TRAINING REPORT

On

“Modernize Hospital Technology System”

DEGREE

In

INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL

Submitted by:

Ashish sharma(Gin/1933571)

Submitted to

Department of Electrical &Instrumentation Engineering

SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Longowal - 148106, Distt. Sangrur (Pb.), India.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my HOD Dr. Sanjay

Marwaha, and my class counsellor Dr. Surita maini as well as our, Department
(EIE) & college (sliet) who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic modernize hospital technology system, which also helped
me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I
am really thankful to them.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL.NO.

1. Acknowledgement

2. Hospital hi-tech technology

i. Wireless brain sensor
ii. Robotic surgery
iii. Smart inhalers
iv. 3 d printing
v. Artificial organs

3. Medical equipment
i. Medical halogen penlight
ii. Stethoscope
iii. Defibrillator
iv. Dialysis
v. Sphygmomanometer
4. Hospital laboratory equipment and research

i. ECG machine
ii. ENCLOSCOPE
iii. Medical Ultrasound

iv. PIETTE

v. ELECTROLYTE ANALYSER

5. Hospital Security
a) Hospital equipment and design specifications
i. Access control system
ii. Video surveillance system
iii. Light system

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 iv. Locking system & key control
v. Barrier system
6. MEDICAL GASPIPING SYSTEM

a. Sewage treatment plant for hospitals

b. Preliminary Stage or Pretreatment
c. Primary Treatment Stage
d. Secondary Treatment Stage

➢ Design Parameters
• Flow conditions in pipe
• Min. depth for sewers
• Conclusion

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HOSPITAL HI-TECH TECHNOLOGY

1. Wireless brain sensor :

Wireless brain sensors are devices that help monitoring the temperature,
detecting the intracranial pressure, and record brain- signaling in the form of
brain waves. The essential aim of this wireless brain sensor is of securing the
person from emergency situations. The devices are primarily used for patients
experiencing conditions such as sleep disorders, traumatic brain injury,
dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurological conditions. These
devices aid in observing and monitoring the neurological deviations and
provide support for improving the cognitive functionalities. Accessibility of
these sensors is easy from a remote area through wireless connectivity and
be integrated with smart phones, tablets and computers, consequently be
monitored intermittently from a homecare environment, making the device
more cost-efficient.

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 • In the era of modern world, medicals
advances are evident everywhere.
Recently, a team of doctors,
researchers and scientists have
collaborated to create an electronic
biosensor which can be
incorporated inside a brain to
measure or determine the pH, temperature, flow rates and pressure of the
brain. Moreover, it dissolves when no longer needed without the need of any
surgical procedure. It is widely applicable in Neuroscience field as brain
trauma and injuries kill around 50,000 people per year in the USA alone.
These kinds of injuries often cause the brain to swell, which constricts the flow
of blood and oxygen, and can lead to permanent damage. So surgeons need
reliable ways of monitoring the pressure inside their patients’ head. Earlier,
sensors that existed were usually large, heavy and solid, thus had to be
removed once the patient recovered. But bioresorbable wireless brain sensors
are light, handy and could be easily inserted inside the brain to monitor
intracranial pressure and temperature. Once the implantable device is not
needed, it is absorbed by the body, eliminating the need of surgically
removing the device.

2. Robotic surgery:

Robotic surgery, or robot-assisted surgery, allows doctors to perform many types

of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility and control than is possible
with the help of conventional techniques. Robotic surgery is usually associated
with minimally invasive surgery — procedures have performed through tiny
incisions. It is also sometimes used in certain traditional open surgical
procedures. Robotic surgery has been rapidly adopted by hospitals in the United
States and Europe for use in the treatment of a wide range of conditions.

The most widely used clinical robotic surgical system includes a camera arm and
mechanical arms with surgical instruments attached to them. The surgeon controls

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the arms while seated at a computer console near the operating table. The console
gives the surgeon a high-definition, magnified, 3-D view of the surgical site. The
Surgeon leads other team members who assist during the operation.

3. Smart inhalers:
Smart inhalers are inhalers, which can be connected to multiple devices to
take the patients' health updates on daily basis especially for the people who
have respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD these diseases. It has
sensors which reminds about the daily dosage and how much can actually
take. 'Smart' inhalers are inhalers with extra digital features – they link to an

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 app on your phone or tablet to help you and your doctor manage your asthma
better. They are all designed to automatically track how often you're using
your inhaler, so you don't need to keep your own records.

Smart inhalers use Bluetooth technology to detect inhaler use, remind

patients when to take their medication and gather data to help guide care.
They have the potential to improve patients’ adherence to asthma therapies
and keep their condition under control, but it is clear they need to be designed
with health systems and patients in mind so that they can offer maximum
benefit. The world's first smart inhaler was recently approved by the FDA.
Teva's ProAir Digihaler (albuterol sulfate) is being introduced to the United
States market through as NDA application, and it will join Proteus Digital
Health as being a potential game changer for digital medicines. The ProAir
Digihaler is built on the RespiClick inhaler formulation. It has a sensor that
tracks when it is used in real-time and syncs this data to a mobile app.The
patient will use an app to scan a QR code at the top of the inhaler, which will
sync the inhaler to the app. The ProAir Digihaler can actually determine how
well the patient uses it, as the sensor measures a breath actuation and sees
how well a patient inhales, giving them a rating.

4. 3 d printing:
3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three
dimensional solid objects from a digital file.3D printing, or additive

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 manufacturing, is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD
model or a digital 3D model. The term "3D printing" can refer to a variety of
processes in which material is joined or solidified under computer control to
create a threedimensional object, with material being added together (such as
liquid molecules or powder grains being fused together), typically layer by
layer.

A few examples: – consumer products (eyewear, footwear, design, furniture)

– Industrial products (manufacturing tools, prototypes, functional end-use

parts)

– Dental products

– Prosthetics

– Architectural scale models & maquettes

Medical 3D printing is a form of art because experts can use radiology equipment to
digitally change the patient’s anatomy, and then create a new physical version of the

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patient.

5. Artificial organs:
An artificial organ is a human made organ device or tissue that is implanted or
integrated into a human — interfacing with living tissue — to replace a natural
organ, to duplicate or augment a specific function or functions so the patient
may return to a normal life as soon as possible. The replaced function does
not have to be related to life support, but it often is. For example, replacement
bones and joints, such as those found in hip replacements, could also be
considered artificial organs. Artificial organs comprise complex medical
devices that have active mechanical or biochemical functions such as heart,
lung, kidney, liver, pancreas, or neurosensory organs. Artificial organs can be
either surgically implanted or extra corporeal.

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 The first real breakthrough in artificial organ design came in 1982, with Jarvik-
the first fully functioning artificial heart to be successfully implanted in a human. The
medical researcher, Robert Jarvik, and inventor Willem Kolff are credited with the
design of Jarvik-7.

MEDICAL EQUIPMENT

1. Medical halogen penlight:-

A penlight is a small flashlight in the shape of a pen. A penlight usually uses a small
light known as an "LED" (Light Emitting Diode) but it can also use a small lightbulb
made just for small flashlights.

The LED lights up when power is run through it. Making the penlight light up is as
simple as pressing a button, or screwing the end on tighter so it makes contact with
the batteries.

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Most of the time, penlights use two or three AAA or AAAA batteries. AAAA are a
newer, thinner type of battery, most commonly found in small electronics.Penlights
can be made out of plastic or metal, and can be any color. They most often have a

little clip, to hold it on your shirt or something.

Penlight
2 . Stethoscope :-

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The stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to
internal sounds of an animal or human body. It typically has a small disc-shaped
resonator that is placed against the skin, and one or two tubes connected to two
earpieces. A stethoscope can be used to listen to the sounds made by the heart,
lungs or intestines, as well as blood flow in arteries and veins. In combination with a
manual sphygmomanometer, it is commonly used when measuring blood pressure.

Less commonly, "mechanic's stethoscopes", equipped with rod shaped chest pieces,
are used to listen to internal sounds made by machines (for example, sounds and
vibrations emitted by worn ball bearings), such as diagnosing a malfunctioning
automobile engine by listening to the sounds of its internal parts. Stethoscopes can
also be used to check scientific vacuum chambers for leaks and for various other
small-scale acoustic monitoring tasks.

A stethoscope that intensifies auscultatory sounds is called a phonendoscope

3Dprinted

A 3D-printed stethoscope

A 3D-printed stethoscope is an open-source medical device meant for

auscultation and manufactured via means of 3D printing. The 3D stethoscope was
developed by Dr. Tarek Loubani and a team of medical and technology specialists.
The 3D-stethoscope was developed as part of the Glia project, and its design is
open source from the outset. The stethoscope gained widespread media coverage
in Summer 2015.

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3 . Defibrillators: -

Defibrillator

Defibrillation is a treatment for life -threatening cardiac dysrhythmias,

specifically ventricular fibrillation (VF) and non-perfusing ventricular tachycardia (VT).

A defibrillator delivers a dose of electric current (often called a counter-shock) to the
heart. Although not fully understood, this process depolarizes a large amount of the
heart muscle, ending the dysrhythmia. Subsequently, the body's natural pacemaker
in the sinoatrial node of the heart is able to re-establish normal sinus rhythm. A heart
which is in asystole (flatline) cannot be restarted by a defibrillator, but would be
treated by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

In contrast to defibrillation, synchronized electrical cardioversion is an electrical

shock delivered in synchrony to the cardiac cycle. ]Although the person may still be
critically ill, cardioversion normally aims to end poorly perfusing cardiac
dysrhythmias, such as supraventricular tachycardia.

Defibrillators can be external, transvenous, or implanted (implantable

cardioverterdefibrillator), depending on the type of device used or needed. Some
external units, known as automated external defibrillators (AEDs), automate the

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diagnosis of treatable rhythms, meaning that lay responders or bystanders are able
to use them successfully with little or no training.
4. Dialysis:-

Dialysis is the process of removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from the
blood in people whose kidneys can no longer perform these functions naturally. This
is referred to as renal replacement therapy.

Dialysis is used in patients with rapidly developing loss of kidney function, called
acute kidney injury (previously called acute renal failure), or slowly worsening kidney
function, called Stage 5 chronic kidney disease (previously called chronic kidney
failure, end-stage renal disease, and end-stage kidney disease).

Dialysis is used as a temporary measure in either acute kidney injury or in those

awaiting kidney transplant and as a permanent measure in those for whom a
transplant is not indicated or not possible.

In Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, dialysis is paid for
by the government for those who are eligible. The first successful dialysis was
performed in 1943.

In research laboratories, dialysis technique can also be used to separate molecules

based on their size. Additionally, it can be used to balance buffer between a sample
and the solution "dialysis bath" or "dialysate” that the sample is in. For dialysis in a
laboratory, a tubular semipermeable membrane made of cellulose acetate or
nitrocellulose is used. Pore size is varied according to the size separation required
with larger pore sizes allowing larger molecules to pass through the membrane.
Solvents, ions and buffer can diffuse easily across the semipermeable membrane,

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but larger molecules are unable to pass through the pores. This can be used to
purify proteins of interest from a complex mixture by removing smaller proteins and
molecules.
5 . Sphygmomanometer :-

A sphygmomanometer, also known as a blood pressure meter, blood pressure

monitor, or blood pressure gauge, is a device used to measure blood pressure,
composed of an inflatable cuff to collapse and then release the artery under the cuff
in a controlled manner, and a mercury or aneroid manometer to measure the
pressure. It is always used with a means to determine at what pressure blood flow is
just starting, and at what pressure it is unimpeded. Manual sphygmomanometers are
used with a stethoscope.

A sphygmomanometer consists of an inflatable cuff, a measuring unit (the mercury

manometer, or aneroid gauge), and a mechanism for inflation which may be a
manually operated bulb and valve or a pump operated electrically.

Digital meters employ oscillometric measurements and electronic calculations rather

than auscultation. They may use manual or automatic inflation, but both types are
electronic, easy to operate without training, and can be used in noisy environments.
They measure systolic and diastolic pressures by oscillometric detection, employing
either deformable membranes that are measured using differential capacitance, or
differential piezo résistance, and they include a microprocessor. They accurately

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measure mean blood pressure and pulse rate, while systolic and diastolic pressures
are obtained less accurately than with manual meters, ] and calibration is also a
concern. Digital oscillometric monitors may not be advisable for some patients, such
as those suffering from arteriosclerosis, arrhythmia, preeclampsia, pulses alternant,

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and pulses paradoxus, as their calculations may not correct for these
conditions, and in these cases, an analog sphygmomanometer is preferable
when used by a trained person.

Digital instruments may use a cuff placed, in order of accuracy and inverse
order of portability and convenience, around the upper arm, the wrist, or a
finger. Recently, a group of researchers at Michigan State University
developed a smartphone based device that uses oscillometry to estimate blood
pressure. The oscillometric method of detection used gives blood pressure
readings that differ from those determined by auscultation, and vary according
to many factors, such as pulse pressure, heart rate and arterial stiffness,
although some instruments are claimed also to measure arterial stiffness, and
some can detect irregular heartbeats.

HOSPITAL LABORATORY EQUIPMENT & RESEARCH

1. ECG MACHINE:-

Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram(ECG or

EKG).It is a graph of voltage versus time of the electrical activity of the heart using

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electrodes placed on the skin. These electrodes detect the small electrical changes
that are a consequence of cardiac muscle depolarization followed by repolarization
during each cardiac cycle (heartbeat). Changes in the normal ECG pattern occur in
numerous cardiac abnormalities, including cardiac rhythm disturbances (such as
atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia), inadequate coronary artery blood flow
(such as myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction), and electrolyte
disturbances (such as hypokalemia and hyperkalemia).

In a conventional 12-lead ECG, ten electrodes are placed on the patient's limbs and
on the surface of the chest. The overall magnitude of the heart's electrical potential is
then measured from twelve different angles ("leads") and is recorded over a period
of time (usually ten seconds). In this way, the overall magnitude and direction of the
heart's electrical depolarization is captured at each moment throughout the cardiac
cycle.

There are three main components to an ECG: the P wave, which represents the
depolarization of the atria; the QRS complex, which represents the depolarization of
the ventricles; and the T wave, which represents the repolarization of the ventricles.

During each heartbeat, a healthy heart has an orderly progression of depolarization

that starts with pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node, spreads throughout the atrium,
and passes through the atrioventricular node down into the bundle of His and into the
Purkinje fibers, spreading down and to the left throughout the ventricles. This orderly
pattern of depolarization gives rise to the characteristic ECG tracing. To the trained
clinician, an ECG conveys a large amount of information about the structure of the
heart and the function of its electrical conduction system. Among other things, an
ECG can be used to measure the rate and rhythm of heartbeats, the size and
position of the heart chambers, the presence of any damage to the heart's muscle
cells or conduction system, the effects of heart drugs, and the function of implanted
pacemakers.

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2. ENCLOSCOPE:-

An endoscope is an illuminated optical, typically slender and tubular instrument (a

type of borescope) used to look deep into the body and used in procedures called an
endoscopy. Endoscopes use tubes, which are only a few millimeters thick to transfer
illumination in one direction and high-resolution images in real time in the other
direction, resulting in minimally invasive surgeries. "Endo" is Greek for "within" while
"scope" comes from the Greek word "skopos" meaning to target or look out. It is
used to examine the internal organs like the throat or esophagus. Specialized
instruments are named after their target organ.

Examples include the cystoscope (bladder), nephroscope (kidney), bronchoscope

(bronchus), arthroscope (joints) and colonoscope (colon), and laparoscope
(abdomen or pelvis). They can be used to examine visually and diagnose, or assist
in surgery such as an arthroscopy.

For non-medical uses, similar instruments are called borescopes. In recent times
electronic borescopes have become widely and cheaply (~$10) available and are
often advertised as endoscopes.

3. MEDICAL ULTRASOUND:-

Medical ultrasound (also known as diagnostic sonography or ultrasonography)

is a diagnostic imaging technique, or therapeutic application of ultrasound. It is used
to create an image of internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints,
blood vessels, and internal organs. Its aim is often to find a source of a disease or to

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exclude pathology. The practice of examining pregnant women using ultrasound is
called obstetric ultrasound, and was an early development and application of clinical
ultrasonography.

Ultrasound of carotid artery

Ultrasound are sound waves with frequencies which are higher than those audible
to
humans (>20,000 Hz). Ultrasonic images, also known as sonograms, are made by
sending pulses of ultrasound into tissue using a probe. The ultrasound pulses echo
off tissues with different reflection properties and are recorded and displayed as an
image.

Many different types of images can be formed. The most common is a B-mode
image (Brightness), which displays the acoustic impedance of a two-dimensional
crosssection of tissue. Other types can display blood flow, motion of tissue over time,
the location of blood, the presence of specific molecules, the stiffness of tissue, or
the anatomy of a three-dimensional region.

Compared to other dominant methods of medical imaging, ultrasound has several

advantages. It provides images in real-time and is portable and can be brought to the
bedside. It is substantially lower in cost than other imaging modalities and does not
use harmful ionizing radiation. Drawbacks include various limits on its field of view,
such as the need for patient cooperation, dependence on physique, difficulty imaging
structures behind bone and air or gases,[note 1] and the necessity of a skilled operator,
usually a trained professional.

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4. PIETTE:-

A pipette (sometimes-spelled pipet) is

a
laboratory tool commonly used in chemistry, biology and medicine to transport a
measured volume of liquid, often as a media dispenser. Pipettes come in several
designs for various purposes with differing levels of accuracy and precision, from
single piece glass pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes. Many
pipette types work by creating a partial vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber
and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw up and dispense liquid. Measurement
accuracy varies greatly depending on the style.

Calibration

Pipette recalibration is an important consideration in laboratories using these

devices. It is the act of determining the accuracy of a measuring device by
comparison with NIST traceable reference standards. Pipette calibration is essential
to ensure that the instrument is working according to expectations and as per the
defined regimes or work protocols. Pipette calibration is considered to be a complex
affair because it includes many elements of calibration procedure and several
calibration protocol options as well as makes and models of pipettes to consider.

Posture and Injuries

Proper pipetting posture is the most important element in establishing good

ergonomic work practices. During repetitive tasks such as pipetting, maintaining
body positions that provide a maximum of strength with the least amount of muscular
stress is important to minimize the risk of injury. A number of common pipetting
techniques have been identified as potentially hazardous due to biomechanical

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stress factors. Recommendations for corrective pipetting actions, made by various
US governmental agencies and ergonomics experts, are presented below.

5.ELECTROLYTEANALYSER:-

Electrolytes play multiple roles in the maintenance of body functions such as

sustaining proper body Ph, regulating function of the heart and other muscles, and
participating in enzymatic functions. Electrolytic imbalances can result in congestive
heart failure, diabetes insipidus, and kidney diseases. For these reasons, electrolytic
analysis is a key factor in patient diagnosis and treatment.

Electrolyte analyzers measure electrolytes in serum, plasma and urine. Major

components of an electrolyte analyzer are – reagents, electrode module, peristaltic
pump, and sample probe. Automated systems feature comprehensive test menu, a
high throughput as well as STAT testing.

The most common methods of analysis are – Flame Emission Photometry (FEP) and
Ion Selective Electrode (ISE). Flame Photometry can be used to measure Na+, K+
and Li+.’

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It provides an indirect measurement, while ISE methods offer direct measurements.
Most analyzers use ISE technology to make electrolyte measurements.

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Four models of Medica’s EasyLyte electrolyte analyzers that use ISE technology are:

• EasyLyte Na+/K+
• EasyLyte PLUS Na+/K+/Cl- • EasyLyte Lithium Na+/K+/Li+

• EasyLyte Calcium Na+/K+/Ca++/pH

When it comes to the AVL 9180 analyzer model, this is a fully automatic system that
measures sodium, potassium and chloride. Yes/ No keys in the device can perform all
functions, including sample measurement data input, programming and quality control
testing. The measuring chamber consists of the movable left locking device that holds
the electrode in place. Three different electrodes used are sodium, potassium, chloride
and a reference electrode.

Laboratories should make sure to choose an analyzer that suits their setting’s present
and future testing requirements and performance needs. Also, consider the degree of
linearity, stability, precision and specificity of the device. Purchasing the device from a
reliable laboratory equipment supplier will ensure efficient post-sales support including
installation, repair and maintenance.

HOSPITAL SECURITY

Hospital equipment and design specifications:-

1. Access control system-

The term access control refers to the practice of restricting entrance to a property, a
building, or a room to authorized persons. Physical access control can be achieved by a
human (a guard, bouncer, or receptionist), through mechanical means such as locks and
keys, or through technological means such as access control systems like the mantrap.
An access control system determines who is allowed to enter or exit, where they are
allowed to exit or enter, and when they are allowed to enter or exit.

Components of an access control system include:

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 • An access control panel (also known as a controller)
• An access-controlled entry, such as a door, turnstile, parking gate, elevator, or
other physical barrier

• A reader installed near the entry. (In cases where the exit is also controlled, a
second reader is used on the opposite side of the entry.)

• Locking hardware, such as electric door strikes and electromagnetic locks

• A magnetic door switch for monitoring door position.
• Request-to-exit (REX) devices for allowing egress. When a REX button is pushed,
or the motion detector detects motion at the door, the door alarm is temporarily
ignored while the door is opened. Exiting a door without having to electrically
unlock the door is called mechanical free egress. This is an important safety
feature. In cases where the lock must be electrically unlocked on exit, the request-
to-exit device also unlocks the door.

2. Video surveillance system:

In hospitals and healthcare facilities, video surveillance is an effective tool not only for
increasing security, but also for controlling costs. Surveillance cameras can work to
protect hospital employees and patients from security breaches, and provide valuable
visual evidence that can be used to increase productivity and prevent dishonest claims.
IP video technology is providing hospitals with added flexibility in their video surveillance
installations, while offering benefits such as remote video monitoring and more effective
storage capabilities.
Benefits of Hospital Video Surveillance:

• Increase overall security and safety – Security cameras positioned throughout a

hospital help to prevent crimes and break-ins and also allow operators to watch
for troubled patients and monitor for unauthorized visitors in restricted areas.

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• Improve worker productivity – The presence of surveillance cameras on the
premises can improve communication between hospital departments or buildings,
allowing for heightened productivity.

• Prevent dishonest claims – In instances where patients or visitors falsely attest to

injuring themselves on hospital property, visual evidence from the facility's
security cameras can disprove such assertions, saving the hospital from pricey
unwarranted insurance claims.

• Resolve employee disputes – Employee disputes are easily resolved when clear
visual proof is available. Surveillance cameras can shed light on incidents in
question.

• Continuous real-time monitoring – IP surveillance allows authorized hospital

employees to monitor critical areas continuously, in real time, from their personal
computers.

3. Light system: In hospital settings, there are many visual tasks with unique
lighting demands. Therefore the lighting should be designed to achieve high
efficiency, hygiene, safety, and well-being of medical staff and patients. Hospital
staff works under high-stress conditions. Proper lighting is required for them to
perform meticulous tasks that might mean life or death for patients. If surgeons
don’t see the inside of a patient’s body correctly, for example, fatal mistakes could
occur. At the same time, lighting plays a crucial role in patients’ recovery
progress; proper lighting improves sleep, reduces depression, and balances the
body’s circadian rhythm. In many cases, patients stay for long in hospitals
because of poor ward lighting.

The critical requirements for proper lighting in a hospital include:

• High visual performance: Health workers need to be able to see
what they are doing with speed and accuracy

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 • Visual comfort: The lighting should guarantee the psychological and
physiological well-being of staff and patients.

• Safety: Hospital lighting should help to achieve high safety

standards and aid in the discernment of dangers inherent in that
environment.

• Halogen lamps with filters are used to achieve a natural-like kind of

light in the OR. They are 12 v bulbs with a color temperature of
about 4200 +/- 300 degrees K.

4. Locking system & key control: Safety is an essential condition in healthcare

environments and even more, when it comes to medicine protection. Hospitals
and healthcare institutions increasingly face a reality of workplace violence,
attacks on patients, and threats to doctors and other support staff. When these
types of conflicts arise, there is an urgent need to lock the facility down quickly.
Security professionals and their teams need access control options that allow
lockdowns to occur at the touch of a button. iLOQ S10 was the world’s first
electronic locking system to generate energy for unlocking from the motion of
inserting a key. With no batteries to be replaced, locks and keys are always
operational and maintenance costs are significantly reduced. The new features
and benefits offered by the environmentally friendly next-generation iLOQ S5
ensure state-of-the-art security, efficient access management, minimized lifecycle
costs and a healthy boost to the value of your property.

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 5. Barrier system: Barriers to health services include:
• High cost of care
• Inadequate or no insurance coverage
• Lack of availability of services
• Lack of culturally competent care

These barriers to accessing health services lead to:

• Unmet health needs
• Delays in receiving appropriate care
• Inability to get preventive services
• Financial burdens
• Preventable hospitalizations

MEDICAL GAS PIPING SYSTEM:

The medical gases used in a hospital are life-supporting element that gives direct
influence in maintaining the life of a patient. Therefore, at the sections where the
medical gases are used, the medical gas must be clean, highly pure and supplied
under stable pressure.Our medical gas system has cleared those regulations and
standards as well as passing our strict company standard. The system has a
thoroughgoing color coordination according to the kind of gas, an audio-visual
monitoring system capable of checking the situation, and a device to prevent cross
connection at medical gas outlet based on the concept, "more safely" and "more
securely".

a) Sewage Treatment Plant for Hospitals

In recent years, hospitals are significant consumers of water per day and
generation of multiple amount wastewater from the hospitals has been

29
 increasing as a result of development in medical field. Sewage from hospitals
which contains infectious and hazardous pollutants should be treated before
its discharge into the drain.

b) Preliminary Stage or Pretreatment: As a first stage, preliminary treatment

process is essential in most of the sewage treatment plant (STP). It removes
items such as sticks, rags and other large debris and heavy inorganic solids
contained in the hotel influent through bar screens. Removal of these materials
protects plant’s equipments from damage. The inorganic settled is called as grit
which is removed using grit chamber

c) Primary Treatment Stage: This is the second step in sewage treatment system.
Physical separation of solids and greases from wastewater is done in this stage.
Now, water flows into primary filter or clarifiers for few hours to allow solid
particles to settle down and lighter particles will float to the top will be skimmed off
from the tank. The settled solid is called as primary sludge or primary effluent
contains about 60-70% of solids. Partly treated wastewater is now subjected to
next treatment level.

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d) Secondary Treatment Stage: It is a biological treatment process removes
dissolved inorganic materials present in soluble and colloidal form from the
wastewater. Here, bacteria are used convert the colloidal and dissolved organic
matter. Now the partially treated wastewater from primary tank flows into the
aeration tank and air is supplied through air blower to provide oxygen for
microbes. When wastewater flows into secondary clarifier, where solids settle
down which is called as secondary sludge and part of it is recycled for activated
sludge process and remaining is mixed with primary sludge which will be send
to sludge digestion tank and then disposes off. This stage removes about 90%
of inorganic solids.

11.1. Design Parameters

a) Velocity
Minimum velocity at peak = 0.60 m/sec
Maximum velocity at peak = 3.00 m/sec
b) Peak Factor = 3 times the average
flow
c) Interception factor = 0.80
d) Manning Constant = 0.011 (for uPVC pipes)
e) Design Equation = Manning Equation.
11.1.1. Flow conditions in pipe

Pipes upto 250 mm dia = 50% full running.

Pipes from 400-900 mm dia = 67% full running.

11.1.2. Min. depth for sewers

For branches = 1 M.

For lateral, main & trunk sewers = 1.5 M. / as per required

gradient

a. Type of Distribution

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 Sewer flow shall be by gravity up to the final disposal
point. The external sewer shall be connected to
centralized sewage treatment plant.

b. Kitchen Effluent

Kitchen waste shall be passed through grease trap / oil

separator before discharging in to the external sewer
line.

c. Manholes

The manholes are to be constructed with brick

masonry as per standard specifications of NBC 2016
and shall have details as follows:

i. Rectangular manhole of size 900 x 800 mm up to 0.89 metre

depth.

ii. Circular manhole of size 910 mm dia for 0.9 to 1.64 metre
depth.

iii. Circular manhole of size 1220 mm dia for above 1.65 to 2.29
metre depth

iv. Circular manhole of size 1520 mm dia for above 2.3 metre
depth.

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 Conclusion

This study shows that despite well-structured hospital health care programs for
elderly people, unmet health needs are still present in primary care setting. The
detection of these needs in low-resourced settings are an important problem for
family.

By this study we identify the medical instruments, healthcare technologies, design &
controls system and waste system managements which is required for the
modernzise hospital catalyst system for modern hospital.

hospitals form an integral component of local health-care delivery systems, providing

care closer to people’s homes and addressing challenges arising from service
fragmentation. They have the potential to assume a more strategic role as hubs for
care integration locally, although this will depend on the specific context within which
they are implemented. This multimethod study comprised, first, a synthesis of the
literature on models of community hospitals in india and other high-income countries.

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The aim of study is to provide conclusions leading to recommendations of the potentials
for better services in public hospitals.

THANK YOU

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