IMP-Crack Fracture Mechanics#KEC Plant Pressure Vessel Training Manual 5 of 5 PDF

KOREA ENGINEERING CONSULTING, INC.
PRESSURE VESSEL BASIC CONCEPT

PROGRAM : NISA(NISA SOFTWARE, INC. USA) FEA THEORETICAL COURSE
CRACK PROPAGATION/FARACTURE MECHANICS(크랙및파괴분석) 5-1
Pressure Vessel Basic Concept

Training Manual(5권)
(Crack Fracture Mechanics)
Korea Engineering Consulting, Inc.

Tel) 02-3486-9324/9377, Fax) 02-3486-9325, hkecc@hkecc.co.kr, http://www.hkecc.co.kr
KOREA ENGINEERING CONSULTING, INC. PRESSURE VESSEL BASIC CONCEPT
==== Contents ===
[1권Book] : Theoretical Strength Calculation & FEA

1.Stress-Strain Curve(Experimental) ............................................................................................ 6
2. Simple Stress(σ) & Strain(ε) Calculation ................................................................................. 8
3. Thin Cylinders & Shells............................................................................................................ 9
4. Thick Cylinders & Shells ........................................................................................................ 16
5. Theories of Elastic Failure ...................................................................................................... 23
6. Torsion Theory........................................................................................................................ 24
7. Basic Lug Calculation ............................................................................................................. 26
8. Basic Skirt Calculation.................................................................................................... 28 ~ 31
8-1. Skirt Stress Calculation.................................................................................................... 31
8-2. Skirt Anchor Bolt Stress Calculation ............................................................................. 32
9. Buckling Equation & Analysis Approach ............................................................................... 32
9-1. Buckling Equation & Analysis Approach........................................................................ 35
10. Circular Flat Plate and Head with Uniform Loading ............................................................ 36
10-1 Roark’s Formulas for Stress & Strain ............................................................................. 38
10-2 ASME Code Sec.VIII, Div.2, Appendix4....................................................................... 40
10-3 Perforated Plate Bending Stress Calculation .................................................................. 44
10-4 Doom Head(Dished/Ellipsoidal/Spherical Heads) under External Calculation.............. 46
10-5 Perforated Plate Bending Stress Calculation(H/E Tubesheet) ........................................ 52
11. Blind Flange with Uniform Loading ..................................................................................... 56
12. Internal Components Support Ring under Packing & Pressure Drop Loading............. 58 ~ 62
12-1 Support Ring under Packing & Pressure Drop Loading ................................................. 59
12-2 Intermediate Head Weldment Calculation...................................................................... 63
12-3 Partition Plate Thickness Calculation ............................................................................. 69
12-4 Nozzle Load Application ................................................................................................ 71
12-5 Stress Indices on Nozzle per ASME, Div.2 Para AD-560.7........................................... 74
12-6 Flange Torque Calculation for Sealing Flanges.............................................................. 91
12-7 Bolt Thread Shear/Bending Stress & Nut Length Calculation ....................................... 94
12-8 Girth Flange Calculation................................................................................................. 96
12-9 Buckling(Wrinkling) of Ellipsoidal Head(Internal Pressure) ....................................... 104
12-9-1 Compressive Pressure Calculation Internal Pressure) ........................................... 104
12-9-2 Head Wrinkling Thickness Calculation(ASME Codecase 2261).......................... 110
12-9-3 Stiffening Ring Calculation under External Pressure(ASME UG29) ................... 114
12-9-4 Internal Support Beam Calculation(Pressure Drop + Static Weight) .................... 117
12-10 Linearization of Stress Results and Classification ...................................................... 121
13. ASME Allowable Stress Criteria Concept ...................................................................... 126
14. Vessel Equipment Analysis Approach ................................................................................ 127
14-1. Stress Analysis Approach(based on ASME) ............................................................... 129
14-2. Stress Evaluation Sample 1(based on ASME) ........................................................... 133
14-3. FE Stress/Fatigue Model Sample 2(2D Axisymmetric Solid) ................................... 139
14-4. Stress Analysis Approach(based on ASME) ............................................................... 143
14-5. FE Stress/Fatigue Model Sample 3(3D Shell) ............................................................. 144
14-6. Fatigue Analysis Approach(based on ASME) ............................................................. 147
14-7. Crack/Fracture Analysis Approach(ASME/PD/API) .................................................. 147
14-8. Nozzle Local Stress Analysis....................................................................................... 153
14-9. Agitator Rotating Equipment Analysis ........................................................................ 154

Appendix ″A″................................................................................................................................ 6
″Additional Vessel/HE Stress Calculation & Information analyzed by NISA″
App 1) 실린더에 외압을 받는 경우 최적두께 계산............................................................ 7
App 2) 고온에서 허용응력이 ASME, Sec.II, Part D에 없는 경우 ..................................... 11
App 3) Internal Support Beam의 Bending Stress & Displacement ........................................... 16
App 4) Spread Beam Calculation due to Rigging Condition ...................................................... 18
App 5) Vibration Analysis & Design of Tall Towers ................................................................. 28
1) Sample 1 : Zorrila’s Function..................................................................................... 33
2) Sample 2 : Zorrila’s Function..................................................................................... 35
3) Sample 3 : ASME STS-2006 Code ............................................................................ 38
App 6) Seismic Spectrum Analysis(UBC/ASCE/IBC Code) ..................................................... 50
App 7) Tubesheet Stress Analysis............................................................................................... 57
App 8) Conical Section Calculation under Nozzle Load ............................................................ 66
App 9) Theoretical procedures of Expansion Bellows Calculation ............................................ 68
App 10) Expansion Bellows Stress & Fatigue Calculation......................................................... 83
App 11) Seismic Responses Spectrum Analysis....................................................................... 100
App 12) Reaction Load on Multi-Saddle Supports ................................................................... 106
App 13) Stress Linerization Analysis........................................................................................ 110
App 14) Imperfection Shape on Equipments ............................................................................ 160
App 15) Spring Constants Calculation(Perforated Plate).......................................................... 172
App 16) Thickness & Deflection Calculation of Impingement................................................. 178

Appendix ″B″ ................................................................................................................................ 6
″Additional Vessel/HE Stress Calculation & Information analyzed by NISA″
App 1) Stability Check for Girth Flange/Bolt under Erection Conditions.................................... 7
App 2) Stability Check for Girth Flange/Bolt under Erection Conditions.................................. 17
App 3) Stability Check for Tube/Header Pipe under Thermal Expansion .................................. 22
App 4) Wind Guide Design for Bending Moment due to Wind Load ........................................ 25
App 5) Knee Brace Support Buckling Stability Analysis ........................................................... 32
App 6) Saddle Bending Checking under Sea Motion Load ........................................................ 42
App 7) Tube to Tubesheet Joint Welding Checking & Fatigue .................................................. 54
App 8) High Temp Creep Damage Procedure & Calculation..................................................... 59
App 9) Bending/Buckling Checking of Spread Beam under Erection........................................ 73
App 10) Bending Checking of Circular Plate subjected to Fluid Load....................................... 81
App 11) Tubesheet Calculation(Miller’s Method) .................................................................... 85
App 12) Thickness Calculation under External Pressure ............................................................ 93
App 12-1) Cylinder Thickness Calculation under External Pressure.......................................... 96
App 12-2) Spherical Thickness Calculation under External Pressure....................................... 103
App 12-3) Cylinder Thickness with Stiffener under External Pressure .................................... 107
App 13) Heating Up Force(Air/Saturated Water) in Isolated Space......................................... 120
App 14) App 14) Main Shell Thickness Calculation(ASME Code 2006 & 2007) ................. 138
[4권Book] : FEA(Finite Element Analysis) Theoretical Course

Appendix ″C″ ................................................................................................................................ 4
″Finite Element Theoretical & Analysis by NISA″
z Theoretical Course ″A″
1. 유한요소법(Finite Element Method)의 개념 ..................................................... 1-1
2. 유한요소법의 단계별 적용 .......................................................................... 2-1
3. 요소의 형상 함수..................................................................................... 3-1
4. 요소 형상 및 특징 ................................................................................... 4-1
5. 요소의 생성기법 및 결과 분석 방법 ............................................................. 5-1
z Theoretical Course ″B″

1-1. 선형용수철 요소(Linear Spring Element) ..................................................... 1-1
1-2. 축 방향 보 요소(Axial Bar Element) .......................................................... 2-1
1-3. 굽힘 보 요소(Bending Beam Element) ....................................................... 3-1
1-4. 평면 구조 요소(Plane Frame Element) ....................................................... 4-1
1-5. 평면 격자 요소(Plane Lattice Element) ...................................................... 5-1
1-6. 평면 요소(Plane Element)....................................................................... 6-1
z Theoretical Course ″C″

[예제1] 스프링 계로 이루어진 구조의 유한요소해석 ........................................... C-1
[예제2] 트러스(Truss) 구조물의 유한요소해석 ................................................... C-2
[예제3] 빕(Beam) 구조물의 유한요소해석 ........................................................ C-3
[5권Book] : Crack Propagation & Facture Mechanics

Appendix ″D″................................................................................................................................ 7
1. Crack Propagation ..................................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Theoretical Descriptions ..................................................................................................... 7
1) Paris Law .......................................................................................................................... 7
2) Forman Law ...................................................................................................................... 8
3) Elber Law.......................................................................................................................... 9
4) Walker Law..................................................................................................................... 10
1.2 Crack Pattern & Stress Intensity Calculation .................................................................... 11
1.2 Crack Propagation Calculation(Edge Crack), Sample ...................................................... 28
2. Fracture Mechanics ................................................................................................................. 37
2.1 Theoretical Descriptions ................................................................................................... 37
Fracture Analysis Using EPFM......................................................................................... 38
Definition of Crack Tip Opening Displacement ............................................................... 39
CTOD in Specimen ........................................................................................................... 40
Definition of J Integral ...................................................................................................... 42
Relationship between J and CTOD ................................................................................... 44
Hooke's Law in Compliance Form.................................................................................... 46
Generalized Hooke's Law (Anisotropic Form) ............................................................... 47
Young’s Modulus from Uniaxial Tension......................................................................... 48
Shear Modulus from Pure Shear ....................................................................................... 50
Bulk Modulus from Hydrostatic Pressure ......................................................................... 51
Hooke's Law for Plane Stress............................................................................................ 52
Table of Relations among Elastic Constants..................................................................... 55
Maximum Shear Stress Criterion ...................................................................................... 58
Von Mises Criterion .......................................................................................................... 59
Material Constant for Fracture Analysis ........................................................................... 74
2.2 Stress Intensity Calculation ............................................................................................... 80
2.2.1 Centered Crack on Plate ........................................................................................... 80
2.2.2 Edge Crack on Plate ............................................................................................... 109
2.2.3 Both Edge Crack on Plate ...................................................................................... 126
2.2.4 Slant Centered Crack on Plate................................................................................ 142
2.2.5 3D Center Crack on Solid Plate ............................................................................. 159
2.2.6 3D Edge Crack on Solid Plate................................................................................ 173
2.2.7 3D Centered 2:1 Ellipsoidal-Circular Crack on Solid Plate................................... 177
2.2.8 3D Edge Circular Crack on Solid Plate.................................................................. 181
2.2.9 3D Center Circular Crack on Solid Plate ............................................................... 185
3. Sample Calculation ..................................................................................................... 191 ~ 217
1) Crack Propagation(Growth/Life Cycles)
2) Crack Fracture mechanics(Stress Intensity Factor)
3) Failure Assessment Diagram(FAD)
A) Center Crack on Plate
B) Semi-Elliptical Surface Crack
1. Crack Propagation
1.1 Theoretical Descriptions
1) Paris Law
Indicated that the crack propagation rate in a structure caused by cyclic loading is
primarily a function of the stress-intensity factor range ΔK. Paris proposed an
exponential equation relating the da/dN to ΔK.
= C (ΔK )
da n
dN
2) Forman Law
A crack propagation model accounts for the effects of variable loading ratio(ie., non-
zero mean stress effect) and the maximum stress intensity factor
C (ΔK )
n
da
=
dN (1 − R )K C − ΔK
as
⎛ da ⎞
lim ⎜ ⎟→∞
⎝
K max → K C dN
⎠
or
⎛ da ⎞
lim ⎜
ΔK → (1− R ) K C dN
⎟→∞
⎝ ⎠
3) Elber Law
An expression for the crack propagation rate in terms of effective stress intensity factor
range. This model accounts for the significant of crack closure effect in crack
propagation.
= B (ΔK eff )
da m
dN
where
ΔK eff = (α + βR )ΔK
for − 0.1 < R < 0.7
ΔK eff = (0.5 + 0.4 R )ΔK

4) Walker Law
Present a crack propagation model using a simple effective stress approach to account
for stress-ratio effect(non-zero mean stress effect).
Combined with Neuber’s notch rule, the model can be extended to predict the crack
propagation life involving nonlinear notch behavior.
= C[(1 − R ) ΔK ]
da m −1
dN
where
−C
m −1 =
(b + c )
1.2 Crack Pattern & Stress Intensity Calculation

1.3 Crack Propagation Calculation(Edge Crack), Sample
[CRACK GROWTH RATE(da/dN) & LIFE CYCLE CALCULATION]
1) ANALYSIS HIGHLIGHTS
A homogeneous isotropic rectangular plate as shown in following figure is subjected

to remote tension. Crack Propagation life is calculated for a single edge crack configulation
life methods.
P=σ
t : Unit Thickness
ai (1mm) → af (5mm)
2L
[Crack Propagation Length]

① Initial : 1.0mm
② Final : 5.0mm
P=σ
2) BASIC INFORMATION
Width of Plate W := 10.0mm
Length of Plate
L := 10.0mm
⎛ 0.5 ⎞
Center Cracked Length Propagation ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1.0 ⎟
⎜ 1.5 ⎟
⎜ 2.0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
a := ⎜
2.5 ⎟
mm
⎜ 3.0 ⎟
⎜ 3.5 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 4.0 ⎟
⎜ 4.5 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5.0 ⎠
Thcikness of Plate B := 1.0mm
a
Crack Ratio(a/W) R :=
W
0
0 0.05
1 0.1
2 0.15
3 0.2
R = 4 0.25
5 0.3
6 0.35
7 0.4
8 0.45
9 0.5
−8
Paris Parameter C := 0.274810
⋅
n := 3.39
−5
Forman Law B := 0.613⋅ 10
m := 3.0
N
Pressure Uniform Load acting on Edge of Plate P := 35.0
2
mm
Material Information
N
Elastic Modulus of Plate E := 73000.0
2
mm
Poisson's ratio ν := 0.25
N
Yield Strength Sy := 560.0
2
mm
N
Facture Toughness KIC := 91.3 ⋅ m
2
mm
3) STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR CALCULATION
1) Basic Equation 1
⎡ 2 3 4⎤
fg := ⎢ 1.12 − 0.231⋅ ⎛⎜
a ⎞ ⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ a ⎞
⎟ + 10.55⋅ ⎜ ⎟ − 21.72⋅ ⎜ ⎟ + 30.39⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠
W ⎝ ⎠
W ⎝ ⎠
W ⎝W⎠ ⎦
0
0 1.132
1 1.184
2 1.265
3 1.371
fg = 4 1.501
5 1.66
6 1.856
7 2.104
8 2.419
9 2.826
0
0 3.963?0 7
1 4.143?0 7
2 4.427?0 7
3 4.797?0 7
KI := fg ⋅ P KI = 4 5.253?0 7 Pa
5 5.81?0 7
6 6.497?0 7
7 7.362?0 7
8 8.468?0 7
9 9.892?0 7
⎛ 1.571 × 106 ⎞
i := 0 .. 8 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2.322 × 106 ⎟
⎜ 6⎟
⎜ 3.039 × 10 ⎟
KI_1 := KI ⋅ π⋅ ai ⎜ 3.803 × 106 ⎟
i i
⎜ ⎟
KI_1 = ⎜ 4.656 × 106 ⎟ Pa⋅ m
⎜ 6
⎟
⎜ 5.64 × 10 ⎟
⎜ 6.813 × 106 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 8.253 × 106 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1.007 × 10 ⎠
7
[Paris Law]
crack L delta K C n (da/dn)
0.5 1.571 2.75E-09 3.39 1.27073E-08
1.0 2.322 2.75E-09 3.39 4.77848E-08
1.5 3.039 2.75E-09 3.39 1.18980E-07
2.0 3.803 2.75E-09 3.39 2.54475E-07
2.5 4.656 2.75E-09 3.39 5.05337E-07
3.0 5.640 2.75E-09 3.39 9.67950E-07
3.5 6.813 2.75E-09 3.39 1.83668E-06
4.0 8.253 2.75E-09 3.39 3.51828E-06
4.5 10.070 2.75E-09 3.39 6.90696E-06
5.0 12.400 2.75E-09 3.39 1.39867E-05
Crack vs da/dN
1.60000E-05
1.40000E-05
1.20000E-05
1.00000E-05
8.00000E-06
6.00000E-06
4.00000E-06
2.00000E-06
0.00000E+00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
delta K vs da/dN
1.60000E-05
1.40000E-05
1.20000E-05
1.00000E-05
8.00000E-06
6.00000E-06
4.00000E-06
2.00000E-06
0.00000E+00
0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000
[Forman Law]
Fracture crack
delta K R B m (da/dn)
T L
91.3 0.5 1.571 1.00E-01 6.31E-06 3.0 3.03549E-07
91.3 1.0 2.322 1.00E-01 6.31E-06 3.0 9.89355E-07
91.3 1.5 3.039 1.00E-01 6.31E-06 3.0 2.23808E-06
91.3 2.0 3.803 1.00E-01 6.31E-06 3.0 4.42869E-06
91.3 2.5 4.656 1.00E-01 6.31E-06 3.0 8.21652E-06
91.3 3.0 5.640 1.00E-01 6.31E-06 3.0 1.47923E-05
91.3 3.5 6.813 1.00E-01 6.31E-06 3.0 2.64802E-05
91.3 4.0 8.253 1.00E-01 6.31E-06 3.0 4.79867E-05
91.3 4.5 10.070 1.00E-01 6.31E-06 3.0 8.93681E-05
91.3 5.0 12.400 1.00E-01 6.31E-06 3.0 1.72435E-04
Crack vs da/dN
2.00000E-04
1.80000E-04
1.60000E-04
1.40000E-04
1.20000E-04
1.00000E-04
8.00000E-05
6.00000E-05
4.00000E-05
2.00000E-05
0.00000E+00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
delta K vs da/dN
2.00000E-04
1.80000E-04
1.60000E-04
1.40000E-04
1.20000E-04
1.00000E-04
8.00000E-05
6.00000E-05
4.00000E-05
2.00000E-05
0.00000E+00
0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000
[Life Cycle]
Av AI
crack delta Average (ai+1)
C n dn/dN (AI/Av) Total Cycle
L K (ai+(ai+1))/2 -ai
0.05 0.4909 2.75E-09 3.39 2.46311E-10 1.23155E-10 0.5 4.06E+09 4.0599E+09
0.1 0.694 2.75E-09 3.39 7.96573E-10 5.21442E-10 0.5 9.59E+08 5.0188E+09
0.15 0.8501 2.75E-09 3.39 1.58460E-09 1.19059E-09 0.5 4.2E+08 5.4388E+09
0.2 0.9821 2.75E-09 3.39 2.58479E-09 2.08469E-09 0.5 2.4E+08 5.6786E+09
0.25 1.099 2.75E-09 3.39 3.78442E-09 3.1846E-09 0.5 1.57E+08 5.8356E+09
0.3 1.206 2.75E-09 3.39 5.18542E-09 4.48492E-09 0.5 1.11E+08 5.9471E+09
0.35 1.304 2.75E-09 3.39 6.75784E-09 5.97163E-09 0.5 83729235 6.0308E+09
0.4 1.397 2.75E-09 3.39 8.53557E-09 7.6467E-09 0.5 65387649 6.0962E+09
0.45 1.486 2.75E-09 3.39 1.05235E-08 9.52954E-09 0.5 52468437 6.1487E+09
0.5 1.571 2.75E-09 3.39 1.27073E-08 1.16154E-08 0.5 43046249 6.1917E+09
1.0 2.322 2.75E-09 3.39 4.77848E-08 3.02461E-08 0.5 16531083 6.2083E+09
1.5 3.039 2.75E-09 3.39 1.18980E-07 8.33824E-08 0.5 5996471 6.2142E+09
2.0 3.803 2.75E-09 3.39 2.54475E-07 1.86727E-07 0.5 2677700 6.2169E+09
2.5 4.656 2.75E-09 3.39 5.05337E-07 3.79906E-07 0.5 1316116 6.2182E+09
3.0 5.640 2.75E-09 3.39 9.67950E-07 7.36643E-07 0.5 678754.6 6.2189E+09
3.5 6.813 2.75E-09 3.39 1.83668E-06 1.40232E-06 0.5 356553.1 6.2193E+09
4.0 8.253 2.75E-09 3.39 3.51828E-06 2.67748E-06 0.5 186742.6 6.2195E+09
4.5 10.070 2.75E-09 3.39 6.90696E-06 5.21262E-06 0.5 95921.06 6.2196E+09
5.0 12.400 2.75E-09 3.39 1.39867E-05 1.04468E-05 0.5 47861.35 6.2196E+09
Crack vs N Life Cycle
3.0000E+07
2.5000E+07
2.0000E+07
1.5000E+07
1.0000E+07
5.0000E+06
0.0000E+00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2. Fracture Mechanics
2.1 Theoretical Descriptions
Introduction
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) applies when the nonlinear deformation of
the material is confined to a small region near the crack tip. For brittle materials, it
accurately establishes the criteria for catastrophic failure. However, severe limitations
arise when large regions of the material are subject to plastic deformation before a crack
propagates. Elastic Plastic Fracture Mechanics (EPFM) is proposed to analyze the
relatively large plastic zones.
Elastic Plastic Fracture Mechanics (EPFM) assumes isotropic and elastic-plastic

materials. Based on the assumption, the strain energy fields or opening displacement
near the crack tips are calculated. When the energy or opening exceeds the critical
value, the crack will grow.
Please note that although the term elastic-plastic is used in this approach, the material is
merely nonlinear-elastic. In others words, the unloading curve of the so called elastic-
plastic material in EPFM follows the original loading curve, instead of a parallel line to
the linear loading part which is normally the case for true elastic-plastic materials.
Fracture Analysis Using EPFM
There are two major branches in EPFM: Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD)
suggested by Wells, popular in Europe, and the J Integral proposed by Rice, widely
used in the United States. However, Shih provided evidence that a unique relationship
between J and CTOD exists for a given material. Thus, these two parameters are both
valid in characterizing crack tip toughness for elastic-plastic materials.
The basic EPFM analysis can be summarized as follows:
1. Calculate the J integral or crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) as a

function of the loading and the geometry.
2.
The critical J integral Jc or the critical CTOD can be determined empirically.
3. The J integral J should NOT exceed Jc, or, the CTOD should not exceed the
critical CTOD .
Definition of Crack Tip Opening Displacement
There are two common definitions of the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD):
1. The opening displacement of the original crack tip.
2. The displacement at the intersection of a 90° vertex with the crack flanks.
These two definitions are equivalent if the crack blunts in a semicircle.

CTOD in Specimen
The crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) of a crack at the edge of a three-point
bending specimen is shown below:
where CTODm is the measured crack tip opening displacement, usually near the edge of
the specimen for ease of access, CTOD is the real crack tip opening displacement, a is
the length of the crack, and b is the width of the rest of the specimen. Please note that
the figure is for illustration purpose only and not to scale. From simple geometry of two
similar triangles:
where is a dimensionless rotational factor used to locate the center of the hinge.
For simplicity, let's assume that the center of the hinge locates at the center of b, i.e.,
~ 1/2. The CTOD then becomes
The above hinge model may not be accurate when the displacement is mostly elastic. A
more accurate approach is to separate the CTOD into an elastic part and a plastic part:
where is the small scale yielding stress and m is a dimensionless constant that
depends on the material properties and the stress states.
Definition of J Integral
Consider a nonlinear elastic body containing a crack,
the J integral is defined as
where is the strain energy density, is the traction vector,

is an arbitrary contour around the tip of the crack, n is the unit vector normal to ; ,
, and u are the stress, strain, and displacement field, respectively.
Rice, J. R., 1968, showed that the J integral is a path-independent line integral and it
represents the strain energy release rate of nonlinear elastic materials:
where is the potential energy, the strain energy U stored in the body minus
the work W done by external forces and A is the crack area.
The dimension of J is
J vs. and K
For linear elastic materials, the J integral J is in fact the strain energy release rate, ,
and both are related to the stress intensity factor K in the following fashion:
Relationship between J and CTOD
Consider a linear elastic body containing a crack, the J integral and the crack tip
opening displacement (CTOD) have the following relationship
where and m are defined in the previous section. For plane stress and nonhardening
materials, m = 1. Hence, for a through crack in an infinite plate subjected to a remote
tensile stress (Mode I), the crack tip opening displacement is
Shih, C. F., 1981, took a step further and showed that a unique relationship exists
between J and CTOD beyond the validity limits of LEFM. He introduced the 90°
intercept definition of CTOD, as illustrated below.
The displacement field is
The CTOD is evaluated from ux and uy at r = r* and :

Since
The CTOD becomes

Hooke's Law in Compliance Form
Hooke's law for isotropic materials in compliance matrix form is given by,
Some literatures may have a factor 2 multiplying the shear modulus in the compliance
matrix resulting from the difference between shear strain and engineering shear strain,
where , etc.
Hooke's Law in Stiffness Form
The stiffness matrix is equal to the inverse of the compliance matrix, and is given by,
Some literatures may have a factor 1/2 multiplying the shear modulus in the stiffness
matrix resulting from the difference between shear strain and engineering shear strain,
where , etc.
Generalized Hooke's Law (Anisotropic Form)
Cauchy generalized Hooke's law to three dimensional elastic bodies and stated that the 6
components of stress are linearly related to the 6 components of strain.
The stress-strain relationship written in matrix form, where the 6 components of stress
and strain are organized into column vectors, is,
, e = S·s
or,
, s = C·e
where C is the stiffness matrix, S is the compliance matrix, and S = C-1.

Young’s Modulus from Uniaxial Tension
When a specimen made from an isotropic material is subjected to uniaxial tension, say
in the x direction, sxx is the only non-zero stress. The strains in the specimen are
obtained by,
The modulus of elasticity in tension, also known as Young's modulus E, is the ratio of
stress to strain on the loading plane along the loading direction,
Common sense (and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics) indicates that a material under
uniaxial tension must elongate in length. Therefore the Young's modulus E is required
to be non-negative for all materials,
E>0
Poisson's Ratio from Uniaxial Tension
A rod-like specimen subjected to uniaxial tension will exhibit some shrinkage in the
lateral direction for most materials. The ratio of lateral strain and axial strain is defined
as Poisson's ratio n,
The Poisson ratio for most metals falls between 0.25 to 0.35. Rubber has a Poisson ratio
close to 0.5 and is therefore almost incompressible. Theoretical materials with a Poisson
ratio of exactly 0.5 are truly incompressible, since the sum of all their strains leads to a
zero volume change. Cork, on the other hand, has a Poisson ratio close to zero. This
makes cork function well as a bottle stopper, since an axially-loaded cork will not swell
laterally to resist bottle insertion.
The Poisson's ratio is bounded by two theoretical limits: it must be greater than -1, and
less than or equal to 0.5,
The proof for this stems from the fact that E, G, and K are all positive and mutually
dependent. However, it is rare to encounter engineering materials with negative Poisson
ratios. Most materials will fall in the range,
Shear Modulus from Pure Shear
When a specimen made from an isotropic material is subjected to pure shear, for
instance, a cylindrical bar under torsion in the xy sense, sxy is the only non-zero stress.
The strains in the specimen are obtained by,
The shear modulus G, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to engineering shear strain
on the loading plane,
where .
The shear modulus G is also known as the rigidity modulus, and is equivalent to the 2nd
Lamé constant m mentioned in books on continuum theory.
Bulk Modulus from Hydrostatic Pressure
When an isotropic material specimen is subjected to hydrostatic pressure s, all shear
stress will be zero and the normal stress will be uniform, . The
strains in the specimen are given by,
In response to the hydrostatic load, the specimen will change its volume. Its resistance
to do so is quantified as the bulk modulus K, also known as the modulus of
compression. Technically, K is defined as the ratio of hydrostatic pressure to the relative
volume change (which is related to the direct strains),
Common sense and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics require that a positive hydrostatic
load leads to a positive volume change. Therefore, the bulk modulus K is required to be
nonnegative for all materials
Hooke's Law for Plane Stress
For the simplification of plane stress, where the stresses in the z direction are considered
to be negligible, , the stress-strain compliance relationship for an

isotropic material becomes,
The three zero'd stress entries in the stress vector indicate that we can ignore their
associated columns in the compliance matrix (i.e. columns 3, 4, and 5). If we also
ignore the rows associated with the strain components with z-subscripts, the
compliance matrix reduces to a simple 3x3 matrix,
The stiffness matrix for plane stress is found by inverting the plane stress compliance
matrix, and is given by,
Hooke's Law for Plane Strain
For the case of plane strain, where the strains in the z direction are considered to be
negligible, , the stress-strain stiffness relationship for an isotropic

material becomes,
The three zero'd strain entries in the strain vector indicate that we can ignore their
associated columns in the stiffness matrix. If we also ignore the rows associated with
the stress components with z-subscripts, the stiffness matrix reduces to a simple 3x3
matrix,
The compliance matrix for plane strain is found by inverting the plane strain stiffness
matrix, and is given by,
For isotropic materials, only two independent elastic constants are needed for describing
the stress-strain relationship, i.e., Hooke's Law.
This calculator computes the inter-relations among the 5 commonly used elastic
constants:
Symbol Name Other Names
E Youngs modulus Elastic modulus, tension modulus
n Poisson ratio
G or m Shear modulus Rigidity modulus, 2nd Lamé constant
K Bulk modulus Compression modulus
λ 1st Lamé constant

Table of Relations among Elastic Constants
The relationships amongst the 5 elastic constants are shown in the table below.
Input Output Relations

Constants
E= n= G= K= l=
E, n - -
-
E, G -
E, K - -
E, l - -
n, G - -
n, K - -
n, l - -
G, K - -
G, l - -
K, l - -
For the case of {E, λ} input, the factor R is defined as,

The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics requires that the following limits hold on the elastic
constants,
E, G, and K > 0
Stress-Based Criteria
The purpose of failure criteria is to predict or estimate the failure/yield of machine

parts and structural members.
A considerable number of theories have been proposed. However, only the most
common and well-tested theories applicable to isotropic materials are discussed here.
These theories, dependent on the nature of the material in question (i.e. brittle or
ductile), are listed in the following table:
Material Failure Theories

Type
Ductile Maximum shear stress criterion, von Mises criterion
Brittle Maximum normal stress criterion, Mohr's theory

Maximum Shear Stress Criterion
The maximum shear stress criterion, also known as Tresca's or Guest's criterion, is often
used to predict the yielding of ductile materials.
Yield in ductile materials is usually caused by the slippage of crystal planes along the
maximum shear stress surface. Therefore, a given point in the body is considered safe as
long as the maximum shear stress at that point is under the yield shear stress sy obtained
from a uniaxial tensile test.
With respect to 2D stress, the maximum shear stress is related to the difference in the
two principal stresses (see Mohr's Circle). Therefore, the criterion requires the principal
stress difference, along with the principal stresses themselves, to be less than the yield
shear stress,
Graphically, the maximum shear stress criterion requires that the two principal stresses
be within the green zone indicated below,
Von Mises Criterion
The von Mises Criterion (1913), also known as the maximum distortion energy
criterion, octahedral shear stress theory, or Maxwell-Huber-Hencky-von Mises theory,
is often used to estimate the yield of ductile materials.
The von Mises criterion states that failure occurs when the energy of distortion reaches
the same energy for yield/failure in uniaxial tension. Mathematically, this is expressed
as,
In the cases of plane stress, s3 = 0. The von Mises criterion reduces to,
This equation represents a principal stress ellipse as illustrated in the following figure,
Also shown on the figure is the maximum shear stress criterion (dashed line). This
theory is more conservative than the von Mises criterion since it lies inside the von
Mises ellipse.
Principal Directions, Principal Stress
The normal stresses (sx' and sy') and the shear stress (tx'y') vary smoothly with respect to
the rotation angle q, in accordance with the coordinate transformation equations. There
exist a couple of particular angles where the stresses take on special values.
First, there exists an angle qp where the shear stress tx'y' becomes zero. That angle is
found by setting tx'y' to zero in the above shear transformation equation and solving for q
(set equal to qp). The result is,
The angle qp defines the principal directions where the only stresses are normal
stresses. These stresses are called principal stresses and are found from the original
stresses (expressed in the x,y,z directions) via,
The transformation to the principal directions can be illustrated as:

Stress Intensity Factor and Crack Tip Stresses
Crack tips produce a singularity. The stress fields near a crack tip of an isotropic
linear elastic material can be expressed as a product of and a function of with a
scaling factor K:
where the superscripts and subscripts I, II, and III denote the three different modes that
different loadings may be applied to a crack. The detailed breakdown of stresses and
displacements for each mode are summarized. The factor K is called the Stress Intensity
Factor.
Stress Intensity Factor in Practice
Engineers are interested in the maximum stress near the crack tip and whether it exceeds
the fracture toughness. Thus, the stress intensity factor K is commonly expressed in
terms of the applied stresses at and .
For example, for a through crack in an infinite plate under uniform tension , the stress
intensity factor is
where a is one half of the width of the through crack. The dimension of K is
In the last few decades, many closed-form solutions of the stress intensity factor K for
simple configurations were derived. Some of the common ones are listed in the
following three categories: classic, specimen, and structure.
Tension, Opening
In-Plane Shear, Sliding

Out-Of-Plane Shear, Tearing)

Category Parameter Effective Regime

Linear Elastic Fracture
Mechanics (LEFM)
Stress Intensity Factor, K,

or
Stress Release Rate,
The J Integral or
Elastic Plastic Fracture
Crack Tip Opening
Mechanics (EPFM)
Displacement (CTOD)
K: Classic Cases
Infinite Plate with a Center Through Crack under Tension
Infinite Plate with a Hole and Symmetric Double Through Cracks under Tension
Semi-infinite Plate with an Edge Through Crack under Tension
Infinite Stripe with a Center Through Crack under Tension
or
Infinite Stripe with an Edge Through Cracks under Tension
Infinite Stripe with Symmetric Double Through Cracks under Tension

K: Specimens
Single Edge Notched Specimen Under Tension
Single Edge Notched Specimen Under Bending

Double Edge Notched Specimen Under Tension
Center Cracked Specimen Under Tension

Compact Specimen
K: Structures
Thin-walled Pressure Vessel with Axial Through Crack
Top of Page
Thin-walled Pressure Vessel with Circumferential Through Crack

Material Constant for Fracture Analysis
The critical stress intensity factors Kc for some engineering materials are grouped in the
following categories.
Toughness of Metals
Kc Yield Strength
Material
(MPa·m1/2) (MPa)
Aluminum Alloy
2014 18-31 380-470
2020 19-27 525-240
2024 21-37 305-455
2124 21-36 440-460
2219 28-41 340-345
7049 21-38 460-510
7050 25-41 430-510
7075 16-41 395-560
7475 33-44 395-515
7079 24-33 505-540
7178 17-30 470-540
Ferrous Alloy
Cast Iron 6-20 120-290
Roter Steel (A533) 204-214 -
Pressure-vessel Steel
170 -
(HY130)
High-Strength Steel 50-154 -
Mild Steel 140 -
Medium-Carbon Steel 51 -
4330V 86-110 1315-1400
4340 44-91 1360-1660
D6AC 62-102 1495-1570
9-4-20 132-154 1280-1310
18Ni 50-110 1450-1905
AFC77 79 1530
Titanium Alloy
Ti6Al4V 77-116 815-875
Other Metals
Beryllium (Be) 4
MID NAME EF C SF B E
1 1100AL 1.8 -.69 189.66 -.106 68970.27
2 A2014T6 .42 -.65 848.33 -.106 68970.27
3 A2024T4 .21 -.52 1013.86 -.11 70349.67
4 A2024T35 .22 -.59 1103.52 -.124 73108.50
5 5456-AL .46 -.67 724.19 -.11 68970.30
6 A7075-T6 .19 -.52 1317.33 -.126 71039.38
7 LM-4M .0 .0 255.00 -.073 71039.38
8 UNI3051 .0 .0 406.92 -.082 73108.49
9 A7075T73 .387 -.64 613.6 -.12 71039.38
10 A7075T73 .387 -.64 613.6 -.14 71039.38
11 A7075T73 .387 -.64 613.6 -.16 71039.38
12 A356-1 .032 -.53 469.00 -.089 71000.00
13 A356-2 .011 -.44 384.0 -.085 70000.00
14 A356-3 .016 -.59 351.0 -.074 71000.00
15 A6061-T6 5.39 -1.1 593.0 -.093 69659.00
16 A7129-T5 18.0 -1.26 882.8 -.12 65521.00
17 A6061-T6F 3.88 -.96 841.4 -.12 73108.00
18 A5454-H32 0.33 -.66 538.0 -.092 69659.00
19 A2036-T4 2.72 -.86 758.7 -.11 71039.00
20 A2038-T62 2.82 -.97 917.3 -.12 71729.00
21 A5182-O 2.08 -.85 682.8 -.10 71039.00
22 A6009-T62 16.0 -1.14 675.9 -.11 69659.00
23 A6061-T6 4.34 -1.01 648.3 -.10 69659.00
24 A7021-T62 1.55 -0.92 869.0 -.11 71729.00
1 MAN-TEN .26 -.47 917.04 -.095 206850.00
2 RQC-100 1.06 -.750 1158.36 -.075 206850.00
3 1005-HR .15 -.43 579.00 -.090 206850.00
4 1005-CD .30 -.51 517.12 -.059 206850.00
5 A2024-T3 .22 -.59 1100. -.124 73000.00
6 A7075-T6 .19 -.52 1315. -.126 73000.00
7 GM16-1U .136 -.418 596. -.115 206850.00
8 GM16-5U .059 -.355 543.2 -.103 206850.00
9 GM16-78A 4.374 -.805 842.25 -.072 206850.00
10 GM16-14U .092 -.391 955.38 -.165 206850.00
11 SA105 .26 -.47 865.23 -.314 207039.00
12 SAE9500 .22 -.46 799.00 -.09 206000.
13 SAE950X .07 -.36 611.00 -.07 206000.
14 SAE960X .46 -.65 895.00 -.09 206000.
15 SAE980X .21 -.51 1071.00 -.09 202000.
16 SAE980QT 1.05 -.72 1672.00 -.08 205000.
17 SAE1005 .28 -.50 886.00 -.14 207000.
18 SAE1006 .15 -.40 629.00 -.09 207000.
19 SAE1008 .93 -.59 1297.00 -.18 209000.
20 SAE1015 .76 -.59 976.00 -.14 206000.
21 SAE1018 .19 -.41 782.00 -.11 200000.
22 SAE1020A .44 -.51 850.00 -.12 186000.
23 SAE1020H .29 -.47 895.00 -.11 203000.
24 SAE1025 .56 -.51 961.00 -.10 204000.
25 SAE1030 .17 -.42 902.00 -.12 206000.
26 SAE1035 .33 -.47 906.00 -.11 196000.
27 SAE1035Q .20 -.63 3690.00 -.13 200000.
28 SAE1045A .50 -.52 960.00 -.08 203000.
29 SAE1045H .52 -.54 1099.00 -.11 216000.
30 SAE1045Q .23 -.56 2888.00 -.09 202000.
31 SAE1080A .51 -.59 2364.00 -.10 204000.
32 SAE1080Q 1.00 -.69 1787.00 -.09 206000.
33 SAE10B21 .51 -.51 767.00 -.09 186000.
34 SAEB21Q 1.42 -.74 833.00 -.05 200000.
35 SAE10B22 2.11 -.75 830.00 -.04 203000.
36 SAE10B30 1.50 -.70 1287.00 -.05 195000.
37 SAE1522 .07 -.36 1253.00 -.08 200000.
38 SAE1541Q .68 -.61 2980.00 -.15 209000.
39 SAE1561 .53 -.54 1278.00 -.11 197000.
40 SAE15B27 2.17 -.82 909.00 -.05 198000.
41 SAE15B35 .41 -.78 4541.00 -.13 204000.
42 SAEA36 .28 -.45 780.00 -.11 189000.
43 SAEA36HZ .13 -.43 838.00 -.07 188000.
44 SAEDQSK .23 -.49 962.00 -.16 185000.
45 SAEP&O .53 -.56 1211.00 -.18 207000.
46 SAE4130 1.51 -.72 1273.00 -.08 220000.
47 SAE4142 .65 -.76 1820.00 -.08 206000.
48 SAE4340 .53 -.56 1232.00 -.10 192000.
49 SAE4340Q 1.39 -.72 1649.00 -.09 205000.
50 SAE5160 9.56 -1.05 2063.00 -.08 200000.
51 SAE52100 .16 -.58 2647.00 -.09 206000.

52 SAE8630 .20 -.86 1049.00 -.11 199000.
53 SAE8640 .60 -.61 1487.00 -.06 223000.
54 SAE9262 .83 -.68 1178.00 -.08 206000.
55 SAE9262Q .82 -.68 1477.00 -.09 193000.
56 SAE0030N .32 -.57 675.00 -.09 208000.
57 SAE0030Q .14 -.41 403.00 -.10 196000.
58 SAE080N 1.08 -.67 822.00 -.10 197000.
59 SAE090 .23 -.52 1078.00 -.10 206000.
60 SCOMPACT .08 -.55 882.00 -.11 70000.
61 SCOMPACT .03 -.47 446.0 -.08 136000.
62 SAE80-60 .35 -.65 842.0 -.07 159000.
63 A356-1 .032 -.53 469.0 -.089 69000.
64 A356-2 .011 -.44 384.0 -.085 69000.
65 A356-3 .016 -.59 351.0 -.074 69000.
66 RQC-FU .66 -.69 1240. -.07 207000.
67 H1005 .12 -.4 640. -.099 207000.
68 H1015RM .95 -.64 828. -.11 207000.
69 stah1 0.084 -0.46 690.0 -0.095 195000.0
MID NAME C N B M AKC SY RCUT

1 A2024-T3E 0.1210E-08 3.62 0.5 0.4 91.30 560.0 0.70
2 A2219-T8E 0.1804E-07 4.05 0.68 0.91 70.85 345.0 0.32
3 TI-6AL-4V 0.2172E-11 6.49 0.73 0.82 102.0 830.0 0.35
4 A2024-T851 0.5370E-08 4.21 0.0 0.0 30.77 0.0 2.20
MID NAME C N B M AKC SY RCUT

1 MANTEN 0.1575E-08 3.43 0.3392E-06 3.11 121.0 324.0 0.5
2 RQC100 0.2800E-08 3.25 0.5216E-06 3.08 154.0 827.0 0.5
3 SAE1020 0.6900E-08 3.00 0.5550E-06 3.11 104.0 630.0 0.5
4 D6AC 0.2200E-04 2.55 0.7798E-07 2.74 125.0 324.0 0.5
5 A2024-T3 0.2748E-08 3.39 0.6313E-05 3.00 91.30 560.0 0.35
6 A2219-T8 0.1014E-06 3.18 0.2917E-05 3.02 44.00 345.0 0.32
7 A7075-T6 0.2748E-08 3.39 0.1052E-04 3.00 74.80 560.0 0.35
8 A-286 0.1389E-08 3.32 0.3392E-06 3.11 121.0 324.0 0.5
9 MARTENS 0.1353E-06 2.25 0.0 0.0 165.0 689.0 0.0
MID NAME C n B m Kc Sy Rc
1 MANTEN 0.1575E-08 3.43 0.3392E-06 3.11 121.0 324.0 0.5
2 RQC100 0.2800E-08 3.25 0.5216E-06 3.08 154.0 827.0 0.5
3 SAE1020 0.6900E-08 3.00 0.5550E-06 3.11 104.0 630.0 0.5
4 D6AC 0.2200E-04 2.55 0.7798E-07 2.74 125.0 324.0 0.5
5 A2024-T3 0.2748E-08 3.39 0.6313E-05 3.0 91.30 560.0 0.35
6 A2219-T8 0.1014E-06 3.18 0.2917E-05 3.02 44.00 345.0 0.32
7 A7075-T6 0.2748E-08 3.39 0.1052E-04 3.00 74.80 560.0 0.35
8 A2024-T3E 0.1210E-08 3.62 0.5 0.4 91.30 560.0 0.70
9 A2219-T8E 0.1804E-07 4.05 0.68 0.91 70.85 345.0 0.32
10 TI-6AL-4V 0.2172E-11 6.49 0.73 0.82 102.0 830.0 0.35
11 A2024-T851 0.5370E-08 4.21 0.0 0.0 30.77 0.0 2.20
12 A-286 0.1389E-08 3.32 0.3392E-06 3.11 121. 324. 0.5
13 MARTENS 0.1353E-06 2.25 0.0 0.0 165. 689. 0.0
1 1005HRL 0.1 -.39 641.42 -.109 200013.79
2 1005HRT 0.15 -.43 579.35 -.09 206910.82
3 1005CRL 0.11 -.41 537.96 -.073 400027.59
4 1005CRT 0.30 -.51 517.27 -.059 448306.78
5 1005N 0.95 -.64 827.64 -.11 206910.82
6 GAINEX 0.86 -.65 806.95 -.071 201393.2
7 MANTEN 0.85 -.59 972.48 -.11 206910.82
8 SAE950X 0.35 -.54 627.63 -.075 206910.82
9 SAE1045 0.07 -.60 2724.33 -.081 206910.82
10 1045-225 1.0 -.66 1227.67 -.095 200013.79
11 1045-390 0.45 -.68 1586.32 -.074 206910.82
12 1045-410 0.60 -.70 1862.20 -.073 200013.79
13 1045-450 0.35 -.69 1793.23 -.07 206910.82
14 1045-500 0.25 -.68 2276.02 -.08 206910.82
15 10B62 0.32 -.56 1779.43 -.067 193116.77
16 AISI4130 0.92 -.63 1275.95 -.083 220704.88
17 VAN-80 0.21 -.53 1248.36 -.08 194496.17
18 RQC100-L 0.60 -.67 1013.86 -.076 202772.61
19 RQC100-T 0.65 -.67 910.41 -.052 202772.61
20 4130-365 0.89 -.69 1696.67 -.081 200013.79
21 4142-380 0.45 -.75 1827.71 -.08 206910.82
22 4142-450 0.40 -.73 2000.14 -.08 206910.82
23 4142-475 0.09 -.61 2172.56 -.081 206910.82
24 4142-560 0.07 -.76 2655.36 -.089 206910.82
25 4142-670 0.0 .0 2586.38 -.075 200013.79
26 4142-400 0.50 -.75 1896.68 -.09 200013.79
27 4142-450 0.60 -.76 2103.59 -.09 200013.79
28 4142-475 0.20 -.77 2069.11 -.082 200013.79
29 AISI4340 0.45 -.54 1200.08 -.095 193116.77
30 SAE4340 0.73 -.62 1655.29 -.076 193116.77
31 AISI4340 0.48 -.60 2000.14 -.091 200013.79
32 SAE5160 0.40 -.57 1931.17 -.071 193116.77
33 AIS52100 0.18 -.56 2586.39 -.09 206910.82
34 SAE9262 0.155 -.47 1041.45 -.071 206910.82
35 9262Q280 0.41 -.60 1220.77 -.073 193116.77
36 9262Q410 0.38 -.65 1855.30 -.057 200013.79
37 H-11 0.08 -.74 3172.63 -.077 206910.82
38 AISI304 1.02 -.77 2413.96 -.15 186219.74
39 304-327 0.89 -.69 2276.10 -.12 172425.68
40 AISI310 0.60 -.57 1655.29 -.15 193116.77
41 AM350 0.33 -.84 2800.20 -.14 193116.77
42 350-496 .098 -.42 2689.84 -.102 179322.71
43 18NI-200 .30 -.62 1655.29 -.065 186219.74
44 18NI-250 .80 -.79 2138.08 -.071 186219.74
45 18NI-300 .60 -.75 2241.53 -.07 179322.71
46 GRAY-CI .008 -.385 406.92 -.084 104834.82
2.2 Stress Intensity Calculation
2.2.1 Centered Crack on Plate
[STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR CALCULATION]

CTOD(CRACK TIP OPENING DISPLACEMENT)
VCE(VIRTUAL CRACK EXTENSION)
MCCI(MODIFIED CRACK CLOSURE INTEGRAL)
J-PATH INTEGRAL
A center crakced homogeneous isotropic plate as shown in following figure is subjected

to remote tension. Fracture Mechanics are calculated and compared with the theoretical
soluation available.
P=σ
t : Unit Thickness
2a
2L
2W
P=σ
Length of Plate
L := 10.0mm
Center Cracked Length a := 1.0mm
a
W
R = 0.1
N
2
mm
N
2
mm
N
2
mm
N
Facture Toughness KIC := 135.0 ⋅ mm
2
mm
1) Basic Equation 1(Approximate)
0.5
⎛ 2W ⋅ tan ⎛ π⋅ a ⎞ ⎞
fg1 := ⎜ ⎜ ⎟⎟ fg1 = 1.004
⎝ π⋅ a ⎝ 2W ⎠ ⎠
6
KI_1 := fg1⋅ P π⋅ a KI_1 = 1.78 × 10 Pa mm
KI_1_check := "Fracture Problem" if KI_1 > KIC
"No Facture Problem under External Load" otherwise
KI_1_check = "No Facture Problem under External Load"
2) Basic Equation 2(More Accurate Solution)
1
fg2 := fg2 = 1.006
cos ⎛⎜ π⋅
a ⎞
⎟
⎝ 2W ⎠
6
KI_2 := fg2⋅ P⋅ πa KI_2 = 1.783 × 10 Pa mm
KI_2 := "Fracture Problem" if KI_2 > KIC
KI_2 = "No Facture Problem under External Load"

3) Basic Equation 3(More Accurate Solution)
⎞ ⋅ ⎡⎢ 1 − 0.025⋅ ⎛ a ⎞ + 0.06⋅ ⎛ a ⎞ ⎤⎥
0.5 2 4
fg3 := ⎛⎜
1
a ⎞⎟ ⎣
⎜W⎟ ⎜W⎟
⎜ cos ⎛⎜ π⋅ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦
⎟
⎝ ⎝ 2W ⎠ ⎠
6
KI_3 := fg3⋅ P⋅ π⋅ a KI_3 = 1.783 × 10 Pa mm
KI 3 = "No Facture Problem under External Load"

4) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN "K" & G
"K" : STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR

"G" : ENERGY RELEASE RATE
"D" : Crack Tip Displacement(mm)
1) Plane Stress Problem
2
KI_1 N
−5
G := G = 1.508 × 10
E mm
2) Plane Strain Problem
G_1 :=
KI_1
(
⋅ 1−ν )
2
G_1 = 1.373 × 10
−5 N
E mm
3) Crack Tip Opening Displacement Value
2
4⋅ KI_1
−8
δ := δ = 4.801 × 10 mm
π⋅ Sy ⋅ E
r := 0.53mm
θ := 55.0127deg
KI_1
⎛ θ ⎞ ⋅ ⎛ 1 + sin ⎛ θ ⎞ ⋅ sin ⎛ 3θ ⎞ ⎞
⋅ cos ⎜
N
σyy := ⎟⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎟ σyy = 1.261
2⋅ π⋅ r ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ mm
2
Crack Tip
Crack Tip
Crack Tip
L/4 3L/4
Stress Singularity Zone에서는 특이요소 사용

Quarter Point Element
Quadrilateral Isoparametric element with mid-side nodes to the quarter points
*** Start Executive Cards ***

**
PROBLEM = FRACTURE
FILE = PB31QE.OUT
APPROACH = ALLF 1
FEATYPE = NISA2 STATIC LINEAR
UNIT = mm
*** Problem Title ***
*TITLE
ENTRE CRACKED PLATE ; REMOTE TENSION ; PLANE STRESS ANALYSIS ; QNODE
*** Material Properties Data ***
*MATERIAL STEEL
E, 210000
SY, 400
POE, 0.3
AKC, 135
*** Specify Structural Model ***
*FMODEL 1
HALF QNODE PSTRESS 1
*** Specify the Stress Data File ***
*STRSDATA
1 PB31Q26.DAT PB31Q27.DAT TWOD1.JPT 1
*** Identfy the Crack Location ***
*FRCRACK, ID = 1
*** Specify the Angle between x-axis and Crack Path ***
*THETA
*** Node Number of Crack Tip ***
*NTIP, 9
*** Data Terminator ***
*ENDDATA
TWOD1.JPT
2 5 9
643 652 18 17 8
644 653 662 661 27 26 25 16 7

*** FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS ***

Number of Load Steps = 1
** INPUT DATA SUMMARY **

------------------------
Problem Title:
-------------
ENTRE CRACKED PLATE ; REMOTE TENSION ; PLANE STRESS ANALYSIS ; QNODE
Files Used:
----------
Input File : pb31q.end
Output File : PB31QE.OUT
Model Data:
----------
Analysis method : All methods except EDI
[CTOD,VCET,MCCI,JPTH]
Fracture mode : Mode I only
Symmetry of crack faces : HALF
Element used : QNODE
[Quarter-point/Mid-side node]
Problem dimension : PSTRESS / PSTRAIN
State of Stress at the Crack Tip : Plane Stress
Thickness of the plate : 0.10000E+01
Number of Crack Locations : 1
Material Data:
-------------
Material Name : STEEL
Youngs Modulus......... E : 0.21000E+06
Poissons Ratio....... ANU : 0.30000
Yield Strength........ SY : 0.40000E+03
Fracture Toughness... AKC : 135.00000
Stress Data:
-----------
Load case number : 1
Layer selection key : 1
File 26 (Model Analysis Data File) : PB31Q26.DAT
File 27 (Analysis Result File) : PB31Q27.DAT
Element / Nodal data for location no. 1

--------------------------------------------
Slant angle of the crack (Radians) : 0.00000E+00
MCCI Method:
~~~~~~~~~~~
Note: Please ensure that you have symmetric finite element
mesh around the crack tip.
For 3-D problems MCCI is carried out for mid-side
node elements around the crack front and a mid-side
node on the crack front input as a crack tip node.
Elements involved in MCCI force calculation

8 193
Nodes involved in MCCI force calculation

9 867 643
Nodes involved in MCCI Displacement calculation

8 0 233 0
Internal Force Key : 1
Message: Internal force array does exist... Computation for MCCI proceeds
CTOD calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Crack tip node number : 9
Node numbers of crack face : 8 233
EDI calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
No. of elements around the crack : 2
for location 1
Element numbers involved : 8 193
No. of quarter-point nodes : 3
Quarter-point node numbers : 618 233 867
Area Calculation Information:

No. of elements used : 0
MCCI calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
for location 2
Nodes for MCCI force calculation : 9 867 643
Units of quantities : MM
** RESULTS OF FRACTURE MECHANICS ANALYSIS **

--------------------------------------------
CTOD Calculation:
----------------
Displacements used in CTOD calculation:
____________________________________________________________________________________
Top Crack Face Bottom Crack Face Crack Sliding Crack Opening Crack Tearing
Node Node Displacements Displacements Displacements
____________________________________________________________________________________
8 0 0.0000E+00 0.8411E-05 0.0000E+00

233 0 0.0000E+00 0.4393E-05 0.0000E+00
____________________________________________________________________________________
VCE Calculation:
----------------
Processing Element No. : 8
MCCI Calculation:
----------------
Crack tip element size for MCCI : 0.10116900E+00
Displacements used in MCCI calculation:

____________________________________________________________________________________
Top Crack Face Bottom Crack Face Crack Sliding Crack opening Crack Tearing
____________________________________________________________________________________
8 0 0.0000E+00 0.8411E-05 0.0000E+00

233 0 0.0000E+00 0.4393E-05 0.0000E+00
____________________________________________________________________________________
Forces used in MCCI calculation:

_______________________________________________________________
Node No. Crack Sliding Crack Opening Crack Tearing

Force Force Force
________________________________________________________________
9 0.693889E-17 -0.107509E+00 0.000000E+00

867 0.249800E-15 -0.274766E+00 0.000000E+00
643 0.302820E-01 -0.862720E-01 0.000000E+00
________________________________________________________________
J-Integral Calculation:
-----------------------
J-Integral Data:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Total number of J-Integral paths : 2
Path number : 1
Number of nodes involved in the path : 5
Node numbers involved in this J-Integral path:
643 652 18 17 8
Path number : 2
644 653 662 661 27 26 25 16 7
Computing Fracture Parameters for Step No. = 1
Output for location no. = 1 , Step no. = 1
Stress Intensity Factors:

___________________________________________________________
Method Mode-I Mode-II Mode-III

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.189554E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.181473E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.179689E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
Strain Energy Release Rate Values:

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.171099E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.156822E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.153752E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
J-Integral Values:
___________________________________________________________
Method J-I J-II J-III

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.171099E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.156822E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.153752E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
Path Independent J-Integral Values:

___________________________
Path No Total J-Value

___________________________
1 0.15417E-04
2 0.15358E-04
____________________________________________________________________
Method Maximum Energy Crack Extending Angle in Degrees

Release rate to the plane of the crack
____________________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.17110E-04 0.000

VCET 0.16135E-04 11.071
MCCI 0.15375E-04 0.000
___________________________________________________________
2.2.2 Edge Crack on Plate
A edge crakced homogeneous isotropic plate as shown in following figure is subjected

P=σ
t : Unit Thickness
a
2L
P=σ
Length of Plate
L := 10.0mm
a
W
R = 0.1
N
2
mm
N
2
mm
N
2
mm
N
2
mm
1) Basic Equation 1
2 3 4
fg := 1.12 − 0.231⎛⎜
a ⎞
+ 10.55⋅ ⎛⎜
a ⎞
− 21.72⋅ ⎛⎜
a ⎞
+ 30.39⎛⎜
a ⎞
⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟
⎝W⎠ ⎝W⎠ ⎝W⎠ ⎝W⎠
fg = 1.184
6
KI_1 := fg ⋅ P⋅ π⋅ a KI_1 = 2.098 × 10 Pa mm
KI_1_check := "Fracture Problem" if KI_1 > KIC
KI 1 check = "No Facture Problem under External Load"

2) Basic Equiation 2
⎛ π⋅ a ⎞
2⋅ tan ⎜ ⎟
2⋅ W ⎠ ⎡ ⎛ π⋅ a ⎞ ⎞ ⎤
3
W ⎝ ⎛
⋅ ⎢ 0.752 + 2.02⋅ ⎜
a ⎞ ⎛
KI_2 := P⋅ π⋅ a⋅ ⋅ ⎟ + 0.37⋅ ⎜ 1 − sin ⎜ 2⋅ W ⎟ ⎟ ⎥
π⋅ a ⎛ π⋅ a ⎞ ⎣
cos ⎜
⎝W⎠ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠⎦
⎟
⎝ 2⋅ W ⎠
6
KI_2 = 2.383 × 10 Pa mm
KI_2 = "No Facture Problem under External Load"


2
KI_1 N
−5
G := G = 2.096 × 10
E mm
G_1 :=
KI_1
(
⋅ 1−ν )
2
G_1 = 1.908 × 10
−5 N
E mm
2
4⋅ KI_1
−8
δ := δ = 6.672 × 10 mm
π⋅ Sy ⋅ E
Crack Tip

**
**
PROBLEM = FRACTURE
FILE = PB32QE.OUT
APPROACH = ALLF 1
UNIT = mm
*TITLE
췊DGE CRACKED PLATE ; REMOTE TENSION ; PLANE STRESS ANALYSIS ; QNODE
*MATERIAL STEEL
E, 210000
SY, 400
POE, 0.3
AKC, 135
*FMODEL 1
*STRSDATA
1 PB32Q26.DAT PB32Q27.DAT TWOD1.JPT 1
*FRCRACK, ID = 1
*THETA
0
*NTIP, 9
*ENDDATA
TWOD1.JPT
2 5 9
643 652 18 17 8
644 653 662 661 27 26 25 16 7


------------------------
Problem Title:
-------------
췊DGE CRACKED PLATE ; REMOTE TENSION ; PLANE STRESS ANALYSIS ; QNODE
Files Used:
----------
Model Data:
----------
Material Data:
-------------
Stress Data:
-----------

--------------------------------------------
MCCI Method:
~~~~~~~~~~~

8 193

9 867 643

8 0 233 0
CTOD calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
EDI calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
for location 1

MCCI calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
for location 2

--------------------------------------------
CTOD Calculation:
----------------
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
8 0 0.0000E+00 0.9984E-05 0.0000E+00

233 0 0.0000E+00 0.5164E-05 0.0000E+00
____________________________________________________________________________________
VCE Calculation:
----------------
MCCI Calculation:
----------------

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
8 0 0.0000E+00 0.9984E-05 0.0000E+00

233 0 0.0000E+00 0.5164E-05 0.0000E+00
____________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Force Force Force
________________________________________________________________
9 -0.603684E-15 -0.126034E+00 0.000000E+00

867 0.999201E-15 -0.319588E+00 0.000000E+00
643 0.472072E-01 -0.981065E-01 0.000000E+00
________________________________________________________________
-----------------------
J-Integral Data:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Path number : 1
643 652 18 17 8
Path number : 2
644 653 662 661 27 26 25 16 7

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.220752E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.213396E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.210919E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.232054E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.216847E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.211842E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
J-Integral Values:
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.232054E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.216847E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.211842E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

___________________________

___________________________
1 0.21261E-04
2 0.21137E-04
____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.23205E-04 0.000

VCET 0.21941E-04 7.146
MCCI 0.21184E-04 0.000
___________________________________________________________
2.2.3 Both Edge Crack on Plate
A homogeneous isotropic plate with double edge crack as shown in following figure is subjected
P=σ
t : Unit Thickness
a
2L
2W
P=σ
Length of Plate
L := 10.0mm
a
W
R = 0.1
N
2
mm
N
2
mm
Poisson's ratio γ := 0.3
N
2
mm
N
2
mm
1) Basic Equation 1
2 3
fg := 1.12 + 0.203⋅ ⎛⎜
a ⎞ ⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ a ⎞
⎟ − 1.197⋅ ⎜ ⎟ + 1.930⎜ ⎟
⎝W⎠ ⎝W⎠ ⎝W⎠
fg = 1.13
6
KI_1 := fg ⋅ P⋅ π⋅ a KI_1 = 2.003 × 10 Pa mm
2) Basic Equiation 2
π⋅ a
2⋅ W ⎡ ⎞ − 0.205⋅ ⎛ a ⎞ + 0.471⋅ ⎛ a ⎞ + 0.190⋅ ⎛ a ⎞ ⎥⎤
2 3 4
⋅ ⎢ 1.122 − 0.561⋅ ⎛⎜
W a
KI_2 := P⋅ π⋅ a⋅ ⋅ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
π⋅ a a ⎣ ⎝W⎠ ⎝W⎠ ⎝W⎠ ⎝W⎠ ⎦
1−
W
6
KI_2 = 1.406 × 10 Pa mm

2
KI_1 N
−5
G := G = 1.911 × 10
E mm
G_1 :=
KI_1
(
⋅ 1−ν )
2
G_1 = 1.739 × 10
−5 N
E mm
2
4⋅ KI_1
−8
δ := δ = 6.083 × 10 mm
π⋅ Sy ⋅ E
Crack Tip

**
**
PROBLEM = FRACTURE
FILE = PB33QE.OUT
APPROACH = ALLF 1
UNIT = mm
*TITLE
췉OUBLE EDGE CRACK PLATE ; TENSION ; PLANE STRESS ANALYSIS ; QNODE
*MATERIAL STEEL
E, 210000
SY, 400
POE, 0.3
AKC, 135
*FMODEL 1
*STRSDATA
1 PB33Q26.DAT PB33Q27.dat TWOD1.JPT 1
*FRCRACK, ID = 1
*THETA
0
*NTIP, 9
*ENDDATA
TWOD1.JPT
2 5 9
643 652 18 17 8
644 653 662 661 27 26 25 16 7

------------------------
Problem Title:
-------------
췉OUBLE EDGE CRACK PLATE ; TENSION ; PLANE STRESS ANALYSIS ; QNODE
Files Used:
----------
Model Data:
----------
Material Data:
-------------
Stress Data:
-----------

--------------------------------------------
MCCI Method:
~~~~~~~~~~~

8 193

9 867 643

8 0 233 0
CTOD calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
EDI calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
for location 1

MCCI calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
for location 2

--------------------------------------------
CTOD Calculation:
----------------
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
8 0 0.0000E+00 0.9541E-05 0.0000E+00

233 0 0.0000E+00 0.4937E-05 0.0000E+00
____________________________________________________________________________________
VCE Calculation:
----------------
MCCI Calculation:
----------------

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
8 0 0.0000E+00 0.9541E-05 0.0000E+00

233 0 0.0000E+00 0.4937E-05 0.0000E+00
____________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Force Force Force
________________________________________________________________
9 0.388578E-15 -0.120504E+00 0.000000E+00

867 0.102696E-14 -0.305707E+00 0.000000E+00
643 0.450714E-01 -0.939533E-01 0.000000E+00
________________________________________________________________
-----------------------
J-Integral Data:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Path number : 1
643 652 18 17 8
Path number : 2
644 653 662 661 27 26 25 16 7

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.211124E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.204034E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.201667E+01 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.212255E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.198237E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.193665E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
J-Integral Values:
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.212255E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.198237E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.193665E-04 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

___________________________

___________________________
1 0.19437E-04
2 0.19323E-04
____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.21226E-04 0.000

VCET 0.20061E-04 7.193
MCCI 0.19366E-04 0.000
___________________________________________________________
2.2.4 Slant Centered Crack on Plate
A homogeneous isotropic plate with central inclined crack as shown in following figure is subjected
P=σ
t : Unit Thickness
2a
2L
2W
P=σ
Crack Tip
Crack Tip
Crack Tip
Stress Singularity Zone에서는 특이요소 사용 uarter Point Element

**
**
PROBLEM = FRACTURE
FILE = PB34QE.OUT
APPROACH = ALLF 4
UNIT = mm
*TITLE
INCLINED CENTRE CRACK - 2d ANALYSIS QNODE PLANE STRESS
*MATERIAL STEEL
E, 210000
SY, 400
POE, 0.3
AKC, 135
*FMODEL 1
FULL QNODE PSTRESS 1
*STRSDATA
1 PB34Q26.DAT PB34Q27.DAT twod2.JPT 1
*FRCRACK, ID = 1
*THETA
210
*NTIP, 3
*FRCRACK, ID = 2
*THETA
30
*NTIP, 68
*ENDDATA
twod2.JPT
2 9 17
38 40 6 5 2 244 245 272 1434
39 41 43 42 9 8 7 4 1 243 240 241 242 270 271 273 1435
2 9 17
1439 300 301 328 103 105 71 70 67
1438 299 296 297 298 326 327 329 104 106 108 107 74 73 72 69 66


------------------------
Problem Title:
-------------
Files Used:
----------
Model Data:
----------
Fracture mode : Mixed Modes I and II
Symmetry of crack faces : FULL
Material Data:
-------------
Stress Data:
-----------

--------------------------------------------
MCCI Method:
~~~~~~~~~~~

79 72 2

3 17 2 2

1434 38 1436 48
CTOD calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Node numbers of lower crack face : 38 48
Node numbers of upper crack face : 1434 1436
EDI calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
for location 1
Element numbers involved : 2 9 72 79
Quarter-point node numbers : 34 17 48 265 1436

MCCI calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
for location 4
Nodes for MCCI force calculation : 3 17 2 2

--------------------------------------------
CTOD Calculation:
----------------
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
1434 38 0.4199E-05 0.7107E-05 0.0000E+00

1436 48 0.2138E-05 0.3606E-05 0.0000E+00
____________________________________________________________________________________
VCE Calculation:
----------------
MCCI Calculation:
----------------

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
1434 38 0.4199E-05 0.7107E-05 0.0000E+00

1436 48 0.2138E-05 0.3606E-05 0.0000E+00
____________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Force Force Force
________________________________________________________________
3 -0.140673E-01 -0.103241E+00 0.000000E+00

17 -0.181770E+00 -0.228281E+00 0.000000E+00
2 -0.259511E-01 -0.716902E-01 0.000000E+00
2 0.491632E-01 0.870794E-01 0.000000E+00
________________________________________________________________
-----------------------
J-Integral Data:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Path number : 1
38 40 6 5 2 244 245 272 1434
Path number : 2
39 41 43 42 9 8 7 4 1 243
240 241 242 270 271 273 1435

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.141662E+01 0.842758E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.155975E+01 0.626039E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.143746E+01 0.836538E+00 0.000000E+00

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.955629E-05 0.338210E-05 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.115848E-04 0.186631E-05 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.983945E-05 0.333236E-05 0.000000E+00
J-Integral Values:
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.129384E-04 -0.113702E-04 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.134511E-04 -0.929965E-05 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.131718E-04 -0.114523E-04 0.000000E+00

___________________________

___________________________
1 0.13571E-04
2 0.13165E-04
____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.17225E-04 41.309

VCET 0.16353E-04 34.659
MCCI 0.17454E-04 41.005
___________________________________________________________

------------------------
Problem Title:
-------------
Files Used:
----------
Model Data:
----------
Fracture mode : Mixed Modes I and II
Symmetry of crack faces : FULL
Material Data:
-------------
Stress Data:
-----------

--------------------------------------------
MCCI Method:
~~~~~~~~~~~

18 25 95

68 113 103 103

67 1439 82 1441
CTOD calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
EDI calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
for location 2
Quarter-point node numbers : 99 82 113 1441 321

MCCI calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
for location 4
Nodes for MCCI force calculation : 68 113 103 103

--------------------------------------------
CTOD Calculation:
----------------
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
67 1439 0.4196E-05 0.7118E-05 0.0000E+00

82 1441 0.2137E-05 0.3610E-05 0.0000E+00
____________________________________________________________________________________
VCE Calculation:
----------------
MCCI Calculation:
----------------

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
67 1439 0.4196E-05 0.7118E-05 0.0000E+00

82 1441 0.2137E-05 0.3610E-05 0.0000E+00
____________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Force Force Force
________________________________________________________________
68 -0.140761E-01 -0.103542E+00 0.000000E+00

113 -0.181585E+00 -0.228555E+00 0.000000E+00
103 -0.258960E-01 -0.719029E-01 0.000000E+00
103 0.491183E-01 0.872396E-01 0.000000E+00
________________________________________________________________
-----------------------
J-Integral Data:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Path number : 1
1439 300 301 328 103 105 71 70 67
Path number : 2
1438 299 296 297 298 326 327 329 104 106
108 107 74 73 72 69 66

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.141809E+01 0.842999E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.156235E+01 0.624697E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.143975E+01 0.835941E+00 0.000000E+00

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.957607E-05 0.338404E-05 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.116235E-04 0.185831E-05 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.987088E-05 0.332761E-05 0.000000E+00
J-Integral Values:
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.129601E-04 -0.113852E-04 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.134818E-04 -0.929517E-05 0.000000E+00
MCCI 0.131985E-04 -0.114624E-04 0.000000E+00

___________________________

___________________________
1 0.13596E-04
2 0.13191E-04
____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.17251E-04 41.299

VCET 0.16376E-04 34.585
MCCI 0.17481E-04 40.973
___________________________________________________________
2.2.5 3D Center Crack on Solid Plate
A center cracked homogeneous isotropic solid plate iss ubjected to remote tension. Fracture
Mechanics are calculated and compared with the theoretical soluation available.
P=σ
t : Thickness
80
1600
50
400
P=σ
**
**
PROBLEM = FRACTURE
FILE = PB41QE.OUT
APPROACH = ALLF 7
UNIT = mm
*TITLE
췈ENTRE CRACKED PLATE ; REMOTE TENSION ; 3-D ANALYSIS ; QNODE
*MATERIAL STEEL
E, 210000
SY, 400
POE, 0.3
AKC, 135
*FMODEL 1
HALF QNODE SOLID
*STRSDATA
1 PB41Q26.DAT PB41Q27.DAT DUMMY55.DAT 1
*FRCRACK, ID = 1
*** Specify the Angles between Local x and Global x, y ,z ***
*ANGLEA
0.000 90.000 90.000
*** Specify the Angles between Local z and Global x, y ,z ***
*ANGLEB
90.000 0.000 90.000
*** Node Number of Crack Front ***
*NTIP, 5
*** Specify the Node Next and Previous or VCET ***
*JCFRONT
265 0
*FRCRACK, ID = 2
*ANGLEA
0.000 90.000 90.000
*ANGLEB
90.000 0.000 90.000
*NTIP, 265
*JCFRONT
10 5
*FRCRACK, ID = 3
*ANGLEA
0.000 90.000 90.000
*ANGLEB
90.000 0.000 90.000
*NTIP, 10
*JCFRONT
266 265
*FRCRACK, ID = 4
*ANGLEA
0.000 90.000 90.000
*ANGLEB
90.000 0.000 90.000

*NTIP, 266
*JCFRONT
15 10
*FRCRACK, ID = 5
*ANGLEA
0.000 90.000 90.000
*ANGLEB
90.000 0.000 90.000
*NTIP, 15
*JCFRONT
267 266
*FRCRACK, ID = 6
*ANGLEA
0.000 90.000 90.000
*ANGLEB
90.000 0.000 90.000
*NTIP, 267
*JCFRONT
20 15
*FRCRACK, ID = 7
*ANGLEA
0.000 90.000 90.000
*ANGLEB
90.000 0.000 90.000
*NTIP, 20
*JCFRONT
0 267
*ENDDATA


------------------------
Problem Title:
-------------
ENTRE CRACKED PLATE ; REMOTE TENSION ; 3-D ANALYSIS ; QNODE
Files Used:
----------
Model Data:
----------
Fracture mode : Mixed Modes I, II and III
Problem dimension : SOLID
Material Data:
-------------
Stress Data:
-----------

--------------------------------------------
Angles of local axis wrt global axes:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
______________________________________________
Local Axis Global Axis Angle (Radians)

______________________________________________
x1 X1 0.00000E+00
X2 0.15708E+01
X3 0.15708E+01
x3 X1 0.15708E+01
X2 0.00000E+00
X3 0.15708E+01
______________________________________________
CTOD calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Node numbers of crack face : 4 144 9 148 262
ETA value in CTOD calculations : -0.10000E+01
EDI calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
for location 1

Element numbers involved : 73
Crack front nodes involved : 5

--------------------------------------------
CTOD Calculation:
----------------
Displacements at different locations around the crack front:
_______________________________________________________________________
Point Node No. Sliding Opening Tearing

Displacement Displacement Displacement
_______________________________________________________________________
B 144 -0.1635E-03 -0.6280E-04 0.6671E-04

C 4 -0.1589E-03 -0.1306E-03 0.4644E-04
D 262 -0.1773E-03 -0.1310E-03 0.3590E-04
E 148 -0.1808E-03 -0.6423E-04 0.2367E-04
F 9 -0.1772E-03 -0.1307E-03 0.2121E-04
_______________________________________________________________________
VCE Calculation:
----------------
MCCI Calculation:
----------------
MCCI Calculation available only for midside node crack tip elements and 3-dimensional analysis
-----------------------
** SORRY **
J-integral calculation available only for 2-dimensional analysis

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.105208E+02 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.123254E+02 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI NA NA NA

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.486907E-03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.668267E-03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI NA NA NA
J-Integral Values:
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.486907E-03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.668267E-03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI NA NA NA
Note: NA => Results are not available with this data

___________________________________________________________

------------------------
Problem Title:
-------------
ENTRE CRACKED PLATE ; REMOTE TENSION ; 3-D ANALYSIS ; QNODE
Files Used:
----------
Model Data:
----------
Fracture mode : Mixed Modes I, II and III
Problem dimension : SOLID
Material Data:
-------------
Stress Data:
-----------

--------------------------------------------
Angles of local axis wrt global axes:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
______________________________________________
Local Axis Global Axis Angle (Radians)

______________________________________________
x1 X1 0.00000E+00
X2 0.15708E+01
X3 0.15708E+01
x3 X1 0.15708E+01
X2 0.00000E+00
X3 0.15708E+01
______________________________________________
CTOD calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Node numbers of crack face : 4 144 9 148 262
ETA value in CTOD calculations : 0.00000E+00
EDI calculation:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
for location 2
Quarter-point node numbers :

Element numbers involved : 73

--------------------------------------------
CTOD Calculation:
----------------
Displacements at different locations around the crack front:
_______________________________________________________________________
Point Node No. Sliding Opening Tearing

Displacement Displacement Displacement
_______________________________________________________________________
B 144 -0.1635E-03 -0.6280E-04 0.6671E-04

C 4 -0.1589E-03 -0.1306E-03 0.4644E-04
D 262 -0.1773E-03 -0.1310E-03 0.3590E-04
E 148 -0.1808E-03 -0.6423E-04 0.2367E-04
F 9 -0.1772E-03 -0.1307E-03 0.2121E-04
_______________________________________________________________________
VCE Calculation:
----------------
MCCI Calculation:
----------------
** SORRY **
MCCI Calculation available only for midside node crack tip elements and 3-dimensional
analysis
-----------------------
** SORRY **
J-integral calculation available only for 2-dimensional analysis

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.108006E+02 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.115829E+02 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI NA NA NA

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.513155E-03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.585919E-03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI NA NA NA
J-Integral Values:
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CTOD 0.513155E-03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00

VCET 0.585919E-03 0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00
MCCI NA NA NA
2.2.6 3D Edge Crack on Solid Plate
An edge cracked homogeneous isotropic solid plate iss ubjected to remote tension. Fracture
P=σ
t : Thickness
40
800
50
200
P=σ
2.2.7 3D Centered 2:1 Ellipsoidal-Circular Crack on Solid Plate
1) ANALYSIS HIGHLIGHTS(CIRCULAR SURFACE CRACK)
A homogeneous isotropic solid plate with circular crack is subjected to remote tension. Fracture
P=σ
″A″
t : Thickness
a/2 800
2a
50
200
P=σ
[View ″A″]
a/2
2.2.8 3D Edge Circular Crack on Solid Plate
1) ANALYSIS HIGHLIGHTS(CIRCULAR CORNER CRACK)
P=σ
t : Thickness
″A″
800
50
200
P=σ
[View ″A″]
2a
2.2.9 3D Center Circular Crack on Solid Plate
1) ANALYSIS HIGHLIGHTS(CIRCULAR EMBEDDING CRACK)
P=σ
″A″
t : Thickness
a 800
2a
50
200
P=σ
[View ″A″]
2a
3. Sample Calculation
(1) Fatigue Growth Rate Calculation
(2) Life Cycle Calculation
A) Fatigue Growth Rate for Edge Crack

B) Fatigue Growth Rate for Circular Hole with Crack
C) Fatigue Growth Rate for Thumbnail Crack
D) Fatigue Growth Rate for Edge Crack
2) Fracture Mechanics
(1) Stress Intensity Calculation
(A) Center Crack on Plate

(B) Edge Crack on Plate
A) Fatigue Growth Rate for Edge Crack
Fatigue Growth Rate for Martensitic Steel

ΔK I : ksi in , , , da : in
dN cycle
1) D Curve
= 0.27 × 10 −8 × (ΔK I )
da 2.25
dN
2) H Curve
= 0.66 × 10− 8 × (ΔK I )

da 2.25
dN
= 3.0 × 10 −10 × (ΔK I ) , Ferrite − Pearlite

da 3.25
dN
Sample 1

life methods.
1) Assumed Crack length: 0.45inch
2) Cyclic Load(Stress) : 58.0 <--> 18.0 ksi
P=σ(58→18ksi)
0.45in
P=σ(58→18ksi)
2) BASIC CALCULATION
lb
Load Stress(S1) σ1 := 58000
2
in
lb
2
in
Alternating Stress(Salt)
σalt :=
(σ1 − σ2) σalt = 2 × 10
4 lb
2 in
2
Approximate Assumed Crack Length a := 0.45in
Amplitude Stress Component
4 lb
Δσ := 2⋅ σalt Δσ = 4 × 10
2
in
3) FATIGUE GROWTH RATE CALCULATION
Stress Intensity Factor(Double-Crack)

Stress Intensity Factor Fluctuation, Proporational to the alternating stress in fatigue
4 lb
ΔKI := 1.12⋅ Δσ⋅ π⋅ a ΔKI = 5.327 × 10 ⋅ in
2
in
Fatigue Growth Rate(R=da/dN)
ΔKI
ΔKIC := ΔKIC = 53.267
3 lb
10 ⋅ ⋅ in
2
in
−8
(
R := 0.66⋅ 10 ⋅ ΔKIC )2.25⋅ in R = 1.285 × 10
−3
mm
Sample 2

life methods.
1) Assumed initial Crack length : 0.15inch
3) Fracture Toughness : 200ksi(in)^0.5
4) Yield Strength : 180.0ksi
Estimate the crtical crak size and the rate of crack growth based on the average
length of the crack
lb
2
in
lb
2
in
σalt :=
(σ1 − σ2) σalt = 3 × 10
4 lb
2 in
2
4 lb
Δσ := 2⋅ σalt Δσ = 6 × 10
2
in
lb
Fracture Toughness KI := 200000 ⋅ in
2
in

Calculating the critical crak size
2
⎛ KI ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1.12⋅ σ1
acr :=
⎝ ⎠ acr = 1.015in
π
Assuming the Average crack size
(a + acr)
aave := aave = 0.583in
2
From the basic equation, we have
4 lb
ΔKI := 1.12⋅ Δσ⋅ π⋅ aave ΔKI = 9.091 × 10 ⋅ in
2
in
ΔKI
ΔKIC := ΔKIC = 90.907
3 lb
10 ⋅ ⋅ in
2
in
−8
R := 0.66⋅ 10 ⋅ ΔKIC ( )2.25⋅ in R = 4.278 × 10
−3
mm
B) Fatigue Growth Rate for Circular Hole with Crack


life methods.
1) Assumed initial Crack length : 0.2inch, 2.5incn Hole
5) Stress Concetration Factor(k) : 3.0
Estimate the crtical crak size and the rate of crack growth based on the average
length of the crack
lb
2
in
lb
2
in
σalt :=
(σ1 − σ2) σalt = 1.1 × 10
4 lb
2 in
2
4 lb
Δσ := 2⋅ σalt Δσ = 2.2 × 10
2
in
lb
2
in
Stress Concetration Factor k := 3


2
⎛ KI ⎞
⎜ ⎟
k⋅ σ1
acr :=
⎝ ⎠ acr = 0.345in
π
(a + acr)
2
From the basic equation, we have
4 lb
ΔKI := k⋅ Δσ⋅ π⋅ aave ΔKI = 6.109 × 10 ⋅ in
2
in
ΔKI
ΔKIC := ΔKIC = 61.088
3 lb
10 ⋅ ⋅ in
2
in
−8
(
R := 0.66⋅ 10 ⋅ ΔKIC )2.25⋅ (in) R = 1.749 × 10
−3
mm
C) Fatigue Growth Rate for Thumbnail Crack


life methods.
1) Assumed initial Crack Deep : 0.1inch(a), 0.4inch Long(2C)
2) Thickness of Plate : 0.625 inch
Determine the rate of crack growth and the approximate number of stress cycles to reach
the conditions of a through-thickness crack.
lb
2
in
lb
2
in
σalt :=
(σ1 − σ2) σalt = 1.5 × 10
4 lb
2 in
2
Surface Crack---Deep Length a := 0.1in
Surface Crack---Long Length(2C) C2C := 0.4in
4 lb
Δσ := 2⋅ σalt Δσ = 3 × 10
2
in
lb
2
in
Thickness of Plate B := 0.625in
lb
Yield Strength of Plate Sy := 40000
2
in
Stress Intensity Factor(Thumnnail Crack)

From notation in above figures,
a
R1 := A = 1A
B
a
R2 := R2 = 0.25
C2C
In order to find the parameter "Q" fromabove figures
σ1
R3 := R3 = 0.9
Sy
Average Crack Size
( a + B)
2
From a/2c=0.25, S/Sy=0.9, flow shape parameter Q := 1.29
From a/B=0.16, a/2C=0.25 M k := 1.0
Stress Intensity Factor
aave lb
4
ΔKI := 2⋅ Δσ⋅ M k⋅ ΔKI = 3.181 × 10 ⋅ in
Q 2
in
4) FATIGUE CRACK LIFE CYCLE CALCULATION
ΔKI
ΔKIC := ΔKIC = 31.806
3 lb
10 ⋅ ⋅ in
2
in
R1 := 3.6⋅ 10
− 10
(
⋅ ΔKIC )3.0⋅ (in) R1 = 2.942 × 10
−4
mm
Approximate number if stress cycles to grow the crack

through the entire plate thickness
Cdif := B − a Cdif = 13.335mm
Number of Stress Cycles
Cdif
4
Ncycle := Ncycle = 4.532 × 10
R1
a(ave) Delta Delta

a(i) a(f) a(ave) Mk Q dN N Sum(N)
/B (S) (K)
0.1 0.2 0.15 0.24 1.04 1.29 30 21.278223 3.468E-06 28833.105 28833.105
0.2 0.3 0.25 0.4 1.1 1.29 30 29.05488 8.829E-06 11325.053 40158.158
0.3 0.4 0.35 0.56 1.21 1.29 30 37.816017 1.946E-05 5136.5336 45294.691
0.4 0.5 0.45 0.72 1.41 1.29 30 49.966826 4.491E-05 2226.6513 47521.343
0.5 0.6 0.55 0.88 1.7 1.29 30 66.601907 0.0001063 940.23738 48461.58
0.6 0.62 0.613 0.98 1.8 1.29 30 74.418677 0.0001483 168.4968 48630.077
Crack vs Delta K
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Crack vs dN
0.00016
0.00014
0.00012
0.0001
0.00008
0.00006
0.00004
0.00002
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Crack vs N Crack vs Total N
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
D) Fatigue Growth Rate for Edge Crack

life methods.
1) Assumed initial Crack Deep : 0.24inch(ai), Final Crack : ?
Calculate the number of cycle for the crack to reach the critical length
lb
2
in
lb
2
in
σalt :=
(σ1 − σ2) σalt = 1.5 × 10
4 lb
2 in
2
Surface Crack---Deep Length a := 0.24in
4 lb
Δσ := 2⋅ σalt Δσ = 3 × 10
2
in
lb
2
in
lb
Yield Strength of Plate Sy := 40000
2
in
Stress Intensity Factor(Thumnnail Crack)

2
⎛ KI ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1.12⋅ σ1
acr :=
⎝ ⎠ acr = 1.989in
π
(a + acr)
2
Stress Intensity Factor
4 lb
ΔKI := 1.12⋅ Δσ⋅ π⋅ aave ΔKI = 6.288 × 10 ⋅ in
2
in
4) FATIGUE CRACK LIFE CYCLE CALCULATION
ΔKI
ΔKIC := ΔKIC = 62.878
3 lb
10 ⋅ ⋅ in
2
in
−8
R1 := 0.66⋅ 10 ⋅ ΔKIC ( )2.25⋅ (in) R1 = 1.866 × 10
−3
mm
0.12
dN =
0.66 × 10−8 × (ΔK I )
2.25
Delta
a(i) a(f) a(ave) a(ave)/B Delta(K) dN N Sum(N)
(S)
0.24 0.36 0.3 0.48 30 32.619315 1.67827E-05 7150.212 7150.212
0.36 0.48 0.42 0.672 30 38.595694 2.45051E-05 4896.9411 12047.153
0.48 0.6 0.54 0.864 30 43.763404 3.2512E-05 3690.9431 15738.096
0.6 0.72 0.66 1.056 30 48.382263 4.07463E-05 2945.0549 18683.151
0.72 0.84 0.78 1.248 30 52.597066 4.91708E-05 2440.4724 21123.624
0.84 0.96 0.9 1.44 30 56.498311 5.77595E-05 2077.5788 23201.202
0.96 1.08 1.02 1.632 30 60.147046 6.6493E-05 1804.7005 25005.903
1.08 1.2 1.14 1.824 30 63.586752 7.53562E-05 1592.4374 26598.34
1.2 1.32 1.26 2.016 30 66.849704 8.43369E-05 1422.8642 28021.204
1.32 1.44 1.38 2.208 30 69.960637 9.34254E-05 1284.4475 29305.652
1.44 1.56 1.5 2.4 30 72.939006 0.000102613 1169.4392 30475.091
1.56 1.68 1.62 2.592 30 75.800439 0.000111894 1072.4472 31547.538
1.68 1.8 1.74 2.784 30 78.557714 0.00012126 989.60624 32537.145
1.8 1.96 1.88 3.008 30 81.656947 0.00013229 1209.4599 33746.605
Crack vs Delta K
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Crack vs dN
0.00014
0.00012
0.0001
0.00008
0.00006
0.00004
0.00002
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Crack vs N
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Crack vs Total N
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
2) Fracture Mechanics
− . Stress Intensity Factor
K I = σ × πa × f (b )
− . Correction Factor
⎛ πa ⎞
f (b ) = ⎜ sec ⎟
⎝ 2w ⎠
− . Crack Length
2
1⎛K ⎞ 1
a = ⎜ IC ⎟ ×
π ⎝ σ ⎠ f (b )2
[FRACTURE MECHANICS FOR STRESS INTENSITY CALCULATION]
Determine the critical crack size for a central crack in a plate where the applied stress
is 22.0 ksi in tension and plane-strain.
1) Assumed Ratio of crack length to plate width : 0.2
2) Applied Load(Stress) : 22.0 ksi
3) Fracture Toughness : 55.0 ksi(inch)^0.5
lb
Fracture Toughness of Plate KIC := 55000.0 ⋅ in
2
in
lb
Applied Load(Stress) σ := 22000.0
2
in
Crack Ratio(R=a/w) R := 0.2
Correction Factor(fb) in above curve figure fb := 1.02
Crack Length Calculation
2
⎛ KIC ⎞ 1
1
a := ⋅ ⎜ ⎟⋅ a = 1.912in
π ⎝ σ ⎠ (f )2
b
Plate Width Calculation
a
w := w = 9.561in
R
Total Plate Width
wt := 2w wt = 19.122in
Determine the level of plane-strain fracture toughness to tolerate the through

thickness crack
1) Applied Load(Stress) : 60.0 ksi
2) Fracture Toughness : ?
3) Plate Wdith(w) : 3.75 inch
4) Crack Length(a) : 3.0 inch
Fracture Toughness of Plate
Plate Width w := 3.75in
Crack Lenth a := 1.5in
lb
Applied Load(Stress) σ := 60000.0
2
in
Crack Ratio(R=a/w)
a
R := R = 0.4
w
Fracture Toughness Calculation
5 lb
KIC := σ⋅ fb ⋅ π⋅ a KIC = 1.446 × 10 ⋅ in
2
in
If the sheet contains a small slit crack in the center, what will be the maximum allowable
slid crack length(crtical crack size) before fracture occurs?
1) Applied Load : 36,000 lbs
2) Fracture Toughness : 50 ksi(in)^0.5
3) Plate Wdith(2w) : 20.0 inch
4) thickness Plate(t) : 0.05 inch
lb
2
in
Plate Thicknes t := 0.05in
Applied Load(Force) F := 36000.0lb

3) CRACK CALCULATION
Applied Uniform Load Pressure
F 4 lb
P := P = 3.6 × 10
2w⋅ t 2
in
Crack Lenth Calculation
2
⎛ KIC ⎞
1
a := ⎜ ⎟ a = 0.614in
π⎝ P ⎠
Crack Ratio(R)
a
R := R = 0.061
w
Total Crack Length
at := 2⋅ a at = 1.228in
B) Edge Crack on Plate
K IC = 1.12 × πa
Determine the fracture and collapse stresses in a double-edge crack for a panel
assumed a/w=0.4, panel width 2w:8.0inch ?
1) Yiedl Strength(Sy) : 36.0 ksi
2) Fracture Toughness : 65 ksi(in)^0.5
3) Plate Wdith(2w) : 8.0 inch
4) Crack Ratio(a/w) : 0.4
lb
2
in
Crack Ratio(R) R := 0.4
lb
Yiedl Strength(Sy) Sy := 36000.0
2
in
3) CRACK CALCULATION
a := R⋅ w a = 1.6in
Crack Lenth Calculation
KIC lb
4
σ := σ = 2.332 × 10
1.12⋅ fb ⋅ π⋅ a in
2
4) COLLAPSE STRESS CALCULATION
Let the normal stress at collapse be directly proportional to the yield strength
pf the material and ratio of the net section to the total cross-section of the panel
( w − a) 4 lb
σcol := ⋅ Sy σcol = 2.16 × 10
w in
2
3) Failure Assessment Diagram(FAD)

[FAILURE ASSESSMENT DIAGRAM CALCULATION]
A middle tesnion(MT) with 1m wide and 25mm thick with a 200mm crack must carry
a 7.0MN load. For thematerial, KIc =200.0 MPa m^0.5, Sy=350.0 MPa, Sts: 450.0 MPa
Use the strip yield PAD to determine whether or not this plate will fail.
We can take account of work hardening by assuming a flow stress that is the average of
yield and tensile strength.
P=σ
t : Unit Thickness
2a
2L
2W
P=σ
Wide of Plate W := 1.0m
Thicknes of Plate L := 2.0m
Center Cracked Length a := 0.2m
Thcikness of Plate B := 0.025m
6
Applied Force acting on Plate P := 7.0⋅ 10 N
N
Yield Strength of Plate Sy := 350.0
2
mm
N
Tensile Strength St := 450.0
2
mm
N
Fracture Toughness KIC := 200.0 ⋅ m
2
mm
Crack Flow Average Stress(Collapse Load)
(Sy + St) N
σflow := σflow = 400
2 mm
2
Crack Flow Force
6
Pc := σflow⋅ B⋅ ( W − a) Pc = 8 × 10 N
Failure Assessment Stress Ratio
P
Sr := Sr = 0.875
Pc
1) Basic Equation 1
P a 1 N
KI := ⋅ π⋅ KI = 160.927 ⋅ m
( W ⋅ B) 2 ⎛ π⋅ a ⎞ mm
2
⎜ 2⎟
cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝ W ⎠
2) Stress Intensity Ratio
KI
Kr := Kr = 0.805
KIC
Sr Kr
0.1 0.0123881 0.8105695 0.0100414 9.9793661 0.9979366
0.2 0.0501818 0.8105695 0.0406758 4.9582886 0.9916577
0.3 0.1154035 0.8105695 0.0935426 3.2696053 0.9808816
0.4 0.2119354 0.8105695 0.1717883 2.4126992 0.9650797
0.5 0.3465736 0.8105695 0.280922 1.8867187 0.9433593
0.6 0.5313936 0.8105695 0.4307314 1.5236903 0.9142142
0.7 0.789679 0.8105695 0.6400897 1.2499124 0.8749387
0.8 1.174359 0.8105695 0.9518996 1.0249541 0.8199633
0.9 1.8551181 0.8105695 1.5037021 0.8154909 0.7339418
1 35.800018 0.8105695 29.018402 0.1856365 0.1856365
Sr vs Kr
1.2
FRACTURE
1
0.8
Kr
0.6
SAFE
0.4
COLLAPSE
⎛ 0.1 ⎞
0.2 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.2 ⎟
0 ⎜ 0.3 ⎟
0.4 ⎜
0.4 ⎟
0 0.2 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
⎜ ⎟ Sr
Srb := ⎜
0.5 ⎟
⎜ 0.6 ⎟
⎜ 0.7 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.8 ⎟
⎜ 0.9 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1.0 ⎠
− 0.5
Kr := ⎛⎜ ⋅ ln⎛⎜ ⎞⎞
8 1
⎟⎟
⎜ π ⎜ cos ⎛⎜ ⋅ Srb ⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟
2 π
⎝ ⎝ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎠⎠
B) Semi-elliptical Surface Crack on Plate
[FAILURE ASSESSMENT DIAGRAM CALCULATION]
A welded plate 5.0m wide and 50.0mm thick contains a semielliptical surface crack with
a=10.0mm and 2c=54.0mm. The primary membrane stress is 260.0MPa and Bending stress
is 60.0 MPa. Perform a PD6493(7190) Level 2 Assessment on the wled flaw to determine
whether ot not it is acceptable
Wide of Plate W := 5.0m
Thicknes of Plate L := 5.0m
Center Depth a := 0.01m
Crack Length c := 0.054m
Thcikness of Plate B := 0.05m
N
Applied Force acting on Plate σm := 260.0
2
mm
N
Applied bending Stress σb := 60.0
2
mm
N
Yield Strength of Plate Sy := 480.0
2
mm
N
Tensile Strength St := 610.0
2
mm
N
2
mm
Critical CTOD δc := 0.15mm

Crack Flow Average Stress(Collapse Load)-Flow Strength
(Sy + St) N
σflow := σflow = 545
2 mm
2
Stress Ratio between Axial/Bending Stress
σb
R := R = 0.231
σm
Failure Assessment Stress Ratio
σm
Sr := Sr = 0.477
σflow
Rasidual Stress
( )
N
σr := 1.4 − Sr ⋅ Sy σr = 443.009
2
mm
1) Basic Equation 1
a
A 1 := A = 1A
B
a
B1 := B1 = 0.185
c
M 1 := 1.13 − 0.09⋅ A 1 M 1 = 1.112
0.89
M 2 := −0.54 + M 2 = 1.771
0.2 + B1
M 3 := 0.5 −
1
0.65 + B1
(
+ 14⋅ 1.0 − B1 )24 M 3 = −0.595
θ := 90
1
2 4
fθ := ⎛ B1 ⋅ cos ( θ ) + sin ( θ ) ⎞
2 2
fθ = 0.948
⎝ ⎠
⎣ ( )2 + ⎡⎣M3⋅ (A1)⎤⎦ 4⎤⎦ ⋅ fθ

F := ⎡ M 1 + M 2⋅ A 1 F = 1.121
H1 := 1 − 0.34⋅ A 1 − 0.11⋅ B1⋅ A 1 H1 = 0.928
G1 := −1.22 − 0.12⋅ B1 G1 = −1.242
0.75 1.5
G2 := 0.55 − 1.05⋅ B1 + 0.47⋅ B1 G2 = 0.291
H2 := 1 + G1⋅ A 1 + G2⋅ A 1 H2 = 0.81
p := 0.2 + B1 + 0.6⋅ A 1
( )
H := H1 + H2 − H1 ⋅ sin ( θ )
p
H = 0.816
1.65
Q := 1 + 1.464⋅ B1 Q = 1.091
( )
0.5 3 N
KIP := F⋅ σm + H⋅ σb ⋅ π⋅ a⋅ KIP = 1.314 × 10 ⋅ mm
Q mm
2
( )
0.5 3 N
KIS := F⋅ σm + H⋅ σr ⋅ π⋅ a⋅ KIS = 2.644 × 10 ⋅ mm
Q mm
2
4) APPLIED CTOD
(KIP + KIS)2
δI := δI = 0.158mm
Sy ⋅ E
Plasticitiy Corection Factor
KIS σm
x := ⋅ a = 0.01m
KIP Sy
0.714 2 5
ρ 1 := 0.1⋅ x − 0.007⋅ x + 0.00003x
⋅ ρ 1 = 0.098
δI
δr := δr = 1.025
δc
δf := δr δf = 1.013
Sr Kr
0.1 0.0123881 0.8105695 0.0100414 9.9793661 0.9979366
0.2 0.0501818 0.8105695 0.0406758 4.9582886 0.9916577
0.3 0.1154035 0.8105695 0.0935426 3.2696053 0.9808816
0.4 0.2119354 0.8105695 0.1717883 2.4126992 0.9650797
0.5 0.3465736 0.8105695 0.280922 1.8867187 0.9433593
0.6 0.5313936 0.8105695 0.4307314 1.5236903 0.9142142
0.7 0.789679 0.8105695 0.6400897 1.2499124 0.8749387
0.8 1.174359 0.8105695 0.9518996 1.0249541 0.8199633
0.9 1.8551181 0.8105695 1.5037021 0.8154909 0.7339418
1 35.800018 0.8105695 29.018402 0.1856365 0.1856365
Sr vs Kr
1.2
FRACTURE
1
0.8
Kr
0.6
SAFE
0.4
COLLAPSE
⎛ 0.1 ⎞
0.2 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.2 ⎟
0 ⎜ 0.3 ⎟
0.4 ⎜
0.4 ⎟
0 0.2 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
⎜ ⎟ Sr
Srb := ⎜
0.5 ⎟
⎜ 0.6 ⎟
⎜ 0.7 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0.8 ⎟
⎜ 0.9 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1.0 ⎠
− 0.5
Kr := ⎛⎜ ⋅ ln⎛⎜ ⎞⎞
8 1
⎟⎟
⎜ π ⎜ cos ⎛⎜ ⋅ Srb ⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎟
2 π
⎝ ⎝ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎠⎠

IMP-Crack Fracture Mechanics#KEC Plant Pressure Vessel Training Manual 5 of 5 PDF

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KOREA ENGINEERING CONSULTING, INC.

PRESSURE VESSEL BASIC CONCEPT

Pressure Vessel Basic Concept

Korea Engineering Consulting, Inc.

==== Contents ===

[1권Book] : Theoretical Strength Calculation & FEA

[2권Book] : Theoretical Strength Calculation & FEA

[3권Book] : Theoretical Strength Calculation & FEA

[4권Book] : FEA(Finite Element Analysis) Theoretical Course

z Theoretical Course ″B″

z Theoretical Course ″C″

[5권Book] : Crack Propagation & Facture Mechanics

1. Crack Propagation ..................................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Theoretical Descriptions

for − 0.1 < R < 0.7

ΔK eff = (0.5 + 0.4 R )ΔK

1.2 Crack Pattern & Stress Intensity Calculation

1.3 Crack Propagation Calculation(Edge Crack), Sample

[CRACK GROWTH RATE(da/dN) & LIFE CYCLE CALCULATION]

A homogeneous isotropic rectangular plate as shown in following figure is subjected

[Crack Propagation Length]

Width of Plate W := 10.0mm

Thcikness of Plate B := 1.0mm

Poisson's ratio ν := 0.25

3) STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR CALCULATION

Crack vs N Life Cycle

2.1 Theoretical Descriptions

Elastic Plastic Fracture Mechanics (EPFM) assumes isotropic and elastic-plastic

Fracture Analysis Using EPFM

The basic EPFM analysis can be summarized as follows:

1. Calculate the J integral or crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) as a

Definition of Crack Tip Opening Displacement

1. The opening displacement of the original crack tip.

These two definitions are equivalent if the crack blunts in a semicircle.

Consider a nonlinear elastic body containing a crack,

the J integral is defined as

where is the strain energy density, is the traction vector,

Relationship between J and CTOD

The displacement field is

The CTOD is evaluated from ux and uy at r = r* and :

The CTOD becomes

Hooke's Law in Compliance Form

Hooke's Law in Stiffness Form

Generalized Hooke's Law (Anisotropic Form)

where C is the stiffness matrix, S is the compliance matrix, and S = C-1.

Young’s Modulus from Uniaxial Tension

Poisson's Ratio from Uniaxial Tension

Shear Modulus from Pure Shear

Bulk Modulus from Hydrostatic Pressure

When an isotropic material specimen is subjected to hydrostatic pressure s, all shear

Hooke's Law for Plane Stress

to be negligible, , the stress-strain compliance relationship for an

Hooke's Law for Plane Strain

negligible, , the stress-strain stiffness relationship for an isotropic

Symbol Name Other Names

E Youngs modulus Elastic modulus, tension modulus

G or m Shear modulus Rigidity modulus, 2nd Lamé constant

K Bulk modulus Compression modulus

λ 1st Lamé constant

Table of Relations among Elastic Constants

Input Output Relations

For the case of {E, λ} input, the factor R is defined as,

The purpose of failure criteria is to predict or estimate the failure/yield of machine

* Start Executive Cards *

* Problem Title *

* Material Properties Data *

* Specify Structural Model *

* Specify the Stress Data File *

* Identfy the Crack Location *

* Node Number of Crack Tip *

* Data Terminator *