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General Biology 1
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 6: Genetic Disorder and Cell Membrane
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education, Division of Palawan

School Division Superintendent:
Natividad P. Bayubay, CESO VI
Assistant Schools Division Superintendents:
Loida Palay-Adornado, Ph.D.
Felix M. Famaran

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Cherry I. Vergara
Editors: Jecelle A. Jaranilla, Josie Joshua R. Pasion
Management Team: Aurelia B. Marquez
Rosalyn Gadiano
Rodgie S. Demalinao

Printed in the Philippines, by ________________________

Department of Education – MIMAROPA Region – Division of Palawan

Office Address: PEO Road, Barangay Bancao-Bancao, Puerto Princesa City

Telephone: (048) 433-6392
E-mail Address: palawan@deped.gov.ph
Website: www.depedpalawan.com

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 Senior High School
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iii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module

on Genetic Disorder and Cell Membrane!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

In view to the new normal world we are facing, this
module was created to answer that education
should not stop for our learners.
This General Biology 1 Module for Quarter 1
is all about Genetic Disorder and Cell Membrane!
this we are trying to allow our learners to work
independently in discovering through simple and
enjoyable activities/ experimentation that are
aligned to the competencies that they should learn.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

iv
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module

on Genetic Disorder and Cell Membrane!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
This part includes an activity that aims to
What I Know
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In
the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New
introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
What’s More
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the answers
to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
What I Can Do
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

v
 In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

vi
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Genetic Disorders and Diseases
• Lesson 2 – Components of Cell Membrane
• Lesson 3 – Structure, Composition, and Function of the Cell Membrane

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell
during the cell cycle;
2. describe the structural components of the cell membrane;
3. relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its function; and
4. construct a cell membrane model from indigenous or recyclable materials.

vii
 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Alteration of genetic codes during cell cycle will result to __________.

a. Diseases and disorders c. Healthy individual
b. Hormonal changes d. Nothing will happen

2. Some features of this disorder include flattened face, almond-shaped eyes, short
neck, and having small ears.
a. Turner’s Syndrome c. Cri-du-chat Syndrome
b. Down Syndrome d. Klinefelter’s Syndrome

3. It controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and other organelles.
a. Mitochondria c. Cell Membrane
b. Nucleus d. Cell Wall

4. The cell membrane is made up of ___________.

a. Carbohydrates c. alcohol
b. fatty acids d. phospholipid bilayer

5. In a phospholipid bilayer, the ___________.

a. Phosphate groups are hydrophobic
b. Fatty acids are hydrophilic
c. Proteins are located only between two layers
d. Phosphate heads are oriented toward the exterior of the cell.

6. Hydrophilic heads are water attracting while hydrophobic tails are ___________.
a. water repelling c. neutral
b. water attracting too d. both A and B

7. Which component of the cell membrane functions to add strength and flexibility
to the membrane?
a. Carbohydrates c. Phospholipids
b. Cholesterol d. Proteins

8. Which creates barrier between the inside and outside of the cell?
a. Phospholipids c. Cholesterol
b. Carbohydrates d. Proteins

1
9. Analyze the picture and identify the hydrophilic portion of the cell membrane.

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

10. How does a cell membrane help maintain homeostasis for a cell?
a. Due to its strength and flexibility
b. Because of the presence of protective barriers
c. Regulate what enters and leaves the cell
d. Having unique structural support

11. Which of the following is NOT a characteristics of an animal plasma membrane?

a. Provides mechanical strength
b. Provides mechanical shape
c. Responsible for the synthesis of ATP
d. Maintains cellular homeostasis

12. Which of the following is NOT correct regarding the plasma membrane structure?
a. Protein molecules may be partially or wholly embedded.
b. Protein molecules are localized toward one side of the cell.
c. Phospholipids form a bilayer.
d. Phospholipids have a fluid consistency.

13. Which of the following molecules would NOT be found in animal plasma
membranes?
a. proteins b. phospholipids c. glycolipids d. nucleic acids

14. A _________ protein combines with a substance and helps to move it across the
membrane.
a. carrier b. channel c. cell-recognition d. receptor

15. What is the outer boundary of an animal cell?

a. cell wall c. plasma membrane
b. nuclear membrane d. endoplasmic reticulum

2
 Lesson
Genetic Disorders and Diseases
1
A genetic disorder is a diseased caused in whole or in part by a change in the
DNA sequence away from the normal sequence. Genetic disorders can be caused by
a mutation in one gene (monogenic disorder), by mutations in multiple genes
(multifactorial inheritance disorder), by a combination of gene mutations and
environmental factors, or by damage to chromosomes (changes in the number or
structure of entire chromosomes, the structure that carry genes).

What’s In

Cells divide and reproduce in two ways, mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis results
in two identical daughter cells, whereas meiosis results in four sex cells.

Let us test your memory!

Activity 1.1: Fill Me in!

Directions: Fill in the KWL Chart with the needed information based on your
previous lesson.
TOPIC: Significance and Importance of Mitosis and Meiosis.

WHAT I KNOW WHAT I WANT TO WHAT I LEARNED

KNOW

3
 What’s New

Activity 1.2: “Defining Word!”

Directions: Recall your previous knowledge in Biology. Try to define the

pictures/words below without using internet or dictionary and answer
the follow-up questions.

Gene Protein
______________________________ ______________________________
______________________________ ______________________________
_____________________________ ____________________________

Do you think an extra set of

wings would be beneficial or
disadvantage? Explain.
______________________________
______________________________
____________________________
Genetic Disorder
______________________________
______________________________
____________________________

Follow-up Questions:
1. Is there any relationship between gene, protein, and disorder? Justify your
answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What is your idea about genetic disorder?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How will you differentiate normal specie from the specie with disorder?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4
Activity 1.3: “Caption Please!”

Directions: Analyze the pictures illustrated below. Give an appropriate caption in

every photo by rearranging the scrambled letters then answer the follow-
up question.

1.

WOND
ESMYONRD

https://www.google.com/search?q=down+syndrom
e&client

2.

OBEN
EFRRAUTC

https://www.google.com/search?q=bone+fracture

3.
KENLIFREELT
ESMYONRD

https://www.google.com/search?q=klinefelters+syndrome

4.

GORETI

https://www.google.com/search?q=pictures+pers
on+having+human+diseases

5.
IRC- UD- ACHT
ESMYONRD

https://www.google.com/search?q=pictures+perso
n+having+human+diseases

Which of the following pictures show disorder/disease caused by the

malfunctioning of cell during cell cycle?
__________________________________________________________________________________

5
 What is It

Genetic Disorders
Genes are the basic unit of heredity. They hold the genetic information in the
form of DNA which can be translated into useful proteins to carry out life processes.
These genes undergo a mutation sometimes, which changes the instructions to
formulate the protein, due to which the protein does not work properly. Such
disorders are known as genetic disorders.
Some disorders are innate, i.e., present by birth, while others are acquired
due to mutations in a particular gene.
The disorders can be categorized into two types, namely Mendelian Disorders,
i.e., a disorder in a single gene, and Chromosomal Disorders, i.e., a mutation in the
chromosomes; the chromosomes are either missing or duplicated.
Let us explore genetic disorder notes to know about the different types of
genetic disorders.

Types of Genetic Disorders

Mendelian Disorder
These disorders occur due to mutations in a single gene and can be easily
detected by pedigree analysis. These disorders can be autosomal dominant,
autosomal recessive, sex-linked dominant, sex-linked recessive, and mitochondrial.
The most common Mendelian disorders include:

1. cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive),

2. hemophilia (sex-linked recessive),
3. albinism (autosomal recessive),
4. sickle cell anemia (autosomal recessive).
https://google.com/search?q=sickleckle+anemia

Chromosomal Disorder
These disorders are caused by any alteration in the number or structure of the
chromosomes. Sometimes the whole chromosome is
gained or lost. This type of disorder is usually fatal and
affects many genes. Some of the major chromosomal
abnormalities are:

1. Down’s syndrome
2. Turner’s syndrome
3. Kleinfelter’s syndrome DOWN SYNDROME
https://google.com/search?q=down+syndrome+features

Multifactorial Genetic Inheritance

This is also known as polygenic inheritance. These are caused as a result of
environmental factors and gene mutations. Some of the examples of this kind of
disorder are:

6
 1. Heart disease
2. High blood pressure
3. Alzheimer’s disease
4. Obesity
5. Diabetes
6. Cancer
7. Arthritis CANCER MRI SCAN
https://google.com/search?q=cancer

Mitochondrial Inheritance
This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the non-nuclear
mitochondrial DNA. Each mitochondrion has 5 to 10 pieces of DNA. The
mitochondrial is inherited from the mother. Some of the diseases caused due to
mitochondrial inheritance are:
1. Leber’s Hereditary Optic Atrophy (LHON)
2. Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers
3. Mitochondrial encephalopathy
4. Lactic acidosis

Following is the list of other genetic disorders that occur in humans:

1. Cystic Fibrosis
2. Thalassemia
3. Huntington’s Disease
4. Hemochromatosis
5. Turner’s Syndrome
6. Kleinfelter’s Syndrome
7. Leber’s Hereditary Optic Atrophy THALASSEMIA
8. Cancer https://google.com/search?q=thalassemia

Activity 1.4: “Research Task!”

Directions: Complete the table.

Option 1 (with internet access): Do a research of other genetic disorders through
internet. Jot down important facts about it. Search at least 5 disorders, then
complete the table below.
Option 2 (with no internet access): Do an investigative research in your community
or area about genetic disorder case/s. Complete the table below.

Disorder How is this genetic What are the Are there any treatment
disorder inherited?symptoms of this options available for this
disorder? disorder?
EXAMPLE: In a dominant and Tall & slender Cardiothoracic surgery
Marfan autosomal pattern. toes/fingers
Syndrome Hormone Therapy
Altered gene is Ectopia Lents in
sufficient in every cell one or both eyes

7
 What’s More
Occasionally, chromosomal material is lost or rearranged during the formation of
gametes during cell division of the early embryo. Such changes, primarily the result
of nondisjunction or translocation, are so severe that the pregnancy ends in
miscarriage- or fertilization does not occur at all. It is estimated that one in 156 live
births have some kind of chromosomal abnormality.

Some of the abnormalities associated with chromosome structure and number

can be detected by a test called karyotype. A karyotype can show prospective parents
whether they have certain abnormalities that could be passed on to their offspring,
or it may be used to learn the cause of a child’s disability. Karyotypes can also reveal
the gender of a fetus or test for certain defects through examination of cells from
uterine fluid or through sampling of placental membranes. (Adapted from:
http://www.slic.wsu.edu.bios/bioll107/107Karyotypesp05.pdf)

Karyotype is simply a picture of person’s chromosomes. In order to get this

picture, the chromosomes are isolated, stained, and examined under the microscope.
Most often, this is done using the chromosomes in white blood cells. A picture of the
chromosomes is taken through the microscope. Then, the picture of the
chromosomes is cut up and rearranged by the chromosome’s size. The chromosomes
are lined up from largest to smallest. There are 22 numbered pairs of chromosomes
called autosomes. The 23rd pair of chromosomes is the sex chromosomes. They
determine an individual sex. Females have two X chromosomes and males X and Y
chromosome.

Activity 1.5: Human Karyotyping

Directions: Perform the activity below to demonstrate human karyotyping. Write
your answers on your laboratory notebook.
Materials:
Scissors Ruler Tape Small Envelope Clean sheet of paper

Procedure:
1. Complete the four different karyotypes using the attached sheets
(Chromosomes Template). One normal male, one normal female and two
different disorders of your choice out of the four.
2. Cut out the chromosomes on page 1 and find its exact match elsewhere on
the other page.
3. Tape both chromosomes side by side on a clean sheet of paper.
4. Arrange the 22 pairs of autosomes, from longest to smallest, then include the
sex chromosome as 23rd pair.
5. Continue this procedure until you have matched all chromosomes and taped
each of them. (Note: Do not cut all chromosomes at the same time and then
attempt to match them. Cut only one at a time or you will lose chromosomes.)
6. In the vent that you have extra chromosomes, DO NOT THROW IT OUT. It is
the chromosome that causes your mutation/disorder.
7. Once your chromosomes are all cut out and included in the karyotypes,
answer the guide questions below.

8
Guide Questions:
1. Does the karyotype depict abnormality in the chromosomes? Justify your
answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. Is there any extra chromosome in your karyotype? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How could you determine if your karyotype was male or female?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Complete the table below:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

KARYOTYPE #1
No. of Chromosomes: ______________
What is the sex: ___________________
Normal or mutated: ________________
If mutated, name the disorder:
____________________________________
Signs & Symptoms of disorder:
____________________________________
KARYOTYPE #2
No. of Chromosomes: ______________
What is the sex: ___________________
Normal or mutated: ________________
If mutated, name the disorder:
____________________________________
Signs & Symptoms of disorder:
____________________________________

KARYOTYPE #3
No. of Chromosomes: ______________
What is the sex: ___________________
Normal or mutated: ________________
If mutated, name the disorder:
____________________________________
Signs & Symptoms of disorder:
____________________________________
KARYOTYPE #4
No. of Chromosomes: ______________
What is the sex: ___________________
Normal or mutated: ________________
If mutated, name the disorder:
____________________________________
Signs & Symptoms of disorder:
____________________________________

What I Have Learned

A. Directions: Complete the paragraph below. Choose your answer from the box.

Microscope Mendelian Mutation X

Isolated Chromosome Karyotype Autosomes
Alteration 23 22 X and Y
Chromosomal 23rd pair Single White Blood Cells

Many genetic disorders are caused by (1) ____________ in one or few genes. Other
genetic disorders are caused by abnormal numbers of (2) _____________. There are
two types of disorder namely (3) ______________ and (4) _____________ disorder.

9
 Mendelian disorder occurs due to mutations in a (5) ___________ gene and can
be easily detected by pedigree analysis while chromosomal disorder is caused by any
(6) __________ in the number or structure of the chromosomes.
Some of the abnormalities associated with chromosome structure and number
can be by a test called (7) ___________. It is simply a picture of person’s chromosomes.
In order to get this picture, the chromosomes are (8) __________, stained, and
examined under the (9) ____________. Most often, this is done using the chromosomes
in (10) _____________. There are (11) __________ numbered pairs of chromosomes
called (12) ___________. The (13) ________ of chromosomes is the sex chromosomes.
They determine an individual sex. Females have two (14) ___ chromosomes and males
have an (15) ____and____ chromosome.

What I Can Do

Activity 4: “Genetic Poster”

Directions: Create a research poster summarizing the disorder’s description,

symptoms, treatments, prognosis, and additional trivial facts. You can
use your data in Activity 1.4.

GENETIC DISORDER

POSTER

Name of Disorder:
Description:
Symptoms:
Treatments:
Prognosis (Life Expectancy):
Additional Trivial Facts:

10
 Assessment

A. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following diseases/disorders does NOT belong to the group?
a. Down syndrome c. Cri-du-chat
b. Bone Fracture d. Klinefelter

2. Down syndrome disorder usually occurs if

_________________________________.
a. There is missing or malformed proteins
b. The DNA does not produce deoxyribose
c. Chromosomes are not healthy
d. The RNA does not produce ribose

3. Abnormalities associated with chromosome structure and number can be

detected by a test called _____________.
a. Hypertype c. Hypotype
b. Prototype d. Karyotype

4. This type of disorder occurs due to mutations in a single gene and can be
easily detected by pedigree analysis.
a. Chromosomal c. Trisomy
b. Mendelian d. Down Syndrome

5. These types of disorders are caused by any alteration in the number or

structure of the chromosomes.
a. Chromosomal c. Trisomy
b. Mendelian d. Down Syndrome

6. Chromosomes responsible for characteristics other than sex are known by

which of the following terms?
a. autosomes c. ribosomes
b. spermatocytes d. lysosomes

7. A mutation of the chromosomes that are either missing or duplicated is called

__________?
a. Chromosomal Disorder c. Chromosomal Division
b. Genetic Inheritance d. Gene Mutation

8. Some of the abnormalities associated with chromosome structure and number

can be by a test called ______________.
a. Phenotype c. Genotype
b. Karyotype d. All of the above

9. There are _______ pairs of chromosomes found in humans.

a. 11 b. 23 c. 32 d. 46

11
 10. Which of the following is a Mendelian disorder?
a. Down’s Syndrome c. Kleinfelter’s Syndrome
b. Hemophilia d. Turner’s Syndrome

11. The following are polygenic inheritance that are caused as a result of
environmental factors and gene mutations EXCEPT, ________________________?
a. Alzheimer’s disease c. Cancer
b. Albinism d. Diabetes

12. It refers to the condition that results from a defect or mutation in an

individual’s gene.
a. Genetic Disorder c. Replication
b. Chromosomal change d. Translation

13. How are genes affected in Down syndrome?

a. Through the presence of an extra chromosome 21
b. Because of the defective chromosome 21
c. Due to the defective gene in chromosome 15
d. Having an extra chromosome 15

14. Which of the following would NOT be consistent with the idea that a disorder
has a genetic component?
a. The disorder is most likely to occur in a person’s relatives.
b. It can spread to individuals sharing similar environment.
c. This tends to develop at a characteristics age.
d. A correlation is observed between the disorder and a mutant gene.

15. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

a. Genes influence the development of cancer and other diseases.
b. Genetic tests are available to detect predisposition to some forms of
cancer.
c. Most cancers originate in multiple cells.
d. Normal cells can be transformed into cancerous cells.

Additional Activities

Let us do some educational research!

Observe the area or community where you belong. Is there any person or individual
in your neighborhood having genetic disorder? Try to assess his/her possible genetic
disorder by observing his/her physical appearance, symptoms, characteristics,
behavior, etc. Do a simple interview about their lived experiences, if possible. Write
your answer on your laboratory notebook.

12
 Lesson
Components of Cell
2 Membrane
The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is found in all cells that
separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. In bacterial and plant
cell, a cell wall is attached to the plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is
semi permeable. The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and
exiting the cell.

What’s In

Have you tried to create your own graphic organizer? What have you
experienced from that activity? Try to construct creative organizer about your
previous lesson.

To check your understanding about genetic disorders, try to do the next activity.

Activity 2.1: Disorder Organizer!

Directions: Create your own graphic organizer about genetic disorder lesson that
was discussed previously. List down at least five (5) common genetic
disorders and their corresponding features.
Example:
Also known as Trisomy 13
Cleft lip and palate, small eyes,
problems with development of
D DOWN nasal passages, ear
SYNDROME malformations, deafness, and
I smaller than normal heads

S
O
R
D
E
R

13
 What’s New

Activity 2.2: “Sandwich Analogy”

Directions: Do the activity below to discover the amazing facts about cell membrane
using sandwich analogy.

Problem:
What is cell membrane?

Materials:
2 slices of bread, butter/cheese, cup of water,
food coloring (any color)

Procedure:
1. Make either butter or cheese sandwich. Make
sure that the filling of the sandwich is widely
scattered between the slices of bread.
2. Mix the food coloring and water on a separate
cup.
3. Now, pour the mixture on the top of the
sandwich.
4. Record your observations.

Guide Questions:
1. What did you observe after pouring the water and food coloring mixture on the
top of the sandwich?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Did the water penetrate all the way through the sandwich? Why or Why not?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. How does cell membrane similar to bread and butter sandwich?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Based on your activity, what is the role of cell membrane?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

14
 What is It

COMPOSITION OF THE CELL MEMBRANE AND FUNCTIONS

The cell membrane is also called the plasma membrane and is made of a
phospholipid bilayer. The phospholipids have a hydrophilic (water attracting) head
and two hydrophobic (water repelling) tails. The head of the phospholipid is made
of an alcohol and glycerol group, while the tails are chains of fatty acids.
Phospholipids can move sideways and allow water and other non-polar molecules
to pass through into or out of the cell. This is known as simple passive transport
because it does not require energy and the water or molecules are moving with
concentration gradient.

Another type of lipid in the cell membrane is cholesterol that makes the
membrane more fluid. Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer are proteins that also
aid in diffusion and in cell recognition. Proteins called integral proteins go all the
way through the bilayer while peripheral proteins are only on one side. Glycolipids
are lipids that are covalently bonded to carbohydrate molecules while glycoproteins
are proteins that are covalently bonded to carbohydrate molecules. Large molecules
like carbohydrates use proteins to help move
across cell membranes. Some of the
membrane proteins have carbohydrate parts
attached to help cells in recognizing each
other and certain molecules.

Functions of the Cell or Plasma Membrane

1. Cell Signaling
2. Selective Transport
3. Excretion of Wastes
4. Structural Support

Activity 2.3: “Color and Identify Me”

A. Directions: Identify the name of each part of the cell membrane and color it
depending on the color code given.

15
______ 1. Phospholipid Bilayer (no color)
______ 2. Integral Protein (pink)
______ 3. Fatty Acid (orange)
______ 4. Phosphate Heads (yellow)
______ 5. Peripheral Protein (red)
______ 6. Cholesterol (blue)
______ 7. Glycoprotein (green)
______ 8. Glycolipids (purple)

What’s More

Activity 2.4: “Modeling the Cell Membrane”

Directions: Do the activity below to explore more about cell membrane.

Problem:

How does the cell membrane regulate what moves into and out of the cells?

Materials:

Cotton swabs Rubber band

2 pipe cleaners (different color) Drinking straw (cut in half)

Procedure:

1. Bundle the cotton swabs with the rubber band.

2. Make a receptor from one pipe cleaner. It should extend through the bunch of
cotton swabs and have region that would bind to a signal molecule.
3. Use the other pipe cleaner to make a carbohydrate chain.
4. Insert the chain into the membrane of the bunch of cotton swabs.
5. Lastly, insert the two straws into the cotton swabs.

Guide Questions:

1. How do the cotton swabs represent polar and non-polar characteristics of the
cell membrane?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

2. Do the phospholipids align with the polar regions end to end or the non-polar
end to end?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

16
 3. In this model, the cotton swabs and proteins can be moved around. Explain
whether this is an accurate representation of actual cell membranes.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

4. A mosaic is a type of tiled artwork. How is the cell membrane like a mosaic?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

A. Directions: Complete the passage below.

Recognizing Plasma outside Fluidity

Proteins Karyotype interior peripheral
Integral phospholipid carbohydrate

Cell membrane is also known as (1) ____________ membrane. It is a biological

membrane that separates the (2) ___________ of all cells from the (3) __________
environment which protects the cell from its surrounding. It consists of (4) _________
bilayer, including cholesterol that sits between phospholipids to maintain their
(5) ___________. The membrane also contains (6) ______________, including
(7) __________ proteins that go across the membrane serving as transporters, and (8)
____________ proteins that loosely attach to the outer side of the cell membrane. Large
molecules like (9) ____________ use proteins to help move across cell membranes.
Some of the membrane proteins have carbohydrate parts attached to help cells in
(10) ___________ each other and certain molecules.

17
 What I Can Do

Activity 2.5: “Labeling”

Directions: Now that you are almost done in this lesson, label the diagram.

Assessment

Multiple Choice.
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. The hydrophobic tails of cell membrane are composed of _____________.
a. Alcohol c. Glycerol
b. Fatty Acid d. Protein
c.
2. The hydrophilic heads of cell membrane are composed of _____________.
a. Alcohol and Glycerol c. Fatty Acid and Protein
b. Alcohol and Fatty Acid d. Fatty Acid and Cholesterol

3. How does cell membrane maintain its fluidity?

a. With the help of cholesterol
b. Through the use of proteins
c. Due to the presence of water
d. Presence of amino acids

18
 4. It refers to the proteins that go across the membrane serving as membrane
transporters.
a. Inorganic c. Integral
b. Organic d. Peripheral

5. It is a loose protein attach to the outer side of the membrane, acting as

enzymes shaping the cell.
a. Inorganic c. Integral
b. Organic d. Peripheral

6. Which of the following is NOT the function of cell membrane?

a. Intercellular interactions
b. Responding to external stimuli
c. Energy transduction
d. Assisting in chromosome segregation

7. Which of the following statements BEST describes the chemical composition

of cell membrane?
a. Composed of one layer of phospholipids and one layer of proteins.
b. Composed of equal numbers of phospholipids, proteins, etc.
c. Cell membrane is bilayers of proteins with associated lipids and
carbohydrates.
d. Cell membrane is bilayers of phospholipids with associated proteins and
carbohydrates

8. Which of the following best describes the simple passive transport?

a. transportation does not require energy and the water or molecules are
moving with concentration gradient.
b. the water molecules are moving outside the concentrates gradients.
c. transportation requires sufficient energy and the water or molecules are
moving with concentration gradient.
d. the materials and water molecules are moving towards the concentrated
gradient.

9. Which of the following can pass through phospholipid bilayer without

assistance?
a. Fat-soluble molecules b. Large Molecules c. Amino Acids d. Protein

10. Which of the following shows an example of simple passive transport?

a. Phospholipids can move sideways and allow water and other non-polar
molecules to pass through into or out of the cell.
b. Polar molecule does not pass through into the cell and just moves
downwards into the cell membrane.
c. Phospholipids is stationary and does not allows water and other non-polar
molecules to pass through into or out of the cell.
d. Non- polar molecules move sideways and does not pass through the cell
membrane

19
II. Modified True or False.

Directions: Read carefully the statements below. If the statement is true, write
True. If it is false, replace the underlined portion with the correct word or phrase.
________11. The phospholipids have a hydrophobic heads.
________12. The head of the phospholipid is made of an alcohol and glycerol group,
while the tails are chains of fatty acids.
________13. Glycoproteins are lipids that are covalently bonded to carbohydrate
molecules
________14. Integral and peripheral proteins go all the way through the bilayer of
the cell membrane.
________15. Phospholipids can move sideways and allow water and other non-
polar molecules to pass through into or out of the cell.

Additional Activities

Let us test your imagination!

Devise an alternative analogy for the structure of the cell membrane. Make an
annotated diagram of your model. Discuss the limitations and strengths of the
analogy and write your observations in table form.

Lesson
Structure, Composition, and
3 Function of Cell Membrane
Cell membranes are essential component of the cell, providing separation
between the intracellular environments. In this lesson, we shall consider the main
functions of the cell membrane, the composition of membranes and clinical
conditions in which portion of the cell membrane is abnormal.

20
 What’s In

Activity 3.1: Acronym!

Directions: Describe the cell membrane with the use of acronym.

C
E
L
L

M
E
M
B
R
A
N
E

What’s New

Activity 3.2: “Cell Membrane Quest”

Directions: Answer the following questions about cell membrane structure and
function.
1. Label the phospholipid bilayer:
2. Which part of the phospholipid faces the outside and inside of the cell? Why?
3. What does “semi-permeable” mean?
4. Why are sugar and ion molecules not able to move through the membrane?
5. How do large molecules transport across the cell membrane?

21
 What is It

Cell Membrane Structure

Cell membrane is composed of 60% protein, 40% lipid and 1-10%

carbohydrate.
Phospholipids

• Head Group- this is a polar group e.g. a sugar or choline- the end of the
phospholipid is hydrophilic.
• Tail of 2 fatty acid chains- as the tail is made of fatty acids, it does not form
hydrogen bonds with water and therefore is hydrophobic and non-polar.
They spontaneously form bilayers in the water with the head groups facing out and
the tail groups facing in.
Cholesterol
It consists of a polar head, a planar steroid ring and a non-polar hydrocarbon tail.
Cholesterol is important in the membrane as it helps to maintain cell membrane
stability at varying temperatures.

22
Proteins
The functions of protein include energy transducers, receptor for hormones, local
mediators and neurotransmitters, transporters, pumps, and ion channels as well as
catalysts- enzymes.

Cell Membrane Function

Cell membranes are vital for the normal functioning of all the cells in our bodies.
Their main functions consist of:

• Forming a continuous, highly selectively permeable barrier – both around cells

and intracellular compartments.
• Allowing the control of an enclosed chemical environment – important to
maintain ion gradients.
• Communication – both with the extracellular and extra-organelle space.
• Recognition – including recognition of signaling molecules, adhesion proteins
and other host cells (very important in the immune system).
• Signal generation – in response to a stimulus creating a change in membrane
potential.

In a cell, different parts of the membrane have different functions and

therefore their structure is specialized for this. An example of this
specialization can be seen in the different parts of a nerve; the cell membrane
in the axon is specialized for electrical conduction whereas the end of the nerve
is specialized for synapsing, meaning the composition of the membrane is
different.

Activity 3.3: “Bubble Activity”

Directions: Investigate the cell membrane with the use of bubbles. Read through
and follow the laboratory procedures.

Materials:
Bubble solution Bubble Maker Drinking Straw String Plate

Procedure:
I. Prepare your own bubble solution.
II. Make the bubble maker.
a. Cut 2 straws so they are ¾ of the original length.
b. Tie a piece of string between the two straws.
c. It should be in rectangular form.
III. Make bubbles using your bubble maker.
a. Immerse the bubble maker in the solution and move it slowly out of the
solution.
b. Swish it through the air and observe the characteristics of bubbles.
IV. Observe the flexibility of the membrane by bending the holder and the soap film
into two configurations.
V. Investigate its self-sealing ability.
a. Create a large doomed bubble on the plate.
b. Dip the straw into the solution and blow through it gently.

23
VI. Make a channel in the membrane.
a. Take the piece of string and make a loop and knot it.
b. Lift your bubble maker carefully.
c. Gently place the wet loop into the bubble.
d. A round pore will form through which you can stick your finger.
VII. Lastly, create a bubble inside the bubble.

Guide Questions:

1. What are the similarities of bubble membrane to the actual cell membrane?
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What can you say about the self-sealing ability of the bubble? Relate your
answer to the cell membrane.

__________________________________________________________________________________

3. What does the inner bubble represent? Outer bubble?

________________________________________________________________________________

4. How does cell membrane regulate the movement of the molecules that comes in
and out of the cell?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

What’s More

Activity 3.4: “Membrane Structure and Function”

Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. Explain the function of the following components in the cell membrane?

COMPONENT FUNCTION
1. Phospholipid
2. Cholesterol
3. Integral Protein
4. Peripheral Protein

24
 Directions: Match the cell membrane structure or its functions with the correct
letter from the cell membrane diagram.
______5. Attracts water
______6. Helps maintain flexibility of membrane
______7. Involved in cell-to-cell recognition
______8. Repels water
______9. Make up the bilayer
______10.Help transport certain materials
across the cell membrane

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the passage below.

Membranes have a variety of functions in cell. All membranes are

__________ permeable. This means that they allow the passage of certain substances
in and __________ of the cell. The cell surface membrane, also known as the
____________________ surrounds the cytoplasm and it consists of
____________________________________. To stabilize the structure of the membrane
and keep it fluid, molecules of _____________________ are also found in the bilayer.

What I Can Do

Activity 3.5: “Cell Membrane Model: Construct Me”

Materials:
36 pieces of Styrofoam balls (2.5 inches diameter)
72 pieces of toothpicks
2 cardboard tubes from paper towel rolls
Adhesive
Pencil
Large marble

Note: You may use any other local materials available to your area similar to
Styrofoam ball, toothpick, cardboard tubes and marble.

25
Procedure:

1. Make two marks about half-inches apart on each Styrofoam ball with a pencil.
2. Insert the toothpick into each Styrofoam ball at the pencil marks.
3. Do the procedures 1-2 until all the 36 pcs Styrofoam had toothpicks inserted
on it.
4. Paste together the first 16 pieces of Styrofoam balls horizontally. The position
of the Styrofoam balls and toothpicks should be facing towards the same
direction.
5. Make sure to leave spaces (2 holes) to allow the insertion of cardboard tubes
later.
6. Follow again the procedures 4-5 to make another set for the remaining 16
pieces of Styrofoam balls. See to it that the position of the holes is the same on
both set.
7. Connect the 2 sets of Styrofoam balls and toothpicks by inserting the
cardboard tube on the holes provided. Make sure that the tips of toothpicks
are facing towards each other.
8. Use marble to represent substances passing through cardboard tube in the
cell membrane model.
9. See the sample cell membrane structure as your guide.

Guide Questions:

1. What does Styrofoam ball represent? Toothpick? Cardboard tube? Marble?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What is cell membrane?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Describe the structural components of the cell membrane.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Discuss briefly the role or function of every component.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its function.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

26
 Assessment

A. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following components is responsible in maintaining cell

membrane stability at varying temperatures?
a. Cholesterol c. Carbohydrate
b. Protein d. Ion

2. Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in cell membrane?

a. Catalysts- enzymes c. Energy transducers
b. Receptors for hormones d. Receiver and ion channels

3. It acts as receptors for hormones, local mediators, and neurotransmitters.

a. Cholesterol c. Carbohydrate
b. Protein d. Ion

4. What cell membrane component is involved in cell-to-cell recognition?

a. Protein c. Ion
b. Cholesterol d. Molecule

5. It helps in transporting certain materials across the cell membrane.

a. Phospholipid c. Integral Protein
b. Cholesterol d. Peripheral Protein

6. The carbohydrate content of cell membrane in eukaryotes is _________.

a. 1-10 % b. 20-25 % c. 20-25 % d. 30-50%

7. Aside from transportation, what is/are other major function(s) of membrane-

bound proteins?
a. Anchor enzyme b. Enzyme c. Receptor d. All of the above

8. Which of the following functions of the cell membrane refers to its response to
a stimulus creating a change in membrane potential?
a. Intercellular interactions c. Energy transduction
b. Signal generation d. Assisting in chromosome segregation

9. Why cholesterol is important in the membrane?

a. it allows water and other non-polar molecules to pass through into or out
of the cell.
b. it triggers the energy transducers, receptor for hormones, local mediators
and neurotransmitters.
c. it helps to maintain cell membrane stability at varying temperatures.
d. it response to a stimulus creating a change in membrane potential

27
 10. Which of the following functions of the cell membrane describes the
acceptance of signaling molecules, adhesion proteins and other host cells?
a. Signal generation c. Recognition
b. Energy transduction d. Assisting in chromosome segregation

11. What are the membrane structures that function in active transport?
a. Peripheral proteins c. Integral Proteins
b. Carbohydrates d. Hydrophobic Molecules

12. All of the following are found in membranes except:

a. Nucleic acids b. Phospholipids c. Glycoproteins d. Glycolipids

13. What forms the channels and pumps in the phospholipid bilayer?
a. carbohydrates b. proteins c. hydrophilic heads d. lipids

14. All of the following are the functions of the cell membrane EXCEPT:
a. transmitting signals c. participating in chemical reactions
b. participating in energy transfer d. regulating the passage materials.

15. In a lipid bilayer, ____________ fatty acids tails face each other within the
bilayer and form region that excludes water.
a. hypertonic b. hydrophobic c. hydrophilic d. hypotonic

Additional Activities

“Build A Membrane” (Adapted from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/BuildAMembrane.pdf)

Materials: Biomolecule cut-outs, Scissors, Tape, Cell Membrane Template

Procedure:

1. Cut out the phospholipid bilayer along the solid lines. Cut all the way to the
edges of the paper in the direction of the arrows.
2. Fold the phospholipid bilayer along the dotted lines and tape the edges together
to form a fully enclosed rectangular box.
3. Cut out each protein along the solid black lines and fold along the dotted lines.
4. Form a 3-D shape by joining the protein sides and tops together and tape them
in to place. Use the tabs to help you.
5. Tape the 3-D proteins into place along the edges of the phospholipid bilayer.
6. By staggering the transmembrane proteins back and forth along both long sides
of the bilayer “box”, the whole model will stand up by itself on a table.

28
 Answer Key

Lesson 1
What I know What's New
What’s More
1. A Activity 1.2: “Defining Word”
2. B Activity 1.5: “Human
3. C 1. Yes Karyotyping”
4. D 2. Answers may vary
5. D 3. Answers may vary 1. Yes
6. A Activity 1.3: “Caption Please” 2. Yes
7. B 3. Answers may vary
8. A 1.
Down Syndrome 4. Answers may vary
9. A 2.
Bone Fracture
10. C 3.
Klinefelter Syndrome
11. C 4.
Goiter
12. C
5.
Cri-du-chat Syndrome
13. D
*Down Syndrome, Klinefelter
14. B
Syndrome, Cri-du-chat
15. C
Syndrome

What Have I Learned Assessment

Lesson 1: Genetic Disorder Lesson 1: Genetic Disorder

1. Mutation 1. B
2. Chromosome 2. A
3. Mendelian 3. D
4. Chromosomal 4. B
5. Single 5. A
6. Alteration 6. A
7. Karyotype 7. A
8. Isolated 8. B
9. Microscope 9. B
10. White Blood Cells 10. B
11. 23 11. B
12. Autosomes 12. A
13. 23rd pair 13. A
14. X 14. B
15. X and Y 15. C

Lesson 2

What's New What Is It What’s More

Act 2.2: “Sandwich Analogy” Act. 2.3:” Color & Identify Me” Act 2.4:” Modeling Cell
Membrane”
1. Answers may vary 1. A
2. Answers may vary 2. B 1. Answers may vary
3. Answers may vary 3. F 2. Answers may vary
4. Answers may vary 4. G 3. Answers may vary
5. H 4. Answers may vary
6. I
7. C
8. E

29
 What Have I Learned What Can I Do Assessment

Lesson 2: Act 2.5:” Labeling” Lesson 2: Cell Composition

1. Plasma 1. Glycolipid 1. B
2. Outside 2. Glycoprotein 2. A
3. Interior 3. Phospholipid 3. A
4. Phospholipid 4. Cholesterol 4. C
5. Fluidity 5. Integral Protein 5. D
6. Proteins 6. Peripheral Protein 6. D
7. Integral 7. D
8. Peripheral 8. A
9. Carbohydrates 9. A
10. Recognizing 10. A
11. Hydrophilic heads
12. True
13. Glycolipids
14. False-Integral proteins
15. True

Lesson 3

What is It What’s More What’s New

Activity 3.3: “Bubble Activity” Act 3.4:“Membrane Structure Activity 3.2:“Cell Membrane
& Function” Quest”
1. Answers may vary
2. Answers may vary 1. Answers may vary 1. Hydrophilic head
3. Inner Bubble- Nuclear 2. Answers may vary Hydrophobic Tail
Membrane 3. Answers may vary 2. Head faces the outside of
Outer Bubble- Cell Membrane 4. Answers may vary the cell; Tail faces the interior
4. Answers may vary 5. G part of the cell.
6. I 3. Answers may vary
7. C and E 4. Answers may vary
8. F 5. Answers may vary
9. G and F
10. B

What Have I Learned What Can I Do Assessment

Lesson 3: Cell Structure,
Composition, & Function Act 3.5:” Cell Membrane Lesson 3: Cell Structure,
Model: Construct Me” Composition, & Function
1. Semi
2. Out
1. Styrofoam- Hydrophilic 1. A 6. A
3. Plasma Membrane
Head 2. D 7. D
4. Phospholipid Bilayer
Toothpick- Hydrophobic Tail 3. B 8. B
5. Carbohydrates
2. Answers may vary 4. A 9. C
3. Answers may vary 5. C 10. C
4. Answers may vary 11. C
5. Answers may vary 12. A
13. B
14. C
15. B

30
 CHROMOSOMES TEMPLATE
For Lesson 1: What’s More
Activity 1.5: “Human Karyotyping”

31
32
33
34
35
36
 CELL MEMBRANE TEMPLATE
For Lesson 3: Additional Activities
“Build A Membrane”

37
38
References
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/The -Cell-Membrane-Sandwich-
Analogy

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/BuildAMembrane.pdf

https://www.perkinselearning.org/accesible-science/activities/cell-membrane-
model

https://www.cusd80.com.>lib)

https://www.genome.gov/For-Patients-and-Families/Genetic-Disorders

https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/mitosis-versus-meiosis

https://www.chromosome18.org/what-is-a-karyotype
https://www.genome.gov/For-Patients-and-Families/Genetic-Disorders
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane
https://byjus.com.biology/genetic-disorders
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-a-genetic-disorder
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshleves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book
https://studylib.net/doc/7463139/human-karyotyping-activity
https://betterlesson.com/lesson/resource/3236797/bubble-activity
https://www.diffusion.academy/glycoprotein-and-glycolipid
Bauer, W. & Westfall, G. (2016). General Physics 1. McGraw-Hill.

Esguerra, J. P. (2018). General Physics 1. Department of Education.

Urone, P. et.al.

39
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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Curriculum Implementation Division Office

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