Proceedings of the ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference

PVP2016
July 17-21, 2016, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

PVP2016-63917

EVALUATION OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH CURVES IN EXISTING CODES

AND A PROPOSED MODIFICATION BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL DATA OF
CR-NI-MO-V STEEL WELDED JOINTS

Yan-Nan Du, Ming-Liang Zhu, Fu-Zhen Xuan, and

Shan-Tung Tu
Key Laboratory of Pressure Systems and Safety, MOE,
School of Mechanical and Power Engineering,
East China University of Science and Technology,
Shanghai 200237,
China

to the safety and reliability of engineering components [4].

ABSTRACT
A comparison of currently available codes for assessment
of fatigue crack growth, including ASME (America Society of
Mechanical Engineers) SEC. XI, FKM (Forchungskuratorium
Maschinenbau) guideline, WES (Japan Welding Engineering
Society) 2805, BS7910 and JSME (The Japan Society of
Mechanical Engineers), was carried out by paying attention to
the suitability of application and the easiness to obtain the
parameters, based on fatigue crack growth data of
There are currently several codes for fatigue assessment
around the world, such as the ASME SEC. XI [5], FKM
guideline [6], BS 7910 [7], WES 2805 [8] and JSME [9].
Each code provides the upper and lower bounds of FCG
curves that are inclusive to many influencing factors, i.e.,
material strength level, residual stress, R and environment.
Hojo et al. [10] reported the differences among the assessment
curves, while the effect of long-term aging treatment on FCG
was not considered. Unlike the Paris regime where the linear

factor range, 'K, is often used, the FCG curve in the

Cr-Ni-Mo-V steel welded joints. Results showed that fatigue
crack growth curves provided by the FKM or WES were good
choice when few inputs were at hand while the curves in the
BS7910, JSME and ASME were recommended for precise
estimation. It was indicated that the assessment of welded
joints solely by fatigue crack growth behavior at base metal
part and the assessment of fatigue crack growth for the aged
condition by as-received one both resulted in
non-conservativeness, albeit dependent on the range of stress
ratios, R. A new bilinear form of fatigue crack growth model
independent of R was developed based on transition point
occurred in the near-threshold regime. This constituted the
bilinear approach to fatigue assessment, and thus contributed
to the optimization of fatigue assessment in the near-threshold
regime.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the life requirement of some key components,
such as the advanced steam turbine, has been extended from
40 to 60 years [1]. Fatigue resistance, especially the
performance of fatigue crack growth (FCG), is a key issue in
material development and life design of components of power
plants [2]. In order to predict and evaluate the structure life
relationship between FCG rate, da/dN, with stress intensity
near-threshold regime is non-linear, and it is difficult to select
the assessment curves among existing codes with sufficient
accuracy due to less-verified assumptions and simplicities.
The assessment of FCG behavior in the near-threshold
regime is of great significance to damage tolerant design of
materials in the perspective of structural integrity. Many
researchers [11-13] studied the prediction of FCG, largely in
the Paris regime. However, the prediction of FCG in the
near-threshold regime is affected by many factors [12, 14-16].
As reported by Lal [17], a bi-linear method describing FCG
curve is advisable to predict FCG curves. In our previous
work, the transitional behavior of FCG in welded joint has
been investigated [18]. It is useful to develop new bi-linear
methods to improve the predictive accuracy and the range of
R that the model can cover. In case of welded joints, questions
that need to be answered include: (1) at what degree of
conservativeness if assessing the welds based on base metal
(BM)? (2) What is the case for long-term aging process? (3)
Are there better approaches that contribute to more accurate
assessment of welded joint?
Therefore, in the present work, the effects of long-term
aging treatment and welded joint location on applicability of

FCG curve, fatigue threshold, 'Kth, and stress ratio, R [3].

well, it is important to further study relationship between the fatigue assessment curves are discussed. A new bilinear form
of model independent of R for FCG in the near-threshold
Moreover, the degradation behavior of materials and regime was developed based on transitional behavior in the
structures after long-term service is of immense significance

1 Copyright © 2016 by ASME

near-threshold regime. This constitutes the bilinear approach
to fatigue assessment, and thus contributes to optimization of
fatigue assessment in the near-threshold regime.
COMPARISON OF FCG MODELS IN DIFFERENT
CODES, STANDARDS, AND GUIDELINES
Materials of steam turbine rotor are mostly ferritic steels.
The FCG models are listed in Table 1. Here the unit of FCG
rate is mm/cycle and the stress intensity factor range is in
MPa˜m0.5. The effect of R is considered by BS7910, ASME
and JSME; and the near-threshold regime is taken into
consideration by most models, except JSME. The range of R
is simplified as two parts in BS7910, though the description of
the near-threshold FCG regime is better.
Fatigue assessment curves in different codes, standards,
and guidelines are plotted in Fig. 1. The difference of the
equations in the Paris regime affects the results slightly, while
the one in the near-threshold regime is large. If the users have
little information of residual stress distribution or need quick
estimation, the FKM or WES (most conservative) curves are
the good choice, because these are defined as one curve for
each guide with simple equations. If the user has the detailed
information of residual stress distribution and other specific
conditions and more precise estimation is required, it is
observed from Fig. 1 that, the BS7910, JSME and ASME
curves are recommended, as R and other factors are taken into
account. It is worth noting that fatigue assessment may lead to
some degree of conservativeness if the effect of R is not
considered in the near-threshold FCG regime.
APPLICATION OF FCG RATE MODELS
Our previous work has provided a solid foundation for
failure mechanisms and modelling of the crack growth
behavior in the near-threshold regime of Ni-Cr-Mo-V rotor
steels and welded joints [2, 4, 15, 18, 19]. To evaluate the
or rules, a new parameter \ is defined, which represents the
applicability of the assessment curves in different guidelines
ratio between the difference value of'K between the
da/dN, and the 'K of experimental data. If \ !0, the fatigue
experimental data and assessment FCG curves at the same
assessment curve show non-conservativeness; when \ equals
assessment curve is conservative and safe; otherwise, the
0, it represents the best economic performance.
Welded Joint
The FCG data are from a 25Cr2Ni2MoV welded joint,
\ in three situations (da/dN=10-6, 5u10-7 and 10-7 mm/cycle)
where were reported in our previous work [18]. The values of
are compared at low and high R. The result at R of 0.1 is listed
in Table 2. It is observed that all the equations except BS7910
are suitable for FCG assessment of the 25Cr2Ni2MoV welded
joint. It is also worth noting that when the applicable models
are employed to assess the BM though with some degree of
conservativeness, they are suitable for assessing the weld
metal (WM) and heat-affected zone (HAZ) with a lowered
conservativeness. In other words, a safety fatigue design
guideline applied at the BM can assure the whole integrity of
The values of \ at R of 0.9 is listed in Table 3. Most
the welds at R of 0.1.
equations are not fit for 25Cr2Ni2MoV welded joint, and the
2 Copyright © 2016 by ASME
applicability in different da/dN is obviously different. Though
the equations ensure the safety of BM in some da/dN, the
same position in WM and HAZ is still at risk.
Long-Term Aged Welded Joints
One of the challenges for design practice is the selection
of materials whose mechanical properties have the reasonable
safety margin and good long-term stability. An understanding
of degradation of mechanical behavior of materials is critical
to safety and reliability of structures under long-term service,
as demonstrated by Chung [20]. The FCG data after long-term
aging treatment comes from our published work [19], where
experiments were conducted using the 30Cr2Ni2MoV welded
hours at 300qC). The values of \ at R of 0.3 in different da/dN
joint in the as-received and aged conditions (aging for 3000
are listed in Table 4. Equations except BS7910 are suitable for
30Cr2Ni2MoV in BM before and after the long-term aging
treatment. It is observed that if the assessment could ensure
the safety of BM at low R in the as-received condition, the
Table 5 shows the values of \ at different da/dN in the
case for aged condition could still keep safe at low R.
BM of 30Cr2Ni4MoV at R=0.9 before and after long-term
aging treatment. The result is different from the one at R=0.3.
Some of equations are suitable for the BM in the as-received
condition. It is observed that if safety could be assured in the
as-received condition, the case for long-term aged would also
The values of \ at different da/dN in the WM of the
be safe.
30Cr2Ni4MoV welded joint with R=0.3 are listed in Table 6.
It can be observed that risk exists for some of the fatigue
assessment curves at the as-received condition. Some of
equations are suitable for the WM in the as-received condition.
It is observed that if safety could be assured in the as-received
The values of \ at different da/dN in the WM of the
condition, the case for long-term aged condition may be risky.
30Cr2Ni4MoV welded joint at R=0.9 are listed in Table 7.
Some of the equations are suitable for the WM in the
as-received condition, while it may be at risk after long-term
aging treatment.
DESCRIPTION OF FCG CURVE
Based on the study on transition behavior of FCG
behavior in the near-threshold regime, FCG curve can be
divided into two parts by the transition point: the Paris regime
and the near-threshold regime. The Paris regime is described
by the two parameter model, such as Zhang’s model [11]. Eq.
f ( R ) exp(K R )
(1) represents the correction factor in Zhang’s model.
(1)
where K is material parameter of Zhang’s model.
By defining a transition point, the whole FCG curve can
be modelled as below,
C [ f ( R ) 'K ] 'Kt 'Kt
m
da / dN (2)
) log( A)  n log( 'K ) 'Kd 'Kt
da
log( (3)
where da/dN is FCG rate in mm/cycle, 'Kt is the stress
dN
intensity factor range at transition points, MPa˜m0.5, A, C, n
and m are materials parameters.
At the transition point, Eq. (2) equals to Eq. (3), thus,
 da da
log[( )t / ( ) th ]
dN dN
log( 'K t / 'K th )
n (4)
) th ˜ 'K th
da n
A ( (5)
where da/dNt is FCG rate at transition points; 'Kth is fatigue
dN
threshold and (da/dN)th is FCG rate at fatigue threshold, often
The method to determine the parameter K is given in
defined as 10-7 mm/cycle.
and the parameters K of BM and WM are determined as 0.617
reference [11]. In this work, similar procedures are employed
and 0.816, respectively, in the 25Cr2Ni2MoV welded joint, as
shown in Figs. 2 and 3. As a result, the FCG curve in the Paris
The da/dNt , 'Kt and 'Kth of 25Cr2Ni2MoV in BM and
regime at different R can be predicted.
WM at different R were given in reference [18], which were
put into Eqs. (3) and (4). Experimental and predicted curves at
various R using the new method for the notch in the BM and
WM are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. It is clear that the new
method is able to predict FCG curve well. Further work to
validate the model is valuable when more FCG curves are
obtained from a variety of tests. The model actually provides a
useful approach to optimize the effect of R and description of
FCG in the near-threshold regime.
'Kt and 'Kth of BM and WM of the 25Cr2Ni2MoV welded
For modelling in the near-threshold regime, the da/dNt,
joint were reported in our previous work [18]. These data
were put into Eqs. (3) and (4). Experimental and predicted
curves at various R using the new method for the notch in the
BM and WM are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. It is clear that the
new method is able to predict FCG curve well. Further work
to validate the model is valuable when more FCG curves are
obtained from a variety of tests. The model actually provides a
useful approach to optimize the effect of R and description of
FCG in the near-threshold regime.
The newly developed method is applied to predict the
FCG curve at R of zero and 0.9. The comparison between the
predicted FCG curves in BM and WM and the design curves
from different codes in air environments are shown in Figs. 6
and 7. Predicted curves at R of zero is similar to the curve of
BS7910 mean curve R<0.5. However, the transition points of
the new predicted curves are lower. Predicted curves at R of
0.9 are different from other curves, especially in WM. The
optimization of the predicted curves in the near-threshold
regime is larger than that in Paris regime. The new method
could be applied as the fatigue assessment curve.
CONCLUSIONS
Fatigue assessment curves of welded joint were
discussed. The main conclusions are listed as follows:
(1) For all the curves investigated, the main difference
was located at the near-threshold regime. The FKM or WES
(most conservative) curves were good choice when few inputs
were at hand while the BS7910, JSME and ASME curves
were recommended for precise estimation.
(2) A safe welded joint was assured if the BM was
assessed safe at low R, while at higher R, a safety BM could
not ensure the safety of the whole welds. Similarly, a safe BM
3 Copyright © 2016 by ASME
in the long-term aged condition was expected if it was already
safe in the as-received condition at lower R; while a safe WM
in the as-received condition could not assure the safety in
aged condition at lower R.
(3) A new bilinear model of FCG independent of R for
FCG assessment was developed based on the transition
behavior during FCG in the near-threshold regime, which was
useful to generalize the effect of R for description and
assessment of FCG in the near-threshold regime.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful for the supports provided by the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.
51325504, 51205131 and 51575182).
REFERENCES
[1] Allen, T., et al., 2010, "Materials challenges for nuclear
systems," Materials today. 13(12), pp. 14-23.
[2] Zhu, M. L., Xuan, F. Z., and Wang, G. Z., 2009, "Effect of
microstructure on fatigue crack propagation behavior in a
steam turbine rotor steel," Materials Science and Engineering:
A. 515(1), pp. 85-92.
[3] Gänser, H. P., et al., 2015, "Damage tolerance of railway
axles–the issue of transferability revisited," International
Journal of Fatigue.
[4] Zhu, M. L., Wang, D. Q., and Xuan, F. Z., 2014, "Effect of
long-term aging on microstructure and local behavior in the
heat-affected zone of a Ni–Cr–Mo–V steel welded joint,"
Materials Characterization. 87, pp. 45-61.
[5] ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 2007, "XI Rules
for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components,"
New York.
[6] Berger, C., et al., 2004, "Fracture mechanics proof of
strength for engineering components," Frankfurt and Main.
[7] BS7910, 2005, "Guidance on methods for assessing the
acceptability of flaws in metallic structures," British Standards
Institution.
[8] WES 2805, 2007, "Method of Assessment for Flaws in
Fusion Welded Joints with respect to Brittle Fracture and
Fatigue Crack Growth," The Japan Welding Engineering
Society, Tokyo.
[9] JSME (The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers) S
NA1, 2008, "Codes for Nuclear Power Generation
FacilitiesRules on Fitness-for-Service for Nuclear Power
Plants," JSME.
[10] Hojo, K. and Takahashi, Y., 2012, "Comparison of fatigue
crack growth curves of Japan, the United States, and European
Union Code and Standards," Journal of Pressure Vessel
Technology. 134(3), pp. 031004-1- 031004-5.
[11] Zhan, W., Lu, N., and Zhang, C., 2014, "A new
approximate model for the R-ratio effect on fatigue crack
growth rate," Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 119(0), pp.
85-96.
[12] Huang, X., Moan, T., and Cui, W., 2009, "A unique crack
growth rate curve method for fatigue life prediction of steel
structures," Ships and Offshore Structures. 4(2), pp. 165-173.
[13] Stoychev, S. and Kujawski, D., 2005, "Analysis of crack
SURSDJDWLRQ XVLQJ ǻK and Kmax," International Journal of
Fatigue. 27(10), pp. 1425-1431.
[14] Huang, X. Year "Fatigue crack growth rate recommended
in BS7910 and an unique crack growth rate curve under
different load ratios," in ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and
Piping Conference. 2007. American Society of Mechanical
Engineers.
[15] Zhu, M. L., Xuan, F. Z., and Tu, S. T., 2013, "Interpreting
load ratio dependence of near-threshold fatigue crack growth
by a new crack closure model," International Journal of
Pressure Vessels and Piping. 110, pp. 9-13.
[16] Zhu, M. L., Xuan, F. Z., and Tu, S. T., 2015, "Effect of
load ratio on fatigue crack growth in the near-threshold
regime: A literature review, and a combined crack closure and
driving force approach," Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 141,
pp. 57-77.
[17] Lal, D., 1994, "A mechanistic model for the influence of
stress ratio on the LEFM fatigue crack growth behavior of
metals and alloysI. Crack-ductile materials," Engineering
Fracture Mechanics. 49(6), pp. 871-897.
[18] Du, Y. N., Zhu, M. L., and Xuan, F. Z., 2015,
"Transitional behavior of fatigue crack growth in welded joint
of 25Cr2Ni2MoV steel," Engineering Fracture Mechanics.
144, pp. 1-15.
[19] Du, Y. N., et al., 2015, "Effect of long-term aging on
near-threshold fatigue crack growth of Ni–Cr–Mo–V steel
welds," Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 226, pp.
228-237.
[20] Chung, H. and Leax, T., 1990, "Embrittlement of
laboratory and reactor aged CF3, CF8, and CF8M duplex
stainless steels," Materials Science and Technology. 6(3), pp.
249-262.

Table 1 Summary of equations of FCG rate and 'Kth for ferritic steels in current codes and standards
Standard Equation C n 'Kth R
ASME C 3.78 u10 S S 25.72(2.88  R)
9 3.07
3.07 'K th 5.5(1  0.8 R) 0dR1
JSME C 3.78 u10 S
9 S 25.72(2.88  R ) 3.07
3.07 0dR1
FKM 1.37u10-7 2.25 2 0dR1
2.6u10-8 2.75 2 Most conservative
WES 2805 No residual stress
4.34u10-9 3.3 3.5
and R=0
C 'K n
2.10u10-14 8.16 Stage a R0.5
da / dN
BS7910 8.32u10-9 2.88 Stage b R0.5
Mean curve 2.14u10-10 5.10 Stage a Rt0.5
1.22u10-8 2.25 Stage b Rt0.5
7.59u10-14 8.16 Stage a R0.5
BS7910 1.41u10-8 2.88 Stage b R0.5
Mean+2SD 9.38u10-10 5.10 Stage a Rt0.5
2.70u10-8 2.25 Stage b Rt0.5

Table 2 Relationship between deviation \ and da/dN in 25Cr2Ni2MoV welded joint at R=0.1
da/dN WES 2805 No WES 2805 BS7910 BS7910 mean+2SD
Location ASME 0.1 JSME 0.1 FKM
(mm/cycle) residual conservative mean <0.5 <0.5
1.00E-06 0.18299 0.18299 0.66723 0.28488 0.48139 -0.20052 -0.02562
BM 5.00E-07 0.29371 0.29371 0.73505 0.37199 0.5633 -0.19479 -0.02072
1.00E-07 0.14527 0.52608 0.66216 0.40878 0.66216 -0.11182 0.05016
1.00E-06 0.22153 0.22153 0.68293 0.31862 0.50586 -0.14388 -0.02562
WM 5.00E-07 0.34721 0.34721 0.75512 0.41956 0.59638 -0.10427 -0.02072
1.00E-07 0.16913 0.5393 0.67159 0.42529 0.67159 -0.08078 0.05016
1.00E-06 0.19078 0.19078 0.6704 0.2917 0.48634 -0.18907 -0.01584
HAZ 5.00E-07 0.21013 0.21013 0.7037 0.29767 0.51162 -0.33617 -0.1415
1.00E-07 0.06985 0.48426 0.63235 0.35662 0.63235 -0.20992 -0.03365

4 Copyright © 2016 by ASME

Table 3 The values of \ at different da/dN in 25Cr2Ni2MoV welded joint at R=0.9
da/dN WES 2805 WES 2805 BS7910 BS7910
Location ASME 0.9 JSME 0.9 FKM
(mm/cycle) Noresidual conservative mean >0.5 mean+2SD >0.5
1.00E-06 -0.10455 -0.10455 0.36834 -0.35742 0.01559 -0.36876 -0.02444
BM 5.00E-07 -0.15202 -0.15202 0.39323 -0.43821 0 -0.56183 -0.16894
1.00E-07 0.19372 -0.04621 -0.04712 -0.83246 -0.04712 -0.74749 -0.3079
1.00E-06 -0.19167 -0.19167 0.31852 -0.46448 -0.06205 -0.47672 -0.10524
WM 5.00E-07 -0.18022 -0.18022 0.37838 -0.47341 -0.02457 -0.60006 -0.19755
1.00E-07 0.21429 -0.01952 -0.02041 -0.78571 -0.02041 -0.70291 -0.27453
1.00E-06 -0.21914 -0.21914 0.30281 -0.49824 -0.08654 -0.51077 -0.13072
HAZ 5.00E-07 -0.29824 -0.29824 0.31622 -0.62076 -0.12703 -0.76006 -0.31731
1.00E-07 0.20207 -0.03537 -0.03627 -0.81347 -0.03627 -0.72938 -0.29434

Table 4 The values of \ at different da/dN in the BM of 30Cr2Ni4MoV welded joint at R=0.3
da/dN WES 2805 WES 2805 BS7910 BS7910
Condition ASME 0.3 JSME 0.3 FKM
mm/cycle No residual conservative mean >0.5 mean+2SD >0.5
1.00E-06 0.10368 0.10368 0.60663 0.15465 0.38695 -0.41915 -0.2124
As-received
5.00E-07 0.21319 0.21319 0.68196 0.24616 0.4758 -0.43417 -0.22523
condition
1.00E-07 0.14868 0.4697 0.59267 0.28717 0.59267 -0.34052 -0.14522
Long-term 1.00E-06 0.12223 0.12223 0.61477 0.17215 0.39964 -0.38978 -0.1873
aging 5.00E-07 0.24168 0.24168 0.69348 0.27345 0.49478 -0.38225 -0.18087
condition 1.00E-07 0.12552 0.45527 0.58159 0.26778 0.58159 -0.37698 -0.17637

Table 5 The values of \ at different da/dN in the BM of 30Cr2Ni4MoV welded joint at R=0.9
WES 2805 No WES 2805 BS7910 BS7910
Condition da/dN ASME 0.9 JSME 0.9 FKM
residual conservative mean >0.5 mean+2SD >0.5
1.00E-06 -0.18499 -0.18499 0.32234 -0.45628 -0.0561 -0.46845 -0.09905
As-received
5.00E-07 -0.03224 -0.03224 0.45632 -0.28867 0.10389 -0.39944 -0.0474
condition
1.00E-07 0.47973 0.32491 0.32432 -0.18243 0.32432 -0.1276 0.15605
Long-term 1.00E-06 -0.09597 -0.09597 0.37325 -0.34687 0.02324 -0.35812 -0.01648
aging 5.00E-07 -0.13651 -0.13651 0.40141 -0.41884 0.01338 -0.54079 -0.1532
condition 1.00E-07 0.3125 0.10792 0.10714 -0.5625 0.10714 -0.49005 -0.11522

Table 6 The values of \ at different da/dN in WM of 30Cr2Ni4MoV at R=0.3 under as-received and long-term aged conditions
da/dN WES 2805 No WES 2805 BS7910 BS7910
Condition ASME 0.3 JSME 0.3 FKM
(mm/cycle) residual conservative mean >0.5 mean+2SD >0.5
1.00E-06 -0.02081 -0.02081 0.55199 0.03724 0.3018 -0.61626 -0.38078
As-received
5.00E-07 0.16699 0.16699 0.66329 0.2019 0.44502 -0.51838 -0.29716
condition
1.00E-07 0.10874 0.44482 0.57356 0.25373 0.57356 -0.4034 -0.19894
Long-term 1.00E-06 -0.10913 -0.10913 0.51323 -0.04606 0.24139 -0.7561 -0.50025
aging 5.00E-07 -0.01577 -0.01577 0.58942 0.0268 0.32326 -0.85151 -0.58176
condition 1.00E-07 -0.19771 0.25393 0.42693 -0.00287 0.42693 -0.88595 -0.61118

5 Copyright © 2016 by ASME

Table 7 The values of \ at different da/dN in WM of 30Cr2Ni4MoV at R=0.9 under as-received and long-term aged conditions
da/dN WES 2805 No WES 2805 BS7910 BS7910
Condition ASME 0.9 JSME 0.9 FKM residual conservative mean >0.5 mean+2SD >0.5
(mm/cycle)
1.00E-06 -0.19504 -0.19504 0.3166 -0.46862 -0.06505 -0.48089 -0.10836
As-received
5.00E-07 -0.19696 -0.19696 0.36957 -0.49431 -0.0391 -0.62275 -0.21454
condition
1.00E-07 0.06098 -0.21845 -0.21951 -1.13415 -0.21951 -1.03519 -0.52322
Long-term 1.00E-06 -0.20525 -0.20525 0.31076 -0.48117 -0.07415 -0.49355 -0.11784
aging 5.00E-07 -0.26896 -0.26896 0.33165 -0.5842 -0.10161 -0.72036 -0.28759
condition 1.00E-07 0.24138 0.01564 0.01478 -0.72414 0.01478 -0.64419 -0.23058

Fig. 1 FCG curves for ferritic steels in air environments Fig. 3 FCG of WM at R=0 in Paris regime
based on different codes

Fig. 2 FCG of BM at R=0 in Paris regime Fig. 4 Experimental and predicted result at various R using
new method for notch in the BM

6 Copyright © 2016 by ASME

 Fig. 5 Experimental and predicted results at various R Fig. 7 Comparation between predicted FCG curves in WM
and the design curves from different codes in air environments

Fig. 6 Comparation between predicted FCG curves in BM

and the design curves from different codes in air environments

7 Copyright © 2016 by ASME