SCI - Guidance On The Fire Protection of Beams With Web Oppenings

RT1187 Guidance on the Fire Protection of Beams with Web Openings
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Version Date of Purpose Author Technical Approved

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1 21 May 08 Issued to Corus WIS BAB GHC

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The Steel Construction Institute

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REPORT TO CORUS CSD
GUIDANCE ON THE FIRE PROTECTION OF BEAMS WITH

WEB OPENINGS
DOCUMENT RT1187
VERSION 01
May 2008
Created on 28 April 2011
Although all care has been taken to ensure that all the information contained
herein is accurate, The Steel Construction Institute assumes no responsibility
for any errors or misinterpretations or any loss or damage arising therefrom.
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Guidance on the fire protection of beams with web openings
The Steel Construction Institute

Silwood Park
Ascot
Berkshire, SL5 7QN.
Telephone: +44 (0) 1344 623345

Fax: +44 (0) 1344 622944
Email: reception@steel-sci.com
For information on publications, telephone direct: +44 (0) 1344 872775

or Email: publications@steel-sci.com
For information on courses, telephone direct: +44 (0) 1344 872776

or Email: education@steel-sci.com
World Wide Web site: http://www.steel-sci.org

This report has been prepared by
Dr W I Simms
Manager Fire Engineering
i.simms@steel-sci.com
© The Steel Construction Institute

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report provides details of the assessment methodology and calculation procedure
adopted by SCI to produce tables of limiting temperature for individual intumescent coatings
based on thermal performance demonstrated by testing and assessment in accordance with
the ASFP protocol for beams with web openings.
A description of the structural calculation model is provided, including the method of

automatically generating beam geometries and the thermal model used to determine the
temperature variation on the cross section of beams with web openings. The report also
includes a worked example to illustrate the calculation procedure required for a single value
of limiting temperature given in the design tables supplied to intumescent manufacturers.

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CONTENTS
Page No.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3
CONTENTS 4
1 INTRODUCTION 5
1.1 Background 5
1.2 Published Design Guidance 5
2 Assessment Method 7
2.1 Structural Model 7
2.2 Structural Assessment Methodology 8
3 CALCULATION MODEL FOR BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS 10

3.1 Structural behaviour of beams with web openings 10
3.2 Structural Model 12
3.3 Temperature Distribution in the Cross Section 18
3.4 Automated Beam Geometry 20
3.5 Tables of limiting temperature 23
4 Design Methods 24
4.1 Option 1 – Tables of limiting temperatures 24
4.2 Option 2 – Proprietary Software 25
4.3 Option 3 – Advanced analysis 25
5 REFERENCES 27
Appendix A Web post buckling temperatures 28
Appendix B Table of limiting temperatures from RT1085 29
Appendix C Worked Example 30


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1 Introduction
1.1 Background
In December 2003, SCI issued a report, RT983, Interim guidance on the use of
intumescent coatings for the fire protection of beams with web openings and an
Advisory Desk Note, AD269. The report described an approach for determining
the thickness of intumescent coating required for composite beams with web
openings. AD269 contained a simplified form of the RT983 guidance. The
guidance given by RT983 was based on an assumed generic behaviour of
intumescent coatings based on the test data available at that time. Following the
publication of RT983 work by an industry group consisting of SCI, ASFP,
warringtonfire and BRE, developed a new protocol for testing and assessing the
fire protection requirements of cellular beams. The protocol for the first time
permits the actual behaviour of individual intumescent coatings to be determined
from fire resistance tests. In addition to a fire testing programme the protocol also
provides methods for the thermal assessment of the fire test results in order to
establish the relationship between web post temperature and bottom flange
temperature for each product. The testing and thermal assessment protocol were
published by ASFP in the 4th edition of ‘Fire Protection for structural steel in
buildings’. SCI took responsibility for publishing the structural assessment method
in RT1085, first published in 2006. The first revision of RT1085 provided limiting
bottom flange temperatures for a range of beam geometries, so that design

guidance was available while intumescent manufacturers arranged testing of their
products in accordance with the new protocol. Some changes to the generic design
method were introduced in RT1085 based on data obtain for some initial testing to
the new protocol. This affected the thickness modification factors, from which the
protection requirements of cellular beams were obtained. In later revisions of
RT1085, tables of modification factors were removed as this data could be derived
for any intumescent coating from a normal multi-temperature assessment.
This report supersedes RT1085 which should no longer be used. Design guidance
is not provided but the report sets out the details of the engineering model used to
derive tables of limiting temperatures based on the assessment of thermal data
provided by the manufacturers. A number of products have now been assessed by
SCI and the manufacturers of the intumescent coatings concerned have received
SCI technical reports containing tables of limiting temperature.
1.2 Published Design Guidance

Over the last 5 years a number of reports and advisory desk notes have been issued
by SCI covering the fire protection of beams with web openings. The status of
these publications is summarised in Table 1.1.

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Table 1.1 Status of SCI Reports and Advisory Desk Notes on beams
with web openings
Ref Description Status
AD269 Interim guidance on the fire protection of beams with Withdrawn
circular web openings
RT983 Interim guidance on the fire protection of beams with Withdrawn
circular web openings
RT1006 Commissioned by Westok Ltd to extend the scope of the Withdrawn
guidance given by RT983 for beams designed using (see AD308)
Cellbeam
AD299 Provides background information on the development of Current
RT1085
RT1085 Published as a replacement to RT983. Withdrawn
April 2008
AD308 Notification of the withdrawal of RT1006 issued at Current
Westok’s request. Generic temperatures for Westok beams
are no longer required as Cellbeam Automate V6.1 now
includes a fire design module.
AD319 Announced the withdrawal of RT1085 and reviewed the Current
design methods available for beams with web openings.
RT1187 This document will describe the basis of the product- Current
specific design guidance currently available from
intumescent manufacturers

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2 Assessment Method
The SCI have developed a structural model which can be used to generate tables of
limiting temperatures for fire protection materials that have been tested to the
ASFP Protocol for beams with web openings(1). The product specific values of
limiting temperature attained for a given beam geometry have generally been
higher than those given for the generic web post line, which reflects the
performance of the fire protection materials. There is some variation in the
relationship between bottom flange temperature and web post temperature for
different fire protection products, although as more products are tested it is
apparent that the variability is much less than was first expected.
2.1 Structural Model

The SCI structural model is relatively simple in that it does not include checks on
vertical shear and vierendeel bending. For circular openings that conform to the
geometrical limits given in Table 2.1, vertical shear and vierendeel bending are not
usually the critical checks for the section. Previous studies of the structural
behaviour of beams with circular web openings have shown that the values of the
following parameters influence the limiting temperature attained.
• Type of Loading
• Span to Depth ratio

• Beam Depth
• Web Slenderness (d/t)
• Opening Spacing: Opening Diameter (S/do)
• Opening size relative to beam depth (do/D)
• Maximum Utilisation Factor for normal design
• Building usage
The SCI structural model is capable of including the affects of these parameters in
the analysis of limiting temperature for symmetric or asymmetric composite beams
supporting a reinforced concrete or composite floor slab subject to the limits given
in Table 2.1. The tables of limiting temperature produced are for buildings subject
to office loading i.e. ηfi = 0.46.
Table 2.1 Geometrical limits

Parameter Limit
Opening diameter, do do ≤ 0.8D
Opening spacing S/do ≥ 1.3
Web post width, So So ≥ 130mm
End post width, we we ≥ 0.3do
Web Slenderness d/t ≤ 100ε
The model can also cover non-composite beams, provided that the beam supports a
reinforced concrete or composite floor slab and that the slab provides full lateral
restraint to the beam. Limiting temperatures for this condition are not normally

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provided. Where composite steel decking is used to form the floor slab it is
assumed that the voids formed by steel decking above the top flange of the beam
are “filled”.
The SCI structural model does not cover:
• Beams with rectangular openings
• Beams with elongated openings
• Roof beams
• Beams without lateral restraint or beams with intermediate lateral restraint
A full description of the SCI structural model is provided in Section 3.
So
do d D
we S Web thickness, t
Figure 2.1 Geometric properties of beams with web openings

2.2 Structural Assessment Methodology

Structural assessments are only provided for fire protection products that have been
tested and assessed in accordance with the ASFP testing protocol defined in the
ASFP Yellow Book. The purpose of the structural assessment is to calculate tables
of limiting temperature based on the performance of the fire protection material
tested.
The following documentation from the fire testing laboratory must be supplied by
the fire protection manufacturer.
• Assessment report
• Fire Test Report for Cellular Beams
• Multi-temperature assessment
The following steps are taken to evaluate the structural performance of beams
1. Review the structural performance of the loaded specimen using the data
provided in the Fire Testing Report. Compare the thermal performance to
the performance predicted by the multi-temperature assessment.
2. Review the assessment of the intumescent coating provided in the

Assessment Report
3. Select a maximum of eight points to define the relationship between web

post temperature and bottom flange temperature from the points given in
the Assessment Report.
4. Review the agreement between the web post temperatures given in the
Assessment Report and the SCI model and amend if required.
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5. Based on the minimum web post width permitted by the Assessment

Report select a range of web posts widths for the tables of limiting
temperature.
6. Calculate the required limiting temperatures.
7. Prepare a worked example illustrating the calculation method for one beam
geometry.
8. Prepare an SCI report including details of the relationship between web

post temperature and bottom flange temperature, the design tables and a
worked example.

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3 Calculation Model for Beams with Web

Openings
3.1 Structural behaviour of beams with web openings

At any cross section through an opening in a composite beam with web openings,
the plastic capacity can only be achieved if the material in the bottom tee can be
fully utilised. To achieve full utilisation of the bottom tee, the horizontal shear
capacity of the web posts must be sufficient to allow the applied force to be
transferred to the bottom tee of the section.
This behaviour is illustrated in Figure 3.1. It shows a section of a beam between

the centres of two adjacent web openings. The increment in axial force in the
bottom tee (ΔTb), top tee (ΔTt) and concrete slab (ΔCc) correspond to the change in
applied moment between the two openings. The horizontal shear force, Vh, applied
to the web post will be equal to ΔTb. Therefore, the change in the force applied to
the bottom tee between adjacent openings and, subsequently, the total force that
can be applied to the bottom tee between the support and the maximum moment
position, cannot exceed the capacity of the web posts.
For a beam with narrow web posts, this will often mean that the actual moment
resistance at the point of maximum applied moment is less than the plastic capacity
of the section at this point.
For unperforated beams, it is normally adequate to compare the plastic capacity of

the ‘cold’ beam with the plastic resistance of the beam at elevated temperatures.
Provided this ratio does not fall below the value of the ratio between the design
load for the fire limit state and the design load for the ultimate limit state, the beam
can be assumed adequate. However, this approach is not sufficiently rigorous for
beams with large web openings, as consideration must be given to the beam’s
ability to transfer forces through the web post to the bottom flange, in addition to
the moment capacity of the section.
W kN/m
ΔCC
Vt1 ΔTt
Vt2
Vh
so Vb2
Vb1
ΔTb
s
Figure 3.1 Equilibrium of beam element between openings

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The following two modes of failure are considered for the web post.
• Out of plane buckling
• Horizontal shear failure
For beams with low values of slenderness (low d/t ratios), the horizontal shear
capacity of the web post will govern the design at ultimate limit state and for
higher d/t ratios the buckling capacity of the web post will govern.
For fire design, the horizontal shear capacity of the web post, in the absence of
buckling, will vary in a similar way to the section’s bending resistance. Although
the web posts become hotter than the bottom flange of the section, horizontal shear
resistance will not make the performance of beams with web openings significantly
worse than beams with unperforated webs. However, at elevated temperatures, the
elastic modulus of the steel reduces at a faster rate than the yield strength, as shown
in Figure 3.2. This causes a more rapid reduction in the buckling capacity of the
web post compared with the horizontal shear capacity; web post buckling tends to
become the critical mode of failure even for beams with low d/t ratios. This results
in a greater reduction in bending resistance than would have been predicted by only
considering the reduction in yield strength applied to the bending model.
For beams with lower values of d/t ratio, the failure mode in the web post may
change from horizontal shear at ultimate limit state to web post buckling at the fire
limit state; the increase in protection thickness required may therefore be greater
than for a section with a more slender web (higher d/t).
1.00
0.80
Retention Factor
0.60
Elastic modulus Strength
0.40
0.20
0.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Steel Temperature (OC)
Figure 3.2 Variation in design strength and elastic modulus with

temperature.

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3.2 Structural Model

The structural model used in the preparation of this design guidance was developed
to facilitate a parametric study that would enable limiting temperatures to be
determined for beams with different geometries, types of loading, spans and cold
utilisation.
The geometrical parameters considered in this study are as follows:

• Web post width
• Ratio of opening spacing, S, to opening diameter, do. (S/do)
• Web slenderness ratio (d/t)
• Degree of asymmetry, expressed as the ratio of areas of the top and bottom
tees
• Opening diameter expressed as a ratio of beam depth (do/D)
These geometric properties are shown in Figure 2.1.
The model assumes that the loading applied to the beam is symmetric. The loading
can be defined as a uniformly distributed load (UDL) or as points loads located
centrally or at third points of the span.
For each beam depth, a range of spans was considered to give span to depth ratios
between 16 and 30. Low span to depth ratios tend to be characteristic of primary
beams, where higher shear forces are encountered, whilst high values are more
typical of secondary beams, where shear forces are generally lower.
For a series of specified web post widths, the model generates beams with varying
depths, opening diameters and opening pitches, giving a range of S/do values
between 1.3 and 1.8. The thickness of the web for each beam is also varied to give
d/t ratios between 40 and 100.
The model calculates the bending resistance of each beam at the ultimate limit state
taking into account buckling and shear modes of failure in the web post. The
temperature of the beams is then increased in increments using the temperature
model described in Section 3.3 and the bending resistance at elevated temperature
is calculated for each temperature increment until failure occurs.
Failure is defined as follows
R ≥ η fi
The analysis used to derive tables of limiting temperature adopts the following
acceptance criteria.
R
0.995 < < 1.005
η fi
The plastic capacity calculated at elevated temperature Mfi,Rd is taken as the

maximum applied moment for that particular design temperature. The plastic
capacity Mfi,Rd is then divided by the plastic capacity calculated for room
temperature design MRd times the utilisation factor, μ, to give the load ratio, R.

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M fi,Rd
R=
M Rd μ
Where
μ is the ratio between the design effect of actions and the design resistance
( μ = Ed Rd ) for the critical failure mode in room temperature design.
Conservatively, μ can be taken as 1.0.
The partial safety factors used to calculate the design load for the fire limit state are
defined in BS5950-8(2) and are lower than the partial safety factors used for room
temperature design.
The ratio of the design load at the fire limit state to the design load at the ultimate
limit state may be expressed as:
( γ GA + γ f ζ )
η fi =
(γ G +γ Q ζ )
where
γG is the partial safety for dead loads
γGA is the partial safety for dead loads in fire
γQ is the partial safety factor for imposed loads
γf
is the partial safety factor for imposed loads in fire

ξ is the ratio between the imposed and dead loads
BS 5950-1(3) and BS5950-8 give the following :
γG = 1.4
γQ = 1.6
γGA = 1.0
γf = 0.5 for non-permanent loads in offices
0.8 for non-permanent loads in other buildings
1.0 for permanent loads (including storage)
The value of ξ may be taken as 1.5 for typical offices or 2.0 for typical storage
The load level will depend on the design criteria for the beam. The design tables
are based on the following value.
(1.0 + 0.8× 1.5)

η fi = = 0.46
(1.4 + 1.6 ×1.5)
In this case, the required bending resistance in fire would be 46% of the value
calculated for normal design.
Allowance can also be made for the ratio of design load to beam capacity at the
ultimate limit state and the design tables are expressed in terms of the maximum
utilisation factor for the ultimate limit state, which can be obtained from normal
design. Design tables are provided for utilisation factors of 0.8 and 1.0.
The bending moment capacity of the beam in both the fire and ultimate limit states
can be limited by the horizontal shear capacity and/or the buckling capacity of the
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web posts, as this will limit the axial force that can be generated in the bottom tee.
The force in the bottom tee at the maximum moment position, Tb, cannot exceed
the sum of the horizontal shear capacities of the web posts, Vh,i.
3.2.1 Plastic Bending Resistance

The plastic resistance of the beam is calculated for the perforated web, based on the
principles of EN1994-1-1(4) and EN1994-1-2(5).
Shear Connection
The design tables are calculated on the basis of full shear connection between the
steel and concrete. The capacity of the shear connectors is assumed to be equal to
the tensile capacity of the steel section at room temperature.
Composite Slab
The composite slab is assumed to be 130mm thick and cast upon 60mm deep
trapezoidal decking. The effective depth on the slab for strength calculations is
taken equal to the depth of the concrete cover to the deck, 70mm. The effective
breath of the concrete flange of the composite beam is taken as L/4.
The neutral axis of the composite beam may be determined from:
n ⎛ f y,i ⎞ m ⎛ f c, j ⎞
∑ Ai k y,θ,i ⎜
⎜γ
⎟ + α slab
⎟ ∑A k ⎜
j c,θ, j ⎜
⎟=0
⎟
i =1 ⎝ M,fi,a ⎠ j =1 ⎝ γ M,fi,c ⎠
The moment of resistance may be determined from
n ⎛ f y,i ⎞ m ⎛ f c, j ⎞
M fi,Rd = ∑ Ai z i k y,θ,i ⎜
⎜γ
⎟ + α slab
⎟ ∑A z k j
⎜
j c,θ, j ⎜
γ
⎟
⎟
i =1 ⎝ M,fi ⎠ j =1 ⎝ M,fi,c ⎠
Where
zi, zj are the distance form the plastic neutral axis to the centroid of the element area
Ai or Aj
The force that can be transfer to the bottom tee of the section will depend on the
resistance of the web posts. The actual force in the bottom tee may be less than its
tensile resistance, as shown below
Tb ≤ Min (∑V ,∑V ) h ,i b ,i
Where
Tb is the tensile resistance of the bottom tee, Tb for room temperature design
or Tb,fi for elevated temperature design.
Vh,i is the lesser of the horizontal shear capacity and the buckling capacity of
i-th web post.

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W kN/m2
Cc
Vh,1 Vh,2 Vh,3 Vh,4 Vh,5 Vh,6 Tt

V
Tb
Figure 3.3 Build up of force in the bottom tee
Tensile Resistance of the Bottom Tee

The tensile resistance of the bottom tee is given as follows for room temperature
and elevated temperature design.
n
Tb = ∑A
i =1
s ,i ⋅ f y ,i
Where
As,i is the area of element i
fy,i is the yield strength if area i
n
Tb, fi = ∑A
i =1
s ,i ⋅ k y ,θ ⋅ f y ,i
Where
ky,θ is the strength retention factor at temperature θ
If the tensile capacity of the bottom tee is limited by the web post capacity the
force in the bottom tee is reduced using the following factor applied to the area of
bottom tee
k BT =
Min (∑
Vh,i , Vb ,i ∑ )
Tb
k BT , fi =
Min (∑V h , fi ,i , ∑V )b , fi ,i
Tb, fi
3.2.2 Web Post Resistance

The sum of the shear and buckling capacities of the web post are given by
∑V h ,i (
= N wp ⋅ Vh + Vh,e ⋅ k A )
∑V h ,i (
= N wp ⋅ Vb + Vh ,e ⋅ k A )
Where
kℓ is a factor depending of the distribution of loading on the beam
Nwp is the number of web posts between the support and mid span
The horizontal shear capacity of the web post at room temperature is given by:

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0.6 f y [(S − d o ) t w ]
Vh =
γm
And the horizontal shear capacity of the web post at temperature θ, is given by:
0.6k y,θ f y [(S − d o )t w ]

Vh,fi =
γm
where
S and do are as defined in Figure 3.1
tw is the thickness of the web
ky,θ is the strength reduction factor for steel at temperature θ
The shear buckling capacity of the web post at room temperature expressed in
terms of longitudinal shear is given by:
f b (S − d o )t w
Vh,b =
γm
Where
fb is the buckling strength of the web post
The shear buckling capacity of the web post at temperature θ, expressed in terms of
longitudinal shear, is given by:
f b ,θ (S − d o )t w
Vh,b,fi =
γm
Where
fb,θ is the buckling strength of the web post at temperature, θ.
3.2.3 Web Post Buckling strength

The web post buckling strength is based on an equivalent strut which is assumed to
occur diagonally across the web post.
Strut properties
The length, L, and the effective width wwp,eff of the strut are calculated as follows.
(
L = So + do
2
)
2 0.5
wwp,eff = 0.5 ⋅ S o
In room temperature and fire conditions the following effective lengths and
imperfection parameters for the strut are adopted depending on the web
slenderness.
For d/t > 85

Leff = 0.5 L
Leff,fi = 0.6 L
α = 0.76 buckling curve ‘d’ EN1993-1-1
For d/t <= 85

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Leff = 0.5 L
Leff,fi = 0.5 ⋅ 0.9 ⋅ L
α = 0.49 buckling curve ‘c’ EN1993-1-1
The buckling strength of the effective strut for room temperature design is
calculated following the principles of EN1993-1-1(6) and EN1993-1-2(7). The
slenderness is given as follows
N pl
λ=
N cr
Where the plastic axial resistance of the effective strut is calculated as
N pl = wwp ,eff ⋅ t w ⋅ f y
And the elastic critical buckling capacity of the strut is given by
π 2 EI
N cr = 2
Leff
Where
3
wwp ,eff t w
I=
12
The buckling coefficient is given by

1
χ=
⎛⎜ φ + φ 2 − λ2 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
with
(
φ = 0.5 1 + α (λ − 0.2 ) + λ2 )
The buckling strength of the web post is given by
fb = χ f y
The web post buckling strength at elevated temperature is calculated for the web
post temperature θWP.
The slenderness of the equivalent strut is calculated as follows
N pl,θ
λfi =
N cr,θ
The plastic capacity of the effective web post at elevated temperature is given by
N pl,θ = wwp,eff ⋅ t w ⋅ k y,θ ⋅ f y
The elastic critical buckling capacity of the strut is given by


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π 2 Eθ I
N cr,θ = 2
Leff
The buckling coefficient can then be calculated as follows

1
χ fi =
⎛⎜ φ + φ 2 − λ 2 ⎞⎟
fi
⎝ ⎠
with
(
φ = 0.5 1 + α (λfi − 0.2 ) + λfi 2 )
The buckling strength of the web post is given by
f b ,θ = χ fi ⋅ k y,θ ⋅ f y
3.3 Temperature Distribution in the Cross Section

For the fire limit state, a temperature distribution on the beam cross section must be
assumed to allow the resistance of the beam to be calculated. From observations of
previous fire tests on beams, a non-perforated web will generally be at a higher
temperature relative to the bottom flange, due to the difference in thickness
between these elements. However, for perforated beams the web posts formed
between openings have been observed to experience a further increase in
temperature relative to a non-perforated web. This effect has been included in the
temperature distribution used in this model.
The temperatures required for the calculation are shown in Figure 3.4. The
temperatures are all generated as a function of the effective section factor (A/V) of
the bottom tee.
For a particular thickness of fire protection the variation of the bottom flange
temperature with respect to section factor (A/V), is assumed to be given by a linear
function:
⎡⎛ A ⎞ ⎤
θ F,b = 547 + 0.65 × ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 150⎥
⎣⎝ V ⎠ BTM ⎦
⎛ ⎡⎛ A ⎞ ⎤⎞
θ F,t = 0.7⎜⎜ 547 + 0.65 × ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 150⎥ ⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎣⎝ V ⎠TOP ⎦⎠
The thickness of protection that the above equation relates to is not important, as
the equation is only used to find the relationship between temperatures for flanges
with different section factors protected to the same standard.
The temperature of the top flange of the section is set relative the bottom flange
using the following relationships:
θ F ,t
k F ,t ,θ =
θ F ,b
where θ is expressed in degrees centigrade

Note:

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This relationship is actually product specific and fire resistance specific but the
resulting design temperatures have been shown to be not particularly sensitive to
the actual form of the relationship so product specific data is not required. SCI
have based the relationship on an average of many products.
For a symmetric section, the top flange is assumed to be at a temperature of 70% of

the bottom flange temperature (expressed in degrees Centigrade). For asymmetric
sections, the bottom flange temperature for the symmetric section is first found,
assuming that the bottom flange is equal to the smaller top flange, and then the
70% modification is applied.
The temperature of the web below the opening is given by:
θ w, b = θ F,b × 1.02
The temperature of the web above the opening is given by:
θ w,t = θ F,t × 1.02
The buckling temperature of the web post is given by:
θ WP = k wp,θ ⋅ θ F,b but θ WP ≥ 1.1θ F,b

Where
kwp,θ is a function of the width of the web post, So (mm).
1.4 −1.1
k wp,θ = 1.4 − S o but k wp,θ ≥1.1
450
This relationship is shown graphically in Figure A.1. It should be noted that all of
the intumescent coatings tested thus far have shown that this generic relationship is
conservative.
For asymmetric sections, the buckling temperature is based on an average buckling

temperature derived using the symmetric sections based on both the heavier bottom
tee and the lighter top tee.
For the heavier bottom tee
θWP,b = k wp ,θ ⋅ θ F ,b
And for the lighter top tee
θWP ,t = k wp ,θ ⋅ (k F ,t ,θ ⋅ θ F ,b )
The web post buckling temperature for the asymmetric section is taken as:
θWP ,b + θWP ,t
θWP =
2

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θw,t θw,t θF,t

θF,t
θWP,t
θWP,b
θw,b
θw,b θF,b
θF,b A
Section A-A
Figure 3.4 Temperatures used in assessing strength
The structural model and thermal models are used to derive a temperature
distribution which is compatible with the applied loading and size of the relative
parts of the cross section.
3.4 Automated Beam Geometry

The limiting temperatures given in the design tables are generated for beam
geometries defined by the following parameters; asymmetry ratio, span depth ratio
(L/D), the web slenderness (d/t), the S/do ratio and the web post width. This
section describes the calculation methodology that leads to the selection of beam
geometry on which to base the calculation of each value of limiting temperature
provided in the design tables.
Each limiting temperature provided in the design tables is the lesser of the limiting
temperatures for two possible beam geometries considered. The difference
between these two geometries is the ratio of opening diameter to beam depth
(do/D). Two values are considered from this ratio 0.6 and 0.8 which is considered
to be the typical range for cellular beam geometries.
The pitch of the openings and the opening diameter are given as follows.
So = S − do
So
do =
(S d o )−1
Given the ratio of opening diameter to beam depth (do/D) the depth of the beam
can be determined as follows.
do
D=
(d o D )
A first approximation of the web thickness can then be based on the depth of the
section, D, as follows.
D
tw =
(d t )

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The flange thickness, Tf and flange width, B, can then be calculated using the
following relationships.
Tf = t w 0.6
B = 0.35 × D
Once a value is obtained for the flange thickness the final web thickness can be
calculated as:
tw =
(D − 2Tf )
(d / t )
Symmetric Sections
Tft = Tfb = Tf
t wt = t wb = t w
Bfb = Bfb = B
Asymmetric beams
The asymmetry of the beam is defined by the asymmetry factor which is the ratio
of top tee to bottom tee areas. The asymmetry factor fasym is equal to 1.0 for a
symmetric section and less than 1.0 for asymmetric sections.
The geometry of the top tee is modified as follows for an asymmetric section.
Modify the thickness twt and the depth of the top web, dt.
2 D
t wt =
(1 + f asym ) (d t )ε
The depth of the tees are modified to achieve the following ratio d t d b = 1.5
dt =
(1 − d o D )(D − Tft − Tfb )
2 .5
db =
(1 − d o D )(D − Tft − Tfb )
1.5
Awb = t wb ⋅ d b
Awt = t wt ⋅ d t
Calculate the areas of the modified tees and the resulting asymmetry ratio, Rasym, of
the modified section.
ATopT = Aft + Awt

ABtmT = Afb + Awb

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Rasym = ATopT ABtmT
Modify top web thickness taking account of the target asymmetry factor and the
asymmetry caused by the modifications to the web thickness and tee depth.
t wt = t wt ⋅ f asym Rasym
Calculate modified flange top thickness.
Tft = t wt 0.6 but Tft ≥ 7.8mm
Recalculate depth of top web.
dt =
(1 − d o D )(D − Tft − Tfb )
2 .5
Calculate area of modified top tee
ATopT = d t ⋅ t wt + Bft ⋅ Tft
Recalculate the asymmetry ratio of the modified section
Rasym = ATopT ABtmT

If Rasym is still greater than the required asymmetry fasym then modify the flange
width as follows
Bft = Bft ⋅ f asym Rasym
Calculate area of modified tee
ATopT = d t ⋅ t wt + Bft ⋅ Tft
Recalculate the asymmetry ratio of the modified section and check against fasym
Rasym = ATopT ABtmT
Check ratios of web depth, Roe
Roe = d t d b
Calculate the beam length

Given the span to depth ratio required for the beam, the span of the beam required
and the number of web posts between the support and the maximum moment
position can be calculated. This is achieved using an iterative process with the
number of web openings being increased until L ≥ LT . The target span, LT is given
by:
LT = (L D )⋅ D
The actual beam span is given by:

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L = n d o + (n −1) S o + 2 we
Where
n is the number of web openings
we is the width of the end post between the first and last openings and the adjacent
supports and is taken as we = 0.3× d o
3.5 Tables of limiting temperature

The worked example in Appendix C shows how one of the limiting temperatures
provided in Table 2 from RT1085(8) (See Appendix B) was calculated using this
method. Tables of limiting temperature have also been produced for intumescent
coatings tested and assessed in accordance with the ASFP protocol for beams with
web openings.
The limiting temperatures given in Table 2 have been calculated on the basis of the
generic web post line proposed by SCI and shown in Figure A.1.
The worked example has been produced for a uniformly loaded symmetric beam
with a L/D ratio of 20, a d/t ratio of 53, a S/do ratio of 1.4 and a web post width of
165mm. The beam is assumed to be fully utilised for room temperature design.
Table 2 gives a limiting temperature of 495oC for this design case, based on the
lesser value of limiting temperature calculated for do/D ratios of 0.6 and 0.8.
The worked example illustrates the calculation of the beam capacity at the
appropriate limiting temperature for both values of do/D ratio.

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4 Design Methods
For optimum economy and structural safety, the structural engineer should supply
appropriate limiting temperatures for each structural member to the fire protection
supplier. This is particularly important for beams with large web openings, as the
limiting temperatures depend on the beam geometry, load level and load
distribution with which the structural designer will be more familiar than the fire
protection specialist.
SCI recommends that limiting temperatures for beams with web openings protected
using an intumescent coating are obtained using one of the following three options.
These design options are not new guidance and have been described previously in
AD299. In all cases SCI recommend that the fire protection product applied to the
steelwork should be tested and assessed in accordance with the ASFP protocol for
beams with web openings.
4.1 Option 1 – Tables of limiting temperatures

Simplified guidance is available from the fire protection manufacturers in the form
of tables of limiting temperatures, but only for beams with circular web openings
and geometrical limitations apply to the positions and sizes of the openings. The
structural designer should supply the following information, to enable the fire
protection manufacturer to determine an appropriate limiting temperature for the

beam.
Information on loading
• Building usage, which defines the partial factors that should be applied to
the fire design loading
• Distribution of loading, e.g. udl, central point load, etc
Information on beam geometry
• Span to depth ratio (L/D)
• Web slenderness (d/t)
• Ratio of opening pitch to opening diameter (S/do)
• Web post width (So)
• Degree of asymmetry based on the ratio of top and bottom tee areas
Other Information
• Period of fire resistance required, as fire protection materials are assessed

separately for each fire resistance period.
• Steel Grade

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4.2 Option 2 – Proprietary Software

Proprietary beam design software that explicitly calculates the load carrying
capacity for beams with web openings at the fire and ultimate limit states may be
used. The development of such software should be based on the observed
temperature distribution throughout the beam for different coating thicknesses and
the observed performance of the beam in loaded fire resistance tests. Information
on the fire design should be included on the structural drawings and fire protection
specification as directed by the software supplier.
Proprietary software that covers the room temperature and fire design of their
particular product is currently available from Fabsec and Westok. It should be
noted that the results of analysis based on proprietary software are only applicable
to that structural product protected in accordance with the guidance provided by the
software supplier.
Fabsec – Firebeam
The Firebeam product supplied by Fabsec and designed using the FBeam software
is fire protected with an intumescent coating applied prior to delivery to site. The
FB120 intumescent coating used for Firebeam has been fully tested and
independently assessed. The fire design information obtained from FBeam should
not be applied to any other intumescent coating or fire protection product.
Firebeam solutions can be provided for beams with any combination of circular,
rectangular or elongated openings.
Westok
The Westok software CELLBEAM AutoMate is design to provide a fire
engineering design that can be used in conjunction with any intumescent product
tested in accordance with the ASFP Fire testing protocol. The CELLBEAM
software provides two critical temperatures for each beam which can be used by
intumescent manufactures to determine a limiting temperature for the beam based
on the thermal performance of their intumescent product evaluated in accordance
with the ASFP Protocol for beams with web openings.
4.3 Option 3 – Advanced analysis

Beams that are outside the scope of the fire protection manufacturers product-
specific limiting temperature tables (notably beams with rectangular or elongated
circular openings) and which have not been designed using proprietary software
will need to be evaluated using non-linear finite element analysis in order to
determine the appropriate limiting temperature. As this advanced analysis is
closely related to the structural design it should be undertaken by the structural
designer or a suitability qualified consultant.
The structural model used for this purpose should take account of all practical
modes of failure for beams with web openings and the thermal model should
permit a suitable temperature distribution to be applied to the cross section. The
thermal model should take account of the increase in temperature of the web posts
relative to the flanges and the effect of section asymmetry on top flange
temperature. The performance of the intumescent coating applied to the beam
should be compatible with the assumed temperature distribution used in the
structural analysis. Data on the appropriate temperature distribution may be
obtained from fire tests on protected sections or alternatively the thermal

distribution given in Section 3.3 may be applied.

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An initial imperfection also needs to be introduced in the web of the section. This
can take the form of a half sin wave from the top to the bottom of the section with a
maximum amplitude equal to section height divided by 600.

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5 References
1. ASFP ‘Fire protection for Structural Steel in buildings’, 4th edition, ASFP,
2007
2. BS5950-8 ‘Structural use of steelwork in building. Code of practice for fire
resistant design’, BSI, 2003
3. BS5950-1 ‘Structural use of steelwork in building. Code of practice for design
- Rolled and welded sections’, BSI, 2000
4. BS EN 1994-1-1 ‘Design of composite steel and concrete structures. General
rules and rules for buildings’, BSI, 2004
5. BS EN 1994-1-2 ‘Design of composite steel and concrete structures. General
rules - Structural fire design’, BSI, 2005
6. BS EN 1993-1-1‘Design of steel structures. General rules and rules for
buildings’, BSI, 2005
7. BS EN 1993-1-2 ‘Design of steel structures. General rules – Structural fire
design’, BSI, 2005
8. ‘Guidance on the use of intumescent coatings for the fire protection of beams
with web openings’, SCI RT1085, Version 4, SCI, March 2007.

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Appendix A Web post buckling

temperatures
The temperatures in the web posts of beams protected using intumescent coatings
have been measured in a number of fire tests. Based on those tests SCI have
derived a relationship which links the increase in web post temperature to the width
of the web post. This relationship is presented in Figure A.1 and can be
conservatively used for any intumescent coating and for all periods of fire
resistance.
1.4
Relative temperature
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
130 180 230 280 330 380 430 480 530 580
Web post width (mm)

Note: The web post temperature is expressed as a temperature relative to the bottom flange
temperature.
Figure A.1 Assumed generic web post temperature variation


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Appendix B Table of limiting

temperatures from RT1085
Design Table 2
Generic
Symmetric beams
Load Type UDL
Beam utilisation 100%
Span / depth ratio 20
Spacing Post d/t d/t d/t d/t

width
S/do (mm) 35(40) 53(60) 70(80) 88(100)
1.3 130 496 485 484 439

165 495 487 489 439
200 499 495 495 439
250 507 501 499 448
300 518 507 507 454
500 562 543 545 479
1.4 130 518 495 487 442
165 517 495 489 440
200 517 499 495 442
250 524 512 504 445
300 535 521 512 456
500 578 551 545 479
1.5 130 535 512 495 445
165 541 512 495 442
200 543 517 498 442
250 549 524 510 446
300 560 537 520 454
500 603 571 553 482
1.6 130 551 520 503 451
165 557 523 504 448
200 562 526 506 446
250 564 532 515 451
300 571 545 523 457
500 614 585 557 489
1.7 130 570 526 510 454
165 570 528 510 451
200 578 531 514 451
250 585 539 520 454
300 587 549 529 460
500 624 590 557 489
1.8 130 582 531 517 460
165 581 532 514 454
200 587 539 518 454

250 592 542 526 457
300 604 551 535 464
500 628 592 562 489
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Appendix C Worked Example


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Job No. BCF 163 Sheet -27 of 1 Rev A

Job Title Worked example
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN Subject Fire resistance of beams with web openings
Telephone: (01344) 636525
Fax: (01344) 636570
Client Made by CZT Date 01 / 04 / 2008
CALCULATION SHEET
Corus CSD
Checked by WIS Date 28 / 04 / 2008
This worked example checks the limiting temperatures produced by SCI Excel and
VBA design tool used to generate the tables of limiting temperatures provided in
RT1085 and other SCI reports that have provide product specific limiting
temperatures.
The example is based on the limiting temperatures given in the design table 2 for
uniformly loaded symmetric beams with a span to depth ration of 20 that are 100%
utilised for room temperature design (μ = 1.0). This table is calculated for office
loading and the ratio, ηfi, of the loading for fire design to that for room temperature
design is 0.46
The beam geometry for the case considered is as follows:

Web slenderness d/t is 53.
The ratio of opening spacing, S, to opening diameter, do, (s/do) is 1.4
The web post width is 165mm.
Each limiting temperature given in the tables is the lesser of the limiting temperatures
calculated for a do/D ratio of 0.6 or 0.8.
The limiting bottom flange temperature given in the Table 2 of Appendix B for this
case is 495˚C.
1. Case 1: do/D =0.8.

1.1. Beam geometry
The opening diameter:

S = So + d o
So
do =
(So / d o ) − 1
165
do =
1.4 − 1
d o = 412.5 mm
The depth of the beam:
do
D=
(d o / D)
412.5
D=
0 .8
D = 516 mm
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As first approximation of the web thickness:

D
tw =
(d / t )
516
tw =
53
t w = 9.7 mm
The flange thickness is given as a proportion of the web thickness as follows

t
Tf = w
0.6
9 .7
Tf =
0.6
Tf = 16.2 mm
The flange width is given as a proportion of beam depth as follows

B = 0.35 × D
B = 0.35 × 516
B = 181 mm
Finally, the actual web thickness, is calculated as:

D − 2Tf
tw =
(d / t )
516 − 2 × 16.2
tw =
53
t w = 9.1 mm
1.2. The temperature distribution in the cross section

Taking the temperature of the bottom flange, as θ F,b = 495 ˚C
The temperature of the top flange is given by
θ F,t
k F,t,θ = where kF,t,θ = 0.7 since the beam geometry is symmetric
θ F,b
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θ F,t = k F,t,θ × θ F,b
θ F,t = 0.7 × 495
θ F, t = 346.5 ˚C
The temperature of the web below the opening is:
θ w,b = θ F,b × 1.02
θ w, b = 495 × 1.02
θ w,b = 505 ˚C
The temperature of the web above the opening is:
θ w,t = θ F,t × 1.02
θ w,t = 346.5 × 1.02
θ w,t = 353.4 ˚C
The buckling temperature of the web post is:
1 .4 − 1 .1
θ w, p = k w, p, θ × θ F, b where k w,p,θ = 1.4 − × So
450
1.4 − 1.1
k w,p,θ = 1.4 − × 165
450
k w,p,θ = 1.29
Thus, θ w,p = 1.29 × 495
θ w,p = 639 ˚C
The temperature of the concrete slab is:
θ c = 0.4 × θ F,t
θ c = 0.4 × 346.5
θ c = 139 ˚C
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1.3. Calculation of the horizontal shear capacity at elevated

temperature
The sum of the shear capacities of the web post is:
∑Vhi =(N wp × Vh,fi + Vh,fi,e )× kl where kl = 0.5 since UDL
The width of the end post:
we = 0.3 × d o
we = 0.3 × 412.5
we = 124 mm
The number of opening required is:
2 × we + n × d o + (n − 1) × S o ≥ 20 × D
2 × 124 + 18 × 412.5 + 17 × 165 ≥ 20 × 516
10478 ≥ 10320
Therefore there are 18 openings.
The horizontal shear capacity of the end post is:
0.6 × k y,θ × f y × we × t w k y,θ from

Vh,fi,e = BS EN 1994-1-2
γ M,fi,a
Table 3.2
0.6 × 0.37 × 355 × 124 × 9.1

Vh,fi,e =
1
Vh,fi,e = 88929 N
The horizontal shear capacity of the web post:
0.6 × k y,θ × f y [(S − d o )t w ]

Vh,fi =
γ M,fi,a
0.6 × 0.37 × 355[(577.5 − 412.5)9.1]
Vh,fi =
Vh,fi = 118333 N
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Thus ∑Vh,i =(8.5 × 118333 + 88929)× 0.5

∑Vh,i =547380 N
1.4. Calculation of the buckling capacity at elevated
temperature
The sum of the buckling capacities of the web post is:
∑Vb,i =(N wp × Vb,fi + Vh,fi,e )× kl where kl = 0.5 since UDL
The shear buckling capacity of the web
f b,θ (S − d o )t w
Vh,b,fi =
γ M,fi,a
The strut properties are:
L = (So2 + do2)0.5
L = 444 mm
Since d/t ≤ 85, therefore Leff,fi = 0.5 × 0.9 × L

Leff,fi = 0.5 × 0.9 × 444
Leff,fi = 200 mm
The effective width of the strut is

wwp,eff = 0.5 × S o
wwp,eff = 0.5 × 165
wwp,eff = 82.5 mm
The plastic capacity of the effective web post is

N pl = wwp,eff × t w × k y,θ × f y k y,θ from
BS EN 1994-1-2
N pl = 82.5 × 9.1 × 0.37 × 355 Table 3.2
N pl = 98611 N
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The elastic critical buckling capacity of the strut is:

π 2 × Eθ × I
N cr =
Leff 2
wwp,eff × t w 3
I=
12
I = 5181 mm4
Eθ = k E,θ × E
k E,θ from
Eθ = 0.24 × 210000 BS EN 1994-1-2
Table 3.2
Eθ = 50400 N/mm2
π 2 × 50400 × 5181
Thus N cr =
200 2
N cr = 64429 N
The web post slenderness is
N pl
λfi =
N cr
98611
λfi =
64429
λfi = 1.24
The buckling coefficient is
1
χ=
φ + φ 2 − λ2
(
φ = 0.5 1 + α (λ − 0.2 ) + λ2 ) where α = 0.49 since d/t ≤ 85
(
φ = 0.5 1 + 0.49(1.24 − 0.2 ) + 1.24 2 )
φ = 1.52
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1
χ=
1.52 + 1.52 2 − 1.24 2
χ = 0.4
The buckling post strength of the web post is

k y,θ from
f b,θ = χ fi × k y,θ × f y BS EN 1994-1-2
Table 3.2
f b, θ = 0.4 × 0.37 × 355
f b, θ = 53 N/mm2
53(577.5 − 412.5)9.1
Thus Vh, b, fi =
Vh, b, fi = 79580 N
∑Vb,i =(8.5 × 79580 + 88929)× 0.5

∑Vb,i =382680 N
The capacity of the bottom tee is
n
Tb,fi = ∑ As,i × k y,θ,i × f y,i k y,θ,fb and
i =1
k y,θ, wb from
Tb,fi = 181 × 16.2 × 0.79 × 355 + 35.5 × 9.1 × 0.76 × 355 BS EN 1994-1-2
Table 3.2
Tb,fi = 909494 N
The reduction factor for area of bottom tee is
k BT,fi =
(∑
min Vh ,i , Vb,i ∑ )
Tb,fi
382680
k BT,fi =
909494
k BT, fi = 0.42
1.5. The neutral axis calculated at elevated temperature
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Concrete: C25 fck = 25 N/mm2

Steel grade: S355 fyk = 355 N/mm2
αslab = 0.85 BS EN 1994-1-2
4.3.1
γM,fi,a = 1.0 BS EN 1994-1-2
γM,fi,c = 1.0 2.3
γM,fi = 1.0
k y,θ,fb = 0.79 BS EN 1994-1-2

Table 3.2
k y,θ, wb =0.76
Table 3.3
k y,θ, wt =1.0
k y,θ,ft =1.0
kc,θ =0.98
n ⎛ f y,i ⎞ m ⎛ f ⎞
∑ Ai k y,θ,i ⎜
⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ ∑
⎟ + α slab A j kc,θ, j ⎜ c, j ⎟ = 0
⎜ γ M,fi,c ⎟
i =1 ⎝ ⎠ j =1 ⎝ ⎠
Let’s assume the neutral axis is located in the slab.

⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞
k BT Afb k y,θ,fb ⎜ ⎟ + k BT Awb k y,θ, wb ⎜ y ⎟ + Awt k y,θ, wt ⎜ y ⎟
⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ ⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ ⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
+ Aft k y,θ,ft ⎜ ⎟ = α slab Ac kc,θ ⎜ f c ⎟
⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ ⎜ γ M,fi,c ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
k BT Afb k y,θ,fb ⎜ ⎟ = 0.42 × 181 × 16.2 × 0.79 × 355 = 345381 N
⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
k BT Awb k y,θ, wb ⎜ ⎟ = 0.42 × 35.5 × 9.1 × 0.76 × 355 = 36607 N
⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
Awt k y,θ, wt ⎜ ⎟ = 35.5 × 9.1 × 1 × 355 = 114683 N
⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
Aft k y,θ,ft ⎜ ⎟ = 16.2 × 181 × 1 × 355 = 1040931 N
⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fc ⎞
α slab Ac kc,θ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.85 × z × 2619 × 0.98 × 25 = 54541 × z
⎜ γ M,fi,c ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
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345381 + 36607 + 114683 + 1040931 = 54541z
z = 28 mm
z is measured from the top of the concrete slab.
The neutral axis is located in the concrete slab.
1.6. The moment of resistance
⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞
M fi,Rd = k BT Afb k y,θ,fb z1 ⎜ ⎟ + k BT Awb k y,θ, wb z 2 ⎜ y ⎟ + Awt k y,θ, wt z3 ⎜ y ⎟
⎜ γ M,fi ⎟ ⎜ γ M,fi ⎟ ⎜ γ M,fi ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
+ Aft k y,θ,ft z 4 ⎜ ⎟ + α slab Ac kc,θ z5 ⎜ f c ⎟
⎜ γ M,fi ⎟ ⎜ γ M,f,c ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
k BT Afb k y,θ,fb z1 ⎜ ⎟ = 345381 × 610 = 211 kNm
⎜ γ M,fi ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
k BT Awb k y,θ, wb z 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 36607 × 584 = 21 kNm
⎜ γ M,fi ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
Awt k y,θ, wt z3 ⎜ ⎟ = 114683 × 136 = 15.6 kNm
⎜ γ M,fi ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
Aft k y,θ,ft z 4 ⎜ ⎟ = 1040931 × 110 = 114.5 kNm
⎜ γ M,fi ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fc ⎞
α slab Ac kc,θ z5 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.85 × 28 × 2619 × 0.98 × 14 × 25 = 21 kNm
⎜ γ M,f,c ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
Thus M fi,Rd = 211 + 21 + 15.6 + 114.5 + 21
M fi, Rd = 383 kNm
1.7. Calculation of the horizontal shear capacity at room

temperature
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∑Vh,i =(N wp × Vh + Vh,e )× kl where kl = 0.5 since UDL
The width of the end post : we = 124 mm

The beam has 18 openings.
0.6 × f y × we × t w
Vh,e =
γ M0
0.6 × 355 × 124 × 9.1

Vh,e =
1
Vh,e = 240349 N
0.6 × f y [(S − d o )t w ]
Vh =
γ M0
0.6 × 355[(577.5 − 412.5)9.1]

Vh =
1
Vh = 319820 N
Thus ∑Vh,i =(8.5 × 319820 + 240349)× 0.5

∑Vh,i =1479410 N
1.8. Calculation of the buckling capacity at room
temperature
∑ (
Vb,i = N wp × Vb + Vh,e × k l) where kl = 0.5 since UDL

f (S − d o )t w
Vh,b = b
γ M1
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L = (So2 + do2)0.5
L = 444 mm
Leff = 0.5 × L
Leff = 0.5 × 444
Leff = 222 mm
wwp,eff = 0.5 × 165
wwp,eff = 82.5 mm

N pl = wwp,eff × t w × f y
N pl = 82.5 × 9.1 × 355
N pl = 266516 N

π2 × E × I
N cr =
Leff 2
wwp,eff × t w 3
I=
12
I = 5181 mm4
π 2 × 210000 × 5181
Thus N cr =
222 2
N cr = 217885 N
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N pl
λ=
N cr
266516
λ=
217885
λ = 1.11
1
χ=
φ + φ 2 − λ2
(
(
φ = 0.5 1 + 0.49(1.11 − 0.2) + 1.112 )
φ = 1.34
1
χ=
1.34 + 1.34 2 − 1.112
χ = 0.48
fb = χ × f y
f b = 0.48 × 355
f b = 170 N/mm2
170(577.5 − 412.5)9.1
Thus Vh,b =
1
Vh,b = 255255 N
∑Vb,i =(8.5 × 255255 + 240349)× 0.5

∑Vb,i =1205008 N
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n
Tb = ∑ As,i × f y,i
i =1
Tb = 181 × 16.2 × 355 + 35.5 × 9.1 × 355
Tb = 1155614 N
Since Tb ≤ min(∑Vh,i, ∑Vh,i), therefore kBT = 1
1.9. The neutral axis calculated at room temperature


αslab = 0.85 BS EN 1994-1-2
4.3.1
γM,0 = 1.0 BS EN 1993-1-1
γc = 1.5 BS EN 1992-1-1
n m
⎛ f y,i ⎞ ⎛ f c, j ⎞
∑ Ai ⎜⎜
⎝ γ M0
⎟ + α slab
⎟
⎠
∑ A j ⎜⎜⎝ γ c ⎟=0
⎟
⎠
i =1 j =1
⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛f ⎞
Afb ⎜⎜ ⎟ + Awb ⎜ y ⎟ + Awt ⎜ y ⎟ + Aft ⎜ y ⎟ = α Ac ⎜ c ⎟
⎟ ⎜γ ⎟ ⎜γ ⎟ ⎜γ ⎟ ⎜γ ⎟
⎝ γ M0 ⎠
slab
⎝ M0 ⎠ ⎝ M0 ⎠ ⎝ M0 ⎠ ⎝ c⎠
⎛ fy ⎞ 355
Afb ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 181 × 16.2 ×
⎟ = 1040931 N
⎝ γ M0 ⎠ 1
⎛ fy ⎞ 355
Awb ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 35.5 × 9.1 ×
⎟ = 114683 N
⎝ γ M0 ⎠ 1
⎛ fy ⎞ 355
Awt ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 35.5 × 9.1 ×
⎟ = 114683 N
⎝ γ M0 ⎠
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⎛ fy ⎞ 355
Aft ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 16.2 × 181 ×
⎟ = 1040931 N
⎝ γ M0 ⎠ 1
⎛ fc ⎞ 25
α slab Ac ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.85 × z × 2619 × = 37103 × z
⎝γc ⎠ 1.5
1040931 + 114683 + 114683 + 1040931 = 37103z
z = 62 mm
z is taken to the top of the concrete slab.
The neutral axis is actually in the concrete slab.

1.10. The “cold” moment of resistance
⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛f ⎞
M Rd = Afb z1 ⎜⎜ ⎟ + Awb z 2 ⎜ y ⎟ + Awt z3 ⎜ y ⎟ + Aft z 4 ⎜ y ⎟ + α slab Ac z5 ⎜ c ⎟
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜γ ⎟
⎝ γ M0 ⎠ ⎝ γ M0 ⎠ ⎝ γ M0 ⎠ ⎝ γ M0 ⎠ ⎝ c⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
Afb z1 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 1040931 × 576 = 600 kNm
⎟
⎝ γ M0 ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
Awb z 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 114683 × 550 = 63 kNm
⎟
⎝ γ M0 ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
Awt z3 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 114683 × 102 = 12 kNm
⎟
⎝ γ M0 ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
Aft z 4 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 1040931 × 76 = 79 kNm
⎟
⎝ γ M0 ⎠
⎛ fc ⎞ 25
α slab Ac z5 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.85 × 62 × 2619 × 31 × = 71 kNm
⎝γc ⎠ 1.5
Thus M Rd = 600 + 63 + 12 + 79 + 71
M Rd = 825 kNm
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Job No. BCF 163 Sheet 1 of 15 Rev A

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Corus CSD
1.11. The load ratio (R) is given by

M fi,Rd
R=
M Rd × μ
383
R= = 0.46
825 × 1.0
The load ratio is equal to the ratio of design load.
η fi
0.995 ≤ ≤ 1.005 Beam passes check
R
2. Case 2: do/D = 0.6.

2.1. Beam geometry

The limiting temperature of bottom flange for this case is not reported in Table 2.
However, from the software the value of limiting temperature is known to be 512 ˚C
The opening diameter:
S = So + d o
So
do =
(So / d o ) − 1
165
do =
1.4 − 1
d o = 412.5 mm
Depth of the beam:

do
D=
(d o / D)
412.5
D=
0.6
D = 688 mm
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As first approximation of the web thickness:

D
tw =
(d / t )
688
tw =
53
t w = 13 mm
The flange thickness is given as a proportion of the web thickness as follows
t
Tf = w
0.6
13
Tf =
0.6
Tf = 21.7 mm
The flange width is given as proportion of beam depth as follows
B = 0.35 × D
B = 0.35 × 688
B = 241 mm
Finally, the actual web thickness, is calculated as
D − 2Tf
tw =
(d / t )
688 − 2 × 21.7
tw =
53
t w = 12.2 mm
2.2. The temperature distribution in the cross section

Taking the temperature of the bottom flange, as θ F,b = 512 ˚C
The temperature of the top flange is given by
θ F,t
k F,t,θ = where kF,t,θ = 0.7 since the beam geometry is symmetric
θ F,b
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θ F,t = k F,t,θ × θ F,b
θ F,t = 0.7 × 512
θ F,t = 358 ˚C
The temperature of the web below the opening is:
θ w,b = θ F,b × 1.02
θ w,b = 512 × 1.02
θ w,b = 522 ˚C
The temperature of the web above the opening is:
θ w,t = θ F,t × 1.02
θ w,t = 358 × 1.02
θ w,t = 365 ˚C
The buckling temperature of the web post is:

1.4 − 1.1
θ w, p = k w, p, θ × θ F, b where k w,p,θ = 1.4 − × So
450
1.4 − 1.1
k w,p,θ = 1.4 − × 165
450
k w,p,θ = 1.29
Thus, θ w,p = 1.29 × 512
θ w,p = 660 ˚C
The temperature of the concrete slab is:

θ c = 0.4 × θ F,t
θ c = 0.4 × 358
θ c = 143 ˚C
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2.3. Calculation of the horizontal shear capacity at elevated

temperature
∑Vh,i =(N wp × Vh,fi + Vh,fi,e )× kl where kl = 0.5 since UDL
The width of the end post:
we = 0.3 × d o
we = 0.3 × 412.5
we = 124 mm
The number of opening required is:
2 × we + n × d o + (n − 1) × S o ≥ 20 × D
2 × 124 + 24 × 412.5 + 23 × 165 ≥ 20 × 688
13943 ≥ 13760
Therefore there are 24 openings.

k y,θ from
0.6 × k y,θ × f y × we × t w BS EN 1994-1-2
Vh,fi,e = Table 3.2
γ M,fi,a
0.6 × 0.33 × 355 × 124 × 12.2

Vh,fi,e =
1
Vh,fi,e = 106335 N
0.6 × k y,θ × f y [(S − d o )t w ]

Vh,fi =
γ M,fi,a
0.6 × 0.33 × 355[(577.5 − 412.5)12.2]

Vh,fi =
1
Vh,fi = 141494 N
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Thus ∑Vh,i =(11.5 ×141494 + 106335)× 0.5

∑Vh,i =866758 N
2.4. Calculation of the buckling capacity at elevated
temperature
∑Vb,i =(N wp × Vb,fi + Vh,fi,e )× kl where kl = 0.5 since UDL
f b,θ (S − d o )t w
Vh,b,fi =
γ M,fi,a
L = (So2 + do2)0.5
L = 444 mm
Since d/t ≤ 85, therefore Leff,fi = 0.5 × 0.9 × L
Leff,fi = 0.5 × 0.9 × 444
Leff,fi = 200 mm
wwp,eff = 0.5 × 165
wwp,eff = 82.5 mm
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k y,θ from
N pl = wwp,eff × t w × k y,θ × f y BS EN 1994-1-2
Table 3.2
N pl = 82.5 × 12.2 × 0.33 × 355
N pl = 117911 N
π 2 × Eθ × I
N cr =
Leff 2
wwp,eff × t w 3
I=
12
I = 12484 mm4
k E,θ from
Eθ = k E,θ × E
BS EN 1994-1-2
Table 3.2
Eθ = 0.2 × 210000
Eθ = 42000 MPa
π 2 × 42000 × 12484
Thus N cr =
200 2
N cr = 129373 N
N pl
λfi =
N cr
117911
λfi =
129373
λfi = 0.95
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1
χ=
φ + φ 2 − λ2
(
(
φ = 0.5 1 + 0.49(0.95 − 0.2) + 0.952 )
φ = 1.14
1
χ=
1.14 + 1.14 2 − 0.95 2
χ = 0.56

k y,θ from
f b,θ = χ fi × k y,θ × f y BS EN 1994-1-2
Table 3.2
f b,θ = 0.56 × 0.33 × 355
f b,θ = 66 N/mm2
66(577.5 − 412.5)12.2
Thus Vh,b,fi =
1
Vh,b,fi = 132858 N
∑Vb,i =(11.5 ×132858 + 106335)× 0.5

∑Vb,i =817101 N
n k y,θ,fb and
Tb = ∑ As,i × k y,θ,i × f y,i k y,θ, wb from
i =1
BS EN 1994-1-2
Tb = 241 × 21.7 × 0.74 × 355 + 116 × 12.2 × 0.71 × 355 Table 3.2
Tb = 1730543 N
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The reduction factor for area of bottom tee is
k BT,fi =
min (∑Vh,i , ∑Vb,i )
Tb,fi
817101
k BT,fi =
1730543
k BT,fi = 0.47
2.5. The neutral axis calculated at elevated temperature

αslab = 0.85 BS EN 1994-1-2

4.3.1
γM,fi,a = 1.0 BS EN 1994-1-2
γM,fi,c = 1.0 2.3
γM,fi = 1.0
k y,θ,fb = 0.74 BS EN 1994-1-2

Table 3.2
k y,θ, wb =0.71
Table 3.3
k y,θ, wt =1.0
k y,θ,ft =1.0
kc,θ =0.98
n ⎛ f y,i ⎞ m ⎛ f ⎞
∑ Ai k y,θ,i ⎜
⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ ∑
⎟ + α slab A j kc,θ, j ⎜ c, j ⎟ = 0
⎜ γ M,fi,c ⎟
i =1 ⎝ ⎠ j =1 ⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞
k BT Afb k y,θ,fb ⎜ ⎟ + k BT Awb k y,θ, wb ⎜ y ⎟ + Awt k y,θ, wt ⎜ y ⎟
⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ ⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ ⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
+ Aft k y,θ,ft ⎜ ⎟ = α slab Ac k c,θ ⎜ f c ⎟
⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ ⎜ γ M,fi,c ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
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⎛ fy ⎞
k BT Afb k y,θ,fb ⎜ ⎟ = 0.47 × 241 × 21.7 × 0.74 × 355 = 645706 N
⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
k BT Awb k y,θ, wb ⎜ ⎟ = 0.47 × 116 × 12.2 × 0.71 × 355 = 167650 N
⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
Awt k y,θ, wt ⎜ ⎟ = 116 × 12.2 × 1 × 355 = 502396 N
⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
Aft k y,θ,ft ⎜ ⎟ = 21.7 × 241 × 1 × 355 = 1856544 N
⎜ γ M,fi,a ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fc ⎞
α slab Ac kc,θ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.85 × z × 3486 × 0.98 × 25 = 72596 × z
⎜ γ M,fi,c ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
645706 + 167650 + 502396 + 1856544 = 72596 z
z = 42 mm
z is taken to the top of the concrete slab.
The neutral axis is actually in the concrete slab.
2.6. The moment of resistance

⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞
M fi,Rd = k BT Afb k y,θ,fb z1 ⎜ ⎟ + k BT Awb k y,θ, wb z 2 ⎜ y ⎟ + Awt k y,θ, wt z3 ⎜ y ⎟
⎜ γ M,fi ⎟ ⎜ γ M,fi ⎟ ⎜ γ M,fi ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ fc ⎞
+ Aft k y,θ,ft z 4 ⎜ ⎟ + α slab Ac k c,θ z5 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ γ M,fi ⎟ ⎜ γ M,f,c ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
k BT Afb k y,θ,fb z1 ⎜ ⎟ = 645706 × 765 = 494 kNm
⎜ γ M,fi ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
k BT Awb k y,θ, wb z 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 167650 × 696 = 117 kNm
⎜ γ M,fi ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
Awt k y,θ, wt z3 ⎜ ⎟ = 502396 × 167.7 = 84 kNm
⎜ γ M,fi ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
Aft k y,θ,ft z 4 ⎜ ⎟ = 1856544 × 99 = 181 kNm
⎜ γ M,fi ⎟
⎝ ⎠
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⎛ fc ⎞
α slab Ac kc,θ z5 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.85 × 42 × 3486 × 0.98 × 21 × 25 = 64 kNm
⎜ γ M,f,c ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
Thus M fi,Rd = 494 + 117 + 84 + 181 + 64
M fi,Rd = 940 kNm
2.7. Calculation of the horizontal shear capacity at room

temperature

∑Vh,i =(N wp × Vh + Vh,e )× kl where kl = 0.5 since UDL
The width of the end post : we = 124 mm

The beam has 24 openings.

0.6 × f y × we × t w
Vh,e =
γ M0
0.6 × 355 × 124 × 12.2

Vh,e =
1
Vh,e = 322226 N

0.6 × f y [(S − d o )t w ]
Vh =
γ M0
0.6 × 355[(577.5 − 412.5)12.2]

Vh =
1
Vh = 428769 N
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Thus ∑Vh,i =(11.5 × 428769 + 322226)× 0.5

∑Vh,i =2626535 N
2.8. Calculation of the buckling capacity at room

temperature
∑Vb,i =(N wp × Vb + Vh,e )× kl where kl = 0.5 since UDL

f (S − d o )t w
Vh,b = b
γ M1

L = (So2 + do2)0.5
L = 444 mm
Leff = 0.5 × L
Leff = 0.5 × 444
Leff = 222 mm

wwp,eff = 0.5 × 165
wwp,eff = 82.5 mm

N pl = wwp,eff × t w × f y
N pl = 82.5 × 12.2 × 355

N pl = 357308 N
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π2 × E × I
N cr =
Leff 2
wwp,eff × t w 3
I=
12
I = 12484 mm4
π 2 × 210000 × 12484
Thus N cr =
222 2
N cr = 525009 N
N pl
λ=
N cr
357308
λ=
525009
λ = 0.82
1
χ=
φ + φ 2 − λ2
(
(
φ = 0.5 1 + 0.49(0.82 − 0.2 ) + 0.82 2 )
φ = 0.99
1
χ=
0.99 + 0.99 2 − 0.82 2
χ = 0.65
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fb = χ × f y
f b = 0.65 × 355
f b = 231 N/mm2
231(577.5 − 412.5)12.2
Thus Vh,b =
1
Vh,b = 465003 N
∑Vb,i =(11.5 × 465003 + 322226)× 0.5

∑Vb,i =2834880 N
n
Tb = ∑ As,i × f y,i
i =1
Tb = 241 × 21.7 × 355 + 116 × 12.2 × 355
Tb = 2358940 N
Since Tb ≤ min(∑Vh,i, ∑Vh,i), therefore kBT = 1
2.9. The neutral axis calculated at room temperature

αslab = 0.85 BS EN 1994-1-2
4.3.1
γM,0 = 1 BS EN 1993-1-1
γc = 1.5 BS EN 1992-1-1
n m
⎛ f y,i ⎞ ⎛ f c, j ⎞
∑ Ai ⎜⎜
γ ⎟
⎟ + α slab ∑ A j ⎜⎜⎝ γ c ⎟=0
⎟
i =1 ⎝ M0 ⎠ j =1 ⎠
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Let’s assume the neutral axis is located in the flange.
⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛f ⎞
Afb ⎜⎜ ⎟ + Awb ⎜ y ⎟ + Awt ⎜ y ⎟ + Aft1 ⎜ y ⎟ = Aft2 ⎜ y ⎟ + α Ac ⎜ c ⎟
⎟ ⎜γ ⎟ ⎜γ ⎟ ⎜γ ⎟ ⎜γ ⎟ ⎜γ ⎟
⎝ γ M0 ⎠
slab
⎝ M0 ⎠ ⎝ M0 ⎠ ⎝ M0 ⎠ ⎝ M0 ⎠ ⎝ c⎠
⎛ fy ⎞ 355
Afb ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 241 × 21.7 ×
⎟ = 1856544 N
⎝ γ M0 ⎠ 1
⎛ fy ⎞ 355
Awb ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 116 × 12.2 ×
⎟ = 502396 N
⎝ γ M0 ⎠ 1
⎛ fy ⎞ 355
Awt ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 116 × 12.2 ×
⎟ = 502396 N
⎝ γ M0 ⎠ 1
⎛ fy ⎞ 355
Aft1 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = (151.7 − z ) × 241 × = 12978694 − 85555 z

γ ⎟ 1
⎝ M0 ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞ 355
Aft2 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = (z − 130 ) × 241 × = 85555 z − 11122150
⎟
⎝ γ M0 ⎠ 1
⎛ fc ⎞ 25
α slab Ac ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.85 × 70 × 3486 × = 3456950 N
⎝γc ⎠ 1 .5
1856544 + 502396 + 502396 + 12978694 − 85555 z = 85555 z − 11122150 + 3456950
z = 137 mm
Z is taken to the top of the concrete slab.
The neutral axis is actually in the flange.
2.10. The “cold” moment of resistance
⎛ fy ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞
M Rd = Afb z1 ⎜⎜ ⎟ + Awb z 2 ⎜ y ⎟ + Awt z3 ⎜ y ⎟ + Aft1 z 4 ⎜ y ⎟ + Aft2 z5 ⎜ y ⎟
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜γ ⎟
⎝ γ M0 ⎠ ⎝ γ M0 ⎠ ⎝ γ M0 ⎠ ⎝ γ M0 ⎠ ⎝ M0 ⎠
⎛f ⎞
+ α slab Ac z6 ⎜⎜ c ⎟⎟
⎝γc ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
Afb z1 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 1856544 × 670 = 1244 kNm
⎟
⎝ γ M0 ⎠
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⎛ fy ⎞
Awb z 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 502396 × 601.2 = 302 kNm
⎟
γ
⎝ M0 ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞
Awt z3 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 502396 × 72.7 = 37 kNm
⎟
⎝ γ M0 ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞ 355
Aft1 z 4 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 14.7 × 241 × 7.4 ×
⎟ = 9.3 kNm
⎝ γ M0 ⎠ 1
⎛ fy ⎞ 355
Aft2 z5 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 7 × 241 × 3.5 ×
⎟ = 2.1 kNm
⎝ γ M0 ⎠ 1
⎛ fc ⎞
α slab Ac z6 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 3456950 × 102 = 353 kNm
⎝γc ⎠
Thus M Rd = 1244 + 302 + 37 + 9.3 + 2.1 + 353
M Rd = 1947 kNm
2.11. The load ratio (R) is given by

M fi,Rd
R=
M Rd × μ
940
R= = 0.48
1947 × 1.0
η fi 0.46
= = 0.96
R 0.48
The load ratio is close to the ratio of design load. It is acceptable because the ratio is
within the tolerance.
Beam passes check


SCI - Guidance On The Fire Protection of Beams With Web Oppenings

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SCI - Guidance On The Fire Protection of Beams With Web Oppenings

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RT1187 Guidance on the Fire Protection of Beams with Web Openings

Version Date of Purpose Author Technical Approved

1 21 May 08 Issued to Corus WIS BAB GHC

The Steel Construction Institute

REPORT TO CORUS CSD

GUIDANCE ON THE FIRE PROTECTION OF BEAMS WITH

The Steel Construction Institute

Telephone: +44 (0) 1344 623345

For information on publications, telephone direct: +44 (0) 1344 872775

For information on courses, telephone direct: +44 (0) 1344 872776

World Wide Web site: http://www.steel-sci.org

This report has been prepared by

© The Steel Construction Institute

A description of the structural calculation model is provided, including the method of

© The Steel Construction Institute

3 CALCULATION MODEL FOR BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS 10

Appendix A Web post buckling temperatures 28

Appendix B Table of limiting temperatures from RT1085 29

Appendix C Worked Example 30

© The Steel Construction Institute

bottom flange temperatures for a range of beam geometries, so that design

1.2 Published Design Guidance

© The Steel Construction Institute

© The Steel Construction Institute

2.1 Structural Model

• Span to Depth ratio

Table 2.1 Geometrical limits

Opening diameter, do do ≤ 0.8D

Opening spacing S/do ≥ 1.3

Web post width, So So ≥ 130mm

End post width, we we ≥ 0.3do

Web Slenderness d/t ≤ 100ε

© The Steel Construction Institute

Figure 2.1 Geometric properties of beams with web openings

2.2 Structural Assessment Methodology

• Fire Test Report for Cellular Beams

2. Review the assessment of the intumescent coating provided in the

3. Select a maximum of eight points to define the relationship between web

5. Based on the minimum web post width permitted by the Assessment

6. Calculate the required limiting temperatures.

8. Prepare an SCI report including details of the relationship between web

© The Steel Construction Institute

3 Calculation Model for Beams with Web

3.1 Structural behaviour of beams with web openings

This behaviour is illustrated in Figure 3.1. It shows a section of a beam between

For unperforated beams, it is normally adequate to compare the plastic capacity of

Figure 3.1 Equilibrium of beam element between openings

© The Steel Construction Institute

• Out of plane buckling

• Horizontal shear failure

Steel Temperature (OC)

Figure 3.2 Variation in design strength and elastic modulus with

© The Steel Construction Institute

3.2 Structural Model

The geometrical parameters considered in this study are as follows:

These geometric properties are shown in Figure 2.1.

Failure is defined as follows

The plastic capacity calculated at elevated temperature Mfi,Rd is taken as the

© The Steel Construction Institute

is the partial safety factor for imposed loads in fire

(1.0 + 0.8× 1.5)

3.2.1 Plastic Bending Resistance

The neutral axis of the composite beam may be determined from: