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General Chemistry 1: Quarter 1 - Module 2
General Chemistry 1: Quarter 1 - Module 2
General Chemistry 1: Quarter 1 - Module 2
General Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 2
Atomic Structures
Chemical Formula and Names
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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro
Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V
General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 – Module 2
Properties of Matter and Its Various Forms
Lesson 1.1:
Properties of Matter ..................................................................................................... 1
What I Need to Know..................................................................................1
What’s New................................................................................................1
What Is It....................................................................................................2
What’s More ..............................................................................................3
What Is It....................................................................................................3
What’s More (1)..........................................................................................4
What’s More (2)..........................................................................................5
What I Have Learned..................................................................................6
Lesson 4.2:
Common Chemical Substances.........................................................................7
What’s In.....................................................................................................7
What’s New................................................................................................7
What Is It.................................................................................................... 8
What’s More............................................................................................... 8
What’s In..................................................................................................... 9
What’s More................................................................................................ 10
Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………..12
Assessment: (Post-Test) ………………………………………………………………………….11
Key to Answers................................................................................................................ …13
Reference …………………………………………………………………………………….........14
What This Module is About
This module
You are expected to answer and complete the activities given in each lesson.
Strictly follow the instructions in each activity. You may write your answers on the
answer sheets provided.
i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
ii
What I Know
Pre Assessment
Directions: Choose the best answer among the choices. Encircle the letter of your
answer.
3. Which is the most suitable separation method can be used to separate a mixture of
different colored ink?
A. chromatography C. evaporation
B. distillation D. filtration
4. What is matter?
A. building blocks to make up organisms C. molecules that makes up all things
B. anything that is measured and seen D. none of the above
5. Which is the most suitable separation method can be used to separate the mixture of
liquids in crude oil?
A. distillation C. chromatography
B. evaporation D. fractional distillation
8. Tony Stark, a consumer with light colored hair, would like to buy shampoo but he saw
that it contains high amounts of sulfate. What should Tony do?
A. buy the shampoo C. find a sulfate free shampoo
B. test the shampoo D. find alternatives to shampoo
iii
Lesson
Isotopes
1
What I Need to Know
What’s In
Atoms of an element have a constant or fixed number of protons. The atomic number gives
the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. For the neutral atom, the number of
protons is equal to the number of its electrons. The atomic number is often represented by
the symbol Z.
The mass number is represented by the symbol A. The sum of the number of protons and
neutrons is called the mass number. An atom may be represented by the nuclear symbol AZE
where:
1.2412Mg (Magnesium)
Atomic numver (Z)=12
# of protons: 12
# of electrons: 12
Number of neutrons: (A-Z)
(24-12) = 12
1
What’s New
What Is It
John Dalton’s atomic theory states that all atoms of an element have the same mass.
However, with modern science and techniques, isotopes have been discovered. This
discovery revised Dalton’s statement that atoms of the same element have the same mass
numbers. In other words, isotopes are atoms of the same element but has different numbers
of neutrons.
For example, all carbon atoms (Z=6) have 6 protons as well as electrons, but only 98.89% of
naturally occurring carbon atoms have 6 neutrons (A=12).
Problem: Silicon (Si) is a major component in semiconductor chips. It has three naturally
occurring isotopes, 28Si, 29Si, and 30Si. Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons in each silicon isotope.
Plan: The mass number (A) of each of the three isotopes is given, which is the sum of
protons and neutrons. Using the periodic table, we can find the atomic number (Z) which
equals the number of electrons. We obtain the number of neutrons by subtracting (A-Z).
Solution: According to the periodic table, the atomic number of Silicon is 14. Therefore,
28
Si has 14 protons, 14 electrons, and 14 neutrons (28-14)
29
Si has 14 protons, 14 electrons, and 15 neutrons (29-14)
30
Si has 14 protons, 14 electrons, and 16 neutrons (30-14)
2
What’s More (1)
Activity 2: Do it Yourself
Directions: Using the sample before, determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons in these problems. Encircle and put a label on each subatomic particle.
A. 115Q
Solution and Answer:
B. 4120R
Solution and Answer:
C. 13153X
Solution and Answer:
3
Activity 3: Uses of Isotopes
Directions: Research and know more about the isotopes given below. On the spaces given,
draw the uses of the isotopes. Write a short caption below each drawing.
4
Lesson Compounds: Formulas and
2 Names
What’s In
In a chemical formula, element symbols, and, often, numerical subscripts show the type and
number of each atom in the smallest unit of the substance. In this lesson, you will learn how
to write the names and formulas of ionic and simple covalent compounds and how to
visualize molecules.
What Is It
Filtration
5
Evaporation
Materials: ordinary filter paper, water-based ink pen (black), Erlenmeyer flask (if available) or
mini coke plastic container (substitute)
Procedure:
1. Cut a small strip of filter paper long enough to reach the bottom of the container or
Erlenmeyer flask while folding about 1cm over the lip. The strip should be about 1” (2.5cm)
wide.
2. Using a water-based ink pen, make a small dot about 0.5” (1.3cm) from one end of the
filter paper.
3. Add enough water to the container to over the bottom of the filter paper but not enough to
reach the ink dot.
4.Place the filter paper in the container with the dotted end facing down.
5. observe and describe what happens to the ink dot.
Questions:
1. What colors rose from the black ink?
6
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. If you were to perform the activity again but this time using an ink of different color (e.g.
blue or red), would you still obtain the same results? Explain (You may try this procedure
using a different ink color to find out)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. What practical applications does chromatography have?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
1. Describe how you will separate the following components of the following mixture:
a. palay husk from the grain
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
b. dissolved dye from water
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Lesson
7
1.2 Common Chemical Substances
What’s In
Previously, we have learned how the different properties of matter as well as
its composition. We have also discussed separation techniques in different mixtures.
Now, as we’re already talking about substances and mixtures, let’s take a look at
common chemical substances (STEM_GC11MPIa-b-9) and we will try to recognize
them as well as compare consumer products on the basis of their components for
use, safety, quality, and cost (STEM_GC11MPIa-b-1)
What’s New
2 Sn 9 Mg
3 Ti 10 Be
4V 11 Rn
5 Sb 12 F
6 Kr 13 B
7 Xe 14 Tl
What Is It
8
Matter can be classified into three types based on its composition – elements, compounds,
and mixtures. Elements are two kinds of substances: a substance is matter whose
composition is fixed. Mixtures are not substances because they have a variable composition
1. Elements. An element is the simplest type of matter with unique physical and chemical
properties. It consists of only one kind of atom, and, therefore, cannot be broken down into a
simpler type of matter by any physical or chemical methods. Each element has a name,
such as carbon, fluorine, or oxygen. A sample of fluorine contains only fluorine atoms.
In nature, most elements exist as population of atoms, either separated or in contact
with each other, depending on the physical state. Several elements occur in molecular form:
molecule is an independent structure of two or more atoms bound together. Oxygen, for
example, occurs in air as diatomic (two atom) molecules.
2. Compounds. Compounds are substances formed when two or more elements combine
through a chemical change. Sodium chloride, sugar, and water are examples of compounds.
Another feature of a compound is that its properties are different from the properties of its
compound elements. Example: soft, silvery sodium metal and yellow-green, poisonous
chlorine gas are very different from the compound they form- white, crystalline sodium
chloride, or table salt!
Unlike an element, a compound can be broken down into simpler substances. For
example, am electric current breaks down molten sodium chloride into metallic sodium and
chlorine gas.
3 CH4
4 NH3
5 N2O
9
6 K2SO4
7 H2O2
8 Hydrofluoric acid
9 Hypobromous acid
10 NO
11
MnSO4
12 Perchlorate
13 Cyanide
14 BaO2
15 NaNO2
16 CaCO3
What’s In
CHEMISTRY IN INDUSTRY
Many science principles are applied in industries. Industrialization not only uplifts the
quality of human existence, but also propels nation to higher levels of economic prosperity.
Many pure substances and mixtures, organic or inorganic in nature, are now
commercially manufactured and used by school and government laboratories, households,
or industries as raw materials for intermediary or final products. They undergo hundreds of
test before they are sold in the market.
Materials exist in gas, solid, or liquid states. Packing them may pose a problem.
Materials used as containers are carefully chosen to ensure that no harmful reactions will
take place between the content and the container. The container must be free from outside
contamination.
What’s More (2)
Activity 2.3 Becoming a Better Consumer
10
Directions: Research or read on the different components or ingredients of the following
items. On the third column, decide whether it is safe, has good quality, or for a good price.
3 lollipop
4 deodorant
5 detergent
6 shampoo
Guide Questions:
1. Why is it important to know the components or ingredients of the items/products that we
use every day?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What harmful components have you find out from the items above? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. What other options do you have in mind if some of the products have harmful to use?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Activity 2.4 Let’s Sum It Up!
Direction: Make a flash card of the information in this module that struck you the most.
Attach a minimum of 10 flash cards in your answer sheet when you pass it. Remember, be
creative as you can be.
Materials: Short bond paper cut in 1/8 size crosswise.
Procedure: The front portion of the flash card should contain a question about the lessons
in this module and at the back of the card, write the answer of the question you wrote.
This activity is essential in helping you retain the knowledge you acquired! Write it down to
remember!
Post Assessment
Directions: Choose the best answer among the choices. Encircle the letter of your
answer.
1. What is matter?
A. building blocks to make up organisms C. molecules that makes up all things
B. anything that is measured and seen D. none of the above
2. Which is the most suitable separation method can be used to separate the mixture of
liquids in crude oil?
A. distillation C. chromatography
B. evaporation D. fractional distillation
3. Which is the most suitable separation method can be used to separate a mixture of
different colored ink?
A. chromatography C. evaporation
B. distillation D. filtration
12
8. Tony Stark, a consumer with light colored hair, would like to buy shampoo but he saw that
it contains high amounts of sulfate. What should Tony do?
A. buy the shampoo C. find a sulfate free shampoo
B. test the shampoo D. find alternatives to shampoo
SUMMARY:
Physical properties are properties not responsible for any change in the
composition of a substance, though its form may change.
Chemical properties involve chemical change which forms two completely
different substances.
Extensive property is that which changes when the amount of material
undergoes change. Examples of this property are mass, length, and volume.
Intensive property does not depend on the size or amount of the substance.
Examples of this property are temperature, color, odor, hardness, density,
melting and boiling point, and molecular weight.
Key to Answers
13
LESSON 1
Activity 2
1.P 2. C 3. C 4. P 5. C 6. C 7. P 8. C 9. A 10. C 11. C 12. P 13. P 14. P 15. C
Activity 4
1. E 2. E 3. E 4. I 5. E 6. E 7.E 8. E 9. I 10. E
LESSON 2
Activity 1
1. chlorine 2. Tin 3. Titanium 4. Vanadium 5. Antimony 6. Krypton 7. Xenon 8. Iridium 9.
Magnesium 10. Beryllium 11. Radon 12. Fluorine 13. Boron 14. Thallium
Activity 2
Formula Name
2 SO3 Sulfite
3 CH4 Methane
4 NH3 Ammonium
8 HF Hydrofluoric acid
9 HBrO Hypobromous acid
10 NO Nitrogen oxide
11 MnSO4 Manganese sulfate
1 ClO4 Perchlorate
2
1 BaO2 Barium oxide
3
1 NaNO2 Sodium nitrate
4
1 CaCO3 Calcium carbonate
5
14
REFERENCES:
1. Echija, Elena, Cecilia Bayquen, Rafeal Alfonso, and Elmarita De Vera.
2020. Frontliners in Science and Technology. Makati City: Diwa
Scholastic Press
2. Silberberg, Martin. 2016. General Chemistry 1&2. McGrawHill Education.
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Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)