SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY

PRACTICAL NUMBER 1&2

OF
COMPUTER NETWORKS

Submitted By: - Submitted To: -

Pranat inder handa Ms. Ravinder Kaur
GCS-1930055
 Experiment 1

AIM: - Introduction to Local Area Network with its cables, connectors and topologies.
Apparatus Required: - Cables, connectors and topologies.
Hardware Required: -PC, connector, LAN Cable, LAN Trainer Kit LAN Card Cable, Connectors, HUB,
Switch, and Crimping Tools.

Software Required: - Visual Studio.net, Windows 2003 server/Windows 2000 server

Theory: -

Network: -
A network as a “group of computers and associated devices that are connected by communications facilities.” A
network provides two principle benefits: the ability to communicate and the ability to share.

LAN: -
A LAN supports fast, low-error data transfer on a physical network infrastructure that covers a small, limited
geographic area, such as within a single building or on a single floor of a building.

Network Topologies: -

 A topology refers to the manner in which the cable is run to individual workstations on the network.
 The configurations formed by the connections between devices on a LAN or between two or more LANs.
 There are three basic network topologies: the bus, the star and the ring.
 It is important to make a distinction between a topology and architecture.

A topology is concerned with the physical arrangement of the network components.

In contrast, an architecture addresses the components themselves and how a system is structured (cables, access
methods, lower level protocols, topology, etc.). an example of architecture is 10baseT Ethernet which typically uses
the star topology.
Bus Topology: - A bus topology connects each computer to a single segment trunk. A trunk is a communication line,
typically coaxial cable, that is referred to as the ‘bus’. The signal travels from one end of the bus to the other. A
terminator is required at each end to absorb the signal so it does not reflect back across the bus.

 In a bus topology, signals are broadcast to all stations. Each computer checks the address on the signal as
it passes along the bus. If the signal’s address matches that of the computer, the computer processes the
signal. If the address doesn’t match, the computer takes no action nd the signal travels on down the bus.
 Only one computer can ‘talk’ on a network at a time. A media access method called CSMA/CD is used to
handle the collisions that occur when two signals are placed on the wire at the same time.
 The bus topology is passive. In other words, the computers on the bus simply ‘listen’ for a signal; they are
not responsible for moving the signal along.
 A bus topology is normally implemented with coaxial cable.

Output:

Star Topology:

 All of the stations in a star topology are connected to a central unit called a hub.
- The hub offers a common connection for all stations on the network. Each station has its own
direct cable connection to the hub. In most cases, this means more cable is required than for a
bus topology. However, this makes adding on moving computes a relatively easy task; simply
plug them into a cable outlet on the wall.
 If a cable is cut, it only affects the computer that was attached to it. This eliminates the single point
of failure problem associated with the bus topology.
 Star topologies are normally implemented using twisted pair cable, specifically unshielded twisted
pair cable. The star topology is probably the most common form of network topology currently in
use.

Output:

Ring Topology: -
  A ring topology consists of a set of stations connected serially by cable. In other words, it’s a circle or ring of
computers. There are no terminated ends to the cable; the signal travels around the circle in a clockwise
direction.
 Note that while this topology functions logically as ring, it is physically wired as a star. The central connector
is not called a hub but a Multistation Access Unit.
 Under the ring concept, a signal is transferred sequentially via a “token” from one station to the next. When
a station wants to transmit, it “grabs” the token, attaches data and an address to it, and then sends it around
the ring. The token travels along the ring until it reaches the destination address. The receiving computer
acknowledges receipt with a return message to the sender. The sender then releases the token for use by
another computer.

Each station on the ring has equal access but only one station can talk at a time.

Output:

Cabling: -

 Coaxial Cable
- Thinnet looks like regular TV cable. It is about ¼ inch in diameter and is very flexible and easy
to work with.
- Thicknet is about 1/2 inch in diameter and not very flexible. Thicknet is older and not very
common anymore except as a backbone within and between buildings. Coax transmits at 10
Mbps.
 Twisted Pair looks like telephone wire and consist of insulated strands of copper wire twisted
together. There are two versions of twisted pair cable:
- Shielded twisted pair is commonly used in Token Ring Networks.
- Unshielded twisted pair is used in Ethernet networks. Transmission rates vary between 10-
100-1000-10000 Mbps.
 Fiber-Optic Cable consists of a thin cylinder of glass surrounded by glass cladding, encased in
protective outer sheath. Fiber-Optic cable is very fast. It can transmit over long distances but is
expensive.

Output:
 Experiment 2

AIM: - Installation of Switch. Hub their cascading and network mapping.

Hardware required: - PC, connecter, LAN Cable, LAN Trainer Kit LAN Card Cable, Connectors,
HUB, Switch, and Crimping Tools.

Theory: -

The Model S71650 16-port Switch is a 16-port 10/100Mbps Fast Ethernet switch. This switch supports the
advanced features for current switch design. This switch can auto detect 10/100Mbps speed, full/half
duplex mode, MDI/MDI-X connection and provides an option for one 100BaseFX expansion module port.
This feature provides the user a simple way to complete the network connection with the switch.

The Model S71650 16-port Switch provides console management functions. You can configure VLAN,
trucking and port configuration from the console which provides more flexible network management and
configuration functions.

The Model S71650 16-port Switch supports 4 priority transmit queues per port and long Ethernet packets
of up to 1522 bytes for QoS function for advanced network applications.

i) Package Contents
 One 16-port Switch
 One AC power cord
 Two rack-mount kits and screws
 This user's guide
 One console cable

INSTALLATION: -

Where to Place the 16-port Switch.

This 16-port Switch can be placed on a flat surface (your desk, shelf or table).

Place the 16-port Switch at a location with these connection considerations in mind:

 The switch configuration does not break the rules.

  The switch is accessible and cables can be connected easily to it.
 The cables connected to the switch are away from sources of electrical interference such as
radio, computer monitor, and light fixtures.
 There is sufficient space surrounding the switch to allow for proper ventilation (the switch may not
function according to specifications beyond the temperature range of 0 to 50 degrees C).

You can also install this 16-port Switch in a 19" rack with rack-mount kits.

Configure the Network Connection: -

 Connecting Devices to the 16-port Switch Use Category 3 or 5 twisted-pair Ethernet cable when
connecting 10BaseT devices to the switch (cable pin assignments defined in Appendix A).
 Use Category 5 (straight-through) twisted-pair Ethernet cable when connecting 100BaseTX
devices to the switch (cable specifications defined in Appendix B).
 Always limit the cable distance to 100 meters (328 ft) as defined by IEEE specification.
 If your switch has a FX port, you can connect long distance fiber-optic cable to the switch.
 Because this switch supports Auto MDI/MDI-X detection, you can use normal straight through
cable for both workstation connection and hub/switch cascading.

Connecting to another Ethernet Switch/ Hub: -

This 16-port Switch can be connected to existing 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps hubs/switches. Because all of
the TP ports on the 16-port Switch are Auto MDI/MDI-X, you can connect from any TP port of the 16-
port Switch to the MDI or MDI-X port of another hub/switch with Straight Through or crossover cables.

Application Example:

A switch can be used to overcome the hub-to-hub connectivity limitations as well as improve the
overall network performance. Switches make intelligent decisions about where to send network traffic
based on the destination address of the packet. As a result, the switch can significantly reduce
unnecessary traffic.

The example below demonstrates the switch ability to segment the network. The number of nodes on
each segment is reduced thereby minimizing network contention (collisions) and boosting the
available bandwidth per port.