I was helping a guy work an F-4. The days are warm and the nights
cool and chilly. I’ve got a feeling I’ll be here a long time, even after the war. We’ll see.”

3 February 1991 (Sunday)

“I did my laundry today at work. I sculpted another little castle. I’ve made a sheath for my sword. I still
didn’t get any mail from L. Wonder what’s happening. Hope just war.”

4 February 1991 (Monday)

“Windy day but mild. I didn’t do a darn thing. I started sculpting another little sword and wrote a letter to L.
I found myself a book to read. I’m painting my little wooden castles.”

5 February 1991 (Tuesday)

“Today I worked all day. Still no mail. I got a freakin’ sore throat from that strong cold dang wind. I hate it.
I’m discovering how my finger heals now.”

6 February 1991 (Wednesday)

“Still no mail. Today I sat the entire day on an F-4, replacing the IFR. My back now hurts like heck and it
was not a fulfilling day at all for me.”

7 February 1991 (Thursday)

“At last, I got two letters from L. But she’s not getting my mail! I had a few small jobs and that’s it. I wrote
her back and Mom too.”

8 February 1991 (Friday)

“Dang wind and blowing sand! My nose bled today from blowing my nose too much ’cause of my cold. I
got a thick letter from L dated the 11th of January. I can’t explain what I feel, but I know in this one it is not
true happiness (for me).”

9 February 1991 (Saturday)

“Today I felt bummed all day. Like on a verge of a headache, the brain not quite settled. I wrote back to L
and to Mom. Now I’m blasting “Coroner” in my ears.”

10 February 1991 (Sunday)

“Busy day, but easy jobs. I got a letter from Mme Dufeu and two from L. Dang it, she hasn’t received my
mail for almost a month now, and it makes me seriously wonder.”

11 February 1991 (Monday)

“Someone just talked to me about something and I miss the civilian world. I finished sculpting a little glaive
[gladius]. I was told to come in late for work so at last I could sleep.”
18
12 February 1991 (Tuesday)
“I was in a better mood by the end of the day than when it started. I wrote a letter to L. I paint everyday my
little wooden sculptures. Leave ’em time to dry. I need a good book to read.”

13 February 1991 (Wednesday)

“Work was slow, and I was in a good mood for no particular reason. Absolutely nothing productive
happened today, might as well cross it out from the history of my life.”

14 February 1991 (Thursday)

“I was quite tired at work today. I also have a freakin’ irritating cough too. Especially when I get here in the
tent. My cold ain’t gone yet. I got a “Croc” magazine from Mom. Made me laugh. I wrote a letter to L.”

15 February 1991 (Friday)

“BS day at work, in the long way. I did a little necklace for L. I sent a letter to Mom. Today was warm but
tonight I still wanna cough.”

16 February 1991 (Saturday)

“At last, a day off. I needed one. I felt so good knowing I had nothing to look forward to. I cut Plexiglas to
make boxes for my two castles. I finished one. I was at peace.”

17 February 1991 (Sunday)

“All right, today I got two letters from L and a card. I started writing her back. I also got a letter from a little
girl who claims to be my distant niece! Boy, talk about distant! I got a letter from Mom too.”

18 February 1991 (Monday)

“Well, what do you know! I am stuck with another detail, once more: I build revetments. At least it’s a good
occasion to get a suntan. I wrote back to L and Mom.”

19 February 1991 (Tuesday)

“Today I pushed the physical labor at its extreme. I’m pretty beat now. I still didn’t get any mail. My nail is
about to come totally loose, but a corner is hanging tough.”

20 February 1991 (Wednesday)

“Today I worked in an F-4 all day, in an engine bay and then in door 22. It rained on and off throughout the
day. It wasn’t too cold though. I got a letter from Mom.”
19
21 February 1991 (Thursday)
“Work was weird for I was in a weird mood today. I got a letter from Sylvie and one from Mom. My
mother’s concern for me somehow cannot be set at the right place and it makes me mad.”

22 February 1991 (Friday)

“Well, last night a SCUD blew up by patriots not too far from here in the air. We heard it good. No mail
today. I love the little necklace I’m wearing that I made for L.”

23 February 1991 (Saturday)

“Today I did my laundry at work. I had a lot, still got some to do. We had almost no work whatsoever. I’m
reading a new vampire book! At last. I wrote to L. I finally pried my nail loose.”

24 February 1991 (Sunday)

“Today we didn’t work at all, we said “screw it” for the external tanks. Our birds aren’t shooting, out of fear
of hitting our own guys. So I read my new vamp book. I’m almost finished.”

25 February 1991 (Monday)

“We just had a SCUD alarm. I heard many distant booms. Another guy moved out of the tent, so now I’ve
got a big room. I still got no mail.”

26 February 1991 (Tuesday)

“We had more SCUD alerts last night. We don’t have much work to do, now that our mission is basically
over with. I was in a rotten mood today: I need a day off. I got a magazine from Yvan.”

27 February 1991 (Wednesday)

“Today I went to work only to find out that I had the day off. I was mad and still am, as the boss wouldn’t
give me tomorrow instead.”

28 February 1991 (Thursday)

“Well, tonight I’m drunk. The wind is howling. And we are celebrating our victory. Iraq is defeated. I went
to the Weasel Dome. Saw a lot of stuff.”

1 March 1991 (Friday)

“I got three letters from L with her phone number but nobody answered. I got a letter from Mom and a small
package from Yvan with calligraphy pens and inks. Hangover all day.”

2 March 1991 (Saturday)

“Boy. I woke early this morning so I could call L, and I finally reached. I hate being this nervous but she
was nervous too. I was restless all day. I wrote her back.”

3 March 1991 (Sunday)

“I slept late and it felt good. I did some laundry. I suntanned while reading. I went to work at 1500. I now
work from 1600 ’till midnight [Swing shift]. It’s great. I got two more “Croc” by the mail: cool!”

4 March 1991 (Monday)

“Got up around eight. Watched a bit of CNN. Read a magazine. Took a nap and did nothing at work but a
15 minutes job and sat around doing nothing but some BS.”

5 March 1991 (Tuesday)

“Today is my day off. I went to BAPCO, watched “Rocky V”, drank two double rum-and-cokes, bought
three tapes. I wrote a letter to L and Yvan. Nice and relaxing day.”

20
6 March 1991 (Wednesday)
“Got a letter from Alain Vallières, my cousin. Wrote him back. Got a t-shirt from Yvan too. Big windy and
rainy thunderstorm last night. I loved its music. It’s raining still.”

7 March 1991 (Thursday)

“Watched parts of videos today. Sort of vegetated. I got to drive the big forklift tonight. I got two awesome
letters from L. Too bad she is not my age.”

8 March 1991 (Friday)

“I went to Weasel Dome and had a Pizza Hut (pretty darn good!) pizza with two beers. Took a nap and then
drove the forklift all night, in mud: awesome.”

9 March 1991 (Saturday)

“Today I suntanned. It was a beautiful day. I wrote to L. There was no work to do tonight for me. I got a
letter from Mom. She talks about L’s letter to her.”

10 March 1991 (Sunday)

“Got up, and called L. This time our talking was much controlled and enjoyed it. Went to the Weasel Dome
and partied a bit with 3 beers and tonight went to work.”

11 March 1991 (Monday)

“No mail!! Watched a movie and wrote a letter to L. Work was a real bore too. Sat all night and putting up
with everybody else. Too bad I gotta feel that way.”

12 March 1991 (Tuesday)

“I spent 12 hrs in bed last night, and I dreamt all the time, many dreams. Then I suntanned the rest of the
day. I watched a bit of CNN tonight and now I’m back to bed.”

13 March 1991 (Wednesday)

“Slept on and off last night. At 1000, while suntanning, I was asked if I wanted to go on “The Boat”. So
here I am. I went to downtown Manama with a friend, and tonight I got to call Mom. Awesome day.”

21
14 March 1991 (Thursday)
“Didn’t sleep too well, for the bed is too comfortable. Got up at 0730, and I suntanned from 0800 ’till 1100.
Then I watched “Roger Rabbit” and sat around. I watched some more live shows tonight.”

15 March 1991 (Friday)

“Well, at 0900 we had to leave the boat. I slept better. Back on base I finished my letter to L, then I went to
the party at the Weasel Dome. Played dominos, got drunk and called Mom.”

16 March 1991 (Saturday)

“Got up, feeling not too bad but I spent most of the day in bed. L’s necklace is now ready to be sent. At the
shop I got a letter from Yvan, Sylvie, and a postcard from L.”

17 March 1991 (Sunday)

“Got up in the sunshine and mailed a box to L. I had to go to BAPCO to buy some glue. I took some money
out of finance. I wrote a letter to Sylvie, Yvan and Mom. I went to the Weasel Dome tonight and ate pizza and
had four beers. I called Mom again [It became easier as lines weren’t so busy anymore, more and more people
were returning to their home base on a daily basis.].”
22
18 March 1991 (Monday)
“Got up at eight and watched two movies. Then I listened to a tape, sitting in the sun. It was perfect weather
today. Tonight I drove the forklift all night. I got new cool black jungle boots.”

19 March 1991 (Tuesday)

“Got up at eight thirty and suntanned for three hours. Then I watched “Youngblood” on video: made me
laugh. Then I wrote a letter to L. Today is my day off.”

20 March 1991 (Wednesday)

“I vegetated all day: it went on forever. Tonight at work I got to drive both forklifts though [A.T. 22K, &
10K]. That was cool. Our bunker behind the shop is completely torn down now.”

21 March 1991 (Thursday)

“Today I mailed a box to myself and I wrote a letter to Mom and my “niece” Angela. At work I didn’t do
much except drive the forklift for a couple of hours.”

22 March 1991 (Friday)

“I suntanned for another three hours. Tonight I got a letter from L. I’m not getting all of her mail. No work
at all, 12 jets are now gone, from about 68 total.”

23 March 1991 (Saturday)

“Gray day, so I just sat outside. Did my laundry too. And tonight, again I drove the forklift (10k) all night. I
finished the job, though. I just watched a video.”

24 March 1991 (Sunday)

“Gray day, windy too. I called L for a little while and then wrote her a letter. Can’t reach Mom. Went to the
Weasel Dome and had four beers with Tony. Watched a movie tonight too. It just rained a lot.”

25 March 1991 (Monday)

“I sat in the sun most of the day with my Walkman on. Tonight at work we just sat on our kiester and the
[flightline] radio was dead. Nothing is going on. It’s pathetically boring.”

26 March 1991 (Tuesday)

“It took me four times this morning to finally reach L. We talked for a good while and I was pretty relaxed.
Today’s my day off but I went check my mail. I got L’s note that unfortunately came too late.”

27 March 1991 (Wednesday)

“I could only suntan for a bit. Cloudy day. I found another vampire book to read. It burns time easier.
Today felt like one of those evil days for me.”

28 March 1991 (Thursday)

“I suntanned a bit, and read my book the entire time I was at work. Lots of rumors are going around [Mostly
about when to leave for each of us.].”

29 March 1991 (Friday)

“I suntanned for four hours today! Tonight, we had a pig-jet to troubleshoot, and we can’t find its problem
[Turned out to be a structural hairline crack between both main tanks, which needed to be welded after we did a
fluid purge on both tanks: very unusual procedure]. I got a letter from L and I wrote her back.”

30 March 1991 (Saturday)

“I suntanned some more. Then tonight a half-hour job, then nothing. I started reading a new book. I got two
letters from L. I started writing her back.”
23
31 March 1991 (Sunday)
“I woke up early. Watched a movie. Finished writing L’s letter. I got today off so I read all day ’till now.
It’s 2250. I called Mom just to chat. Didn’t know it was Easter.”

1 April 1991 (Monday)

“Windy day. Upon waking up I went see a movie. I suntanned a bit and read a lot. Tonight I drove again a
10K forklift to move still more external tanks around.”

2 April 1991 (Tuesday)

“Woke up early, watched a good movie: “Dirty Rotten Scoundrels”. Then I messed around all day, doing
nothing. Finished reading my book. Still ain’t got no mail. Today I had off.”

3 April 1991 (Wednesday)

“The day was long and unproductive. At work it was the same. I got off early though, and watched a Xmas
show. But-now-that-I’m-in-bed, I’ll-dream-the-days-ahead.”

4 April 1991 (Thursday)

“Lazied around, watched some movies. Tonight we had work, though. All night, so it went by pretty quick.
I got a letter from K.”

5 April 1991 (Friday)

“Woke up super early and watched two videos. Then I went to the Weasel Dome. Checked the mail at the
shop (I had none), and got drunk. Called Mom.”

6 April 1991 (Saturday)

“Woke up at 0300. We were supposed to leave at 0900, but finally left at 1100. Got to Moron AB, Spain,
and there waited ’till 2300 to take off again. Now at last I’m back in my room in Spang, 0200 [Walked on my
own from the flightline up to the dorms with my mobility bags on a sleepy quiet night, and finished watching
“A Fistful of Dynamite”, still waiting for me in my VCR…].”

7 April 1991 (Sunday)

“I didn’t sleep at all last night. I unpacked and started doing all the things I want done. I slept in the plane
anyway. I rented two videos today and I ate supper at a German restaurant with a bunch of friends. I bought
three bottles of white dry German wine for myself. Blasted metal music all evening.”

W.C. Mail Pickup

24
 7

Presented to
Sgt Yan J . ' K- Bolduc

For Exceptionally Outstanding Performance of

Duty While Serving in Support of the 7. ^
Persian Gulf Conflict *1

Syria _ Iran From 15 Sep 1990 To 30 Rpr 1991

Iraq ^IQizifait
ISTodK^ Jordan

Saiidil^UnSia
Vniud
T^ypt
'Emimus
RUDOLF F. C o l , USAF
Gcinmander, 52 TEW

USAFEForrn335., Apr91
 YAN J. K. “DUKE” BOLDUC
MSgt, Air Force, Retired; 15045 - Texas Member at Large Post
Interviewed on 09/19/2022

Desert Shield/Storm ACFT Fuels MX specialist, Bahrain, with Spangdahlem F-4Gs; Sept 1990 to Apr 1991
1
 SERVICE STORIES
Today I teach new Air Force recruits the Aircraft Fuel Systems
Maintenance Apprenticeship specialty course, the very job I did for 24
years while on active duty. I am able to share my stories to inspire
them to make the military a career as I did. You never know what's in
store for you unless you go out there and make things happen. I
simply chose to fight for freedom.
57
SECTIONS
CAREER SUCCESS
MILITARY FRIENDSHIPS
MOMENTS IN TIME
SERVICE STORIES
TRADITIONS
© All rights reserved.

Link: https://digi.oralhistoryproject.com/vfwdepttx/story/55073137

2
 MSgt (Retired) Yan J.K. Bolduc’s phone conversation with VFW (8m 26s)
for The Oral History Project, Texas
September 19th 2022

YJKB:
I was born in the US in Indiana but I grew up in Quebec in Canada. I was always interested in aircrafts, I
was really interested in joining the military after I hit a certain age, and I did not want to lose my American
citizenship and I’ve always identified as an American first. Also, the fact that I liked to travel, and everything I
could think of would always point towards the US Air Force. So, I enlisted in 1986 and I was put on the Delayed
Entry Program for six months. Then in February of 1987 I started Active Duty.
VFW:
Okay, yes, Sir! Now you said per the reason you identified as an American, so that definitely would put
you in there when you served, but you wanted to travel. Where did you see yourself traveling?
YJKB:
I knew that America was involved everywhere globally and I just wanted to be a part of that because
myself having dual citizenship and being bilingual, I went and tested every year for Foreign Language Proficiency
Pay because I speak fluent French, and sure enough I was sent on interesting Temporary Duty Assignments
(TDY’s) because of that (on top of my regular job). One of them was to be part of the Army Intelligence Battalion
in Fort Braggs for Operation Uphold Democracy, so I was actually deployed there with the Army and helped them
out as an interpreter (in Port-au-Prince, Haiti), and I did that as well for Operation… it was, excuse me, for
Yugoslavia, I can’t remember the names (Operations Joint Endeavor and Decisive Endeavor), it was in 1996 I
think, where I went to Istres, France, and I was doing everything from setting up people’s haircut appointments
locally to the next Commander’s public speech downtown in the local town, and did everything in-between. I got
to have real interesting experiences that way, which complemented my military experience and it was awesome.
VFW:
And it sounds like it got you a lot of exposure!
YJKB:
I did some pretty interesting things. Notably when I was there in France because they had U-2’s stationed
there, at one point the U-2 pilot had lost contact with the ground force to do a safe landing, the ground American
forces, so I went ahead and helped out; so, I had the radio in one ear, talking to the U-2 pilot, and translating what
I needed to communicate between him and the French Fire Department and the flightline tower people on the
telephone in the other ear. I was basically like the in-between communications so the U-2 pilot could land safely.
So, that was pretty interesting and I was not prepared for that, but it happened! Things like that they don’t train
you for, so you gotta do a lot of MacGyvering, and you’re uh…
VFW:
Yes, Sir. That’s what I was going to say. I can just imagine that being a stressful moment. But you did
it. You did what you needed to do.
YJKB:
Well I love challenges, so I don’t mind that part. It’s just the aftermath, if it doesn’t work, then I gotta…
I gotta deal with it.
VFW:
Okay! Yes, Sir. You know, even with that you said you love challenges. Why? You know, what is it
that… in you, that says, okay, this is the time for me?
YJKB:
I’m very introvert. When I grew up, without brothers and sisters, essentially on a dead-end street in the
woods with a dog. So, I have very limited social skills because of that; I’m very introverted. And one of the
things that I did in the military was to volunteer to be an instructor. And I’m glad I did that because now, what I
do, is that I get to teach to young recruits what I did for twenty-four years in the Air Force, here at Sheppard AFB.
So that’s a complete closed circle of my professional military life. I don’t really go out and help people, but all
the experiences that I’ve gained in the military I get to relate all that, all those stories, the reality of living in the
military and be part of the world (that way), to my students. And I do that on a daily basis. And that’s one of the

1
reasons why I wanted to join the VFW, because in my own way I can contribute in that respect, with my students,
what I have, and I graduate classes every two months-ish, and I taught so far forty-four classes. And it’s always
rewarding to see the kids graduate, move on, and make their own legacy. ‘Cause mine is just essentially sitting
on a shelf collecting dust while I tell ‘em (my stories).
VFW:
Oh boy, okay! Absolutely wonderful. But you’re using it today.
YJKB:
That’s exactly the source of my… power of my knowledge, essentially. And I could go on and on and on
with my anecdotes and that goes on forever, so, the military granted me a well-rounded experience as far as life.
VFW:
No, this is great, what you’re sharing. So, in addition to what you just said, why you were interested in
being part of the VFW. I want to know your opinion on what you feel about the VFW Department of Texas. You
know, what it stands for, what it’s actually been able to do for the veterans in the communities.
YJKB:
I would have to say it’s because of the location of my job ‘cause it really didn’t matter at that point where
I would end up since most of my family lives in Canada anyways. It just happened that I was able to, luckily
enough, land this job which is here in Texas. So, when I joined the Veterans of Foreign Wars, I didn’t realize that
also, had like, one specifically for Texas and all that. So when I got this card in (to contact VFW) today, that
really got me curious and called, and find out more about it. It just so happens that I am ‘stationed’ here. And…
it’s just chance, really.
VFW:
Okay. And you said you’re “stationed” here. What do you do exactly?
YJKB:
I teach Aircraft Fuel Systems Maintenance Specialist. So, I’m an aircraft mechanic, but the Air Force has
specialties, and my specialty is just everything about fuels on an aircraft. I don’t refuel or defuel an aircraft, that’s
POL (Petroleum, Oil & Lubricants). What I do is if an aircraft leaks fuel, I gotta go and fix it; if a fuel pump
breaks down, I gotta go (in-tank) and replace it. So, it’s all about aircraft, but fuel systems related. I don’t deal
with fuel itself, I(t’s) just that once the (fuel) tank is empty, then I go in there and fix what needs to be repaired.
VFW:
Okay. What else would you like for everyone to know that maybe I did not ask? What do you want to
share?
YJKB:
… The military is not for everybody for two reasons: one, it may not be for specific individuals, but it also
makes “marriage” lives very challenging. But that’s a whole… different realm.
VFW:
That’s a whole new conversation, huh?
YJKB:
Yes! (Try raising two teenagers, a boy and a girl in their senior years of high school, in Germany… but
also while being gone out-of-country in remote TDY assignments almost half of the time that you’re stationed
there…)

2
 Sonntag, 22. Dezember 1991 • 18.00 Uhr
•a

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IS '^tal Meeüng

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folgt nur über die Verkaufsstelle, bei der die Karte gekauft wurde, bis
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 What's next for fraternization ruie?
Special report

The
5 6 t h Year, N o . 9
independent Week
October 2, 1 9 9 S
I Tims.
$2.00
The relief effort
in the
Virgin Islands

FOR
ANTSi
The demise of
a rank and ^
what it means/

Sgt. Calvin Ridley i s p a r t o f a

v a n i s h i n g b r e e d o f buck s e r g e a n t s .
© Army Times Publishing Co. Postmaster- Please forward if change due to official orders, see DMM FO20.2.6

IN-

=00

:f\j

No excuses: Sgt. Mark Cobb, an instructor at the Security Police Academy at Lackland Air Force Base near San Antonio, gives some advice to an airman doing a crawl maneuver.
By Bryant Jordan
Times staff writer
I
SAN A N T O N I O
n 1991, Air Force officials discovered a
conspicuous imbalance after assessing
the service's manpower needs.
They found that noncommissioned offi-
cers at the time made up 77 percent of the
entire enlisted Air Force and that more
than half of the 117,849 members in the E -
4 paygrade were "buck sergeants," an ap-
pointed rank that for years served as an in-
troduction to the NCO corps.
In addition to the imbalance, officials
were trapped in the middle of a drawdown
aimed at drastically reducing the size of the
Air Force. In short, they were facing double
trouble: a n N C O glut and a force that
would be requiring far fewer NCOs.
What to do?
In March 1991, Air Force officials under
Gen. Merrill McPeak, the chief of staff,
came up with a solution: the elimination of
the sergeant rank, one that had been in
place since 1967.
Here is what the force was told at the
time:
• There would be no more promotions
to sergeant.
• E-4s who had not made the cut by
Cover Story
NO TIME FOR
SERGEANTS
The bucks^ stop here
May 1991 would remain senior airmen un-
til advancing to staff sergeant, the E - 5
grade.
• Those wearing the lame-duck buck
sergeant rank would retain their NCO sta-
tus until promoted but should expect re-
duced responsibilities.
• The last of the buck sergeants should
have moved up or be out of the Air Force
by 1997.
In essence, the Air Force's decision to
phase out the rank and elevate the roles of
senior airmen effectively put the buck ser-
geant in a nowhere zone between airman
and noncommissioned officer. For many, it
was not and is not a pleasant place to be.
The buck sergeant situation was blurred
further by the decision in 1993 to issue new
senior airman stripes that were larger hut
otherwise identical to buck sergeant stripes:
three stripes and a star in the center.
" T h e problem [over the years was] that
too many people were given buck ser-
geant," one Air Force source said. He said
that sewing on Y^ls. was a matter of get-
ting a supervisor to recommend you to the
commander. More often than not, the rec-
ommendations were approved.
He argued that selection should have
been based on competition as a way of ad-
Mr Force Times/October 2,1995
vancing the best and keeping the numbers
down. I n short, he said there was nothing
wrong with the rank, but the way the pro-
motions were given out.
T h e decision to eliminate the r a n k
shocked thousands of buck sergeants, many
of whom valued the supervisory, entry-level
experience they received in their appointed
roles.
Today, thousands of buck sergeants —
the Air Force says it does not know exactly
how many there are — are stuck in that
nowhere zone. And many of them are un-
happy about it, according to interviews
with Air Force Times over the last several
weeks. ^
Within the Air Force's command struc-
ture, however, eliminating the rank and el-
evating the role of senior airmen is not con-
sidered to be a significant change.
David Campanale, the chief master ser-
geant of the Air Force, was a chief master
sergeant assigned to the Air Mobility Com-
mand at Scott Air Force Base near St. Lou-
is when the decision was made in 1991.
He said he was one of many senior enlist-
ed people who supported the move when it
fu-st was proposed by Gary Pfingston, his
predecessor as chief master sergeant of the
Air Force.
" I don't think it's a big deal [eliminating
October 2,1995/Air F o r c e T J i n e s
the rank]," Campanale said. " I t is not af-
fecting anyone's pay; it is not affecting any-
one's promotability. Senior airman and ser-
geant was a transition from being an
airman to a noncommissioned ofiicer. We
are just going to change the transition
point from three to four stripes because we
had too many noncommissioned ofScers."
Campanale added that the high percent-
age of buck sergeants did not mean there
was a problem with the system.
"Ninety-eight or ninety-nine percent of
our people are extraordinarily good people,
so why wouldn't we give them NCO status
at E-4 grade?" he said. "We gave it to them
because they deserved i t . "
Despite Campanale's comments, the dis-
solution of the rank nevertheless has con-
fused and in some cases embittered count-
less numbers of buck sergeants who were
proud of their accomplishments, according
to the interviews.
To many, the ehmination of the rank has
chipped away at the traditional role of en-
try-level NCO, although it clearly has em-
powered thousands of senior a i r m e n
( " B r o a d S h o u l d e r s , " Air Force Times,
Sept. 18 issue).
'I take pride'
" I take pride in [being a sergeant]," said
Sgt. Calvin Ridley, 29, a personnel special-
ist with the 89th Mission Support Squad-
ron at Andrews Air Force Base near Wash-
ington, D.C.
Ridley, a staff sergeant select, has worn
buck sergeant stripes since February 1991.
While proud he is moving up to staff ser-
geant, he has a special fondness for the
buck sergeant's role and believes that the
thousands of remaining buck sergeants are
nothing but "glorified senior airmen" in
the waning days of the rank.
Ridley is not alone in those views.
Among numerous buck sergeants con-
tacted by Air Force Times, the consensus
was that the service unnecessarily and
without sufficient explanation eliminated
what had been an important, viable rank
— and created a morale problem in the
process.
The elimination of the rank eventually
will deprive the Air Force of a valuable in-
structional and motivational tool, other air-
men said.
"As a buck sergeant, you learn to be a
supervisor before actually being thrown
into the pit," said Sgt. Darrell Gore, 29, a
staff sergeant selectee in charge of supply
with the 737th Training Group at Lackland
Air Force Base near San Antonio.
Sgt. Mark Cobb, 30, a technical training
instructor at the Air Force Security Police
Academy at Lackland, said sergeants are
seen as people who can perform their du-
ties without supervision, while senior air-
men require supervision despite their ex-
panded role in today's Air Force.
Cobb, who joined the Air Force in 1989
after graduating from West Virginia State
College with a bachelor's degree in criminal
justice, has moved quickly through the low-
er enlisted ranks.
His college degree made him an airman
first class immediately, and later he made
senior airman after a below-the-zone, or
early, promotion.
After a year as a senior airman, with a
supervisor's recommendation and approval
of his commander, Cohh was appointed
buck sergeant.
He sewed on the rank in May 1991 —
Cover Story
Moving fast: Sgt. Darrell Gore, who is a staff sergeant selectee in supply, asks an
airman to unload a little faster after the arrival of jackets at Lackland Air Force Base.
the same month the Air Force ended the
buck sergeant rank and began phasing it
out.
'Hitting the brick wall'
" I t felt like hitting the brick wall," he
said.
He added that he felt as if he had been
pushed backward.
These days, Cobb is doing fine after be-
ing promoted to staff sergeant; he expects
to sew on his stripes by November.
Cobb — like Calvin Ridley, Darrell Gore
and many others — believes the buck ser-
geant's experience will make him a better
Sergeants at a glance
Rank; Sergeant [E-4 paygrade]
Created: 1967
Eliminated: 1991
Reason: With the drawdown under way,
officials foresaw fewer opportunities for
sergeant at the E-4 level as the force con-
tinued togsrinkijAtlhe time the decision
was nnadeji^iidiiijer of noncommis-
sioned officers including buck sei^eants
made u p 77 percent of the enlisted force.
Officials said eliminating ttie buck-ser
geant rank would bring that down to 52
percent.
leader as his Air Force career progresses.
And he added that the Air Force's deci-
sion to cancel the rank is casting a shadow
over men and women still holding the
position.
It's a "stigma" of sorts to be a buck ser-
geant, he said. "People assume you can't
make [higher] rank."
Junior enlisted people, especially senior
airmen, would balk at the description of a
nonsergeant's role as a "stigma." Increas-
ingly, junior airmen are taking on more-im-
portant roles, particularly in high-technol-
ogy fields.
But that's the way buck sergeants view
it.
Since 1967 and before the decision to
abandon the rank, appointment to buck
sergeant was a "major turning point in all
airmen's careers," according to the 1991
Airman's Guide, a commercially published
how-to-succeed book for Air Force enlisted
members. " I t ' s confirmation that they have
'the right stuff and are ready to assume in-
creased responsibilities and maintain the
highest performance a n d l e a d e r s h i p
standards."
When the buck sergeant rank was con-
ceived in 1967, the idea was that the young
Air Force man or woman wearing the rank
would be ambitious and dedicated, and that
the rank would be respected servicewide.
But the game has changed, and there
15
seems to be little respect for a buck ser-
geant's role.
The decision to eliminate the rank and
later to issue almost identical stripes to se-
nior airmen seems to have made the ser-
geants all but invisible, according to inter-
views. A n d where senior a i r m a n a n d
sergeant appeared identical, many in the
Air Force began viewing them as the same.
Some airmen passing through basic
training may not even be aware of buck
sergeants because they are not being made
aware of the rank; it may he a case of out
of sight, out of mind.
Basic trainees are not the only ones
oblivious to the buck sergeants; several ser-
geants interviewed said people of all ranks
pay little attention to the rank the ser-
geants wear.
Gore, the Lackland sergeant, said it both-
ers him when he is told he is "just an
airman."
Ridley, the Andrews sergeant, added that
some commanders ignore the official N C O
status of the sergeant E-4 by having a com-
mander's call for noncommissioned officers
that excludes buck sergeants. " I n actuality,
you're an NCO, hut what they'll go with is
E-5 and above and E-4 and below. It's kind
of an identity problem."
t'm tired of being toid
that i had never earned
any of my ranks and
that I was no different
from any senior airman
out there.
Sgt. MaryCostello,
Offutt Air Force Base, Neb.
Ff
Sgt. Mary Costello, 29, an imagery ana-
lyst with the U.S. Strategic Command at
Offutt Air Force Base near Omaha, Neb.,
has this story: While stationed at Osan Air
Base in Korea, the base commander gave
all NCOs — E-5 and up — single dormitory
rooms, but ignored the buck sergeants.
She said his view of buck sergeants was
that " i f they are still E-4s, then they must
be airmen, or they aren't qualified/educat-
ed, etc., enough to make E - 5 . "
Recently selected for staff sergeant, she
said she is thankful she is now moving up
"because I'm tired of being told that I had
never earned any of my ranks and that I
was no different from any senior airman
out there. . . . I beg to differ. I earned every
stripe."
Although buck sergeant is an appointed
rank, Costello said no stripe is truly auto-
matic in that some supervisor along the
chain of command always can "not recom-
mend" someone for the advancement.
Costello added: " I say bring it [buck ser-
geant] back. The rank was designed to give
individuals N C O status without the same
responsibilities put on staff sergeant It
was a way of grooming our service's junior
NCO. There are fewer and fewer benefits
and/or incentives to stay in the Air Force
today.
"Give us this one back."
Magazine of-Arn©nca's Air Fbrce September 1994

ore
Air Force Grades and Insignia
Enlisted. New rank is mandatory October 1999. Officer
Current New Current New
Airman Basic E-1, no insignia
Second Lieutenant, 0-1

Airman, E-2

First Lieutenant, 0-2

Airman First Class, E-3

Captain, 0-3
Senior Airman, E-4

Senior Airman, E-4

Sergeant, E-4 Major, 0-4

Staff Sergeant, E-5

Lieutenant Colonel, 0-5

Technical Sergeant, E-6

Colonel, 0-6

Master Sergeant, E-7

Brigadier General, 0-7

Major General, 0-8

Senior Master Sergeant, E-8*

M
Lieutenant General, 0-9

)f )f >^
Chief Master Sergeant, E-9* Diamond denotes
first sergeant status

General, O-10

Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force

36 Airmofi
 Air
Force
Space/Missile Civil Engineer Law Enforcement

Command and Control Communications Paralegal

361
1 )

Intelligence Services Chaplain Service Support

Pilot

Operations Support Manpower and Personnel Acquisition and Financial Management

Nav/Obs

Maintenance Public Affairs Meteorologist

Enlisted Aircrew

Supply/Fuels Band EOD

Astronaut

Information Management Flight Surgeon

Logistics Historian

Flight Nurse
Judge Advocate Medical Service Corps Nurse Corps

Officer Aircrew Member

Biomedical Sciences Corps Dental Corps Medical Corps Enlisted Medical

Parachutist

Christian Chaplain Jewish Chaplain Buddhist Chaplain Muslim Chaplain

Current as of press time. Source: Quality Force and Personel Affairs, the Pentagon. Transportation

35
SeDtember 199^.
 t Gen. Charles A. Horner was the man
in charge of orchestrating the phe-
nomenally successful air war against
Iraq during Operation Desert Storm
in 1991. He was the first-ever wartime
joint force air component commander, a
position created in 1986.
Thatmade him the single air commander
for the Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps,
and coalition air operations, answerable
directly to the theater commander, Army
Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. This
meant Horner oversaw 100,876 coalition
air sorties from Jan. 17 to Feb. 28, 1991.
In a December 2015 interview, he dis-
cussed being the first JFACC, control of
the air, Saddam Hussein's strategy, two
surprising lapses, and where Iraq's center
of gravity truly lay.
Horner had been commander, 9th Air
Force, and commander, US Central Com-
mand Air Forces at Shaw AFB, S.C., since
March 1987. That also made him the
JFACC for Central Command.
CENTCOM had run a war game called
Internal Look against a notional Mideast
enemy—strongly resembling Iran—short-
ly before Iraq invaded Kuwait on Aug.
2, 1990.
"Suddenly, real-world intelligence
looks like war game Intel," Horner said.
He hurried to Tampa, Fla., to meet with
Schwarzkopf. He listened as the CENT-
COM staff briefed the outline of a ground
campaign. "You could see Schwarzkopf's
hand in it," said Horner. Next came air.
"It was terrible," Horner recalled. "Like
AirLand Battle. No thought to it. Schwar-
zkopf was getting ready to go into a rage."
Before that happened, Horner inter-
jected, "Can I have a minute here?" If he
were to brief President George H. W. Bush,
Horner told the general, "Here's what I'd
tell him." Horner continued, " I just talked
about effects, basing, potential responses."
Impressed, Schwarzkopf ordered Hom-
er to join him the next day and brief the
President.
At Camp David, Horner briefed Bush
on air options. "That went pretty well
because nobody knew anything," Horner
-•"Jt-r-
said. Bush said his objectives were to limit
loss of life, both Iraqi and allied. Bush sent
Defense Secretary Richard B. Cheney to
Riyadh to confer with King Fahd of Saudi
Arabia. This, Horner said, "was the most
welcome news in the world." The US was
not going to run the show unless it was in
agreement with its allies.
"THAT'S WHEN I GOT BUSTER"
By Aug. 6, Horner was in Saudi Arabia,
designated by Schwarzkopf as CENT-
COM's forward commander in charge
of all US military forces flowing into the
theater until Schwarzkopf arrived at the
end of the month.
"My initial staff came from the US M i l i -
tary Training Mission in Riyadh," Horner
noted. Soon others deployed from his 9th
Air Force staff. Those in the Tactical Air
Control Center in Riyadh "had worked
together in Blue Flag and [Joint Chiefs
 of Staff] exercises. We had probably the
only staff that could build an air campaign
plan. The only target list we didn't have
was stuff the CIA was holding back."
Horner's duties as CENTCOM forward
meant he had to find someone else to run
air planning—and fast. "That's when I got
Buster," he said of then-Brig. Gen. Buster
C. Glosson. " I called Buster and said, T
need a planner.' Buster jumped ship [from
the Navy's USS La Salle, where he was
attached to the Joint Task Force Middle
East] and came to Riyadh."
Also, " I got Corder to offset Buster,"
Horner said. Maj. Gen. John A. Corder
was deputy commander of operations for
CENTCOM Air Forces in the Persian Gulf
from November 1990 through the end of
Operation Desert Storm in March 1991.
The intense, intellectual Corder was a
B-52 navigator turned Vietnam pilot with
special expertise in electronic warfare.
Most of all, Horner said he wanted
senior commanders around him who
weren't "yes men.
Desert Storm was a coalition fight. "We
can lead as long as we don't act like we
are in charge," Horner decided. "All allies
were treated equally."
He said, "People around the world look
up to the United States Air Force but they
do not want to be overshadowed." It was
incumbent on USAF to listen to the allies
"very carefully."
Horner went out on a limb to share
intelligence when it affected coalition
operations. "We took down security walls.
You can't have an ally and have secrets.
We didn't give them sources, but we gave
them information."

By Rebecca Grant

- • ^ • • •- •

The air commander calls Desert Storm a hard-fought win for

air power.
 By far the most important relationship
was the one Horner had already established
with Schwarzkopf. Combat in Vietnam
had given them a common perspective.
"Vietnam was such a disaster for us that
we swore it would never happen again,"
Horner said. The generals had different
experiences but "similar views" on how
to do things better.
Unifying airpower was one essential
fix. There had never before been "one guy
running the air war." When Horner had
been a major at Tactical Air Command
headquarters, Gen. William W. Momyer
"was our four-star and he'd been in North
Africa in P-40s. He'd talk to us about the
importance of getting control of the air
in terms of a single manager for the air."
Momyer told cautionary tales about how
the lack of unified command led to frustra-
tions in North Africa and later Vietnam.
The Goldwater-Nichols military reor-
ganization of 1986 authorized combatant
commanders to designate a single air com-
mander, but it was up to the CENTCOM
boss to make the call.
Schwarzkopf decided to do that. Hence,
Horner was the JFACC, the Area Air De-
fense Commander, the Airspace Control
Authority, and the Coordinating Authority
for Interdiction.
Horner used that authority planning
the opening of Desert Storm on Jan. 17,
1991. "Gain control of the air," Horner
decided. "That's what I ' m going to do
before anything else. We never did it in
Vietnam."
"Much of the strategic targeting played
into command of the air," he said. Navy
analysts at what is now the Joint Warfare
24
Analysis Center at Dahlgren, Va., prepared
a secret study of the air defense system in
Iraq. Brig. Gen. Larry L. Henry devised
a wave of drones and electronic coun-
termeasures to deceive and activate the
air defense system to expose it to attack.
APPORTIONING AIR?
Horner already had intelligence sug-
gesting Iraq's integrated air defenses
would crumble: In 1988, he had met with a
Pakistani fighter pilot in Islamabad. "He'd
been thrown out of Iraq by the Russians for
teaching tactics. The Russians disqualified
him because that was contrary to Russia's
ground control intercept (GCI) model of
air defense. This led me to conclude Iraq
had a very good regional air force and we
studied how to take it apart. Take out the
radars and the Iraqi pilots were blind."
Technology was on America's side, too.
The technology we had at our fingertips,
the world had failed to comprehend,"
Horner said. He did recall thinking, " I f
stealth doesn't work, we will lose the entire
war." TAC chief Gen. Wilbur L. " B i l l "
Creech "chided me for having doubts. But
that was a vicious, vicious environment,"
Horner said of Iraq's air defenses.
Horner spent little time speculating
about what impact strategic targeting
would have in isolation. "Let's see how it
works" was his attitude toward it. He later
concluded that his strategic planners were
guilty of "mirror-imaging" the adversary.
Hitting intelligence, electricity, etc., wasn't
getting at Saddam's true priorities.
Schwarzkopf tasked the air component
to degrade Iraqi divisions by 50 percent.
Every night Horner and staff drove over to
the Saudi Ministry of Defense headquarters
to brief Schwarzkopf on current air strikes
and plans for the next night. "Schwarzkopf
liked the way Buster briefed. Buster was a
detail guy," Horner said. " I ' m not."
The strategy all along was to hit tanks
and artillery," Horner recalled.
"Schwarzkopf was concerned about
the lives of his infantry," Horner said.
Schwarzkopf told him to kill Iraqi armor
and Iraqi tanks and artillery so when the
ground war began it would take away their
ability to inflict casualties on coalition
ground forces.
Schwarzkopf especially wanted to hit
Iraq's vaunted Republican Guard. For
Horner, there never was an artificial
distinction between strategic targets and
ground force targets.
In their earlier work on CENTCOM
war games, Schwarzkopf had asked how
Horner would apportion air.
"Nobody knows how to apportion air,"
Horner explained to his boss.
"You can't do it. What you've got to
do is tell me what you want done, how
you want to do things. I will put together
the best air plan to accomplish that or as-
sist you in accomplishing that, and then
after we fly it we'll say, 'Well, so many
sorties for close air support, so many for
interdiction, so many for counterair.' And
that's the way you apportion air. It's all
after the fact. It's all accountants, record
keeping. Anybody that says, 'Well, we're
going to do 30 percent close air support'
is a damn idiot. Fire them."
Schwarzkopf kept the role of land
component commander, and a dispute
about air support might set up Horner
AIR F O R C E Magazine / March 2016

to oppose his boss. " I will gel in very
stringent arguments with you," Horner
told Schwarzkopf in 1989, but "once you
make up your mind as unified commander,
that's what we'll do."
Schwarzkopf had not set a date for
the ground attack because it depended
on the air campaign's progress. With air
superiority in hand, subordinate ground
commanders grew restive.
"Army guys, i f they're airborne corps
commanders or they're [from] Korea, you
can work with them," Horner said. " I f they
come from Europe or they're infantry or
mech, you've got to hit them with a two-
by-four before they begin to understand"
the proper use of airpower.
DELIBERATE DECEPTION
Selecting targets became a colorful
debate. Targets nominated by ground
forces didn't always check out. Often,
"they were using old photos and bad
imagery," Horner explained. "Underling
generals that would try and stir the pot"
were a problem, he said.
Horner assured Schwarzkopf, " I ' m
going to give you more sorties than you
can possibly use. There will be no reserve
close air support system. The Tactical Air
Control Center can divert any sortie to a
target i f a ground unit needs it."
"Saddam had convinced himself he
could win by inflicting casualties. He
learned lessons from Vietnam, too," said
Horner. "His strategy was to let us attack
into his soft units—infantry—then hit
us with his Republican Guard and inflict
enough casualties that the American people
would demand we quit."
AIR F O R C E Magazine / March 2016
Left to right: A truck burns on High-
way 8 after Iraqi forces retreated from
Kuwait For the coalition, gaining
control of the air involved destroying
aircraft shelters like this one at Jalibah
AB, Iraq. A satellite communications
antenna in Kuwait lies in ruins. Lt
Gen. Charles Horner marches in a cel-
ebration parade in Washington, D.C.,
in June 1991. He was the first JFACC,
the single air commander for US and
coalition air operations. Horner said
of Iraq's air force, "We studied how to
take it apart."
Under pressure from the air war,
Saddam attempted to start the ground
battle his way. Three experienced Iraqi
divisions attacked the Saudi border town
of Khafji.
Why Khafji? "He thought he was at-
tacking the 82nd Airborne and could rip
into them with his tanks," said Horner.
The Iraqis had fallen for a deliberate
radio traffic deception making it appear
the X V I I I Airborne Corps was gathering
south of the town.
Saddam's plan failed when an E-8
JSTARS ground surveillance aircraft—a
still-experimental platform rushed into
operational service for the war—spot-
ted the armored vehicle movements.
Schwarzkopf approved a buffer zone.
pulling all coalition forces back several
miles to allow air strikes to hit the Iraqi
formations rapidly. "We did that early.
No troops were within artillery range of
the border."
With the buffer in place, Horner re-
directed air strikes against the lead ele-
ments. "Most of his losses were north of
the border," said Horner. "A dug-in Army
is tough to k i l l ; an army on the roads is
a piece of cake."
Horner believed as JFACC he should
look ahead and anticipate problems. In
his book Every Man a Tiger he wrote that
his "two chief anticipatory lapses" were
Khafji and the effect of Saddam's Scud
tactical ballistic missile attacks on Israel.
Saddam believed that attacking Is-
rael—^and provoking that country into an
armed response—would split off some of
the Arab members of the coalition who
regarded Israel as an enemy.
"We were under a lot of pressure about
the Scuds," Horner said, and he even
received a phone call from Cheney. " I
can't stop everything," he explained to
the Defense Secretary. " I could put more
effort on it but it will take away from
attacks on the Iraqi army and Baghdad."
Scud attacks diminished as American
F-15Es and other jets hunted for the Scud
transporter-erector-launchers scattered
across the Iraqi desert. To Horner, though,
the solution was Patriot missiles—de-
signed to intercept aircraft but useful
against ballistic missiles as well.
"Scuds were a psychological weapon
and Patriots were a psychological answer,"
he concluded.
On at least one occasion Homer thought
he'd be fired, he told an audience at a
Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies
25

Homer takes notes during a Desert
Storm meeting. By mid-February 1991,
the coalition controlled the air, and the
Republican Guard was nearly decimated.
presentation in 2011. On Feb. 7, 1991,
two F-15Cs shot down two Iraqi Su-22s
and one Su-7 attempting to flee to Iran,
Horner recalled.
" I called Schwarzkopf and said, T've
got good news and bad news.' He said,
'What's the good news?"We shot down
[three] Iraqis.' 'What's the bad news?' 'We
shot them down 40 miles inside Iran. And
we knew we shouldn't have been there
but fangs came out and they missed the
street signs and they went roaring past.'"
Horner was referring to pilots hot
for battle who pursued the enemy too far.
Would repercussions from Washington
prompt Schwarzkopf to fire Horner? " I
knew he'd call the Pentagon.... I'm waiting
for Schwarzkopf to say, 'Chuck, come
up to the office, I need to talk to you
about something.'"
Horner tore out a page out of his note-
book and wrote a letter of resignation.
He did this in part because "the generals
didn't write their letters of resignation in
Vietnam. They tried to cope with idiocy.
I ' l l tell you, it was the saddest moment of
my life." Horner went back to work and
waited for "the shoe to drop."
26
I] went the next night. ... It doesn't
drop. Went the next night, the next night,
the next night. Finally I lost the letter. I
wish I had that letter to this day."
By mid-February, the campaign was
a success, both in control of the air and
in attrition of Iraqi ground forces. "Tank
plinking"—dedicating individual bombs
(usually those with precision guidance)
to specific armored vehicles, one at a
time—and other tactics were decimating
the Republican Guard.
4tT ?
I'm the one who called it tank plink-
ing," Horner recalled. " I liked the idea
that the tank wasn't invincible."
PERFORMANCE OF AIRMEN
The ground war took just four days
to send what was left of Iraq's invaders
running for home.
Homer concluded long afterthe war that
Iraq's most vital center of gravity was the
backing Saddam got from the Republican
Guard—the elite, better-trained, better-
equipped, better-treated, most loyal units.
"While we bombed secret police head-
quarters, that had little effect," said Horner.
"When the Republican Guard became
combat ineffective, Saddam knew this
could cause him to lose power. That's why
Saddam asked to withdraw from Kuwait,"
Horner said of Saddam's back channel bid
for the USSR to arrange a deal prior to
the ground war.
The proof came years later, when
Horner talked with an Iraqi general
who had defected. They met in London.
Horner said the Iraqi "was with Saddam
Hussein all through the war" in a bunker
under a residential area. The Iraqi said
that when the US announced cessation
of offensive operations, Saddam was
euphoric, announcing that the Iraqis
had won.
Saddam's goal was simply to stay in
power. "It wasn't to defeat the Americans,"
Horner observed.
Horner offered some thoughts on "les-
sons" from Desert Storm.
"First was how [the] political leadership
conducted themselves: They were perfect.
Iraq out of Kuwait: It was a political ob-
jective that was military achievable. We
were all very glad we weren't asked to
go north to Baghdad in 1991. The Saudis
didn't want us to go; we didn't want to
go," Horner noted.
Second was the performance of air-
men. " I t always comes back to Creech.
You push authority and responsibility
down" to lower levels, Horner said. He
related how he visited a bomb dump at
A l Dhafra A i r Base in the United Arab
Emirates. An airman told him "those guys
in Riyadh are dumber than dirt," said
Horner. The ATO called for 2,000-pound
bombs, but the bomb dump at A l Dhafra
didn't have any, so the airmen took it
upon themselves to load aircraft with
1,000-pound bombs so pilots could still
fly their missions.
"A good call," Horner said.
Squadron leadership had input—
again, unlike Vietnam. In Desert Storm,
"flight leaders could make a decision
and they had a voice. They could call
the TACC and say, 'This is b u l l , ' "
Horner said.
That didn't mean flight leads always
got their way. At one point, some B-52
pilots sought to avoid a mission due to
the threat of S A-6 surface-to-air missiles.
" I told them to go north," Homer said.
Desert Storm confirmed the value of
investing in advanced technology.
Airpower is dependent on technology.
"We catch a lot of hell for it because it's
expensive. But i f you think about the
impact of stealth, precision munitions,
ISR, we've fundamentally changed the
way wars are fought and the way that
people die in battle. That's a good thing.
But we've got to continue with our tech-
nology development," he told the Mitchell
Institute audience.
The war also proved that airpower could
take the lead.
"We didn't have to fight ground force
on ground force," Horner asserted. " I m -
mediately after, the Army went into a
defensive crouch" about who had done
what in the war, and what it meant for
the future. Tempers flared when USAF
Chief of Staff Gen. Merrill A. McPeak
gave a detailed briefing about the air
campaign in March 1991, in which he
said Desert Storm represented the first
time in history an army had been defeated
by airpower.
Nevertheless, Horner said, quoting
ballplayer Dizzy Dean, " I f you done it,
it ain't bragging." O
Rebecca Grant is president of IRIS
Independent Research. Her most recent
article for Air Force Magazine, "Flexibility
in the Storm," appeared in the February
issue.
AIR F O R C E Magazine / March 2016
March 2016, Vol. 99, No. 3
•1
16
FEATURES
4 Editorial: Foilowing the Money to
Europe
To deter Russia, the US will dramati-
cally increase its forward presence
in Europe.
16 Critical Ingredient in Short Supply
By John A. Tirpak
USAF's biggest problem with the
F-22? There aren't enough to go
around.
22 Horner's Gulf War
By Rebecca Grant
The air commander calls Desert Storm
a hard-fought win for airpower.
28 Toward a Total Force
By Jennifer HIad
The integration seen on deployment
still isn't natural at home station.
34 Red Tails
Photos from USAF, the Air Force
Historical Research Agency, and Toni
Frissell via the Library of Congress
They were pilots, maintainers,
weathermen, and administrators.
They were Tuskegee Airmen.
AIR FORCE Magazine / March 2016
MA GA ZIIME
. ^r \!
42
42 High-Altitude ISR at Risk
By Aaron M. U. Church
The future of the U-2 and Global
Hawk missions are up in the air.
47 Hypersonic Weapons Come of Age
By Mark J. Lewis
Will the US—or some other nation—
be first to field these game-chang-
ing weapons?
52 Lifesavers Along the Trail
By Brian W. Everstine
Eric Roberts and Ronald Brodeur
have now received Silver Stars they
earned 46 years ago, for heroism in
Vietnam.
56 DOD Photochart
Compiled by Chequita Wood
DOD's top leadership in Obama's
second-term Administration. About the cover: A 1943 poster that
served as a war bonds ad and a symbol of
60 All Eyes on Khe Sanh pride for the Tuskegee Airmen. See "Red
By John T. Correll Tails," p. 34.
Day by day, the world followed the
news. LBJ had a scale model of
the besieged outpost in the White
House.
1
 INTRODUCTION

Help us to honor the service and the sacrifice

LEARN MORE DONATE
The National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial is a new national monument to be built at the National
Mall in Washington D.C. Our goal is to break ground on the Memorial in 2022, and to dedicate the completed
Memorial in 2023.

National Desert Storm and Desert Shield War Memorial Act - Authorizes the National Desert Storm War
Memorial Association to establish a commemorative work on federal land in the District of Columbia to
commemorate and honor those who, as members of the Armed Forces, served on active duty in support of
Operation Desert Storm or Operation Desert Shield.

Construction of the Memorial is led by the National Desert Storm War Memorial Association, a 501(c)3
organization in Washington, D.C. The association is led by a Board of Directors comprised of veterans who
served during Operation Desert Storm.
 ABOUT THE MEMORIAL
Learn More →

HELP BUILD THE MEMORIAL

Get Involved → Donate →
THE NATIONAL DESERT STORM MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION,
1101 CONNECTICUT AVENUE NW, #450 WASHINGTON, DC 20036
(855) 916-3796 INFO@NDSWM.ORG
A NON-PROFIT, 501(C)(3) ORGANIZATION, EIN 37 -1647413
(855) 916-3796INFO@NDSWM.ORG
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[Source: http://www.ndswm.org/]
 Desert Storm Was the First and Last War for the F-4G
Advanced Wild Weasel
BY ROBERT F. DORR - JANUARY 16, 2011

F-4G Advanced Wild Weasels of the 52nd Tactical Fighter Wing deployed from Spangdahlem, Germany, and fought
in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. U.S. Air Force photo

According to the official history of the 1991 Persian Gulf War, F-4G Advanced Wild Weasels from the
35th Tactical Fighter Wing at George Air Force Base, Calif., and the 52nd TFW at Spangdahlem,
Germany, flew 3,942 combat sorties, fired 1,000 air-to-ground missiles, and destroyed 200 Iraqi
missile sites. Operation Desert Storm was the only combat appearance of the F-4G, developed from the
famous Phantom II fighter and used to suppress enemy radar and surface-to-air missile (SAM) sites.

“I had my 40th birthday over Baghdad with fireworks and everything.”

“I had my 40th birthday over Baghdad with fireworks and everything,” said retired Lt. Col. Robert
“Muskrat” McNeese, an F-4G pilot, who was a major at the time of that personal milestone on Jan. 30,
1991. McNeese and others in the 35th TFW had arrived at Shaikh Isa Air Base, Bahrain, on August 12,
1990 – among the first combat units in theater. Flying with back-seat electronic warfare officer Capt.

1
Robert “Peaches” Pietras, McNeese missed the first Desert Storm mission mounted just after midnight
on Jan. 17, 1991, but flew the following morning.

Capt. James “Augie” Kuxhaus, an electronic warfare officer with the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing, with his F-4G
Advanced Wild Weasel in 1991. Robert F. Dorr Collection photo

“On most missions up to Baghdad, we used ‘beer’ callsigns, PABST, BUDWEISER, MILLER for each
four-ship flight. One of our early targets was the airfield at al Taqaddum near Fallujah. That airfield
had MiG-29s. It had SA-2 and SA-3 missiles. We were called missile killers but we could also attack
their long-range search radars.”
If coalition airpower was to wear down Saddam Hussein’s ability to fight, the first step was to neutralize
Iraq’s air defenses, to enable strike aircraft to engage industrial and military targets. The F-4G was
meant for exactly this mission.

McNeese’s aircraft looked much like every other Phantom II, but its skin
was covered with 52 flush-mounted interferometers that detected
incoming radar signals.
McNeese’s aircraft looked much like every other Phantom II, but its skin was covered with 52 flush-
mounted interferometers that detected incoming radar signals. The F-4G carried a centerline and two
under-wing external fuel tanks. It carried an AN/APR-47 RHAW (radar homing and warning) system
in a chin pod beneath its nose instead of the usual M61 Vulcan 20 mm rotary cannon, an AN/ALQ-119
jamming pod in the left forward missile well, an empty right missile well, and a pair of AIM-7 Sparrow
radar missiles in the rear wells. It carried chaff and flares and its principal warload was two AGM-88
High-speed Anti-Radiation Missiles (HARMs) hanging from outboard weapons stations.

2
The F-4G was powered by two 11,870-pound static thrust General Electric J79-GE-17 turbojet engines
with afterburners. A typical F-4G went into battle weighing 58,000 pounds. In “clean” condition the
aircraft was capable of flying twice the speed of sound, but combat missions were usually flown at high
subsonic speed.

Maj. (later, Lt. Col.) Robert “Muskrat” McNeese, a pilot with the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing, with his F-4G Advanced
Wild Weasel at Shaikh Isa Air Base, Bahrain, in 1991. Photo courtesy of Robert McNeese

“We were fighting the Iraqis and the weather,” said McNeese. “The weather was terrible. It was IMC
[instrument meteorological conditions] a lot of the time. There were missions when we took off zero-
zero in fog, taxied out very slowly, got airplanes lined up on the runway in almost zero visibility.
“From Bahrain to Baghdad was two air refuelings. That mission was probably four to five hours.
Baghdad is pretty far inside Iraq. We would approach at tactical air speed using up a lot of fuel. Heading
in, we were using up a lot of fuel and as soon as we got close to Saudi Arabia we were pretty thirsty.
Fortunately for us, there was always a tanker crew within reach.”

“We were taking down their air defense system so their SAM sites were on
‘autonomous’ mode, which meant they were, in effect, looking through a
soda straw searching for us.
The mission of the F-4G was to do a “SEAD rollback” (suppression of enemy air defenses) east of a line
that was defined by a road from Kuwait to Baghdad. The U.S. Navy had the same mission – which the
Navy termed Iron Hand – using F/A-18 Hornets west of that line.
The Weasels started out by targeting Iraq’s longest-range missile, the SA-2. “After we rolled them back
we would go after the SA-6s,” McNeese said. “We were taking down their air defense system so their

3
SAM sites were on ‘autonomous’ mode, which meant they were, in effect, looking through a soda straw
searching for us.

Two F-4G Advanced Wild Weasels at night during Operation Desert Shield. The F-4Gs were the last of the Air
Force’s dedicated Wild Weasel aircraft. U.S. Department of Defense photo by Tech Sgt. H.H. Deffner

As the war progressed, F-4G Wild Weasel crews gained greater confidence and began to feel they were
winning the day. Capt. James “Augie” Kuxhaus of the 35th TFW described the role of the back seater:
“More than most aircraft, the F-4G was built around the fellow in the back seat, who often pushed the
pickle button for the missiles,” said Kuxhaus. “I was busy not so much looking for SAM sites as using
the radar to look for enemy aircraft or for friendlies that might cause fratricide. I was mostly head-down
in the cockpit.”

F-4G Advanced Wild Weasels flew many hundreds of other combat

missions without suffering losses – taking out 74 percent of the enemy
missile radars destroyed during the war. Just one F-4G Phantom was lost.
The F-4G, said Kuxhaus, had “one of the busiest cockpits in the U.S. Air Force. The F-4 was a hog on
fuel so some of the hairiest experiences involved getting to the tanker. On one mission, we had to make
three tries on two tankers before we could get our receptacle to work and take on fuel.”
F-4G Advanced Wild Weasels flew many hundreds of other combat missions without suffering losses –
taking out 74 percent of the enemy missile radars destroyed during the war. Just one F-4G Phantom
was lost. It happened on Jan. 18, 1991 when enemy fire pierced the aircraft’s fuel tank. The puncture
caused a loss of fuel pressure. Returning from the mission running on empty, the Wild Weasel sought
aerial refueling, but a dense fog foiled a tanker crew and the F-4G was directed toward a friendly Saudi

4
airstrip. Four landing attempts were unsuccessful. During the fifth, the aircraft ran out of fuel. Both
engines seized. Both crew members ejected safely.

F-4G Advanced Wild Weasels crews performed brilliantly against Iraqi radar sites during Operation Desert Storm
in 1991. Despite the success, the F-4G was retired in 1995. U.S. Air Force photo

Desert Storm was a curtain call for the F-4G. The final unit to operate the Advanced Wild Weasel, the
190th Fighter Squadron, Idaho Air National Guard, began retiring its F-4Gs in October 1995.

(Source: https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/gulf-war-20th-desert-storm-was-the-first-and-last-war-for-the-f-4g-advanced-wild-weasel)

(Artist: Mitch Cotie) 5

This is the story of "Frenchie" the Fuel Shop ghost of Spangdahlem Air Base,
as seen in a recurring dream by Yan J.K. Bolduc; illustrations by Mitch Cotie.
 Compiled by Frances McKenney, Deputy Managing Editor

OPERATION DESERT SHIELD

Operation Desert Shield began on Aug. 7, 1990, after the forces of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait.
Desert Shield sought to defend Saudi Arabia and other neighboring countries from a possible Iraqi invasion.

Lt. Gen. Charles Horner, head of 9th Air Force and also US
Central Command Air Forces at Shaw AFB, S.C., became the
air boss of Desert Shield and Desert Storm. He commanded
US and coalition air operations from August 1990 to April 1991.
Horner described this snapshot as preflighting an F-16 AIM-9 at
Shaikh Isa, Bahrain. He is a member of the Eglin Chapter, Fla.

The commander in chief of US Central Command, Army Gen.

Norman Schwarzkopf, asked for development of an air campaign,
and in the Pentagon, airpower theorist Col. John Warden led a
think tank called Checkmate in planning it. Here, Warden (right)
and the air campaign’s principal attack planner, Lt. Col. David
Deptula, discuss the plan in Checkmate. Today, retired Lt. Gen.
Deptula heads AFA’s Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies.
Warden sent this photo from his strategy development company
in Alabama, where he is a Montgomery Chapter member.

Many of the 430,000 troops arrived in theater via the Civil Reserve
Air Fleet, commercial airplanes “called up” to augment military
airlifters. Lt. Col. William Sessoms commanded the 1680th Airlift
Control Squadron (Provisional) at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, while Lt.
Col. Thomas Maxson led the 63rd Aerial Port Squadron, Norton
AFB, Calif., a West Coast embarkation point. Both men attended
the Army War College at Carlisle Barracks, Pa., where they wrote
this paper on CRAF’s role in war: 5,400 missions ferrying troops
and cargo. Sessoms is a member of the Charleston Chapter, S.C.
Maxson belongs to the Strom Thurmond Chapter, S.C.

20 AIR FORCE Magazine / January 2016

 Commentators often say the US has been at war since 9/11/2001, but the Air Force
has been flying and fighting nonstop for a full decade longer than that.
With Operation Desert Storm in January 1991, the US military began combat opera-
tions in Southwest Asia. Twenty-five years later, the Air Force continues to respond to
what has been an unbroken string of contingencies worldwide.
These photos and mementos from personal collections tell stories of operations and
exercises many Air Force Association members have supported.
These snapshots reveal that AFA counts among its members significant figures in Air
Force history—and airmen who quietly performed their missions, out of the spotlight,
with professionalism.

OPERATION DESERT STORM

Operation Desert Storm began on Jan. 17, 1991, Baghdad time, after Iraq ignored UN Security Council resolutions and
did not leave Kuwait. Nearly 2,000 US aircraft took part in the 42 days of operations before the cease-fire on Feb. 28.

F-117 pilot Maj. Gregory Feest dropped the first bomb

of Desert Storm, releasing a 2,000-pound laser guided
GBU-27 on a hardened bunker housing a radar-intercept
operations center. He was some 50 miles inside Iraq. Feest
had flown the Nighthawk from Khamis Mushait, Saudi
Arabia. He was with the 415th Tactical Fighter Squadron
at the time, deployed from Tonopah Test Range, Nev.
Retired Maj. Gen. Feest is a Nation’s Capital Chapter,
D.C., member.

On Day One, F-16 pilot Capt. Michael Boera (right)

clasps the hand of Lt. Col. Ed Houle, 10th Tactical
Fighter Squadron commander, at Al Dhafra AB, United
Arab Emirates. Both had just completed their first
combat missions, bombing targets “east of the lakes,”
southwest of Baghdad. They had deployed from Hahn
AB, Germany. “We left our families in a foreign country
to go fight,” points out now-retired Maj. Gen. Boera.
He belongs to the Ute-Rocky Mountain Chapter, Utah.

OPERATION DESERT STORM (CONT. NEXT PAGE)

AIR FORCE Magazine / January 2016 21

OPERATION DESERT STORM (CONT.)

In Saudi Arabia, Schwarzkopf meets with

Brig. Gen. Eugene Santarelli (right), who
commanded the 4404th Composite Wing
(Provisional). Today, retired Lt. Gen. Santa-
relli is a member of the Tucson Chapter, Ariz.,
an AFA national director, and a consultant.

A US team at the Royal Saudi Air Force

Headquarters building in Riyadh worked
in “The Black Hole,” nicknamed because
once people reported here for work, they
seemed to disappear. Brig. Gen. Buster
Glosson (seated), US Central Command
Air Forces director of campaign plans,
led the air campaign’s development and
implementation. Maj. Mark Rogers is on
the phone in this photo. He explains: “This
was a late night retargeting of the F-111Fs
and F-117s due to weather.” Standing
second from left is Brig. Gen. Glenn Prof-
itt, 15th Air Division commander. Retired
Col. “Buck” Rogers belongs to the Alamo
Chapter, Texas.

“Revenge of the Warthog,” by artist Mike

Machat of the General Doolittle Los An-
geles Area Chapter, depicts OA-10 pilot
Capt. Jon Engle on Feb. 6, 1991. As a
forward air controller, Engle confirmed
for A-10 pilot Capt. Robert Swain that a
“black dot” they saw flying below them
was an Iraqi helicopter. Swain downed
it, scoring the Warthog’s first aerial kill.
Engle commissioned this art work from
Machat, who has more than 20 paintings
in the Air Force Art Collection.

22 AIR FORCE Magazine / January 2016

 OA-10 pilot Jon Engle’s photo of “The Mall” at King Fahd AB,
Saudi Arabia, shows the tent city’s chow hall at the center,
the laundry tent at right. “We lived in tents, with about eight
officers per tent,” wrote Engle, “and built our own sandbag
bunker outside our tent for protection during Scud attacks.”
He was assigned to the 23rd Tactical Air Support Squadron.
Today, he belongs to the Charleston Chapter.

A1C John Hamilton Jr. (third from left)

loads bombs onto an F-16 at King Khalid
Military City, Saudi Arabia. Today resid-
ing in Rome, Ga., Hamilton was with
the 17th Fighter Squadron, Shaw AFB,
S.C. Notice two Mk 84s hanging off the
wings? Then-Lt. Col. Gary North (see
Operation Southern Watch) and 363rd
Fighter Wing weapons and maintenance
leadership devised a plan to get more
bombs on target: Drop the wing tanks,
double the weapons load, and do three
quick-turn sorties. So instead of one jet
on one sortie, carrying two 2,000-pound
bombs, a four-ship completed 12 sorties
daily carrying 48 bombs.

At King Fahd, SSgt. Frederick Schlenker

of the 355th Aircraft Maintenance Unit
removes a strut while rebuilding the
C-sump section of the No. 1 engine
in an A-10 from the 354th Tactical
Fighter Wing. He was deployed from
Myrtle Beach AFB, S.C. Retired SMSgt.
Schlenker belongs to the Central Florida
Chapter.

AIR FORCE Magazine / January 2016 23

JOINT TASK FORCE PROVEN FORCE
Joint Task Force Proven Force conducted some 5,000 sorties flown by the US from Incirlik AB, Turkey, against
strategic targets in northern Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War. US European Command had organized the task force,
with the air component coming from US Air Forces in Europe.

F-15C pilots Lt. David Sveden (left) and

Capt. David Prather (next to him) scored
the first USAFE air-to-air victories of the
war. On Jan. 19, they each destroyed an
Iraqi Mirage F1 with an AIM-7. Prather
sent this photo of 525th Tactical Fighter
Squadron pilots from his four-ship that
day. Capt. Larry Ludwig is to his left. Capt.
Steve Dingee (far right) would later get a
helicopter kill on Feb. 11. Today, retired
Lt. Col. Prather belongs to the Harry S.
Truman Chapter, Mo.

OPERATION PROVIDE COMFORT

Operation Provide Comfort began when Kurds in northern Iraq fled the country after the Gulf War. Those along the
border of Iran and Turkey needed food, water, clothing, and shelter, and the UN authorized relief efforts in April
1991. Provide Comfort I ended in July 1991.

Chaplain Lawrence Keith (right) baptizes an airman

in the tent city at Silopi, Turkey, in summer 1991. Maj.
Keith had deployed in April from RAF Alconbury, UK,
to this humanitarian services support base “five klicks”
from the Iraqi border. He recalls that firemen constructed
this baptism pool from rubber sheets lashed to a frame.
Retired Lt. Col. Keith belongs to the Alamo Chapter.

Danger! C-130s dropped leaflets to warn people to stay on

the road and avoid setting off a land mine.

24 AIR FORCE Magazine / January 2016

 Money dropping from the skies? The
reverse side of this “bill” gave instruc-
tions on how to surrender, but to grab
attention, this side was purposely
designed to look like money.

At Incirlik, Capt. Judith Fedder paints an F-111’s bomb with a message for
Saddam from her husband’s family, the Fixes of Acra, N.Y. She was a logis-
tics officer stationed at Ramstein AB, Germany. Today Fedder is a member
of the Donald W. Steele Sr. Memorial Chapter, Va. She retired last summer
as a lieutenant general, the deputy chief of staff for logistics, installations,
and mission support.

OPERATION PROVIDE COMFORT II

Operation Provide Comfort II dovetailed with the previous one, running until December 1996. The mission by this
time had evolved into enforcing a northern Iraq no-fly zone.

An Iraqi MiG-23 tested it on Jan. 17, 1993, and came up

against Lt. Craig Stevenson. “Trigger” Stevenson launched
an AIM-120 AMRAAM from his F-16, scoring Provide Com-
fort’s only kill. A boomer sent Stevenson this photo, showing
him refueling afterward. Note the missing AIM-120 and fuel
tanks, writes Stevenson, today a member of the Billy Mitchell
Chapter, Wis. During Provide Comfort, he was with the 23rd
Fighter Squadron, Spangdahlem AB, Germany.

F-15 pilot 1st Lt. Brian Simpler (foreground) refuels from

a KC-135 over northern Iraq in 1993. He was assigned
to the 32nd Fighter Squadron, Soesterberg, Netherlands,
deployed to Incirlik. Today he commands the 125th Fighter
Wing based at Jacksonville Arpt., Fla., where he belongs
to the Falcon Chapter, Fla.
AIR FORCE Magazine / January 2016 25
 VIPERS AND WEASELS IN THE DESERT
In August 1990, Capt. Philip M. Ruhlman was chief of standard- At that moment an F-4G Wild Weasel saved his life.
ization and evaluation for the 401st Tactical Fighter Wing. When his "I heard them say 'Magnum.' Within five seconds, they nailed the
squadron deployed to Qatar at the start of Desert Shield the only site that was trying to shoot me."
ordnance they had traveled on the wings of their F-16s. Deprived of the tracking signal from its ground radar, the SA-2
When the unit landed in Doha and popped its canopies, the heat went unguided in the air and veered away.
sucked the oxygen out of the pilots' lungs and there was nothing but Ruhlman flew a morning mission on Jan. 19, the day of Package
sand to be seen. 0 , so he was trying to sleep when the pilots returned from their flight
For some weeks they thought their deployment might be temporary. into Baghdad's air defenses.
In October 614th TFS commander Lt. Col. Bruce A. "Orville" Wright Loud discussion about Package Q's two downed pilots woke
straightened them out. him, and airmen gathered at a makeshift juice bar in their dorm's
"Orville said, 'Unpack your bags, fellas, we ain't going home till this open-air quadrangle.
is over. He shifted our mind-set," says Ruhlman. They watched the head-up display video of "Cujo" Roberts' jet
American expatriates in Qatar exploding.
treated the airmen well. One Phil Ruhlman in the "It shocked us," Ruhlman
cockpit of his F-16
construction company executive says. There seemed no way
on Jan. 17, 1991.
asked what they wanted for Christ- Roberts could have survived.
mas dinner. They said Mexican. Then, a few days later, their
"He had 30 people for tacos comrades appeared miracu-
and margaritas," Ruhlman re- lously on CNN in Iraqi pro-
members. paganda videos. They didn't
As conflict drew nearer the look good, but they were alive.
614th flew air defense missions The Iraqis may have in-
near the border. Iraqi helicopters tended the video to depress
sometimes popped up on the other US morale, but for the 614th it
side, trying to drag the Americans had the opposite effect.
over the line into preset flak traps. "In three days, we went from
Plans for the beginning of the the lowest low to the highest
war were closely held. First mis- high. It was amazing," says
sion launches on the fateful day Ruhlman.
of Jan. 17 were at dawn, meaning As the war progressed the
the pilots had to arise around 2 unit settled into a routine. F-
a.m. When they walked into the 15s shut down the air-to-air
dining hall the staff announced that the midnight meal was over and threat and Wild Weasels countered the SAM threat.
they were closed. At one point Ruhlman and his wingman found themselves flying
"We said 'No, you're not. We want some breakfast.' The whole base without Wild Weasel cover. So they faked some F-4G cover, by
had no clue," says Ruhlman. imitating the Weasel's distinctive chatter.
That morning Ruhlman was part of a four-ship mission to bomb an "Hey, Viper, we're here," said Ruhlman.
Iraqi-held airfield in Kuwait. They were supposed to bomb the concrete Detecting an operational SAM radar in the area, Ruhlman said,
in front of aircraft shelters to seal the doors. US intelligence believed "Magnum," faking a HARM launch. The radar immediately turned off.
Scud missiles might be inside the buildings. As Desert Storm neared its end the squadron spent much of the
When he crossed over the border for his first combat mission, it time hunting Republican Guards in the desert. They didn't go into
was like a dream, Ruhlman remembers. downtown Baghdad again.
"Your heart's beating a lot. This is what I had trained my whole life After Iraq's defeat, US prisoners of war were released and flown
to do, this moment," he says. to hospital ships in the region. The 614th was allowed to send two
He rolled in and put his bombs on target. His blood was pumping pilots with a big canvas bag full of comestible treats to greet Tice
so much after release that he pulled on the stick too hard and slowed and Roberts.
down. The rest of the flight was running for the exits. He was lag- The former POWs' stomachs shrank so much during their captivity
ging—and his radar warning was going off. An SA-2 air-to-ground they couldn't eat or drink their gifts, Ruhlman said, but aside from
missile was chasing him down from behind. that hitch it was "certainly a great reunion."

66 AIR F O R C E Magazine / January 2016

12/22/22, 6:39 AM Wild Weasel Mission Gets Its First Successful Strike | Air & Space Forces Magazine

U.S. Air Force aircraft spanning 75 years. Read "This Day In Airpower." Illustration by Mike
Tsukamoto/staff

Wild Weasel Mission Gets Its First Successful Strike

Dec. 22, 1965

Capt. Al Lamb (pilot) and Capt. Jack Donovan (electronic warfare officer),
flying in a North American F-100F Super Sabre modified for the Wild Weasel
radar suppression mission, knock out a North Vietnamese Fan-Song radar at
the Yen Bai rail yards north of Hanoi, while the F-105 crews they were
escorting destroy the nearby SA-2 SAM site. This attack marked the first

https://www.airandspaceforces.com/this-day-in-airpower/december-22-1965/ 1/2
12/22/22, 6:39 AM Wild Weasel Mission Gets Its First Successful Strike | Air & Space Forces Magazine

success for the Wild Weasel program. Lamb and Donovan were each
awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for the mission.

Air & Space Forces Magazine is the official publication of the Air & Space Forces Association, 1501 Langston Boulevard,
Arlington, Va., 22209-1198. Copyright 2022

https://www.airandspaceforces.com/this-day-in-airpower/december-22-1965/ 2/2
 4

In recognition of your service during the period of the

Cold War (2 September 1945 - 26 December 1991) in promoting
peace and stability for this Nation, the people of this Nation are
forever grateful.

SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

DD FORM 2774.1 JUL 98

Le m a g a z i n e de l ' a é r o n a u t i q u e m i l i t a i r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l e
T
es 22nd et 23rd FS sont équipés
de F-16C/D Biock 50D (officieuse-
Base à Spangdahlem, le 52nd FW est l'une des escadres
6CJ/DJ), une les plus importantes de TUS Air Force en Europe. Outre le
• ment désignes 52nd MUNSS (Munitions Support Squadron) établi à Kleine
I j version pius particulièrement opti-
* ^ misée pour ia suppression des Brogel et qui gère les stocks d'armes nucléaires de diverses
défenses ennemies (SEAD) et qui a réalisé
unités de l'Otan, il compte trois escadrons opérationnels,
son premier vol le l*"'avril 1991. Entré en ser-
vice dans rUSAFE en novembre 1993, au les 22nd FS « Stingers » et 23rd FS « Fighting Hawks »
sein du 23rd FS, l'avion se distingue par son
radar Northrop Grumman AN/APG-68(V)5 et
sur F-16, et le 81 st FS « Panthers » sur A-10,
son réacteur General Electric F110-GE-129
développant 13 380 kqp avec réchauffe.
Pour remplir sa mission antiradar, il est doté, ônes porte-missiles, d'un système permet- mode totalement automatique. Pour son au-
sur le flanc droit de l'entrée d'air, du pod tant de reprogrammer en vol la trajectoire toprotection, il emporte un détecteur d'émis-
d'acquisition HTS AN/ASQ-213 capable de des AGM-88 vers un objectif potentiel. Ces sions radar Lockheed Martin AN/ALR-56M
localiser et de classifier les émissions élec- deux systèmes peuvent fonctionner en couplé à un éjecteur de leurres thermiques/
tromagnétiques adverses, et, dans les py- électromagnétiques AN/ALE-47 et à un
pod de contre-mesures AN/ALQ-131(V)14.
A gauche : ce F-16CJ du 23rd FS s'apprête à atterrir sur la piste de Spangdahlem. Notez la configuration Faute d'avoir été câblé pour, il ne peut pas
d'armements SEAD standard de l'appareil, avec deux missiles antiradar AGM-88 HARM, plus quatre missiles encore utiliser la nacelle Lantirn.
air-air (deux AIM-120C A M R A A M à moyenne portée et deux A I M - 9 L SidewinderQ courte portée).
Depuis 2001, tous les F-16C/D Blocks 40/
A gauche, en bas : en patrouille au-dessus de la campagne allemande, un F-16 Fighting Falcon
et un A-10 Thunderbolt, les deux types d'avions mis en œuvre par le 52nd Fighter Wing.
42/50/52 font l'objet d'un programme de
Ci-dessous ; les A-IOA du 81st FS de Spangdahlem ont récemment participé à l'opération modernisation (CCIP) comprenant l'intégra-
« Enduring Freedom » en Afghanistan. tion d'un calculateur de missions modulaire.
 d'écrans couleurs, d'un combiné transpon-
deur/interrogateur (pour réaliser des inter-
ceptions au-delà de la portée visuelle),
d'une Liaison 16 et du tout nouveau casque
de visée interarmes produit conjointement
par Vision Systems International (Rockv^ell
Collins et Elbit) et Boeing. L'installation d'une
o 'escadron est assez soute-
o
o temps à la mission SEAD (ou Wild Wease
o
ce
y ^ ,•
Ci-dessus : appareil p o r t e - d r a p e a u du 52nd FW,
e F-16CJ s/n 91-0352 arbore la couleur des trois
escadrons sur la dérive (rouge, jaune et bleu).
Ci-contre : pendant de longues années, ce sont
les F-4G qui furent exclusivement chargés des mis-
sions SEAD au sein de l'USAF. Cet exemplaire a
été préservé sur stèle à l'entrée principale de
a base de Spangdahlem.
Ci-dessous : ce F-16CJ du 22nd FS a été configuré
pour l'attaque au sol, avec munitions convention-
nelles (bombes et roquettes).
nacelle de désignation d'objectif a été retar-
dée, mais serait actuellement en cours de
déveloDoement.
F-16 Wild Weasel
A Spangdahlem, les deux escadrons de
Fighting Falcon consacrent 40 % de leur
comme l'appelaient les Américains durant la
guerre du Vietnam). Des vols sont effectués
quotidiennement au-dessus du champ de
tir franco-allemand de Saarbrûcken, situé
près de la frontière. Fréquenté par de nom-
breuses unités de l'Alliance, ce dernier est
truffé de systèmes antiaériens (radars, mis-
siles et artillerie mobiles ou fixes) d'origines
occidentale et soviétique, permettant de re-
produire des conditions d'engagement réa-
listes et sophistiquées. Ces équipements
sont paramétrables et la menace peut donc
être optimisée en fonction de l'expérience
des pilotes. Le reste de l'activité est partagé
à parts égales (30 %) entre les missions air-
sol, principalement l'appui tactique, et la
défense aérienne, le F-16 étant un apparei
totalement polyvalent et particulièrement
redoutable en combat aérien (grâce à ses
journée d'hiver. L'activité de
missiles AIM-9M Sidewinder et AIM-120C
AMRAAM). Les vols d'entraînement ont lieu nue, avec en moyenne trois
sur les polygones TRA202 de Weser (au missions quotidiennes pour
nord d'Hopsten, près de la frontière hollan- chacun de ses appareils. Ces
daise) et TRA205 de Ramstein (au nord de F-16CJ s'apprêtent à effectuer
un vol d'entraînement.
la forêt de Pfaizer). Par ailleurs, une cam-
pagne de tir avec munitions réelles est orga- Au-dessous : pilote des
nisée deux fois par an, les dernières s'étant « Fighting Hawks » au retour
déroulées en Croatie et en Slovaquie. d'une mission. Notez, sur le
flanc de l'entrée d'air du
Chaque escadron compte vingt-quatre réacteur General Electric
chasseurs et plus de trente pilotes qui accu- F110-GE-129, le pod d'acquisi-
mulent chacun plus de 200 heures de vo tion HTS AN/ASÛ-213 capable
par an et font tout pour se maintenir au meil- de localiser et de classifier
es émissions électroma-
eur niveau des standards de l'Otan, d'où gnétiques adverses.
eur participation régulière à divers exer-
cices nationaux et internationaux comme
« Red Flag », « Maple Flag », « Clean Hun-
ter » et « Saxon Shietd ». Ayant eu à inter-
venir en de nombreuses occasions depuis
a Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'USAF ne lé-
sine pas sur l'entraînement de ses pilotes.
Déploiement dans le Golfe
^our « Iraqi Freedom », la dernière opéra-
tion en date, vingt-quatre F-16CJ des 22nd
et 23rd FS avaient été déployés du 7 février
au 2 mai 2003 sur la base d'al-Udeid
(Qatar), aux côtés du corps expéditionnaire
américain. Les jours précédant l'attaque, ils
contribuèrent à l'identification de l'ordre de
bataille électronique des forces irakiennes.
Au cours de la première semaine du conflit,
de loin la plus dangereuse. Ils assurèrent la
protection active des raids offensifs alliés en
détruisant les pièces d'artillerie antiaérienne
ainsi que les sites radar et de SAM, dont le
redoutable Roland 6e fabrication française.
Une fois la menace sol-air éliminée, ils
consacrèrent l'essentiel de leur activité à
'appui rapproché, orbitant au-dessus d'un
secteur déterminé, prêts à intervenir à tout
moment à la demande d'un contrôleur au
sol. La durée moyenne de ces missions, qui
nécessitaient trois ou quatre ravitaillements
en vol, était d'environ sept heures.
Interrogé sur le bilan de cette opération, le
ieutenant-colonel Adrian Poné, comman-
dant en second du 23rd FS, nous confiait
que son escadron avait effectué 397 sorties
au total (soit 1 428 h de vol), tiré cinquante-
trois HARM et sept cent soixante-neuf obus
PGU-28 de 20 mm (avec le canon interne
Vulcan M61-A1), et largué quarante-sept
JDAM. Depuis le Kosovo, ces bombes inte-
igentes guidées par GPS sont préférées
aux GBU, car elles provoquent moins de
dommages collatéraux.
AIR FAN 25
 Les pilotes ne tarissent pas d'éloges sur
es capacités SEAD de leurs montures, sans
renier toutefois celles des Tornado ECR. Et
comparé au F-4G, qui a fait ses preuves et
son temps, le F-16CJ se révèle bien plus
performant, même avec un seul pilote à
bord. Une supériorité qu'il doit à son sys-
tème d'armes et à ses missiles HARM plus
modernes. Cela dit, il n'a pour l'instant ja-
mais eu à affronter un puissant et agressif
réseau de défense antiaérienne, contraire-
ment à son vénérable orédécesseur.
Transfo sur le tas...
Les pilotes débarquant à Spangdafilem
en provenance des unités de conversion
opérationnelle de Luke AFB n'ont aucune
o
ce
expérience sur le Block 50. C'est sur place
qu'ils sont initiés aux tactiques d'emplo
propres à la mission SEAD. Mais, avant
toute chose, ils passent par une phase dite
de « germanisation » destinée à leur ap-
prendre les règles et particularités de l'es-
pace aérien d'Europe centrale. Pour beau-
coup de jeunes chasseurs habitués au cli-
mat du Texas et de l'Arizona, la découverte
du Vieux Continent et de sa couverture nua-
geuse - parfois très épaisse et persistante -
est plutôt brutale. La formation met donc
'accent sur les procédures d'urgence, et
débute par de longues séances sur simula-
teur, suivies des premiers vols de familiari-
sation comportant des déroutements sur
des bases environnantes telles que Ram-
stein, Bûchel ou Nôrvenich. Trois semaines
seront nécessaires pour les déclarer opéra-
tionnels. Dès lors, ils participeront à l'activité
quotidienne de leur escadron, mais devront

Ci-contre : à la fin de la journée, tous les F-16 sont

rentrés dans leur hangar. Ici, un appareil du 23rd FS
armé de pods roquettes et de missiles d'auto-
défense AII\/1-120C e t A I M - 9 L

o
O Ci-dessus : ce F-16CJ des
tant ensuite de constituer des tandems chasseurs-tueurs. Spang- ce
« Stingers » roule vers le seuil

Le 52nd Fighter Wing
La construction de la base de Spangdahlem fut entreprise en 1951
sous l'impulsion du gouvernement français. Située dans le massif
de l'Eifel, à environ 20 km à l'est de Bitburg, la plate-forme démarra
son activité à partir du 10 mai 1953 en accueillant, en provenance de
Toul, les RF-80A Shooting Star et RB-26C Invader du lOthTactical
Reconnaissance Wing. En 1954, cette unité fut transformée sur
RB-57 Canberra avant de recevoir des RF-84 Thunderjet Vannée sui-
vante. En août 1959, elle déménagea à RAF Alconbury, cédant la
place au 49thTFW et à ses trois escadrons de F-100, lesquels furent
remplacés en 1961 pardesF-105 rfiunderc/t/ef qui volèrent jusqu'en
mars 1967, date d'arrivée des F-4D Phantom IL
Le V'\an\/\er 1969, le 36thTFW de Bitburg prit le contrôle de la base
en y déployant les F-4D du 23rdTFS et les EB-66C/E de guerre élec-
tronique du 39thTEWS. Puis, le 31 décembre 1971, le 52ndTFWfut
activé, reprenant ces deux escadrons et leurs appareils. Le 39th
^
dahlem resta un repaire de Phantom jusqu'en avril 1987, date à a de piste. Les deux escadrons
de Spangdahlem disposent de
aquelle arrivèrent les premiers F-16C/D venant remplacer les F-4E.
vingt-quatre Fighting Falcon
En août 1990, le 52ndTFW fut déployé à Bahreïn et enTurquie dans et de plus de trente pilotes
e cadre de l'opération « Bouclier du désert )>. Puis, durant «Tempête chacun. Ces derniers, qui
du désert », début 1991, les trente-six F-4G et douze F-16C engagés réalisent plus de 200 h de vol
par an, s'entraînent quotidien-
par l'escadre accumulèrent 7 200 h de vol et, à l'issue des quarante
nement à la mission SEAD au-
jours de combat, furent crédités de la destruction de cent quarante- dessus du champ de tir fran-
deux sites radar irakiens. En 1993, le 52nd FW, ainsi nouvellement co-allemand de Saarbrûcken
redésigné, fut renforcé par le 53rd FS transféré tle Bitburg avec ses équipé de systèmes antiaé-
F-15C/D, tandis que les 22nd FS (qui succéda au 480th FS après sa riens (radars, missiles et
artillerie).
dissolution) et 23rd FS passaient sur F-16C/D Block 50 et le 81 st FS
sur A/OA-10A.
Ci-contre : sous un léger
Au cours des années qui suivirent, l'unité participa activement à crachin hivernal, cet A-IOA
plusieurs opérations dont « Provide Comfort » et « Northern Watch du 81st FS se gare devant son
abri bétonné à l'issue d'une
» menées en Irak à partir de la Turquie, et « Deliberate Force » en
mission d'entraînement.
Bosnie. En mars 1999, juste avant le déclenchement des hostilités au
<osovo, le 53rd FS fut dissous et le 52th FW fut réorganisé autour de
trois escadrons de vingt-quatre appareils chacun au lieu de dix-huit
précédemment. Pendant « Allied Force », il joua un rôle fondamen-
tal en déployant 4 900 personnes et tous ses avions simultanément

TEWS fut relevé deux ans plus tard par le 81st FS, doté lui aussi de
F-4D. Ce dernier fut rejoint en novembre 1976 par le 480th FS, éga-
lement sur F-4D. Ces deux escadrons furent rééquipés de F-4E à par-
tir de 1979 et commencèrent à se spécialiser dans la suppression
des défenses sol-air, l'introduction progressive de F-4G leur permet-
sur cinq bases aériennes différentes. Les F-16C/D stationnés à
Aviano effectuèrent 6 653 heures de vol au total, tandis que les
A/OA-10A engagés à partir de Gioia del Colle en accumulèrent
4 705. •
\
avoir atteint un certain niveau de prépara-
tion avant de prendre part aux missions ex-
térieures.
RN Comme tous les avions SEAD, les F-16CJ
sont chargés de la protection des raids d'at-
taque, qu'ils escortent tout en recherchant
et détruisant les menaces antiaériennes po-
tentielles avec leurs missiles HARM ou leurs
munitions conventionnelles. Le but étant,
bien sûr, d'anéantir tout radar hostile. Dans
de deux cent cinquante techniciens (chefs
avion, mécanos, armuriers, spécialistes en
avionique, électriciens et informaticiens).
Deux heures avant le décollage d'un chas-
seur, tous les contrôles sont terminés, Au
retour de la mission, deux heures de main-
tenance sont nécessaires à sa remise en
condition, un appareil pouvant réaliser entre
deux et quatre vols quotidiens.
opérations au Kosovo, en Afghanistan et en
Irak, obligeant ses détracteurs à reconsidé-
rer sérieusement leur position. Bien que lent
et dépourvu de radar, son endurance, sa
robustesse, sa manœuvrabilité et sa remar-
quable capacité offensive devraient lui per-
mettre de rester en ligne au moins jus-
qu'enZ 2025, moyennant bien sûr quelques
remises à niveau. Actuellement, les Thun-
derbolt font l'objet du programme « Hog

1%
le cas d'une projection de forces, ils peu-
vent aussi effectuer des attaques préven-
tives afin d'éliminer les éléments clés du
réseau intégré de défense adverse.
A Spangdahlem, la mise en œuvre et l'en-
tretien des Fighting Falcon sont assurés par
a 23rd Aircraft Maintenance Unit composée
Les « Hogs » du 81st FS
Au sein du 52nd FW, le 81 st FS se con-
sacre à l'appui sol et vole sur A/OA-10A
ThunderboltW. Un moment pressenti pour la
ferraille, ce biréacteur « inoxydable » s'est
révélé particulièrement bien adapté aux
Up » visant à doubler la durée de vie de leur
cellule (portée à 16 000 h). Cette cure de
jouvence est réalisée par l'AMARC, à Davis-
Monthan (Arizona), et comprend notamment
le remplacement des ailes et des com-
mandes de vol ainsi que le renforcement de
a structure et l'application d'un traitement

AIR FAN 29
28 AIR FAN

o
u armements air-sol. Ici, cet avion est armé de mis
u
ce
Ci-contre : les F-16CJ et les
A - l O A d u 52nd FW réalisent
quelquefois des missions
d'entraînement au combat
aérien dissemblable (DACT).
En b a s : A-IOA du S I s t F S
dans son shelter. Construits à
l'époque de la guerre froide
pour protéger les appareils
contre les raids éventuels
des chasseurs du pacte de
Varsovie, ces hangars ne
servent plus aujourd'hui qu'à
les préserver des rigueurs du
climat d'Europe centrale.
Au milieu : gros plan sur
le redoutable canon rotatif
GAU-8A Avengeràe 30 mm
équipant le Thunderbolt.
anticorrosion. Le temps d'immobilisation de
chiaque appareil a été réduit à quatre-vingts
jours environ.
Début 2004, les A-10 de Spangdahlem
ont reçu un système de navigation plus mo-
derne et un nouveau calculateur de tir plus
adapté à la variété des missions et aux mu-
nitions actuellement en dotation. L'été der-
nier, ils ont également été équipés d'une na-
celle de désignation AN/AAQ-28 Litening II
avec pointeur IR, permettant une utilisation
optimale des GBU-12 de 250 kg. Jusqu'à
douze bombes de ce type peuvent être
montées sous les ailes, bien qu'une seule
paire suffise généralement. Ultérieurement,
es avions devraient se voir dotés d'un nou-
veau système d'autodéfense et de réac-
teurs plus puissants, mais rien n'a encore
été décidé.
C'est à Davis-Monthan que les pilotes
effectuent leur transformation sur Thunder-
bolt. Celle-ci dure cinq mois et comporte
30 AIR FAN
une centaine d'heures de vol. Une fois affec-
tés au 81 st FS, et après l'inévitable période
de « germanisation », ils passent à la vi-
tesse supérieure en enchaînant missions
d'appui tactique rapproché (CAS) sur A-IOA
et missions de contrôle aérien avancé (FAC)
sur OA-10A. Les vols se déroulent sur le
polygone TRA205, avec l'assistance des
contrôleurs au sol du 4th ASOG de l'USAFE.
L'accent est plus particulièrement mis sur
es procédures d'identification et d'acquisi-
tion des objectifs, un exercice toujours très
délicat. En cas de mauvaises conditions
météo à basse altitude, les pilotes s'entraî-
nent au combat aérien classique, notam-
ment contre des F-16. Chacun accumule
entre 200 et 250 h de vol par an.
Côté munitions, les bonnes vieilles
bombes lisses Mk.82 non guidées, les
roquettes HE (explosives) ou WP (au phos-
phore) et les missiles AGM-65B/D/G/K
Maverick, sans oublier le redoutable canon
o
CJ
ce
(G)
. u^
rotatif GAU-8A Avenger à sept tubes de
30 mm, font partie des armements clas-
siques. Pour leur autodéfense, les avions
emportent un pod CME AN/ALQ-131 ainsi
que des missiles air-air AIM-9L/M Sidewin-
der. Les campagnes de tir réel ont lieu prin-
cipalement sur le polygone de Grafenwoher.
en Allemagne, ou sur celui de Malacky en
Slovaquie.
Les « Panthers » n'étaient pas présents
dans le dispositif aérien d'« Iraqi Freedom ».
En revanche, ils participèrent à « Allied
Force », au départ de Gioia del Colle, et à
« Enduring Freedom » à partir de Bagram.
Durant ce déploiement de six mois en Af-
ghanistan, ils effectuèrent essentiellement
de l'appui sol à la demande (XCAS), orbitant
en box de quatre appareils à 20 000 pieds
et 460 km/h au-dessus d'un secteur donné,
dans l'attente d'être appelés pour traiter un
objectif. Mais, ils escortèrent aussi de nom-
breux convois terrestres, protégeant ces
Ci-contre : l'A-lOA peut emporter de nombreux
siles AGM-65 /Waver/c^ ainsi que d'AIM-9L
Sidewinder \)om son autoprotection.
En bas : les A-IOA subissent actuellement
un chantier de modernisation à mi-vie, car
rus Air Force entend les maintenir en service
au moins jusqu'en 2020.
derniers contre de possibles embuscades
en larguant des fusées éclairantes. Compte
tenu de l'absence totale de menace aé-
rienne, ils n'emportaient jamais de pod CME
ou de missiles air-air. Les pilotes tournaient
tous les deux mois, période durant laquelle
ils parvenaient à enregistrer une centaine
d'heures de vol chacun. Le 11 septembre
2004, toujours dans le cadre d'« Enduring
Freedom », le 81 st FS fut à nouveau déployé
à Bagram, pour quatre mois, avec dix
avions. Ainsi, loin des projecteurs, les pi-
otes d'A-IOA de Spangdahlem continuent à
remplir leurs missions avec la plus grande
motivation. « Aider ies troupes au soi et sau-
ver des vies, je ne changerais ça contre rien
au monde », confie le Cne Miller, très
convaincant.
Le 52nd Fighter Wing ne devrait plus
guère évoluer durant les prochaines an-
nées, du moins dans sa structure et ses mis-
sions. Les changements interviendront au
niveau de son parc aérien, notamment des
F-16CJ/DJ qui devraient recevoir sous peu
quelques équipements intéressants comme
une nacelle HTS améliorée, qui leur confé-
rera une plus grande précision dans l'em-
ploi des munitions guidées par GPS telles
que la JDAM, et le pod Litening II (ou Sni-
per XR) qui permettra l'acquisition visuelle
des objectifs et l'utilisation d'autres arme-
ments de précision, augmentant ainsi en-
core la flexibilité de l'ensemble du système
d'armes. •
Riccardo NICCOU
Traduit par Sam Prêtât
 Spangdahlem AB Eifel Times, GE, 10 February 2006 Senior Airman Eydie Sakura

Top Saber Team

Unit name: 52nd Component Maintenance Squadron Aircraft Fuel Systems Repair
Section
Unit responsibilities: The section members remove, repair, install and troubleshoot air-
craft fuel system components and subsystems, including the wing's 68 assigned A-10
and F-16C/D aircraft emergency power unit systems.
Number of members: 37
How does the team fit into the 52nd FW mission? It is the sole provider of the wing's
A-10 and F-16 C/D aircraft fuel system related maintenance in support of all wing, major
command and NATO taskings. In addition, the section provides the sole F-16 aircraft
hydrazine re-supply support for the wing, 31st Fighter Wing, Italian air force, U.S.
Central Command and U.S. European Command through the Air Force's only hydrazine
Centralized Intermediate Repair Facility. Furthermore, the section inspects and repairs
more than 150 aircraft external fuel tanks, ensuring their availability for deployments,
thusly providing aircraft extended flight time and range capability.
Team's other contributions through the year? Three section members are currently
deployed to Nellis Air Force Base, Nev., in support of Red Flag. Additionally, four sec-
tion members recently returned from a four-month deployment in support of NATO's
Baltic Air Police mission. Another notable accomplishment was the outstanding repair
and inspection of assigned A-10 and F-16 C/D aircraft external fuel tanks. The section's
maintenance efforts increased the aircraft external fuel tank serviceability rate from 82
percent to more than 92 percent.