THE LEVEL OF IMPLEMENTATION AND EFFECTIVENESS

OF ANTI-RED TAPE ACT OF 2007 (RA 9485) IN SAN CARLOS CITY,

PANGASINAN (CY 2021-2022)

A Thesis
Submitted to Faculty of
St. Therese College Foundation
College of Criminology
San Carlos City, Pangasinan

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Submitted by:

RONNIE PLUMA
JOSHUA QUIJANO
CLINTON PARAGUAS
MARVIN DE GUZMAN
GERALD HINATE

December 2021
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The R.A. No. 9485 or the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 (ARTA) is a piece of
legislation that aims to improve the efficiency and prevent graft and corruption in the
delivery of government services by reducing bureaucratic red tape, and increasing
accountability and transparency in governance. (J. Dutch,2007).

The Report Card Survey (RCS), implemented by the Civil Service Commission
(CSC), is a component of R.A. No. 9845. It is “an evaluation tool that provides
quantitative measure of actual public service user perceptions on the quality, efficiency
and adequacy of different frontline services, as well as a critical evaluation of the office
or agency and its personnel” (Rule II, Section 2 (k), ARTA IRR).

The RCS uses a survey questionnaire and inspection checklist that the National
Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) (now Philippine Statistics Authority or PSA) has
approved. Researchers interview 30 clients per service office of an agency and tabulate
the scores obtained from the survey questionnaire and inspection checklist.
Government offices are then rated from “Excellent” to “Failed.”

In 2010, the CSC piloted the RCS and has conducted the survey nationally for 4
years now. While there are observations that the ARTA has gained ground due to the
RCS, the survey can still be improved to further ensure the agencies’ compliance with
the ARTA Law, with the objective of consistently improving the quality of frontline
services in the country (M. Locard,2003).

The RCS is instrumental in assisting the CSC in identifying compliance of

government offices with the ARTA. However, enhancements can be made to make the
ARTA-RCS more consistent and accurate. The information and data generated through
the ARTA-RCS can also be enriched to further improve the diagnosis of CSC. A more
responsive and detailed RCS will provide the CSC with more indicators from which it
can provide better assistance to the agencies. This is expected to enhance compliance
of agencies with the ARTA. (K. Croone,2002)

Compliance with the ARTA, among other things, reduces opportunities for
corruption in the delivery of government services. This leads to the decrease in
bureaucratic red tape and increase in transparency and accountability, which
contributes to improved delivery of public services and to lower transaction costs in
government, therefore, giving a trade and investment environment that promotes open
and fair competition. (L. Arch,2000).

Countries who tend to be on this end of the scale, and who therefore are often
perceived to have a lot of red tape, include Russia, Argentina Brazil, Poland and
Greece. People in these countries do not like to be rushed into making decisions and
think that detailed and rigid processes makes the world a better and more secure place.
Bureaucracy may impede companies to take appropriate actions to achieve
organizational goals or adapt on the changing market, but it is deeply rooted in some
cultures as a measure to guarantee equality. How things are run in other countries may
cause frustration and failure, promote stereotypes and will undoubtedly make building
trust and enhancing interpersonal relationships more difficult (M. Ford,2002).

While it is easy to perceive red tape as a negative, it’s important to understand

that it is a culturally driven behavior resulting from a value of needing security and low
risk. If interpreted differently and harnessed effectively, this could in turn bring your
organization more benefits than you realize in the long run (G. Ortun,2005). Doing
business in one of these countries might be challenging at first, but it can also be a
great opportunity once you know how culture affects every procedure, activity or
objective. Although things may take longer and may be more complicated, the end
result of successfully dealing with the red tape you encounter could give you an edge on
all of those companies who avoided these challenges (L. James,2000).

Red Tape in the Philippines

The Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007: Is a law passed by the Philippine Congress
which articulates the government’s call to improve efficiency in the delivery of public
services by reducing bureaucratic red tape, preventing graft and corruption, and
providing penalties therefor. Red Tape: as it is contextualized in the Philippine
bureaucracy, refers to paper works, unnecessary bureaucratic documents,
requirements, forms, and procedural obsession in the delivery of public service. In
recent history, the term “red tape” denotes a ribbon used to bind voluminous documents
produced by retired American Civil Veterans as a prerequisite for their retirement
claims. Transparency and accountability are essential to the operation of governments
regardless of the type of regimes and territorial boundaries of states (Gabriel 2017).
They are seen as complements of policy effectiveness such as when citizens
collectively act against power holders who support bad policies or when they commit
inaction despite the presence of urgency to commit action (Gabriel and Gutierrez 2017).

Red-Tape in Pangasinan

After years of implementation of the Anti-Red Tape Act (ARTA) to improve public
service delivery, studies linking implementation in state universities and colleges
(SUCs) and the satisfaction of students have not been focused; thus, this study which
aims to assess the extent of implementation of the domains of the ARTA in the areas of
re-engineering of systems and procedures, citizen's charter, accessing frontline services
accountability of heads of offices and physical settings and working conditions the level
of clients’ satisfaction in the frontline services of registrar, accounting and cashiering,
clinic, library and guidance offices of SUCs of Pangasinan. Two sets of researcher
made questionnaires based on the provisions of ARTA were used for the 111
implementers and 354 clients in the three SUCs. This descriptive, comparative, and
correlational research showed a “very great” extent of the implementation of ARTA
when assessed by the implementers as a whole. The level of satisfaction in the five
frontline offices, when assessed by clients as a whole, is “very satisfied”, However,
there was no significant difference in the domains of reengineering of systems and
procedures and citizens charter but there was a significant difference in accessing
frontline services, accountability of heads and offices and physical settings and working
conditions. Further findings showed that there was a significant difference in the level of
clients’ satisfaction in the clinic services while the remaining frontline offices exhibited
no significant differences. The correlation between the extent of implementation and
level of clients’ satisfaction was found to be null.

Red-Tape in San Carlos City

Mayor Ayoy Resuello has praised President Rodrigo Roa Duterte’s (PRRD)
fourth State-of-the-Nation Address (SONA), as he expressed support to the
administration’s anti-red tape and anti-corruption policies.

“The President’s fourth SONA, just like his first three, is unequivocal. President
Duterte, being the chief executive of the masses that he is, delivered the SONA in a
way that his constituents could comprehend well.” Resuello said in his statement posted
on Facebook on Monday. He said the President has ably tackled issues concerning the
country and the leaders.
“It has tackled many of the prevailing issues in our nation today --from the well-
known and still prevalent drug war, to anti-corruption policy, to the West Philippine Sea
claim, and various guidelines to the national agencies, Congress, and local government
units, among others,” Resuello said. He also expressed his support for President
Duterte’s call to local chief executives to hasten the processing of permits and
clearances.

“In line with President Duterte’s SONA, particularly his call to action among us,
mayors, to process all clearances and permits emanating from our respective offices
within at the very least three days, is one I highly support. Indeed, it is a significant step
in intensifying the fight against corruption.

This is, in fact, in relation to the President’s statement from his previous SONA,
that the frontline services of all departments must be people-friendly by reducing red
tape and increasing efficiency --something which I have been reiterating among our
employees in the City Hall,” Resuello said.

Statement of the Problem

This study was undertaken to determine the level of implementation and

effectiveness of Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 (RA 9485) in San Carlos City, Pangasinan
for the Calendar Year 2021-2022.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What are the essential provisions of the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 in the
Philippines?
What is the level of implementation of the provisions of the Anti-Red Tape Act
of 2007 in San Carlos City, Pangasinan for the Calendar Year 2021-2022?
2. What is the level of effectiveness of the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 in San
Carlos City, Pangasinan?
3. What is the degree of seriousness of some problems which prevented the
implementation and effectiveness of the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 in San
Carlos City, Pangasinan?
4. What is the level of urgency of some recommendations to strengthen the
implementation and effectiveness of the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 in San
Carlos City, Pangasinan?
Significance of the Study

Pursuing this study was considered significant as the findings provided some
insights and information on anti-red tape program to the following:
Victims – The result of this study could provide the people necessary information of
what they should do to avoid slow processing of requests especially when no
fixer is involved.
Community – it is the community who will be benefitted by this study since they will be
made more aware to the faster procedure to achieve results of their requests in
any government agencies.
The City Office Worker – Ideas gained from the study could help the City Office
Worker in their job to continuously prevent case of red-tape within San
Carlos City, Pangasinan.
The City Office Head – The results of the study could provide necessary information
in the formulation of plans and policies in the achievement of its objectives and
goals especially in dealing with red-tape cases.
City Government Planners – The study would serve as a guide in the achieving of good
public response in all government services offered.
Researchers – This study could provide us a knowledge that can be used to help the
local government in the better implementation of the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007.
Future Researchers – This study could provide future researchers insights and valuable
data for further studies like surveys regarding the red tape cases.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study was undertaken to determine the level of implementation and

effectiveness of the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 in San Carlos City for the Calendar Year
2021-2022. Respondents would be all from San Carlos City, Pangasinan consisting of
25 City Hall Employee, 25 Businessman and 50 Concerned Citizen.
Definition of terms

Simple Transactions - refer to requests or applications submitted by clients of a

government office or agency which only require ministerial actions on the part of
the public officer or employee, or that which present only inconsequential issues
for the resolution by an officer or employee of said government office.

Complex Transactions - refer to requests or applications submitted by clients of a

government office which necessitates the use of discretion in the resolution of
complicated issues by an officer or employee of said government office, such
transaction to be determined by the office concerned.

Frontline Service - refers to the process or transaction between clients and government
offices or agencies involving applications for any privilege, right, permit, reward,
license, concession, or for any modification, renewal or extension of the
enumerated applications and/or requests which are acted upon in the ordinary
course of business of the agency or office concerned.

Action - refers to the written approval or disapproval made by a government office or

agency on the application or request submitted by a client for processing.

Officer or Employee - refers to a person employed in a government office or agency

required to perform specific duties and responsibilities related to the application
or request submitted by a client for processing.

Irrelevant requirement - refer to any document or performance of an act not directly

material to the resolution of the issues raised in the request or needed in the
application submitted by the client.

Fixer - refers to any individual whether or not officially involved in the operation of a
government office or agency who has access to people working therein, and
whether or not in collusion with them, facilitates speedy completion of
transactions for pecuniary gain or any other advantage or consideration.
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter would present a summary of some related literature and studies that
have direct bearing with the present study.

I. BOOKS

A. Foreign

According to Davis, et.al. (2011), many public management scholars engaged in

red tape often conceptualize red tape implicitly or explicitly as an organizational-level
characteristic. Organizationally, red tape is seen as pathology and, therefore, either
distinctive from formalization (the process or the setting up of rules and procedures) or
as a subset of formalized ruled and procedures (Bozeman and Dehart-Davis, 1999;
Bozeman and Kingsley, 1998; Bozenman and Scott, 1996; Pandey and Bretschneider,
1997; Pandey and Scott, 2002).

The complaints about red tape, Kaufman concedes, are legion. It's messy, it
takes too long, it lacks local knowledge, it is out of date, it makes insane demands, it
increases costs, it slows progress. It is, in short, a burden and many times there is no
measurable positive outcome (Jacob,2006).
 The diverging views on red tape lead individuals outside the organization to see
some rules and procedures as red tape while individuals within the organization see it
as representing necessary procedures and safeguards. In both perspectives, there is a
necessity to set up agreeable rules and procedures. In this manner, the birth of the
citizen’s charter marked a paradigm shift in doing the business of government. The
charters serve as a contract between the public and the state/government on how
services are to be provided (Hague, 2007).

B. Local

Once in a long while, a voice is raised in defense of red tape. Or at least in

explanation of it. These voices are almost never heard. They are drowned in an
unceasing chorus of denunciation (Perez,2006). Everybody seems to hate red tape. I
say “seems to” because the apparent unanimity conceals significant differences
(Aquino,2002).

One person’s “red tape” may be another’s treasured safeguard. The term is
applied to a bewildering variety of organizational practices and features. Still, a common
set of complaints is embedded in most definitions even though the complaints refer to
different specific irritant (Albino,2003). When people rail against red tape, they mean
that they are subjected to too many constraints, that many of the constraints seem
pointless, and that agencies seem to take forever to act. That is, we detest our
respective forms of red tape, but for the same reasons. too many constraints We all
hate to be told we have to do something or may not do something (Garcia,2006). Even
if we actually enjoy the compulsory tasks and dislike the forbidden ones, the command
rankles. The element of compulsion itself is distasteful. And it is much worse if we are
forced to do what we don’t want to do, and are prohibited from doing what we strongly
want to do (Bagtas,2000).
 The Department of Justice would be interested in your relations with your
competitors. Should you want to raise capital by the sale of stock or bonds, you would
fall under the Securities and Exchange Commission. You would need export licenses
from the Department of Commerce to sell your product in some areas of the world.
Federal prohibitions against race, age, and sex discrimination in hiring and promotion
would apply to you. If you were to extend credit to your customers, you might fall under
truth-in-lending laws (Salonga,2008).

You would have to file sundry reports for tax, social security, pension, and
census purposes. In some field’s communication, transportation, energy, insurance, and
banking, for instance restrictions and oversight are especially stringent (Aquino,2008).
But firms of all kinds, large and small, are subject to diverse federal requirements. You
can’t just start and run a business without reference to federal specifications and
officials. Business is not the only activity affected this way. Labor unions, foundations,
political parties, universities, lobbyists, and even farmers are similarly constrained.
Every recipient of government subsidies, loans, and other forms of public assistance
finds these benefits come with conditions and obligations that have to be satisfied. The
government’s reach is very long. The sheer mass of binding official promulgations and
interventions in the marketplace begins to be oppressive (De Leon,2000).

The number seems to increase steadily. The media revel in embarrassing

exposés. Although it is possible that this impression is engendered partly by the
irritations of corresponding actions by state and local governments and the private
sector of society, which are no less prolific, the federal government, being the largest
and most visible institution, attracts a disproportionate share of the venom(Diego, 2005).
Many people seem to feel it is closing in on them from all sides, and it is to this
sensation that they react when they excoriate red tape. They are dismayed also
because the torrent of requirements descending on them is too overwhelming for them
to comply with (Viscocio,2002). Conscientious, upright citizens are often distressed
when they find themselves in violation of government directives, yet they simply cannot
keep up with the flood. Said one desperate victim, “We have reached the saturation
level, and each new law and each new agency at every level of government is forcing
decent citizens into involuntary noncompliance with the law. Now, this is tragic when
upstanding honest citizens just can’t comply with the laws. It is certainly undeniable that
the output of the federal government is prodigious. Congress alone produces over a
thousand printed pages of public laws in an average session (Sotto,2007).

II. MAGAZINES, STUDIES, JOURNALS, NEWSPAPERS

A. Foreign

Intermediaries that assist individuals and firms with the government bureaucracy
are common in developing countries. Although such bureaucracy intermediaries are,
anecdotally, linked with corruption and welfare losses, few formal analyses exist.

We introduce a model in which a government license can benefit individuals. We

study the net license gain when individuals get the license through the regular licensing
procedure, through bribing or through intermediaries. For a given procedure, individuals
using intermediaries are better off than if intermediaries and corruption had not existed.
Then, we study the incentives of corrupt bureaucrats to create red tape. Bureaucrats
implement more red tape and individuals are unambiguously worse off in a setting with
intermediaries than with direct corruption only. Intermediaries can thus improve access
to the bureaucracy, but also strengthen the incentives to create red tape – a potential
explanation why licensing procedures tend to be long in developing countries (science
direct journal,2012).
 So, each constraint is the product of a fairly small number of claimants. But there
are so many of us, and such a diversity of interests among us, that modest individual
demands result in great stacks of official paper and bewildering procedural mazes. Let
me illustrate this contention by reviewing the effects of just two properties we have tried
to infuse into our government: compassion and representativeness. Each of these is a
cluster of attributes, not a single simple trait. And they are only two such clusters among
many. But they account for a storm of complaints about red tape (the scientist
magazine., 2016).

How compassion spawns red tape If the government were not driven to protect
us from injury, for example, there would be many fewer governmental constraints and
complicated procedures in our society. I exclude “common crimes” and the
administration of criminal justice from this discussion not because they are conceptually
or practically distinct from other kinds of official prohibitions and obligations, but
because, for obscure reasons, they are not usually regarded as red tape and because,
in any event, they fall chiefly within the jurisdiction of the states rather than the federal
government. The remaining protections are still vast, for the federal government tries in
so many ways to prevent harm from befalling us (New York Times.,2012).

B. Local

President Rodrigo Duterte on Thursday decried corruption and red tape in government,
saying the problem could pave way to a "failed government. " Duterte said he was reminded
of the extent of the problem when he discovered during last Wednesday's Cabinet
meeting that some applications have been languishing in government offices for
years. He said some applications have been pending at the National Economic and
Development Authority for 25 years while some land usage conversion have not been
acted upon for two years. "This is not to dwell lengthily, but the system itself is designed
to experience a failed government," Duterte said during the oath-taking of new
appointees in Malacañang. 

"In the long run. As the world progresses, as everything is developed, and we in
turn realize our folly and (when) it's about time, too late," he added.
(philstar magazine,2007)

IN RESPONSE to President Duterte’s instructions to his Cabinet to reduce public

inconvenience in doing business with the government, Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez III
recently named Finance Undersecretary Gil Beltran as “Anti-Red Tape Czar” of his department
and its attached agencies. Beltran has been tasked to reduce the number of steps and
documentary requirements in “paying taxes, getting tax refunds, acquiring tax
exemption certificates, getting imports released, shipping out exports, registering a
business and getting appointments with public officials (business inquirer journal,2005).

III.INTERNET SOURCE

A. Foreign

The bureaucratic arena refers to all state organizations engaged in implementing

policy as well as in regulating and delivering services. Governance issues in the
bureaucratic arena take on special significance given the massive pressures that have
been placed on public agencies in recent years to become leaner, more efficient and
bring services closer to the people. As part of a project to undertake comprehensive
governance assessments, we focus here on the nature of the rules (formal and
informal) that affect the bureaucracy. While issues of bureaucratic governance are not
constitutive of development per se, they are seen as crucial determinants of the degree
to which a country makes social and economic progress - or fails to do so. The rules
that determine procedures in the bureaucracy, whether formal or informal, are
especially important for public perceptions of how the state operates.
(http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/redtape2018 )

Our third observation is that reforming the bureaucratic arena is really difficult.
One of our country coordinators summarized it well when he said, "This arena has
proved hardest to reform in the years of transition and the average scores are just
another evidence of these difficulties." It is clear that reforms take time to implement and
even longer to have an impact on development outcomes. The fourth observation we
want to make is that reforming the bureaucracy requires sensitivity to regime-specific
issues. Context matters, but it is encouraging that level of development, according to
our study, is not a critical issue. It is possible for poor countries to improve bureaucratic
governance. Tanzania and Thailand are two very different countries where reforms
have been undertaken and progress has been registered.
(https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/01/inside-global-campaign-get-rid-redtape)

These are obviously interesting and important finding for all those who are in the
business of improving public administration or public sector performance. Our study
suggests that these are issues that should be given primary attention. This study also
provides encouragement for organizations like Transparency International that is in the
forefront of combating corruption by working practically on issues such as accountability
and transparency. However, our study also suggests that more work is needed in order
to throw more light on the issues where there is a deviation from the 'ideal model'
advocated by agencies in the international development community. Above all, it must
be recognized that reform is not merely a 'technical' issue. The bureaucratic arena
cannot be treated in isolation from other governance arenas, although public sector
reform efforts have tended to do so. Our findings indicate that a pure public
administration perspective may be too narrow and technical in many cases and fail to
focus on the real problem.
(https://www.odi.org/publications/3141-bureaucracy-and-governance-16-developing-
countries).
B. Local

One year after President Duterte signed the Ease of Doing Business (EODB) law, the
government still has a lot of work to do to cut red tape in the bureaucracy and make
transactions easier, according to business executives. Business leaders polled by the
Business Mirror said the EODB law has yet to make an impact on their operations
because its implementing rules and regulations (IRR) are not yet promulgated. As far as
transactions with the government are concerned, they remain too burdensome.

American Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines Senior Advisor John D.

Forbes said little has changed in the way permits and licenses are granted, even with
the passage of a law intended to streamline them.

“We have the impression that little has changed so far. Red tape continues to be
a heavy burden on business and citizens at all levels of government,” Forbes said in a
text message. He said the President urgently needs to appoint the director general of
the Anti-Red Tape Authority, as the Arta chief has the sole authority to sign and issue
the IRR.
(https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/01/inside-global-campaign-get-rid-redtape)

Further, Forbes proposed that state agencies implement steps on their own that
will reduce transaction time. This should include, among others, the transition to digital
from manual processing and payment. “However, we expect this to improve soon after
the President appoints the Arta director general and issues the final IRR,” Forbes said.
“In addition to reducing processing steps and time, it is critical to transition from manual
to digital processing and payment. We also look forward to agencies using the
regulatory impact assessment methodology to justify regulations,” he added.
Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry President Maria Alegria Sibal-Limjoco
said the business group has yet to assess the impact—if there is any—of the EODB
law, but took note of the law’s lacking of an IRR.
(https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/01/inside-global-campaign-get-rid-redtape)

European firms, on the other hand, are optimistic that doing business in the
Philippines will improve over time. They said they appreciate efforts initiated by the
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and the Arta in trying to streamline government
procedures.
(https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/05/29/red-tape-a-bane-1-year-after-eodb-laws-ok/)

The Anti-Red Tape Authority (ARTA) on Tuesday, August 13, ordered the automatic
approval of all pending completed transportation network vehicle services (TNVS) applications.
In turn, the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) is
mandated to issue the corresponding Certificates of Public Convenience (CPCs). The
order was made in light of complaints received by ARTA regarding numerous pending
completed applications only awaiting CPCs. ARTA is an agency under the Office of the
President that has the authority to investigate and file cases against inefficient agencies
or individuals, in line with ease of doing business and anti-red tape reform. The
applications have all been paid for and heard 20 days after the Anti Red Tape Act of
2007 was implemented. Section 10 of the act states that if a government office fails to
approve or disapprove a request for certification within the prescribed processing time,
the application will be deemed approved, provided all documentary requirements and
fees have been completed.
(https://www.rappler.com/nation/237823-arta-declares-automatic-approval-pending-
tnvs-applications)
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the researcher would present the description of the research
method used, a profile of respondents, the instruments used to gather data, the data-
gathering and the statistical treatment of data.

The Research Design

The descriptive survey-method was used in this investigation with the primary
purpose of ascertaining conditions, which were common among the population of the
study. The researcher made use of the questionnaire-checklist and simple interview as
the instrument gathering the data needed for the study.

The Respondents

There are 100 persons who acted as a respondent for this study, namely:

Table 1
Distribution of the Respondents of the study
Respondents Number of Respondents
Concerned Citizen 50
City Hall Employee 25
Businessman 25
 Sub-Total 100

The Research Instrument

The researchers formulated a questionnaire-checklist / simple interview under

the guidance and assistance of City Hall Employee. They put into use the information
and ideas that they provided about the construction of data-gathering instrument. Expert
opinions of knowledgeable persons were also solicited.

Administration and Retrieval of the Questionnaire

To validate their questionnaire, the researchers sought advice of their College

Dean and key officials of the city who had extensive knowledge on the Anti-Red Tape
Act of 2007 in San Carlos City. The researchers made a Questionnaire to perform such
survey gathering-data for the 100 respondent to answer in San Carlos City since the
City Hall has no questionnaire available for this particular survey.

The questionnaire was administered during operation hours of City Hall in San
Carlos City on December 2021.

Retrieval of the questionnaire from the respondents was 100 percent since the
researchers administered the data-gathering instrument personally.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered through the questionnaire-checklist/ simple interview; and

their answers were then tabulated, consolidated and collated for easy interpretation in
the form of tables and textual presentation. In the statistical presentation of data,
percentage, ranking and weighted average used.
 Percentage was used to denote proportion between the numbers of respondents
giving a response to a particular item to the population of the study.

Ranking was used specifically to denote the hierarchical importance of the data
based on the number of responses or respondents.
Paradigm of the Study

I
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Questionnaire and Tabulation Analysis Profile of the

preparation of interview and Interpretation of Respondents
guide. Data Factors Contributing

Distribution of Proposed Strategies

questionnaires and to continuously
interview of key prevents the
personalities red-tape.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing the different variables of the study.