98 ASOwW The Weighted Voting Systems A weighted voting system is a biased vorin, system where voters have different weights the outcome of an election. Best examples are the stockholders of a company and the Uniteg Nations Security Council. : eo where Q is a quota, yyhich is the requireg to resolution and js ‘a vot ich corresponds to the votes Gftrolled by a voter. S @ighted Voting Systems Notation: sos, ) . lag Person - One Vote System Qrch person has only one vote. Thus, a majority of the votes is required to pass a resolution. Example1: W= {Q:1,1,1,1,1,1,1} Since the total number of votes is 7 then Q = 4 is the required number of votes to pass a resolution. 2. Dictatorship One particular person has a weight that is greater than the quota and sum of all the weights of other voters. Example 2: W= {9: 10, 2,3, 1, 1} Mathematics in the Modern World‘The person W ith will always dictate any voting outcome, Note that even ifwe combine the other votes, it will not exceed the said quota, Qe. Null Sustem This is a weighted voting system which cannot pass any resolution use the sum of all the votes is always less than the quota, Example 3: W= {17: 21,83, 2} Here, v= 241484942616 < Oe 17. 4. The Veto Power Sysi This is one type of weighted voting system wh ich voter has a veto power meaning if one voter does not vo} olution will be passed. This type of voting system will o en quota is equal to the sum of all the votes. sf If at least one voter in a weighted pe oo has veto power, the system is said to be a veto pow; Example 4: W= {18: 4, Sah Here, Dx =4+5+14 ° lite quo Even the voter s eh a veto power. Coalition A coal x. a voting system is an alliance formed by a group of voters only ommon goal which is either to favor a resolution or vote against it. We define the following terms related to coalition. 1. Awinning coalition is a group of voters whose sum of all votes is greater than or equal to the quota. 2. A losing coalition is a group of voters whose sum of all votes is less than the quota. 3. A critical voter is a voter who turns a winning coalition into a losing coalition if he leaves for another group: eet any voting 4. A dummy is a voter whose weight does not aff 5 | other players Outcome, Note that when a system has a dictator, all 0 are considered dummies. Chapter 4: Apportionment 99ber of possible coalitions given number of voters? itions with voters is the number of from these voters. This includes the se, leton subsets. What is num The number of possible coal subsets that can be formed he voters and the singl 1 of possible coalitions with voters is given by 2"~ 1. possible containing all The number Example 5 The weighted voting system for a company owned by S people is given by W= {601:425,250,175,350). of a. Find all the winning coalitions. Q ‘critical voters. b. For each winning coalition, a Solution We have, 0= 42542504175 The total possible coalitions are 2*— 1 = 15. The winning coalitions (WC) are those combinati 3 mbinations whose total votes is greater than the quota 601. These are {A,B}, {A,D}, {A,B,C} A BD) {B, C, D},{A, C, D} and {A, B,C, D}. ee te ee ee of a winning coalition is removed the winning becomes a losing coalition. The followi i val : ing t the critical voters for each winning coalition. aati 100 Mathematics in the Modern WorldBanzhaf Power nae 40 We introduce, wed is measured in a weighted voting system. The voi er free is measured by Banzhaf power index and it is defined as the number of times a voter becomes a B= P : . the total number of critical voters in all wit Example 6 Compute the voting power of each voter in Example 5. Chapter 4: Apportionment aSolution The total number of critical voters in all 7 winning coalitions ig 12 ae OE A a 042 B M2 0,25 c v2 0.08 Dd 32 0.25 Owner A has the most power and owner C has the least power, Exercises 4.3 fo The Weighted Voting Systems s? RY In Exercises | and 2, use 1 What percentage dogs (pe Sm 2. If two thirds Wiajerity je needed to pass a resolution, what is the requir P In Exercises 3 and 4, let . 3. What is the minimum quota to pass a motion? 4. What quota represents needing at least three fourths majority? In Exercises 5 to 8, let . 5. What is the total number of players? ee 102 ‘Mathematics in the Modern World8 9. _ Compute for the Bi What is the weight of? What is the minimum number of votes to pass a resolution? How many coalitions can be formed? Which of the following are winning coalitions? & XpAyy of, 10. Which voters are the critical us in Exergise 10? 10" lex for each voter in the weighted voting system giv mel » 50, 45, 30, 15}. Four members, A, B, C, and D, decide to pass a motion by using the voting scheme W = {5: 4, 2, 1, 1} except when there is a tie. In the event a tie exists, another voter, E, casts a vote to break the tie. Determine the Banzhaf power index for each voter, including voter E. ee ae ee ee ee ss Chapter 4: Apportionment 10310. Chapter Exercises A state university iy Manila has three frontman dormitories, Huilding \ thas 82 rooms, building, BE haw dS rooms, and building © has 6q rooms. A ES-person resident council will be apportioned to three buildings who will set rules: governing the dormitories, If all roomy ave occupied, assign the representatives: Using Hamilton method whieh is based on the mamber fons occupied. What is the new apportionment of representatives in Problem 1 ip Jefferson method will bo used? What is the new apportionment in Problem | using Webster method? In Problem 1 using Huntington-Hill principle, receive the additional representative if the ny will increase to 16? Q Suppose 100 items are to be spooglap among a population consisting of four groups A, B,C aHd D with respective sizes 7194, 103, 102, and 101, Use ton d to determine the apportionment of 75 items i“ i Broly’ Use Webster method to ment in Problem 5. oO. Use Jefferson meth Oo portionment in Problem 5. Verify in Probl Sf the’@yota criterion is violated using Webster and Jeffers 10 ds Five sf re council president receive votes as follows: Harry (Qt), Louis (410), Niall (425), Liam (380), Zayn (352). a. Is there a candidate who ears a majority of the votes? b. Who wins the election using the plurality method? Who wins the election in Problem 9 using Borda count. Students ina senior class rated their favorite math courses with I being the highest. The results of the survey are shown in the preference list below. Using the Borda count method which math course is the most favorite? ‘Mathematics in the Modern World18, Identity the following weighted voting system. a. 32:32, 10,10, 8,4, 2} b. f48:240,6,.2, 10 . (18:7,8,3,2) & BL LLY 19. Find all the winning coalitions in Problem 17 (b). 20, A selection committee consists of three people, Andy whose weighs 3 points, Bob with 2 points and Carlos with | poin, a quota for this weighted voting is 4, find all winning coalitions Aero g Aufimann, R., Lockwood, J., Nation, R., K,& Clegg, Mathematical excursions (3" “nee : : In, Nepponzzee. Lipschutz, §., Schiller, J. & Srinf@BQaB, R205). Schaum s series: Theory and proble sgindine finite mathematica York: MeGraw-Hill, > é Na D. (2), 4 ‘Mathematics in the Modern World