Ultrasound Machine

Ultrasound is a medical imaging technique that uses

high frequency sound waves and their echoes.

Typical diagnostic sonographic scanners operate in

the frequency range of 2 to 18 megahertz, hundreds
of times greater than the limit of human hearing.

A water-based gel is used to couple the ultrasound

between the transducer and patient for better
transmission.
Ultrasound Device Consists

Transducer Transmitter And Receive

Pulse Generator
Compensating Amplifier
 The Control Unit For Focusing
Digital Processors
Systems For Display
 Mode of operation
Four different modes of ultrasound are used in medical
imaging but also other mode of operation.

 A-mode (Amplitude)
 B- Mode (Brightness/ 2D)
 M-Mode (Motion)
 Color flow Doppler imaging
Video Presentation on Mode of ultrasound
machine
• https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JqVGgq5bE-Y

• Operation of mode of ultrasound machine

 Purpose of ultrasound machine
Examining body of internal organs like

heart and blood vessels

Liver
Gallbladder
Spleen
Pancreas
Kidneys
Bladder
Uterus
unborn child (fetus) in pregnant patients
 Benefits of Medical Ultrasound

Noninvasive (no needles or injections).

Does not use any ionizing radiation.
Provides real-time imaging.
No radiation
Low cost of the equipment
No special building.
 Working principle of ultrasound machine

 Transmits high-frequency (1 to 5 megahertz) sound pulses

into your body using a transducer probe.
 Sound waves travel into your body
 Some of the sound waves get reflected back to the probe,
 The reflected waves are picked up by the probe and relayed
to the machine.
 The machine calculates the distance from the probe to the
tissue or
 The machine displays the distances and intensities of the
echoes on the screen, forming a two and three dimensional
image through software application in each board loaded
… Continue
 Parameters in ultrasound machine

 Frequency
 Frequency refers to the number of cycles of
compressions and rarefactions in a sound wave per
second,
 Wave length
The wavelength is the distance traveled by sound in one
cycle.
 Propagation velocity
The propagation velocity is the velocity at which sound
travels through a particular tissue
 Relation
v = fl
 Piezoelectric effects

• The piezoelectric effect refers to a change in

electric polarization that is produced in certain
materials when they are subjected to
mechanical stresses
 Basics Parts of Ultrasound machine
 List parts of ultrasound machine?
 Explain function of each parts of ultrasound
machine?
Basics Parts of Ultrasound machine
 LCD/CRT
1.
Keyboard
Ultrasound machine Board
 Transducer probe
• Types
• Function ?
• Working principle ?
 Ultrasound transducer with many piezoelectric elements converts
electrical pulses from the transmitter into an acoustic/sound beam.
 This acoustic/sound beam propagates into the body, where echoes
from interfaces between tissues with different acoustic/sound
impedances are reflected back to the transducer and converted into
electrical signals by multiple transducer elements.
 Each transducer element is connected to an analog-to-digital
converter (ADC) followed by a digital beam forming channel.
 After analog signal conditioning, signals from transducer elements are
digitized by ADCs, so that digital beam forming can be performed.
 Following beam forming, demodulation is applied to remove the
carrier frequency of the received ultrasound data to extract the
complex baseband. The baseband data are passed onto the back-end of
an ultrasound system where signal and image processing for various
ultrasound modes (B mode, color Doppler, spectral Doppler and
elastography) are performed before display.
Structure of ultrasound machine Probe
 Video presentation
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=I1Bdp2tMFsY
Software
 Video presentation
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=oTUbdL5qjr0
 DICOM
 Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
(DICOM) is a standard for handling, storing,
printing, and transmitting information in medical
imaging. It includes Image file format
definition and a network communications protocol.
The communication protocol is an
application protocol that uses TCP/IP to communicate
between systems. DICOM files can be
exchanged between two entities that are capable of
receiving image and patient data in DICOM
format
 Maintenance
An actions which have the objective of
retaining or restoring broken equipment.
A state in which it can perform and
involve fixing any sort of
mechanical, plumbing, or electrical device
should it become out of order or broken.
performing routine actions which keep the
device in working order
 Generally speaking, there are two types of maintenance

1. Preventive maintenance, where equipment is

maintained before break down occurs
 Mostly called scheduled maintenance

2. Corrective maintenance, where equipment is

maintained after break down.
 Corrective maintenance is mostly used although
it is often most expensive because worn
equipment can damage other parts and cause
multiple damages.
 …. Cont.
 Plan and preparation
 Safety and precaution
 Gather information
 Observation
 Maintenance
 Maintenance procedures

• What are procedures to maintain

not function ultrasound machine?
• refer manual
 Common problem of ultrasound machine
 Voltage  Cracked board
 Socket  Grounding
 Power cable  Transduce Probe
 Cable lose connection  Board
 Fuse  LCD/Display
 Power supply board  Keyboard
 Transformer  Image distortion
 Electronics components  Software
Repair
 Proper handling of Ultrasound machine
Discuses in group

1. Ask advantages of proper handling of

ultrasound machine?
2. Suggest advantages of history file?
3. Define the performance Test?
4. Define safety and caution symbols?
5. Demonstrate yours attitude of handling of
ultrasound machine?
• End of the course
• Thank you very much