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! =" #
$ µ =
#% &'( (%

) ρ
*
!
+ * , (ε = ,

- . /

!
# ρ ="
*

ρ
∇⋅ = * = " ∇⋅ ="
ε"
∂ ∂
∇∧ = − ∇∧ = µ" # + ε"
∂ ∂
*

0 $

σ
• ! − =
ε"
-

• - − = µ" ∧
$ ( ="
$ & ) ,
1
$

)
# (
.

- ,

• $ (
=σ,
# ( = ⋅
$ ="
$ 2 . / 34 ( ρ ="

( ) #
5 )
• )
σ
! − =
ε"
-
"

σ
$ =
ε"

0 ,

• $ ( 2 . / 3' 6

"=− ,$ = # ,! =" #

&
# ) .
) ≠"

• )
! = µ" ∧

7 . / 3 2 & ="

-
!
! ! 8 #+
) ' ! 8(
ω
! 8 ! 8 ( # = =

" "
( = " # # , − ω, = " 9 " = "

" " # # , − ω,

1 !


7 (
( ,

−σ
! ) =
ε"
σ
: ;&; # = "( + # = "( = −
ε"
# = "( + # = "( = − µ" ∧ ,

- 8

• 7 ! 8
;
7 (
) & ( &
,
# < 6 = )

( = # (
; )
<"( ,
!( # (
# ( = +# − = + − # + = #

0
$ # ( = + # − = + − # + =

= − ( ),
) # ) ( + ( ,
; 8 >
# ="
σ
# + # =−
ε"
!( ) ( # + # = "( ∀
(∀( # =− " #− ω, # "
#- $ + + =
# + = =− " #− ω,# + =
8 #( =− " # #− − ω,
ω
) = , ( =− ,


" "
! = " # # , − ω, ( = − " # # − , − ω,
" "
7 < ( < ( )
π # 3

# ( (− 2 ,
" "
$ = " ( = "
" # # , − ω, " # # − , − ω,

0 (


σ
# =" + # =" =−
ε"
. ,
( σ =",

! # =" + # = " = µ" ∧ = −µ" ∧
− ω,
$ - " = − µ" ∧
)
- "
− ω,
= − µ " #−
- − ω,
$ = "
,
µ"

6 6

• !

@ ) ( )
) ,
• ! 6
7 ) ) ( 6

; >"
7 6 &
,! 7 A & ""B,,,
; <"
=" 6 ( ) ) (
,! ,

86 (
6

?
C

"
! = + = - " # − ω,
"
!
=- " # #ω, ,
! >
"( D ,
λ"
$ D
-

- ,

! = + =- " # # − ω,
! =- " # #ω, ,
7 ) D ) & ,

) ) #

• $
!
= #ε " -
+ -

- µ"

= ε" × - -
# -
#ω, + - -
# -
#ω,
-µ"
" "
-
= -ε " -
" # -
# -
#ω, + -
# -
#ω,
$ < > = ε" -
" # -
# + -
# = ε" -
"
( 6 ,
• F 6
!
π= ∧
µ"

= " "
# # #ω, #ω,
µ"

= " "
#- # -ω,
µ"
6 <π >= "
C 6 6 #
G

! ) 9 =" ="(
π =" & ( 6 )
( ,

7 ) ( ,
! H )
,

• . 2
; 6
) = ( ν( )
ν
= ( * ) ,
# ) & ! 8
;

!
@ # : ;&; ! 8
,

E

; ! δ → ,!
# ( ) )
ν
∆ = :− = −-

#- δ - = δ ) δ
#0 ) )
δ = δ × ∆ = −-
- -
νδ , ,
δ -
# (δ → = = −- νδ ,

; $ δ → =- νδ ,
: ;&; =- ν
! J ν ) (
- #
( =

• K6 2
= " # − ω,
= " # − ω,

-
= "
#− ω,
µ"
• ' 7
! = ∧ # ="
#

6
< >= # ∧ L

-
- -
-
= "
, = "
,
- µ" µ"
-
$ = "
= ε" -
#=
µ"
"

! 7 (
, & (
M

I
! ) & # ( G
; !
; ! ,
! 2 ( ! 8
,

. /

! ε =µ = ( ρ =" # : ;&; ω ≠ω (
=σ,
σ" τ
-
) σ= ( σ" = ,
− ω,τ
7 ) '
⋅ =" ∧ = ω
⋅ =" ∧ = µ " # − ωε "
7 H& )
,

! 2

∧ ∧ = µ " #σ − ω,ε "


ω
-
: ;&; − = µ " #σ − ωε "
ω
ω-
8
-
= -
+ ωµ "σ
! J )
( 2 ) ,

1 $
$


>> ω ( τ << = ,
τ ω

N
: ;&; *
, ( σ ≈σ"

- !

! τ O "− ( ω< "- , −


( λ" > -, " −0
# A

ω - = - ωε " " - " −


! = < <<
ωµ "σ σ O "E
$
-
= µ "ωσ "
ωµ "σ "
8 = ±# + = ±# + = δ
-

! (&

− ∇ - = − µ"σ "


8 ∇ - = µ "σ "

! * #
( 2 ) * ,

? !

• 8

#! ( 6
!
+
) ( # >"( = ,
δ
-
) δ= ( ,
ωµ "σ "
;
! = "
# − ω, = "
#− = δ # = δ − ω,

"
;
7 . / 3' 6

= ∧ ( ) =
ω
$ = "
#− = δ # = δ − ω,
+
) = ∧
"
δω "


; 7

! λ= = -πδ
#
λ -ωε "
= <<
λ" σ"
; $
ω
! φ = = δ ,ω
#
;
C #− = δ ,
$ 2 δ # 9

! λ = -πδ O δ
$ ) < 6
2


="
& ) # ="

! # =" + # =" = # =" ,$ 9 "


G


-
! δ=
µ"σ "ω
7 ) ( δ σ → +∞ (
δ =",
7 ω # λ" (δ ,
• * )

; 8 δ << ( * * ) ) & * ,
8 δ> ( * ( ,
;
( =
8 λ" = "(- #ω = " " , −
( δ = (?, " − (
* * ,
8 λ" = -, "? #ω = " , −
( δ = 0, " −0 (
) ,
; 8 ) ( * )
* * , !
;* ,

! =σ,

! #
$ ( δ →"( → +∞
+∞
= P ,
σ → +∞ "


; $
;
σ,
" = ⋅ =σ, ⋅ = !

$ #=
σ,

-
;

( π &
5 ,

; &
! < ) ,
;
∂ −
! )( ) = ∇-
∂ µ "σ "

8 >> δ ( 2 2 #

; $

δ<
δ δ
δ >>

;
! #= #
σ
8 & )
( : ;&; O -π , δ # δ< ,!
#: O # × # & ω

) ( σ = ?N, " 8, −
,8 6 O (
! ν O ?"KA ( δ O N(0, " −0
#: O #
ν O ?".KA ( δ O N(0, " −
#: O ? # ,

$
$

ωτ >>
-
! σ≈ ( & < ,
ω

0
- !

! τ O "− ? ( ω >> " ? , −


λ" << -µ

ω- -
ω- −ω- -
-
= + ωµ " = 9ω = ,
-
ω -
ε"
−0
! O "0" ,
$ ω O , " , −
λ O "("0µ ,
7 ω >ω ω <ω * # λ << - µ ,

ω-
= -
#Q ;4

? !

• 8 ω >ω # 6 RF( S
! ∈ ( : ;&; ,
ω-
F φ = ,F = − -
ω- ω
− -
ω
7 & RF 6 $,
• 8 ω <ω
! ∈ (
= #− = δ # − ω, 9δ = ,
ω- −ω-
"

! ) #

! σ∈
$ < >= # ⋅ L = ⋅ L #σ = "
- -
π
#$ ( =σ
-

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