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Accumulation of Solutes at
Interfaces
Air
KH = PoL/Csatw
A gas is a gas is a gas
Kow = Csato/Csatw T, P
Koa = Csato/PoL
KH Koa
Po L
Octanol
Water NOM, biological lipids,
Fresh, salt, ground, pore other solvents
T, salinity Kow
Csatw Csato
Pure Phase
(l) or (s)
Ideal behavior
Equilibrium partitioning between water and any organic
liquid:
Partitioning is driven by
Van der Waal forces
polarity/polarizability
H bonding
The better the match between chemical properties of solute and
solvent, the higher the equilibrium constant for better extraction
solvent
C o (mol / Lo )
K ow
C w (mol / Lw )
Importance
Huge database of Kow values is available
Method of quantifying the hydrophobic character of a compound.
Can be used to estimate aq. solubility
Can be used to predict partitioning of a compound into other
nonpolar organic phases:
other solvents
natural organic material (NOM)
biota (like fish, cells, lipids, etc.)
Why octanol?
Has both hydrophobic and small hydrophilic character due to OH bond
Therefore a broad range of compounds will have measurable Kow values
Methods of measuring Kow
octanol
water
PHASE I
‘PHASE’ 2
Absorption (“partitioning”)
PHASE I
Pgas K H caq
Henry’s Law
PHASE 2
Adsorption terminologies
Adsorbent, in
Cu2+ suspension at
Cu2+ concentration
Cu2+ Cu2+ csolid
Cu2+ Dissolved
Cu2+ Cu2+ adsorbate, at
concentration cCu(aq)
Cu2+
Cu 2+
Cu2+
Cu2+
Adsorbed species,
Cu2+ with adsorption
density q mg Cu per
g solid or per m2
Later
Laminar
Boundary
Layer GAC Particle
Equilibrium
Adsorbed Molecule
Diffusing Molecule
Adsorption Isotherms
Control
d C (2l) d
2 (l)
RTd (ln C 2 ) RT dC (2l )
At steady-state
dS1
k 2 C(S S1 ) k 1S1
dt
At steady-state k 2 C e S k 2 C e S1 k 1S1 0
k2
Ce
q bC e S k1 bC e
0 1
Q 1 bC e S
1
k2
Ce
1 bC e
k1
Q 0 bC e
q
1 bC e
BET Isotherm – does not assume monolayer coverage
V cX
Vm (1 X )(1 (c 1) X )
H ads H vap
c exp
RT
q e K f C en
1
Commonly Reported Adsorption Isotherms
K Lc
Linear: q klin c Langmuir: q qmax
1 K Lc
Freundlich: q k f c
n
Steps in Preparation of Activated Carbon
• Pyrolysis – heat in absence of oxygen to form graphitic char
• Activation – expose to air or steam; partial oxidation forms
oxygen-containing surface groups and lots of tiny pores
167 mg GAC/L
333 mg GAC/L
Metal Oxide Surfaces
Solution. The adsorption density of benzene in equilibrium with ceq of 0.010 mg/L
can be determined from the isotherm expression:
A mass balance on the contaminant can then be written and solved for the
activated carbon dose:
ctot ,benz cbenz qbenz cAC
0.50 0.010 4.30 mg/g c AC
13.4 4.1
9.3 6.2
5.6 27.9
3.3 91.1
2.0 168.0
Fit these data to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and
determine the constants of both the models. Which model fits
better?
Example
Sludge Withdrawal
PAC particles may or
may not be
equilibrated
PAC + Flocculated
Coagulants Water
p pA pb
n A RT
pA
V
pA
yA mole fraction of component A in the gas phase
P
p A x A p 0,A
cA
xA
c
Henry’s Law: pA=HxA
Air–water partitioning coefficient:
c air
K AW A
cA
cA
Example
(1)
dc (out
2)
dc sys
V2 V1 Qc in( 2 ) Qc (out
2)
dt dt
(1)
dc sys K 12dc (out
2)
dc (out
2)
dc (out
2)
V2 V1K12 Qc in( 2) Qc (out
2)
dt dt
dc (out
2)
Q Q 1
(c in( 2) c (out
2)
) (c in( 2) c (out
2)
)
dt V2 V1K12 V2 V1
1 K12
V2
dc (out
2)
1 ( 2) ( 2) V1
(c in c out )
R 1 K12
dt tR
V2
c (out t
2)
1 exp
co tR