DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE

CONTROL
BY VINCENT MISALANG
THE GENERAL HISTORY OF DRUGS
• Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself.
Human beings have always had a desire to eat
or drink substances that make them feel
relaxed, stimulated, or euphoric. Humans have
used drugs of one sort or another for
thousands of years. Wine was used at least
from the time of early Egyptians; narcotics
from 4000 B.C.; and medicinal use of
marijuana has been dated to 2737 BC in China.
• As time went by, “Home Remedies” were
discovered and used to alleviate aches, pains
and other ailments. Most of these
preparations were herbs, roots, mushrooms or
fungi. They had to be eaten, drunk, rubbed on
the skin, or inhaled to achieve the desired
effect.
• One of the oldest records of such medicinal
recommendations id found in the writing of the
Chinese scholar-emperor Shen Nung who lived in
2735 BC. He compile a book about herbs, a
forerunner of the medieval pharmacopoeias that
listed all the then-known medications. He was able
to judge the value of some Chinese herbs. For
example, he found that Ch’ang Shan was helpful in
treating fevers. Such fevers were, and still are
caused by malaria parasites.
• Pre-Columbian Mexicans used many
substances from tobacco to mind-expanding
plants in their medicinal collections. The most
fascinating among these substances are
sacred mushrooms, used in religious
ceremonies to induce altered states of mind,
not just drunkenness.
• As the centuries unrolled and new civilizations
appeared, cultural, artistic, and medical developments
shifted towards the new center of power. A reversal of
the traditional search for botanical drugs occurred in
Greece in the fourth century BC, when Hippocrates
(estimated dates, 460-377 BC), the “Father of
Medicine,” became interest in inorganic salts as
medications. Hippocrates authority lasted throughout
the Middle Ages and reminded alchemists and medical
experimenters of the potential of inorganic drugs.
• South American Indians, especially those in
the Peruvian Andes mountains made several
early discoveries of drug bearing plants. Two is
these plants contain alkaloids of worldwide
importance that have become a modern
drugs. They are cocaine, and quinine.
Cocaine’s potential for addiction was known
and used with sinister intent by South
American Indian chiefs hundred of years ago.
• Sigmund Freud, the Austrian psychoanalyst
(1859-1939) treated many deeply disturbed
cocaine addicts. In the course of his practice,
he noted the numbing effect of the drug. He
called this effect to the attention of the clinical
pharmacologist who introduced cocaine as a
local anesthetic into surgical procedures.
• During the American Civil War, morphine was used
freely, and wounded veterans returned home with
their kits of morphine and hypodermic needles.
Cocaine and heroin were sold as patent medicines in
the 19th and early 20th centuries, and marketed as
treatment for a wide variety of ailments. Recreational
use of opium was once common in Asia and from
there spread to the West, peaking in the 19th century.
Opium dens flourished. By the early 1900s there were
an estimated 250,000 addicts in the United States.
• Historians credited that Marijuana (Cannabis
Sativa) is the world’s oldest cultivated plant
started by the Incas of Peru. Peruvian and
Mexican
DRUG TRAFFICKING
• Drug abuse has become not only a serious national issue, a problem
confined to just few countries; it is a clear and present global danger. 
• Today, highly – entrenched, well organized international drug
syndicates are behind this menace. They employ the most advanced
and most sophisticated technology coupled with unlimited financial
resources at foothold in all major cities around the world. The
spectrum of their operations encompasses international
geographical barriers. They are on their own “a de facto government”
with all encompassing power that affects all nations great and small,
rich and poor. Police agencies around the world, pooling their
resources together are more often that not, losers in a game of hide-
and-seek with the international drug syndicates. 
First Important Drug Traffic Route
 
Middle East – discovery, plantation,
cultivation, harvest
 
Turkey - preparation for distribution

Europe - manufacture, synthesis, refine

 
United States - marketing 
• The first important drug route as illustrated above
shows how illicit drugs are distributed from its
discovery, preparation up to marketing in the illicit
market.
• It is also noted that plants such as the opium
poppy, as source of dangerous drugs are cultivated
and harvested most in the areas of Middle East
while Europe became the center for drug
manufacture and synthesis. United States became
the over all center for drug marketing.
 Second Major Drug Traffic Route
On the other side of the globe is the second
major drug traffic route, which consist of the
popular Golden Triangle
• Drugs that originates from the Golden
Triangle
Burma/ Myanmar

Laos Thailand
• In Southeast Asia the “Golden Triangle”
approximately produced 60% of opium in the
world, 90% of opium in the eastern part of
Asia. It is also the officially acknowledged
source of Southeast Asian Heroin.
• Drugs that originates from the Golden
Crescent
– Iran
– Afghanistan
– Pakistan
– India
• In Southwest Asia the “Golden Crescent is the
major supplier of Opium poppy, Marijuana
and Heroin products in the western part of
Asia. It produces at least 85% to 90% of all
illicit heroin channeled in the drug underworld
market.
The World’s Drug Scene
 Middle East
• The Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to
be the biggest producer of Cannabis in the
Middle East. Lebanon is also became the
transit country for cocaine from South
America to European illicit drug markets.
 Spain
• This is known as the major transshipment
point fro international drug traffickers in
Europe and became “the paradise of drug
users in Europe.
 South America
• Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and Chile are the
principal sources of all cocaine supply in the
world due to the robust production of the
coca plants- sources of the cocaine drug.
 Mexico
• It is known in the world to be the number one
producer of marijuana.
 Philippines
• The second in Mexico as to the production of
Marijuana. It also became the major
transshipment point for the worldwide
distribution of illegal drugs particularly shabu
and cocaine from Taiwan and South America.
It is noted that Philippines today is known as
the drug paradise of drug abusers in Asia.
 India
• The center of the world’s drug map, leading to
rapid addiction among its people.
 Indonesia
• Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the
main canabbis growing area in Indonesia. Bali
Indonesia is an important transit point for
drugs en route to Australia and New Zealand.
Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand
• The most favorable sites of drug distribution
from the “Golden Triangle” and other parts of
Asia.
 China
• The transit route for heroin from the “Golden
Triangle” to Hong kong. It is also the country
where the “epedra” plant is cultivated- source
of the drug ephedrine- the principal chemical
for producing the drug shabu.
 Hong Kong
• The world’s transshipment point of all forms
of heroin
 Japan
• The major consumer of cocaine and shabu
from the United States and Europe.
The organized Crime Groups behind the Global
Drug Scene
  
THE COLUMBIAN MEDELLIN CARTEL

• Founded by Columbian Drug Lord Pablo Escobar Gaviria

and Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top aid cocaine
barons Juan David and the Ochoa Brothers.

• The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing

world’s drug trafficking network. The Columbian
government succeeded in containing the Medellin Cartel,
which resulted in the death, surrender, and arrest of the
people behind the organization. This further resulted to
the disbandment of the Cartel led to its downfall.
 THE CALI CARTEL
• The downfall of the Medellin Cartel is the rise of the Cali
Cartel – the new emerged cocaine monopoly. Gilberto
Rodriguez Orajuela better known as Don Chepe – “the chess
player” head the syndicated organization. Under him, the
Cali Cartel was considered the most powerful criminal
organization in the world.

• The cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world. Due to

this, it was called the best and the brightest of the modern
underworld. They are professionals of the highest order,
intelligent, efficient, imaginative and nearly impenetrable.
 THE CHINESE TRIAD
• The Chinese triad, also called the Chinese
Mafia is the oldest and biggest criminal
organization in the world. It is believed to be
the controller of the “Golden Triangle” with
international connections of drug trafficking.
DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL
• Drug is any chemical substance that by virtue
of its chemical nature alters the structure and
functioning of a living organism.
• Dangerous Drugs refers to the broad
categories or classes of controlled substances.
Controlled substances are generally grouped
according to pharmacological classifications,
effects and as to their legal criteria.
PHYSIOLOGY OF DRUGS
 How drug works?
• Most drugs act within a cell rather than on a
surface of a cell or in the xetra cellular fluids of
the body. Similar to normal body chemicals, a
drug enters a cell and participates in a few steps
of a normal sequence of a cellular process. Thus,
drug may later, interfere with the replaced
chemicals of normal cellular life, hopefully for the
betterment of the person. The actual action of a
particular drug depends on its chemical make up.
• When two drugs are taken together or within
a few hours of each other, they may interact
with an expected results. This is one reason a
physical should always know the names of all
drugs one is using. A dose of a drug is the
amount taken at one time. The doses taken
become an extremely important part of drug
abuse. The most common drug in a dose can
be described as:
• Minimal dose – the amount needed to treat or
heal, that is, the smallest amount of drug that
will produce a therapeutic effect.
• Maximal dose – the largest amount of a drug
that will produce a desired therapeutic effect
without any accompanying symptoms of
toxicity.  
• Toxic Dose – the amount of drug that
produces untoward effect or symptoms of
poisoning. 
• Abusive dose – the amount needed to
produce the side effects and action desired by
an individual who improperly uses it. 
• Lethal dose – the amount of drug that will
cause death.
 What is Toxicology?
• Toxicology is commonly known as the science
of poisons, their effects and antidotes. In
connection, drugs may cause dangerous
effects because of any of the following:
• Overdose – when too much of a drug is taken
into the physiological system of the human
body, there may be an over extension of its
effects.
• Allergy – some drugs cause the release of
histamine giving rise to allergic symptoms
such as dermatitis, swelling, fall in blood
pressure, suffocation and death.
• Idiosyncrasy – it refers to the individual reaction to a drug,
food, etc. for unexplained reasons. Morphine for example,
which sedates all men, stimulates and renders some
women maniacal behaviors.
• Poisonous Property – drugs are chemical and some of
them have the property of being general protoplasmic
poisons. 
• Side Effects – some drugs are not receptors for one organ
but receptors of other organ as well. The effect in the
other organs may constitute a side effect, which are most
of the time unwanted.
 What are some Medical Uses of Drugs?

• Analgesics – are drugs that relieve pain.

However, they may produce the opposite
effects on somebody who suffers from peptic
ulcer or gastric irritation.
• Antibiotics – are drugs that combat or control
infectious organisms.
• Antipyretics – those that can lower body
temperature or fever due to infection.
• Antihistamines – those that control or combat
allergic reactions. This drug usually causes
drowsiness. 
• Contraceptives – Drugs that prevent the
meeting of the egg cell and sperm cell or
prevent the ovary from releasing egg cells.
• Decongestants – those that relieve congestion
of the nasal passages.
• Expectorants – those that can ease the
expulsion of the mucus and phlegm from the
lungs to the throat.
• Laxatives – those that stimulate defecation
and encourage bowel movement.
• Sedatives and tranquilizers – are those that
can calm and quiet the nerves and relieve
anxiety without causing depression and
clouding of the mind. 
• Vitamins – those substances necessary for
normal growth and development and proper
functioning of the body.
SEVEN CATEGORIES OF DRUGS
• HERBAL DRUGS
• These are plant substances that have drug
effects and whose use is not generally
regulated by law. These substance generally
require little processing after the plants are
gathered. Although they may be processed or
sold commercially, it is impossible for the
consumer to prepare the drug for if it can be
grown locally.
• OVER- THE- COUNTER DRUGS
• These are commercially produced drugs that
may be purchased legally without
prescription. These drugs are also known as
propriety drugs.
• PRESCRIPTION DRUGS
• These are commercially produced drugs that
can be legally sold or dispensed only by a
physician or on a physicians order. The are like
over-the-counter drugs in that they are
manufactured by pharmaceutical companies,
but they differ, in that the decision to use
drugs is legally vested in a licensed physician
not in the user.
• UNRECOGNIZED DRUGS
• These are commercial products that have a
psychoactive drug effects but are not usually
considered drugs. These substances are not
generally regulated by the law except insofar
as standards of sanitation and purity are
required.
• ILLICIT DRUGS
• These are drugs whose sale, purchase or use is
generally prohibited by law. Criminal penalties
usually apply to violators of these laws.
• TOBACCO
• This is not generally considered a drug and
thus be classed as an unrecognized drug.
Tobacco however holds such a distinct
position in terms of usage patterns, economic
importance and health consequences that it
merits a category to itself.
• ALCOHOL
• Alcohol seems to merit its own category,
although it too could be included in the
unrecognized drugs. Alcohol in forms, such as
beer, wine, and distilled liquor is one of the
most widely used drugs in our society. It is
regarded by many experts as the most
commonly abused drug in our society.
FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRUGS
• HALLUCINOGENS (also called psychedelics)
• These are drugs capable of provoking sensation,
thinking, self-awareness and emotion. Alteration of
time and space perception, illusions, hallucinations,
and delusions, may be minimal or overwhelming
depending on the dose. The result are very variable,
a good trip or a bad trip may occur in the same
person on different occasions. Lysergic Acid
Diethylamide (LSD), Marijuana and Mescaline are the
most popular hallucinogens.
• STIMULANTS (also called uppers)
• These are drugs which increase alertness,
reduce hunger and provide a feeling of well
being. Cocaine and Amphetamines are the
most common stimulants.
• DEPRESSANTS (also called downers)
• These are drugs which decrease or depress
body functions and nerves activity. This group
includes sedatives, hypnotics and
tranquilizers.
• NARCOTICS
• These are drugs which produce insensitivity,
stupor, melancholy or dullness of the mind
with delusions. Opium, Heroin, Codeine,
Morphine are the most popular of narcotics
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DANGEROUS DRUGS
 DEPRESSANT (DOWNERS)
• These are drugs which suppress vital body
functions especially those of the brain and
central nervous system with the resulting
impairment of judgment, hearing, speech and
muscular coordination. These rugs, when
taken in, generally decrease both the mental
and physical activities of the body. They
include narcotics, barbiturates, tranquilizers,
alcohol and other volatile substances.
• NARCOTICS
• These are drugs which relieve pain and
produce profound sleep or stupor when
introduced to the body. Medically, they are
potent pain killers. Opium and its derivatives
like morphine, heroin and codeine are
classified as narcotics.
• OPIUM
• Derived from the poppy plant (papaver
somniferum) popularly known as gum, gamut,
kalamay or panocha. A plant that can grow
from 3-6 feet in height originally in
Mesopotamia.
• MORPHINE
• This is the most commonly used and best
opiate. Effective as a painkiller six time potent
than opium, with a high dependence.
Morphine exerts action characterized by
analgesia, drowsiness, mood changes and
mental clouding.
• HEROIN (diacetylmorphine)
• This is three to five times powerful than
morphine from which it is derived and the
most addicting opium derivative. It may be
sniffed or swallowed but is usually injected in
the veins.
• CODEINE
• This is a derivative of opium, commonly
available in cough preparations. These cough
medicines have been widely abused by the
youth whenever hard narcotics are difficult to
obtain.
• BARBITURATES
• These are drugs used for inducing sleep in
persons plagued with anxiety, mental stress,
and insomnia. They are also of value in the
treatment of epilepsy and hypertension. They
are available in capsules, pills tablets, and
taken orally or injected.
• TRANQUILIZERS
• These are drugs that calm and relax and
diminish anxiety. They are used in the
treatment of nervous states and some mental
disorders without producing sleep.
• VOLATILE SOLVENTS
• These are gaseous substances popularly
known to abusers as “gas”, “teardrops”.
• ALCOHOL
• This is considered the king of all drugs with
potent for abuse. Most widely used, socially
accepted and most extensively legalized drug
throughout the world.
 STIMULANT (UPPERS)

• They produce effects opposite to that of

depressants. Instead of bringing about
relaxation and sleep, they produced increased
mental alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger,
and provide a feeling of well being.
• AMPHETAMINES
• Used medically for weight reducing in obesity, relief of
mild depression and treatment.
 
• COCAINE
• The drug taken from coca bush plant (erythroxylon
coca) grows in South America. It is usually in the form
of powder that can be taken orally, injected or sniffed
as to achieved euphoria or an intense feeling of
highness
• CAFFEINE
• This is present in coffee, tea, chocolate, coca drinks
and some wake-up pills

• SHABU
• Chemically known as methamphetamine
hydrochloride. It stimulates the central nervous system
and is sometimes called poor man’s cocaine, bato or
tobats. In the USA it is referred to as Ice or Meth.
• NICOTINE
• An active component in tobacco which act as
the powerful stimulant of the central nervous
system.. A drop of pure nicotine can easily kill
a person.
 HALLUCINOGENS (PSYCHEDELIC)
• This group of drugs consists of a variety of
mind altering drugs, which distort reality,
thinking and perceptions of time, sound,
space and sensation. The user experiences
hallucination which at times can be strange.
His trips may be exhilarating or terrifying good
or bad.
• MARIJUANA
• It is most commonly abused hallucinogen in
the Philippine because it can be grown
extensively in the country. Many users chose
to smoke marijuana for relaxation in the same
way people drink beer or cocktail at the end of
the day
• LYSERGICACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD)
• This drug is the most powerful of the
psychedelic obtained from ergot. A fungus that
attacks rye kernels. LSD is 1000 times more
powerful than marijuana as supply, large
enough for a trip can be taken from the glue
on the flab of an envelope, from the face of a
postage stamp or from the hidden area inside
one’s clothes.
• PEYOTE
• Peyote is derived from the surface part of
small gray brown cactus. Peyote emits an
nauseating odor and its user suffers from
nausea. This drug causes no physical
dependence and therefore no withdrawn
symptoms although in some cases
psychological dependence has been noted.
• MESCALINE
• It is the alkaloid hallucinogen extracted from
the peyote cactus and can also be synthesize in
the laboratory. One to two hours after the drug
is taken in a liquid or powder form, delusions
begin to occur. These are accompanied by
imperfect coordination and perception with a
sensation of impeded motion, and a marked
sense the time is still standing.
• MORNING GLORY SEEDS
• The black and brown seeds of the wild tropical
morning glory that are used to produce
hallucinations. They are sold under the names
of heavenly blues, flying dancers and pearly
gates. The active ingredients is similar to LSD
although less potent.
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
• Oral ingestion 
• This drug is taken by the mouth and must pass
through the stomach before being absorbed
into the blood stream. This is one of the most
common easy of taking a drug
• Inhalation
• Drug in gaseous form enters the lungs and is
quickly absorbed by the rich capillary system.
It is probably the second most commonly used
routes of drug administration.
• Injection
• The drug can be administered into the body by
the use of syringe and hypodermic needle in
the following ways:
Subcutaneous – drug is administered by injecting
drug just below the surface of the skin, this is
sometimes called skin popping. 
• Intramuscular – administration involves the injection
of a drug into a large muscle mass that has a good
blood supply, such as the gluteus maximus,
quadriceps or triceps. 
- Intravenous – the most efficient means of
administration which involves depositing drugs directly
into the blood stream. This also the most rapid method
of drug administration.
• Snorting
• Inhalation through the nose of drugs not in
gaseous from. It is perform by inhaling a
powder of liquid drug into the nose coats of
the mucous membrane.
• Buccal
• The drug is administered by placing them into
the buccal cavity just under the lips and the
active ingredients of the drug will be absorbed
into the bloodstream through the soft tissues
lining of the mouth.
• Suppositories
• The drug is administered through the vagina
or rectum in suppository form and the drug
will also be absorbed into the bloodstream.
 
• Iontophorosis
• The introduction of drugs into the deeper
layer of the skin by the use of special type of
electric current for local effect.
• RA 9165 The Comprehensive Dangerous Drug
Act of 2002 repealing RA 6425 (Dangerous
Drug Act of 1972) and all its amendments
- signed into law by President Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo
- it took effect on July 04, 2002
 SALIENT FEATURES OF RA 9165
• There is no more distinction of drugs
(prohibited/regulated) All are categorized as
Dangerous Drugs.
• The law enforcement arm tasked to implement
the provisions if RA 9165 is the Philippine Drug
Enforcement Agency
• Provision of PD968 (Probation Law of 1972) is
no longer applicable for pushing cases
notwithstanding the penalty imposed
• Plea Bargaining (entering a plea of guilty to a
lesser offense) is not allowed
• Under the law it is not only the principal who
would be liable for violation of this act, the
financier and protector/coddler is likewise
punished
• Mandatory drug testing is now allowed
– for all applicants for firearm license
– for all applicants of driver’s license
– for all applicant in the government service (to include PNP/AFP
– for all applicants for security guard license
– for all officials/employees as part of their physical/medical exam
– for active members of the PNP/AFP drug test is done in random
– for those filing their certificate of candidacy for any elective government
position
– for all students in public elementary/high school if it is with the approval
of the parents and done at random
– for all students in the tertiary level if part of the school manual, done in
conformity of the parents and done at random
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
• ADMINISTER – any act of introducing any dangerous
drug into the body of any person, with or without
his/her knowledge.
• BOARD – refers to the Dangerous Drugs Board under
Section 77, Art. IX of this act
• CHEMICAL – any substance taken into the body that
alters the way and the mind and the bodywork
• CULTIVATE – the act of knowingly planting, growing,
raising or permitting the planting, growing, raising of
any plant which is the source of a prohibited drug.
• DRUG – traditionally, drugs are synthetic chemicals used as
medicine or in the making of medicines, which affects the
body and mind and have potential for abuse. Drugs in its
criminological meaning, refers to substances, other than food
and water that is intended to be taken or administered for the
purpose of altering, sustaining or controlling recipient’s
physical, mental or emotional state.
• DRUG ABUSE – the illegal, wrongful or improper use of any
drug
• DRUG ADDICTION – it refers to the state of periodic or chronic
intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug
• DRUG DEPENDENCE – it refers to t he state of
psychic or physical dependence or both on
dangerous drugs following the administration or
use of that drug. WHO defines it as the periodic,
continuous, repeated administration of a drug.
• DRUG EXPERIMENTER – one who illegally,
wrongfully or improperly uses any narcotic
substances for reasons of curiosity, peer
pressure, or other similar reasons.
• DRUG SYNDICATE – it is a network of illegal drug
operations operated and manned carefully by
groups of criminals who knowingly traffic through
nefarious trade for personal or group profit.
• MANUFACTURE – the production, preparation,
compounding or processing a dangerous drug
either directly or indirectly or by extraction from
substances of natural origin or by chemical
synthesis.
• REHABILITATION – it is a dynamic process directed
towards the changes of the health of the person to
prepare him from his fullest life potentials and
capabilities, and making him law abiding and productive
member of the community without abusing drugs
• TREATMENT – a medical service rendered to a client for
the effective management of his total condition related
to drug abuse. It deals with the physiological and
psychosocial complications arising from drug abuse.