Chapter-1-Introduction To The Java Programming Language-2020

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO THE JAVA

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Prepared By Ddamba AbdulKarim
Programming in Java
BBC – II, Semester II – 2019/2020
Makerere University Business School
Chapter Outline
1. Computer programming language paradigms
2. Procedural vs. object-oriented programming
paradigm
3. Definition of the Java programming language
4. How Java works?
5. Origin and development of Java
6. Why Java?
7. The capabilities of Java programming language
8. Contrast between Java and JavaScript
 2020 Ddamba AK The Java Programming Language BBC II-MUBS 2

Introduction to Programming
• Computers solve many problems pertaining to
various domains, e.g., banking, commerce, etc.
• To solve a given problem by using a computer, you need to
write a program for it, this is known as computer
programming
• Computer programming is the craft of writing, maintainable, &
extensible source code which can be interpreted or compiled
by a computing system to perform a meaningful task.
• A computer program is a set of step-by-step instructions that

directs and tells the computer to do the particular tasks and
produce the results you want order to solve a problem.

• A computer program is made up of three
components; i.e.
• Programming language,
• Data structure and
• Algorithms.

• Components of a computer program
• Algorithm
• A set of step-by- step procedures or instructions for
solving a computational problem.
• Data structure
• It is a way of collecting, organizing and holding program
data in such a way that we can perform operations on
these data in an effective way.
• Programming language
• A language used to write a set of instructions which are
converted into machine language given to a computer
for execution to perform specified tasks

Computer Programming Paradigms
• Where do paradigms come from?
• Paradigms emerge as the result of social processes in
which people develop ideas and create principles
and practices that embody those ideas
• Programming paradigms
• Style, principles and practices for using a particular
programming language to writing computer programs
needed to solve computational problems
• Most computer languages are designed to facilitate certain
operations and not others: for example; numerical
computation, or text manipulation, or i/o.

Types of programming paradigms
• There are a number of alternative approaches to
the programming process and these include;
• Imperative / procedural • Logic
• Functional / applicative • Scripting
• Object-oriented • Declarative
• Concurrent
• Two of the most important programming
approaches are;
• Procedural paradigm and the
• Object-oriented paradigm.

Procedural vs Object-oriented
• Procedural-oriented programming, also known as
“imperative programming” is where;
• A computer program is divided into small parts
called procedures or functions or set of subroutines.
• These are groups of logically related program
instructions or algorithms for a computer to follow to
accomplish a particular task in a step-by-step order.
• These procedures (functions) are called repeatedly in a

program to execute tasks performed by them to
produce a given result.

• Procedural-oriented programming,
• For example, a program may involve;
• Collecting data from user (reading),
• Performing some kind of calculations on the collected
data (Calculation), and
• Finally displaying the result to the user when requested
(printing).
• All the 3 tasks of reading, calculating and printing can
be written in a program with the help of 3 different
functions which performs these 3 different tasks.


• In a multi-function program, some important data is

placed as global data, so that they may be accessed
by all the functions.
• Each function may have its own data

• Features of Procedural-oriented programming,
• Emphasis is placed on doing things, i.e. process
(algorithms), rather than the data
• Large programs are divided into smaller programs
known as functions/ procedures/ sub-routines
• Most of the functions share global data
• Data move freely and openly around the system from
function to function
• Functions transform data from one form to another
• Employs a top-down approach in program design

• Examples of Procedural-oriented programming,

• Limitations of Procedural-oriented programming,
• Importance is given to the procedures on data rather
than the data being used by functions. That is, the
data is defined independently of the procedures.
• Data is exposed to whole program at once, so there is
no security of data available. Any function can modify
the data and it may be hard to identify which function
is using what kind of data
• Procedures are often hard to reuse, because, the
function is likely to reference the global variables and
other functions.

• Programs are often hard to extend, maintain (update).
• In the cases of large and more complex, program
changes becomes more difficult and time consuming
• For example; if a change is required to the program, the
developer has to change every line of code that links to
the main function.
• Programs are often hard to debug
• In case one function accidentally changes the global
data, it will be too difficult to debug & identify which
function is causing the problem if the program is really
big.
• It doesn’t model the real-world problems very well
• It is because functions are action-oriented and do not
really correspond to elements of the problem
• It is therefore difficult to design because the
components function and data structure do not model
the real world.
• It is difficult to create new data types
• The ability to create the new data type of its own is
called extensibility.
• Procedure programming languages are not extensible

• Object-oriented programming,
• The major motivating factor in the invention of object-
oriented approach is to remove some of the flaws
encountered in the procedural approach
• OOP treats data as a critical element in a program
development and doesn’t allow it to flow freely around the
system
• It ties/ encapsulates data more closely to the functions
(methods) that operate on it, and protects it from accidental
modification from outside functions
• OOP decomposes a program into entities called Objects and
then builds data and functions around these objects

• Object-oriented programming,
• The data of an
object can be
accessed only by
the functions
associated with the
object.
• However functions
of one object can
access functions of
other objects
• Characteristics of OO programming,
• Emphasis is placed on the data rather than the
procedures
• Program is divided into objects
• Designed data structures characterize objects
• Functions that operate on the data of an object are
tied together in the data structure
• Data is hidden & cannot accessed by external
functions
• New data and functions can easily be added
• Follows bottom-up approach in program design
• Characteristics of OO programming,
• The OOP relies on the following concepts and
principles that are used extensively in program design;
• Objects
• Classes
• Methods
• Message passing
• Constructors
• Data abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Polymorphism and inheritance

• Examples of Object-oriented programming,
• Two examples of popular object-oriented
programming languages are Java and C++.
• Some other well-known object-oriented programming
languages include;

• Advantages of Object-oriented programming,
• Data control and Security
• Data can’t freely move from one method to another.
• Access and sharing of the internal object data by
external functions is restricted in OOP using access
specifiers, such as public, private, and protected etc.
• This feature of data hiding is called as "data
encapsulation".
• This principle of data hiding helps the programmer to
build a secure program that cannot be invaded by
code in other part of the program

• Ease of modification and maintainability
• New objects can be created with small differences to
existing ones.
• Still, new data and methods can easily be added with
little strain to programmers.
• Ease in software design
• Software objects model real-world objects, so the
complexity is reduced and the program structure is very
clear
• This enables easy analysis of the user requirements.

• Code reusability
• With the help of inheritance, the existing classes can be
re-used to derive a new class such that the redundant
code is eliminated and the use of existing class is
extended. This saves time and cost of program.
• Program modularity
• It provides modular structure for programs in which
each object forms a separate entity whose internal
workings are decoupled from other parts of the system.
• This makes it good for defining abstract datatypes in
which implementation details are hidden

• Faster development
• Reuse also enables faster development. Object-oriented
programming languages come with rich libraries of
objects, and code developed during projects is also
reusable in future projects.
• Program extensibility
• Adding new features or responding to changing
operating environments can be solved by introducing a
few new objects and modifying some existing ones

The Java Programming Language
• Java was developed by James Gosling from Sun
Microsystems in 1995 as an Object-oriented
language.
• It is used for programming general-purpose business
applications and for interactive, web-based internet
applications.
• Today java programming language is one of the most
popular programming language which is used in
critical applications like stock market trading system on
BSE, banking systems or android mobile application.

What is Java?
• Java is a programming language and a platform
• Java as a Programming Language
• It is one of today’s most popular software development
languages
• It is a high-level, general-purpose, and object-oriented

language that is expressly used to write computer programs
for use in a cross-platform computing environment
• Java is not only used for developing distributed web

applications, but also for developing standalone applications
across platforms on webservers, desktops, embedded devices
and mobile devices, even control the robotic devices.

What is Java?
• Java is a programming language and a platform
• Java as a Computing Platform
• A platform is any hardware or software environment in which
a program runs.
• Java is a platform because it has its own set of programs, i.e.
Java runtime environment (JRE) and API that help develop
and run programs written in the Java programming language.
• Java platform includes an execution engine, a compiler, and
a set of libraries.
• JAVA is platform-independent language, that is, it is not
specific to any processor (CPU) or operating system.

How Java Programs Works?
• Before we look at how Java works, lets first
examine how conventional languages work.
• In other conventional
programming
languages
• The source code is
directly translated
(compiled or
interpreted) to native
(machine) code, at
runtime for execution
by the computer.

• HOWEVER…in Java….
• A computer program (source code) written in java is
not directly translated (compiled or interpreted) into
the machine codes, rather into an intermediate
program codes called bytecode.
• These bytecodes are translated (executed or run) by the
Java Virtual Machine (JVM) into machine codes for the
respective machine.
• They are not executed on and by the hardware itself
• This JVM is included in the JDK/JRE (Java software)
package which you download and install on your
computer


• Java code needs to be translated twice in order to be
executed:
• First translation – Java programs need to be compiled to
bytecode.

• Java code needs to be compiled twice in order to be
executed:
• Second translation – When the bytecode is run, it needs
to be converted to machine code.

Origin and Development of Java
• 1990:
• Java started as an internal research project in 1990 at
Sun Microsystems Inc., named the Green Project.
• The Green Project team of 13 software engineers
including Patrick Naughton , Mike Sheridan was led by
James Gosling.
• They wanted a language that would be easy to port
to all different types of micro-controlled consumer
electronic computer devices such as; video game-
consoles, TV set-top boxes, VCRS, toasters, microwaves
etc.

• James Arthur Gosling
• A Canadian computer
scientist
• The founder and lead
designer behind the
Java programming
language

• 1990:
• Initially created for micro-controlled computer devices

• 1990:
• Primary goals for Java development
1. To use the object-oriented programming methodology.
2. To allow the same program to be executed on multiple
operating systems.
3. To contain built-in support for using computer networks.
4. To execute code from remote sources securely.
5. To be easy to use by selecting what was considered the
easy parts of other OO languages.
• It was too motivated by the frustrations caused by C,
and C++, e.g.; Platform dependence, complexity etc.

• 1991: language named OAK
• Gosling attempted to modify and extend C++ but he
ends up with many problems
• He quickly abandoned this approach in favor of
creating an entirely new language.
• The new language took 18 months to finish. By the fall
of 1992, the team was able to present their new
language.
• Gosling called it oak, in honor of an oak tree that
could be seen from his office window.

• 1992: The Green Project becomes First-person Inc.
• The Green project evolved into another company
known as First-person Inc., which was still under Sun
Microsystems Inc.
• The OAK language was directed toward building
highly interactive applications for set-top devices for
Time Warner company, a Cable TV industry.
• 1993: Oak becomes Unsuccessful

• The idea of building highly interactive devices for the
cable TV industry failed to materialize because the
OAK was too advanced for digital micro devices
• 1994: OAK is Re-targeted for the Internet
• The team redirected the OAK towards creating the
same embeddable technology to be used in web-
based Internet applications at that time.
• 1995: OAK is renamed to Java

• The green team met at a local coffee shop to come
up with another name, the team-members suggested
names like silk, DNA, ruby, WRL, revolutionary, jolt,
dynamic and java
• OAK was renamed Java after a trademark search
revealed that OAK was used by OAK technology.
• 1994: OAK is Re-targeted for the Internet
• A small browser called HotJava was written

• 1995: Oak renamed to Java
• Java is just a name not an acronym, it is an island of
Indonesia where first coffee was produced (called
Java coffee). This also tells the story behind the logo of
Java.

• 1995: Java is publicly released
• Java would see its first public launch at the Sunworld
conference event on May 23, 1995.
• 1996: The first JDK was released
• The first java development kit, JDK 1.0, was unveiled in
January 23 1996.
• The Java language has undergone several changes.
The Java community process (JCP) has governed the
overall evolution of the language.
• The JCP uses java specification requests to specify any
additions or changes to the platform.

• Oracle acquires Sun Microsystems Inc. in 2009
• In 2009, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun
Microsystems Inc. and took ownership of java.

• Java as of Today.
• Today, Java is one of the most popular programming
languages in use
• It is an invisible force behind many of the applications
and devices that power our day-to-day lives,
particularly;
• Client-server web applications,
• Mobile applications for handheld devices,
• Games
• Navigation systems,
• Embedded systems etc.
Features of Java Language

• Java is Simple and User-friendly
• Java is partially modeled on C++, but greatly simplified
and improved
• Some programmers refer to Java as “C++”, because it
is like C++, but with more functionality and fewer
complicated features which were removed like explicit
pointer, multiple inheritance etc.
• If you are familiar with C++, learning Java will be
particularly easy for you, because you have most of
the foundation already.

• Java is Object-oriented
• Computer programs are organized as a combination
of different types of objects that incorporates both
data and behavior.
• Object-oriented programming provides great flexibility,
modularity, clarity, and code-reusability through;
classes and objects, data abstraction, encapsulation,
inheritance, and polymorphism.

• Java is Distributed
• Distributed computing involves several computers
working together on a network.
• Since networking capability is inherently integrated into
Java, it can be used to develop client-server network
applications e.g. Web-based applications that
execute remotely from the server on client computer.
• Java has in-built support for socket programming,
remote method invocation (RMI), Java beans (EJB)
and JavaEE (Java Enterprise Edition) to develop
enterprise-class distributed application in java.

• Java is Architecture Neutral
• Java can run on any of the processor or CPU under
different environments irrespective of their
architectural and vendor for which there’s java
installed (java run-time system).
• The Java compiler generates byte codes, which have
nothing to do with a particular CPU architecture.
• Therefore Java programs can be executed on any
CPU machine, e.g. , those found in micro cards,
servers, personal computers, super computers,
embedded devices, video gaming consoles, etc

• Java is Interpreted
• You need an interpreter to run Java programs.
• The programs are compiled into the Java Virtual
Machine code called bytecode.
• The bytecode is machine-independent and can run
on any machine that has a java interpreter, which is
part of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
• Java is Portable
• Because Java is architecture neutral, Java programs
are portable. They can be run on any platform without
being recompiled

• Java is Portable
• Java achieves portability because of Bytecodes
• Byte code is a highly optimized set of instructions only
executed by Java Run-time System, which is called the
Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
• JVM converts byte code of Java into machine
language to execute on any microprocessor of an
operating system without being recompiled
• The JVM is platform dependent and java byte code is
platform independent.

• Java is Platform-independent
• A platform is the hardware or software environment in
which a program runs.
• There are two types of platforms software-based and
hardware-based. Java provides software-based
platform.
• The Java platform differs from most other platforms in
the sense that it is a software-based platform that runs
on the top of other hardware-based platforms.
• It has two components: e.g. Runtime Environment
(JVM) and API (Application Programming Interface)
• Java is not tied to a specific software platform (OS)
unlike other programming languages such C, VB etc.
• Java source code is compiled into the Bytecode that
can be run on multiple platforms e.g. Windows, Linux,
Sun, Solaris, and Mac OS etc. for which Java Virtual
Machine is installed
• The Java compiler does not produce machine code
for a particular machine like a VB compiler does.
Instead it produces a special format called byte code
written in hexadecimal, byte by byte

• Illustrating Java’s Platform-independence
• Java is Write Once
and Run Anywhere
(WORA).
• Any machine with
Java Runtime
Environment can run
Java Programs.

• Java is a Secure Language
• Java is a secure language because;
• Use of access specifiers/ modifiers, e.g. Private,
Protected and Public to limit access to memory
locations (variables) without proper authorization
• Java uses a Bytecode Verifier to ensure that no viruses
are communicated with its programs. The Bytecode
verifier is part of the JVM responsible to verify all the
Java bytecodes before they are loaded into memory.
• Java’s security manager determines what resource a
class can access such as reading and writing to the
local disk.
• Java is a Secure Language
• Java is a secure language because;
• Program run inside Virtual Machine Sandbox without
direct interaction with a computer’s to prevent any
untrusted codes.

• Java is a Robust Language
• Java provides the following safe grounds to ensure
writing of reliable and error-free code that must
execute reliably in a variety of systems.
• Java is strongly typed language. It has a strict compile-time
error checking and elimination mechanism for data types in
program during the execution.
• Java has a Runtime Exception-handling System that tracks
down bugs that often turn up in run-time or execution
situations.
• Java uses strong and better memory management system
(garbage collector) that automatically allocates and de-
allocates memory to objects

• Java is Dynamic
• Java was designed to adapt to an evolving
environment.
• New code can be loaded on the fly without
recompilation.
• There is no need for developers to create, and for users
to install, major new software versions.
• New features can be incorporated transparently as
needed.

• Java is Multithreaded
• A thread is like a separate program, executing
concurrently.
• Java programs can be written to deal with many
processes at once by defining multiple threads
resulting in highly interactive and responsive
applications with real-time behaviour
• The main advantage of multi-threading is that it
doesn't occupy memory for each thread. It shares a
common memory area.
• Threads are important for multi-media, web
applications etc.

• Java is High Performant
• Java uses bytecode which is more faster than ordinary
pointer code so performance of this language is high.
• It uses a garbage collector, to collect the unused
memory space and improve the performance of
application.
• It has no pointers so that using this language we can
develop an application very easily.
• It supports multithreading, because of this time
consuming process can be reduced to execute the
program.
• Java uses a Java interpreter that, translates the
bytecodes line by line into underlying machine code
for execution by any computing system that
implements the Java virtual machine (JVM) without
the need for a re-compilation.
• To achieve higher performance, Java uses two kinds
special interpreters knows as;
• Just-in-time (JIT) Compiler and
• Ahead-of-time Compiler.

• The just-in-time (JIT) compiler is special type of
interpreter that comes with the Java virtual machine
• It is directly and immediately translates the bytecodes
into machine code when it is needed (just-in-time), not
before runtime.
• It caches (stores) and reuses the instructions that have
been previously interpreted to machine code, and
reuses them on the successive execution, thus saving
time & resources by not having to re-interpret
statements

• How the JIT works?
• However the use of JIT is optional, but sun microsystems

suggest that it is quite efficient to use JIT especially if
there exists a repeated code in the program.

Types of Java Programs
• Java is therefore used to build a wide range of
software programs which are categorized into;
• Stand-alone Applications
• Console-based programs and
• Graphical-user-Interface based programs
• Web Applications
• Client-side applications (Applets)
• Server-side applications (Servlets)
• Mobile Applications

Stand-alone Java Programs
• Also known application programs
• They stand and reside on their own on the client
computer system on which they are deployed
• They are executed on a stand-alone local computer
with Java software (JVM) installed
• They are run directly by the Java interpreter.
• They are not embedded within HTML
• They are executed without the browsers (Internet
connectivity).

Types of Stand-alone Programs
• Console Applications
• They are used via a text-only computer interface, such
as a text terminal, the command line interface of
some operating system
• They take input and display output at a command line
console in a text format
• All interaction with the program is through keyboard
and text output.
• The mouse, and any use of multiple windows is not
supported.

• Illustrating Console applications

• Applications of Console Applications
• Suited for use in background applications. These
applications execute automated tasks, often for a
long period of time, without user interaction, e.g. Anti-
virus scanners, etc.
• Used in Business Data processing tasks where large
amounts of data are used/ loaded as inputs or outputs
that the user doesn't need to view, etc. Such as server-
based applications, backup jobs, which run on a
scheduled basis.
• Where a GUI would consume too much CPU power

Graphical-user Interface Programs
• They are known as Windows Applications
• They run on a stand-alone desktop computer with
graphical elements and icons, e.g. Window, text box,
button, checkbox, menus for the user to interact with
• GUIs generally provide users with immediate, visual
feedback about the effect of each action.
• GUI allows multiple programs and/or instances to be
displayed simultaneously.

Graphical-user Interface Programs
• Illustrating graphical-user interface applications

Web Applications
• These programs stored on a remote server and
delivered over the internet, accessed and
executed through a Web browser interface.
• They rely on the internet and require a web browser for
execution.
• They either execute on the client’s computer within a
browser of hosted on web server.
• In Java, they include;
• Java Applet programs and
• Java Servlets and Java Server Pages.

Java Applets – Client-side Program
• Web-based small client-side programs inserted in
a Web page and executed in Java-based web
browser on a client’s local computer
• They can too, be run as standalone applications with
the AppletViewer command (part of the JRE).
• Historically, in the early days of the Web, applets were
used to deliver the kind of rich browser functionality
now done via Flash, JavaScript, or HTML5.
• They perform tasks and interact with users on their
browser's webpages, e.g. Animations, online games,
visual graphic effects such as, scrolling text etc.
Java Applets – Client-side Program
• Illustrating Java Applets

Servlet Applications – Server-side
• A servlet is a Java class (code) which is used to
extend the capabilities of Web servers create
dynamic Web pages by means of a request-
response model.
• Unlike Applets, Servlets execute inside of a Web server,
in this case a Servlet container, e.g. Apache Tomcat
• They act as a middle layer between a request coming
from a Web browser and database application on the
HTTP server, and after send back the request/ results to
web clients, i.e. browsers.

• Execution of Servlets involves six basic steps;
1. The client’s Web browser send the request to the Java
web server.
2. The web server receives the request.
3. The web server passes the request to the corresponding
servlet.
4. The servlet processes the request and generates the
response in the form of output.
5. The servlet sends the response back to the web server.
6. The web server sends the response back to the client
and the client browser displays it on the screen.

• Execution of Servlets involves six basic steps

JSP – Server-side
• Java Server Pages is a Java-based server-side
technology based on Servlets for developing
Web pages that support dynamic content
• JSP is an HTML Web page or text document with
embedded Java code using special JSP tags, that
execute on the Web server, such as Tomcat
• JSP Web pages is similar to PHP and ASP, but it uses the
Java programming language
• It is based on Servlets technology, that is, JSP pages
are compiled into a servlet code, and later response is
sent back to the user in the Web browser

JSP – Server-side
• Illustrating JSP vs, Servlets
• Using JSP servlets, you
can;
• Collect input from
users through web
page forms,
• Present records
from a database or
another source,
and
• Create web pages
dynamically.

Why Java?
• Java has been tested, refined, extended, and
proven by a dedicated community of java
developers, architects and enthusiasts.
• Simple grammar – Java has a very simple grammar familiar to
anyone with experience in C and C++
• Portability – It runs well on all the popular platforms
• Speed – JIT compilers approach the speed of C/C++ code,
and in some memory allocation intensive circumstances,
exceed it.
• Garbage collection – the programmer doesn’t have to worry
about memory (most of the time)
• Huge library and developer community support available on
internet.
Why Choose Java Language?

Where is Java Used and Applied?
• According to sun, 3 billion devices run Java.
There are many devices where java is currently
used. Some of them are as follows:
• Desktop applications such as Acrobat Reader, Media
player, antivirus, Eclipse, OpenOffice etc.
• Web applications, e.g. Gmail, Murex, Twitter,
GoogleMaps, GoogleDocs, Netflix etc.
• Enterprise applications such as banking applications,
e.g. URA’s ASYCUDA portal
• Mobile applications, 99% of all mobile applications
running on the Android platform are built in Java

Where is Java Used and Applied?
• Some of them are as follows:
• Scientific systems, such as NASA wind
• E-Commerce Websites such as Amazon, eBay and
Wayfair
• Embedded system, e.g. all Blueray DVD players OS
and applications are entirely built in Java
• Games, e.g. all Yahoo Online games, MineCraft, etc.
• Smart card
• Robotics
• ETC…..ETC

How is Java Different from JavaScript?
JAVA JAVA SCRIPT

Initially called Oak, then later Initially called Mocha, then
named Java, created by LiveScript, and later to its
James Gosling at Sun- JavaScript, developed by
microsystems that was later Brendan Eich at Netscape
acquired by Oracle that was later acquired by
Mozilla.
A general-purpose object- A client-side scripting
oriented programming language that only executes
language used to create in web browsers
applications that execute on
multiple platforms

JAVA JAVA SCRIPT

Used to create and develop It is STRICYLY used to create
any type of software client-side web applications
application
It is statically typed language, Dynamically typed. It doesn’t
i.e. variables must declared require explicit data type
and associated with a given declaration of all variables,
data type before they are parameters and return values
used in a program. before they are used
Also, it does a lot of compile- Variable data types are

time checking of the source instead checked while
code before it is compiled executing the JavaScript
code.

JAVA JAVA SCRIPT

Java code is compiled into JavaScript code is loaded,
bytecode, interpreted and distributed & interpreted in
executed within the Java Web pages as human-
virtual machine (JVM) or Java- readable text code.
capable web browser for the
case of HTML embedded It is not compiled into
applet codes. machine language
To compile and run Java To write JavaScript code, it
programs you need Java requires a text editor, e.g.
software (JDK+JRE) set up in NotePad, and to run
your computer (interpret) JS code, you need
a Web browser where the
web page will be loaded.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO THE JAVA

 2020 Ddamba AK The Java Programming Language BBC II-MUBS 2

• A computer program is a set of step-by-step instructions that

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• These procedures (functions) are called repeatedly in a

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• In a multi-function program, some important data is

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• It is a high-level, general-purpose, and object-oriented

• Java is not only used for developing distributed web

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• 1993: Oak becomes Unsuccessful

• 1995: OAK is renamed to Java

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• However the use of JIT is optional, but sun microsystems