INNOVATIONS IN MEDICAL DEVICE

TECHNOLOGY THROUGH
ELECTRONICS & DSP

Er. Bujunuru Nagaraju SDBME, BTECH

Associate Professional Engineer (A.P.E.),ECI, New Delhi
Project Incharge - AP Operations
TBS INDIA Telematic and Biomedical Services Private Ltd,
TBS India Telematic and Biomedical Services Pvt Ltd
INTRODUCTION

Numerous technologies are advancing at an unimaginable rate and it is not

possible to cover all of them during the course of this presentation . This
presentation will focus on :
I. Medical device Technology – USG,ECG & Monitor
II. Medical devices used for cancer management
III. Sensors in a Patient’s Environment
IV. Innovations in Medical devices
V. Minimally invasive medicine & surgery through technology
VI. Biomedical Signal Processing
VII.Applications of Signal Processing Techniques
VIII.Biomedical Instrumentation system
IX. Example : ECG &EEG
X. Innovative thought approach
 Medical Device technology
The application of electronics and measurement principles to develop devices used in
diagnosis , monitoring and treatment of medical conditions
1

 Medical device technology - BME is the application

of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine
and biology.
 Medical devices - category
Therapeutic , Diagnostic , Analytical & Miscellaneous
 Medical devices - Function Description
Life support, Surgical & intensive care, Physical therapy
and treatment , Analytical laboratory , Accessories and
other patient related USG,ECG and Monitor...
TBS India Telematic and Biomedical Services Pvt Ltd
Medical devices used for cancer management
SESSION will continue
tomorrow
Thanks …
 What is a Sensor / Transducer

A sensor (also called detector) is a converter that measures a

physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be
read by an observer or by an (today mostly electronic
instrument).
Signals From the Source

Sensing

converting

Electronic Circuits and Devices

Output
Sensors in a Patient’s Environment

 Safety and Security in Patient’s Room

o Monitor the entrance and access to a patient’s room.

o Monitor pattern of activity with respect to devices connected to a patient.
o Protect patients from neglect, abuse, harm, tampering, movement of patient outside the
safety zone.
o Monitor visitor clothing to guarantee hygiene and prevention of infections .
 Safety and Security of the Hospital

o Monitor temperature, humidity, air quality.

o Identify obstacles for mobile stretchers.
o Protect access to FDA controlled products, narcotics, and special drugs.
o Monitor tampering with medicine, fraud in prescriptions.
o Protect against electromagnetic attacks, power outages, and discharge of biological agent.
Measures of Safety and Security

 Number of incidents per day in patient room, ward, or hospital.

 Non-emergency calls to nurses and doctors due to malfunctions, failures, or

intrusions.

 False fire alarms, smoke detectors, pagers activation.

 Wrong information, data values, lost or delayed messages.

 Timeliness, Accuracy, Precision.

Hence by Use of sensors can increase safety and security.

 The Role of Sensors in BME

Biomedical Biomechanics Cytotechnology Bioinformatics

Sensors Electronics and Histological
Engineering
Delivering
Detection

Light, Current, Heat,

Ultrasound

MRI, CT, X Ray,

ECG, EEG, EMG,
Heart Sound,
Temperature,
Blood Pressure,
Image Processing,
Signal Processing
General Types of Sensors

1, Resistor Sensors
2, Capacitor Sensors
3, Inductor Sensors
4, Potential Transformer Sensors
5, Eddy Current Sensors
6, Piezoelectric Transducers
7, Photoelectric Sensors
8, Thermoelectric Sensors
9, Thermocouple
10, Fiber Optic Sensor
11, Gas Sensors, Chemical Sensors, Biological Sensors
12, Accelerometers
 Medical Equipment
Designed to aid in the diagnosis, monitoring or treatment of medical conditions

TBS India Telematic and Biomedical Services Pvt Ltd

INNOVATION IN FLUID
DELIVERY SYSTEM
INNOVATION IN FLUID
DELIVERY SYSTEM (cont.)
Apheresis unit
INNOVATIONS IN
ANAESTHESIOLOGY
INNOVATIONS IN MEDICAL
IMAGING

Medical/Biomedical Imaging is a major segment of Medical

Devices. This area deals with enabling clinicians to directly or
indirectly "view" things not visible in plain sight (such as due
to their size, and/or location). This can involve utilizing
ultrasound, magnetism, UV, other radiology, and other means.
 INNOVATION IN Radiography
FILM RADIOGRAPHY

• In order for the image to be viewed, the film must be “developed” in a

darkroom. The process is very similar to photographic film development.
• Film processing can either be performed manually in open tanks or in an
automatic processor.
 Digital Radiography

• One of the newest forms of radiographic imaging

is “Digital Radiography”.
• Requiring no film, digital radiographic images
are captured using either special phosphor
screens or flat panels containing micro-electronic
sensors.
• No darkrooms are needed to process film, and
captured images can be digitally enhanced for
increased detail.
• Images are also easily archived (stored) when in
digital form.
 Digital Radiography (cont.)

There are a number of forms of digital

radiographic imaging including:
• Computed Radiography (CR)
• Real-time Radiography (RTR)
• Direct Radiographic Imaging (DR)
Computed Radiography
 Real-Time Radiography

• Real-Time Radiography
(RTR) is a term used to
describe a form of
radiography that allows
electronic images to be
captured and viewed in real
time.
• Because image acquisition is
almost instantaneous, X-ray
images can be viewed as the
part is moved and rotated.
 Direct Radiography
• Direct radiography (DR) is a form
of real-time radiography that uses a
special flat panel detector.
• The panel works by converting
penetrating radiation passing
through the test specimen into
minute electrical charges.
• The panel contains many micro-
electronic capacitors. The
capacitors form an electrical charge
pattern image of the specimen.
• Each capacitor’s charge is
converted into a pixel which forms
the digital image.
Innovation in surgery LIGHTS
Innovation in surgery
3D Laparoscopy
ROBOTIC SURGERY
 Minimally invasive medicine &
surgery
• Uses technology to reduce the debilitating nature of
some medical treatments.
• Minimally invasive surgery using advanced imaging
techniques that precisely locate and diagnose problems
• Virtual reality systems that immerse clinicians directly
into the procedure reduce the invasiveness of surgical
interventions
Implants

• An implant is a kind of medical device made to replace and

act as a missing biological structure (as compared with a
transplant, which indicates transplanted biomedical tissue).
The surface of implants that contact the body might be made
of a biomedical material such as titanium, silicone or apatite
depending on what is the most functional. In some cases
implants contain electronics e.g. artificial pacemaker and
cochlear implants. Some implants are bioactive, such as
subcutaneous drug delivery devices in the form of
implantable pills.
Biomedical Signal Processing
What is BMSP

• Biomedical Signal Processing: Application of

signal processing methods, such as filtering,
Fourier transform, spectral estimation and
wavelet transform, to biomedical problems, such
as the analysis of cardiac signals, the breathing
cycle,…etc.
• A broader aspect: Biomedical imaging
Biomedical Signals:
Broader Definition
• Signals as a result of physiological activities in the
body:
– Electrical and Non-electrical

• Invasive/Non-invasive interrogation of an external

field with the body
• Diagnosis and therapy
 Will focus mostly on bioelectric signal.
Outline

Bioelectrical signals:
• ECG, EEG,…etc
• Applications of signal processing techniques
– Sampling, filtering, data compression,…etc

• Non-stationary Lnature of biomedical signals like

EMG.
Other Biomedical Signals

• Electrical:
– Electroneurogram (ENG)
– Electromyogram (EMG)
– Electroretinogram (ERG)
– Electrogastrogram (EGG).
Other Non-Electrical Biomedical
Signals
• Respiratory system
– Respiratory pressure
– Gas-flow rate
– Lung volume
– Gas concentration
Applications of Signal
Processing Techniques
Sampling
• Digital analysis and presentation of biomedical
signals.
• Sampling requirements.
– Low frequencies.
– Frequency ranges of different physiological signals may be
overlapping.
– Electronic noise and interference from other physiological
signals.
– Very weak (maybe V level), the pre-amp circuit is often
very challenging.
Filtering

• Digital filters are used to keep the in-band signals

and to reject out-of-band noise.
• Low-pass, band-pass, high-pass and band-reject.
• Similar to those of other applications.
Biomedical Instrumentation system

It Involves measurement of biological signals like ECG,EEG, or any electrical

signal generated in the human body...
It
Medical Diagnosis:
Heart Attack as an Example

• Diagnosis:
– Prehospital electrocardiography (ECG).
– Continuous/serial ECG.
– Exercise stress ECG.
– Biochemical tests and biomarkers.
– Sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging.
– Echocardiography.
– Computer-based decision aids.
Medical Diagnosis: ECG
Medical Diagnosis: ECG
Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as
an Example

• Imaging:
– Ultrasound.
Electro cardiogram
46
ECG electrode placement
ECG
ECG Leads
ECG Diagnosis

• Other abnormalities:
– Myocardial infarction
– Atrial/Ventricular
enlargement
– ST segment elevation
– ……
Brain-Machine Interface
EEG: Instrument
EEG Classification
Innovative thought approach
1. What is medical
innovation?
4. Will your idea work?
The best way to predict the future is to invent it
2. Where do ideas come
from? 3. So you have an idea?
6. Taking a product or
5. Why is healthcare
service to the healthcare
different?
market
QUESTIONS ?
Thanks