INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

Power And Energy Optimization Strategies Of A

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) For Two
Dimensional Spatio-Temporal Temperature
Profiling In Marine Environments
Diogenes Armando D. Pascua, Michael Lochinvar S. Abundo
Abstract— Energy consumption is one of the biggest constraints of the wireless sensor nodes deployed in marine environment. They are typically used
for remote environment monitoring in areas where providing electrical power is difficult. Therefore, the devices need to be powered by batteries and
alternative energy sources. Because battery energy is limited, the use of different techniques for energy saving is one of the hottest topics in Wireless
Sensor Networks(WSNs.) Various battery optimization schemes have been developed both through hardware and software techniques. The ubiquity of
Wireless Fidelity(Wi-Fi) based networks makes for a popular choice for establishing Wi-Fi based sensor networks but the relatively high-power
requirements of these systems conflict with the requirement for long battery life and low maintenance. This work considers whether it is possible to
reduce Wi-Fi power usage to the point where cheap Wi-Fi based products can be used instead of other protocols. The setup is composed of a wireless
sensor which is based on the low cost esp8266 module tasked to gather temperature data in a marine protected area. Energy consumption was
analyzed for the nodes at various states along the device firmware as well as the relationship between energy consumption against the rate of sensor
data of transmission and system sleep period. The study also compares the energy usage of two network implementation: Message Que Telemetry
Transport(MQTT) against Server-Client based system. Test results reveal that the sensor nodes can have a maximum battery life of 15.8 hours for both
transmission methods, regardless of transmission rates, if no sleep period is implemented. Transmission rate have a profound effect on the systems
battery life if sleep mode is implemented. It was found that battery life can increase up to 43 times for a transmission period of one hour and up to 40
times for a transmission period of one minute. An optimized WSN configuration utilizing MQTT transmission scheme proved to extend battery life more
than that of the Server-Client scheme by up to 34 percent. From these analyses, the design of an optimal firmware and choice of network architecture
can be derived where battery life can be extended in the longest possible time.

Index Terms— Wireless Sensor Network, Power Optimization, ESP8266, MQTT, Micropython.
——————————  ——————————
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is now largely used in the
Internet of Things (IoT) systems to provide data. IoT consists
of a huge number of devices, communication interfaces, and
protocols. Therefore, synchronous and individual point-to-point
communications are not enough to reach the wide variety of
entities in IoT systems. And, WSN is expected to have abilities
to share the sensor data across platforms and protocols with
seamless integration and provide a ubiquitous environment to
support smart environment in IoT System [1]. One proposed
solution to overcome this problem is using publish/subscribe
(pub/sub) interaction schemes with decoupling styles for the
event generators and the subscribers [2]. The pub/sub
interaction is able to be implemented in the IoT systems since
it is suited with the IoT architecture that contains service layer,
enterprise shared bus and message broker, communication,
and the physical layer [3]. From the consumer’s point of view,
two important areas of consideration for IoT devices are
energy efficiency and cost. While Wi-Fi has until recently been
significantly more expensive than 433 modules, new very low-
cost Wi-Fi modules are becoming available which makes Wi-Fi
cost effective in an IoT scenario. This paper therefore
examines the remaining factor – power consumption. The idea
_____________________________
• Diogenes Armando D. Pascua , Doctor of Engineering
Student, School of Engineering, Doctor of Engineering,
University of San Carlos -Technological Center, Cebu,
Philippines and Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering
and Architecture, University of Science and Technology of
Southern Philippines, Philippines, diogpascua@gmail.com
• Michael Lochinvar S. Abundo, Programme Integration
Manager Rolls-Royce@NTU Corporate Lab, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore
behind reducing power usage of IoT sensors and transmitters
is, if the device can rely on its own batteries and be able to last
a reasonable amount of time then the barrier of having to be
near a power source would be removed, allowing greater
flexibility and uptake. Wi-Fi is a relatively complex wireless
protocol, but recently Wi-Fi modules have become available at
low enough cost to facilitate their incorporation into IoT
devices. This offers significant advantages as many homes
now have Wi-Fi hotspots, and this combined with public
access hotspots in city centers, hotels, and transportation
means that Wi-Fi coverage is becoming ubiquitous. Using a
Wi-Fi module means that the IoT device has direct connection
to the Internet, and can for example use a web service without
requiring a hub. This simplifies both deployment and software
development. However, the complexity of Wi-Fi means that it
is far less power efficient than other more specialized wireless
technologies designed for sensors. While low power Wi-Fi is
currently being standardized, the cheap Wi-Fi modules making
low cost IoT devices possible use current Wi-Fi technology.
Power consumption is a major constraint for IoT devices, since
they are likely to have to depend on batteries. Some IoT
devices can be powered from the mains, for example a smart
power socket or central heating controller. It is interesting to
note that commercial examples of such devices often already
incorporate Wi-Fi modules. However, mobile IoT devices, such
as remote controls or smart buttons, are powered from
batteries and use alternative wireless technology such as
Bluetooth LE or 433MHz, while Zigbee offers another
alternative as a wireless protocol specifically designed for low
power sensor applications. The ubiquity of Wi-Fi means that it
has great customer acceptance and ease of deployment –
most customers should simply have to switch it on within the
home, rather than having to buy additional hub units.
Therefore, if Wi-Fi based devices could have acceptable

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battery life and reduced cost they would be of interest for
consumers. However, not much research has been done on
Wi-Fi based IoT devices as Wi-Fi is generally considered to
not be efficient enough in terms of power usage. For example,
[7], [8] and [9] focused on the Zigbee or 433 MHz aspects. In
addition to the ubiquity of Wi-Fi, it has other attractive features
if the power problem can be solved. In many applications it
has a longer range than alternative technologies, and with a
complete Internet stack built in to the module, it offers a plug
and play option for service deployment. This paper considers
the optimization of power consumption of an IoT device using
a cheap commercial Wi-Fi module to see if it is practical to use
such a module for a battery-operated Wireless Sensor
Network node for marine temperature acquisition. This work is
part of an overall study in developing a wireless sensor
network as applied for a marine protected area particularly in
monitoring its environmental conditions. We envision to
implement the use of appropriate IOT technology so as to
come up with a robust marine network with appropriate real
time response. We leverage the use of existing wireless
network employing 802.11 a/b/g/n Wi-Fi routers and
embedded clients as sensor node. This way, the setting up of
the network is much easier since the infrastructure will require
standard, proven and readily available equipment’s knowing
the ubiquity of WIFI devices and network. We use the readily
available internet protocol technology in data transmission in
monitoring Marine Protected Areas particularly the two
dimensional spatial and temporal temperature profiling of
marine environments.
2. WI-FI
Wi-Fi or Wireless Fidelity offers very high data rates -
theoretically up to 600 Mbps for the most commonly used
802.11n version controlled by Wi-Fi Alliance. A number of
different versions are available with different operating
frequencies and throughputs. The most widely adopted
version currently deployed is 802.11n, which is compatible with
early devices, albeit at lower speeds. The latest commercially
available version is 802.11ac, offering higher speeds, but also
the ability to support older devices. While useful for broadband
access within the home, in sensor networks, typical Wi-Fi data
rates are rarely used to their full potential. However, ability to
support roaming and send large amounts of information in
bursts is ideal for many applications. Range varies on
implementation but it can cover up to 200 meters [10]. HTTP is
slow and the size of HTTP header is large which make it
consume a lot of power.
3. MESSAGE QUE TELEMETRY
TRANSPORT(MQTT)
MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT)[11] was formerly developed
by IBM and then released to the open source community. The
latest standard for MQTT as of writing is version 3.1.1 and
standardized by OASIS. MQTT operates based on publish-
subscribe mechanism where a subscriber subscribes to a
topic published by a publisher to the broker. To communicate,
a publisher must first connect to the broker. After successful
connection denoted by a reply from broker, the publisher must
then register itself to the broker. After successful registration,
the client publishes the topic and message to the broker. To
end the session a disconnect packet is sent to the broker. If
there are no disconnect packets or any packet received by the
broker, the publisher will be regarded as disconnected after a
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predefined time. Registration is only done once. Subsequent
connection only needs a connect packet followed by the
publish message. Whenever a publish message to a topic was
sent, message will be sent to all subscribers of that particular
topic by the broker. Communication between publishers and
subscribers of a specific topic only occur through the broker.
Hence peer to peer communication between subscriber and
publisher in MQTT is impossible. For reliability, MQTT offered
three types of modes which are called Quality of Service
(QoS). QoS 0 mode sends a packet only one time without
requiring confirmation messages or ACK. QoS 1 mode ensure
that the message is delivered at least once by requiring an
ACK. QoS 2 mode guarantee that the message is delivered
exactly once. For MQTT, TCP is used for the transport
protocol. This means that even though QoS 0 is used which
does not require MQTT ACK responses, TCP still provide TCP
ACK for every package sent. The micropython software for
ESP8266 includes a client implementation in the umqtt
module.
4. RELATED WORK ON ENERGY
OPTIMIZATION WIRELES SENSOR NETWORKS
Previous research has looked into the power consumption
aspect of wireless technologies designed for IoT [3],[4], but
little is available on real world power consumption of current
Wi-Fi in an IoT scenario. [12] Presented a survey on the high
level taxonomy of energy management in WSNs. They
analyze deferent battery-driven energy consumption-based
schemes and energy harvesting based energy provision
schemes. Such study highlighted the recent breakthrough of
wireless energy transference to a sensor node as an
alternative to typical batteries. They proposed to consider
energy provision as well as efficient energy consumption
before proposing any energy management scheme Three
schemes where presented for Energy consumption-based
management: duty cycling, data driven approach and mobility
based. Duty cycling is where the nodes adjust their duty cycle
by alternating between sleep and wakeup modes to reduce
battery consumption. The idea is to set the node in a low
power mode when there is no data communication in
progress. In this way, energy wastage is avoided as the nodes
only wakes up when there is a need of radio transmission or
reception. Such algorithms can prolong the overall network
lifetime by utilizing the battery only when they are awake. Data
driven approaches are generally focused to reduce the
amount of sampled data while keeping sensing accuracy
within the acceptable level. Such approaches can be classified
as data reduction schemes and energy efficient data
acquisition. Mobility based energy conservation can be
achieved by considering few mobile nodes in the network.[13]
Performed a survey of optimizing energy utilization in wireless
sensor network using duty cycle approach. Duty cycling is
considered as the most effective way of improving network’s
lifetime [12]. [14] undertakes power analysis of a wireless
sensor with an SoC Wi-Fi module, with and without a separate
microcontroller optimized for low power usage which can be
used to switch the Wi-Fi module on and off. The work
compared 433MHz to an optimized Wi-Fi sensor. The work
considers the energy usage of DHCP, demonstrating that
further energy savings can be made if the application handles
IP addressing and presents a static IP address to the Wi-Fi
module.[15] Outlines the power usage of these two most
common protocols in WSN-433 MHz and Wi-Fi, and considers
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power aspects of using each protocol in an IoT setting with
experiments carried out with real world devices used in current
products. Power savings techniques were also proposed.
Based on these studies, this paper proposed the use of power
cycling optimization scheme in the operation of the wireless
sensor network.
5. METHODOLOGY
A wireless sensor node is developed using an esp8266 Wi-Fi
chip which obtains temperature reading from a ds18b20
temperature sensor. These sensors are powered by a
3800mAh Li-ion 18650 battery. A test rig is developed in order
to measure the current consumption and monitor the supply
voltage of the system as the microcontroller goes through the
different phases. This system is depicted in figures 1 and 2.
The power characteristics of the sensor node is generated
through measuring the current consumption of node at the
different phases of the operation. From these measurements,
energy consumption was calculated based on the amount of
time that the node passes through when sensor data is sent to
the sink node. Python scripts were utilized to log durations in
the different phases during one transmission cycle. From this
time durations, projected battery life was calculated.
Comparison test were done comparing the energy
performance of two transmission network schemes: One is
through an MQTT framework and the other through a Server
Client scheme via request-response transport system. An
investigation on the effect of the transmission delay to the
energy consumption were done through monitoring power
consumption as we program the microcontroller transmitting at
different time interval. Two separate tests will be done, one
using MQTT framework and the other using the client server
scheme
Fig. 1. The test rig consisting of the sensor node, multimeter
and oscilloscope for voltage and current measurements
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Fig. 2. The sensor node and the test setup components
5.1 HARDWARE SYSTEM
Each of the sensor node consist of an ESP8266 Wi-Fi System
on Chip (SOC) acting as the main controller. A DS18B20
digital temperature sensor is connected to the system for
temperature measurements. A DS1307 Real time chip is
connected to the microcontroller to provide real time to the
system. The given time base will then be used as reference for
node phases in each transmission cycle. The microcontroller is
programmed in micro python with scripts to generate
transmission cycles with time stamps embedded in each
phase. These time phases were then recorded in log files
stored in the flash memory of the microcontroller. A single cell
3800 mAH Li-ion battery powers the sensor node. A digital
multimeter is inserted between the sensor node and the
battery to monitor the current consumption in each phase of
the transmission cycle. From these measurements, the power
consumption was calculated per phase in each transmission
cycle. The voltage of the battery is monitored through an
oscilloscope to check for power sags and transients in the
battery during transmission cycles. The system setup was
depicted in Figure 2. In the actual deployment, the sensors
were enclosed in water tight plastic containers which are
mounted on top of buoy made up of PVC pipes. The
temperature sensors were immersed under the waterline via
waterproof cables. Power is taken from 3.7v 3600 mA Ultrafire
18650 size lithium ion battery. These batteries are then
charged by a 5W solar panel via a charging circuit. Figure 3
below shows the sensor node in its plastic container and
Figure 4 shows the buoy in actual deployment.
Fig. 3. The sensor node in its plastic enclosure
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5.3 POWER MEASUREMENT AND ENERGY

OPTIMIZATION
The current consumption in each phase of the transmission
cycle is recorded though the multimeter. These measurements
were reflected in Table 1. From these measurements, we
arrive at the following formulas for power consumption and
Fig. 4. The sensor node on top of a PVC buoy as it was energy consumption.
deployed in the actual marine environment TABLE 1
POWER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SENSOR NODES AT VARIOUS
5.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN STATES
The first phase of the experiment is done though the
measurement of current consumption as the sensor node
passes through one transmission cycle. One transmission
cycle consists of the following phases:
1. Connection to the access point router- here sensor
node connects to the appropriate WLAN access point
router that provides the networking capability for the
sensor network
2. Acquire Temperature Reading-at this phase the
microcontroller acquires the temperature reading from
the DS12b80 temperature sensor.
3. Send Temperature Data- at this phase, the gathered
temperature data is sent to the network via either
MQTT or Request-Respond system (1)
4. System Deep Sleep-here the sensor enters sleep (2)
mode where all the microcontroller, other peripheral
circuits and the CPU all are turned off. Where: P-Power
5. Wait for timeout period-A programmable timeout Iin-Current input
period impressed in the firmware which is actually the Vs-supply voltage
time period interval between transmissions. At this -time period (per phase)
phase the microcontroller is in sleep mode.
6. Wake Up- here the programmable timeout has The consumption in each phase was calculated based on the
elapsed and the system wakes up from the sleep amount of time the microcontroller stays on that phase. Table
mode and then connects to the access point router to 2 shows the time interval the where the system stays at a
begin a new transmission cycle. particular phase in the transmission cycle. From this we can
calculate the theoretical energy consumption in each
The sensor node was programmed to perform the above transmission cycle:
transmission phases in a transmission cycle. Figure 5 shows TABLE 2
the firmware block diagram BATTERY LIFETIME IMPROVEMENTS BETWEEN MQTT
AND SERVER CLIENT METHOD AT DIFFERENT
TRANSMISSION PERIODS

20𝑚𝑠( ) + 10𝑚𝑠( )+
15𝑚𝑠( ) + (3)

Where:
-Energy consumption in one transmission cycle
-Power in Connecting state
-Power in getting temperature phase
-Power in transmitting temp data
-Power in sleep state
Fig. 5. General Sensor Node Firmware Flowchart -sleep duration
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modes of transmission. Figures 10 and 11 shows the behavior of

In the energy consumption equation, varies based on the sensor nodes energy consumption when sleep mode is
the type of transmission protocol used. As stated in [15] the employed. From the two-transmission method, we can deduce a
theoretical total energy that the battery can deliver: typical decrease in energy consumption per cycle of around of
around six times when duty cycling is employed with the
3600𝐶 J (4) transmission period acting as the sleep interval. Using equation 5
=3600(3600m)(3.7V) as the model for the battery lifetime, we came up with the result
= 47952 J that the battery’s lifetime is independent of the transmission
period when no sleep mode is employed. Figure 12 shows that
Where: 𝐶 -battery capacity, here it is 3600mAh the battery lifetime, regardless of what transmission method
-Nominal battery voltage , here it is 3.7V utilized, is fairly constant at around 15.8 hours regardless of
transmission period. When sleep mode is employed, a steep
improvement in battery life was achieved notably at lower
transmission periods. As the transmission period increases, the
improvement in battery lifetime diminishes and approaches the
value of 680 hours (28 days). Maximum battery lifetime
improvement occurs at around 200 s transmission period with
improvement values of around 43.03 times. In between the two
modes of transmission, MQTT has a more improved battery
lifetime compared to client server method. Table 3 shows the
values of percentage battery lifetime improvement between the
two method at different transmission intervals.
Fig 7. . The MQTT network transmission Scheme

Fig 8. The client server method of data transmission

Fig 9. Comparison of MQTT vs Client-Server methods energy
The values of the lifetime of the battery is simulated through the consumption per cycle without sleep period as plotted against
use of two different transmission method: one using MQTT and transmission period
the Other one using Client Server method. Figure 7 depicts the
MQTT method of transmission while Figure 8 depicts the client
server method of transmission. In the MQTT implementation, the
following parameters have been applied:

• MQTT payload is always less than 1 Kbyte

• MQTT Quality of Service is set to 0, that is no QoS is
given by MQTT and the QoS relies only on TCP/IP
• MQTT does not use authentication
• MQTT topic are not persistent
• The initiator publishes topic every 10 seconds
• Self-recovery of lost connection is implemented
Fig 10. Comparison of MQTT mode of transmission’s energy
6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS consumption per cycle with and without sleep period as plotted
Using equation 3 as a model for power consumption, a series of against transmission period
simulations where done to determine the effects of transmission
period and sleep periods on the energy consumption in a per
transmission cycle basis. Figure 9 shows the effect of
transmission period on the energy consumption of the two
transmission methods when no sleep period is employed. We can
see that we have a linear relationship between energy
consumption and transmission periods. It is safe to deduce that in
this mode; energy consumption increases as we increase the
transmission period. A negligible difference in energy
consumption characteristics was exhibited between the two
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Fig 11. Comparison of Server-Client method of transmission’s
energy consumption per cycle with and without sleep period
as plotted against transmission period
Fig 12. Comparison of battery life for the two transmission
methods without sleep periods
Fig 13. Comparison of battery life for the two transmission
methods with sleep periods
7 CONCLUSION
We have established that through the use of duty cycling, an
improvement in battery life can be achieved as high as 48 times
though the combination of variable sleep mode interval and
transmission period. When no sleep mode is utilized, the sensor
battery lifetime can have a maximum duration of around 15 hours
regardless of the transmission cycle period. The independence of
the battery lifetime without sleep mode is attributed to the fact that
the node consumes same amount of energy during non-
transmission. Through the employment of sleep modes, a
significant increase in battery lifetime is achieved with up to 48
times compared to non-duty cycled transmission. This is
attributed to that fact that power consumption in sleep mode is
around 6.78 percent of those in idle mode. Simulation reveal a
maximum battery lifetime of 28.3 days at lower transmission rates
effectively increasing the idle time. Test results reveal MQTT
transmission can have an improvement in battery life compared
to Server-Client method of up to 34 percent at an optimized
IJSTR©2020
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ISSN 2277-8616
transmission period of 30 seconds. An optimized WSN
configuration utilizing MQTT transmission scheme proved to
extend battery life more than that of the Server-Client scheme by
up to 34 percent at an optimized transmission period of 30
seconds. It can be deduced that the design of an optimal
firmware and choice of network architecture greatly improves the
system where battery life can be extended in the longest possible
time
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