Linear Algebra and Analytical Geometry

MTH 112

(Instructor)
Shafqat Shahzoor Chandio Baloch
Lecturer, BS and RS, MUET Jamshoro

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Lecture # 4

Elementary Row
Operations
Lecture 4: Elementary Row Operations

Outlines of Lectures:
First Section
• Transpose of Matrix
• Conjugate of Matrix
• Tranjugate of Matrix
• Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices
• Hermitian and Skew Hermitian Matrices
• Orthogonal Matrix
• Unitary Matrix
Second Section
• Concept of Elementary Row Operations
• Elementary Row Operations
Lecture 4: Elementary Row Operations
SPECIAL MATRICES IN GENERAL

Transpose of a Matrix
Let A be any matrix of order m × n. The matrix obtained by interchanging rows and columns of A is called the
transpose of a matrix. The transpose of matrix is denoted by 𝐴𝑡 . For example, if

⇒
In subscript Notations , if matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ], then 𝐴𝑡 = [𝑎𝑗𝑖 ]

Properties of Transpose of Matrices

If the matrices A and B are conformable for the sum A+B and the product AB, then
(i) 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵𝑡 (ii) (𝐴𝑡 )𝑡 = 𝐴 (iii) 𝑘𝐴 𝑡 = 𝑘𝐴𝑡 , 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙. (iv) 𝐴𝐵 𝑡 = 𝐵𝑡 𝐴𝑡
Lecture 4: Elementary Row Operations

Conjugate of a Matrix
A complex matrix obtained by replacing its elements by their corresponding complex conjugates is called the
conjugate of A and is denoted by 𝐴.ҧ For example, if

⟹
Tranjugate or Transpose of a Conjugate Matrix
The transpose of the conjugate of a matrix A is called the tranjugate or transposed conjugate of A. It is denoted by 𝐴ҧ 𝑡 .
For example, if

and ⟹
Lecture 4: Elementary Row Operations

Properties of Tranjugate Matrix:

If A and B are two complex matrices confirmable for addition and multiplication, then
() ( )
t
(i) A  B = A  B (ii) A = A
t
(iii) A  B = A  B (iv) kA = k A, where k is a scalar, real or complex. (v)
_______
__
((A)) = A (vi) A + A = Re al matrix (vii) A − A = Purely imaginary matrix

Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices:

Any square matrix A is said to be symmetric if 𝐴𝑡 = 𝐴 and Skew Symmetric if 𝐴𝑡 = −𝐴. For example, if

So matrix A is symmetric.

here matrix A is skew symmetric.

Lecture 4: Elementary Row Operations
Hermitian and Skew Hermitian Matrices:
A square matrix A for which (𝐴)𝑡 = 𝐴 is called a Hermitian matrix and for which (𝐴)𝑡 = −𝐴 is called a Skew
Hermitian matrix For example, if
1.
A is Hermitian.

2.

Here, A is Skew Hermitian.

Lecture 4: Elementary Row Operations

Note: If A is a real square matrix and B is complex square matrix then;

1. 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
Prove that given matrix is orthogonal.
2. 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑤 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
3. 𝐵 + 𝐵ത 𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛
4. 𝐵 − 𝐵ത 𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑤 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛
Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal if 𝐴𝑡 𝐴 = 𝐼 = 𝐴𝐴𝑡 .
Unitary Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be unitary if (𝐴)ҧ 𝑡 𝐴 = 𝐼 = 𝐴 𝐴ҧ 𝑡 .

Since 𝐴𝑡 𝐴 = 𝐼, therefore matrix A is orthogonal.

Lecture 4: Elementary Row Operations

Show that the given matrix is a unitary matrix.

Solution:

Hence A is a unitary matrix.

Lecture 4: Elementary Row Operations

Elementary Row Operations

Lecture 4: Elementary Row Operations

To understand the concept of Elementary row operations , Consider the following system of equations
and solution procedure.
𝒙+𝒚=𝟐 𝒙−𝒚=𝟎 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟐
𝟏. 2. 3.
𝒙−𝒚=𝟎 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎
Find solution of each of the system by elimination method or simultaneous solution.

Adding both equations we get Adding both equations we get Multiplying second equation by (-2)
2𝑥 = 2 ⟹ 𝑥 = 1. 2𝑥 = 2 ⟹ 𝑥 = 1. We get,
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
Put value of x in second Put value of x in first equation we get. −2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0
equation we get. 1 − 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 1. Adding both equations we get,
1 − 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 1. Hence solution is 2
−3𝑦 = 2, 𝑦 = − ,
Hence solution is 3
𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1. Put value of y in first equation, we get;
𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1. 2
2𝑥 − = 2, 6𝑥 = 6 + 2
3
4
6𝑥 = 8, 𝑥 = .
3
4
So, solution is 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = −2/3.
3
Lecture 4: Elementary Row Operations

We observe that:
• Interchanging two equations does not affect the solution.
• Multiplying any nonzero constant does not affect the solution.
• Adding any multiple of one equation into another does not affect the solution.

Elementary Row Operations:

The three operations when applied to row of matrix hence are called the Elementary row operations.
1. Interchanging of any two Rows of matrix.
2. Multiplying any row by nonzero constant.
3. Adding a multiple of one row into another row.

Notations for Elementary Row Operations:

1. 𝑅𝑖𝑗 (Interchanging ith row into jth row).
2. 𝐾𝑅𝑖 (Multiplying nonzero constant k in ith row).
3. 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑘𝑅𝑗 (Multiplying the nonzero constant k to jth row and adding result into ith row).

Note: Matrix so obtained by applying any elementary row operation is called row equivalent matrix.
Lecture 4: Elementary Row Operations
Lecture 4: Elementary Row Operations