BIOMEDICAL SIGNALS-ANALYSIS

AND ARTIFACTS
Dr. B.Leela Kumari

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 CONTENTS-1
 Introduction to Bio Medical signals
 Classification of signals and noise
 Spectral analysis
 Biomedical systems
 Biomedical Signal Acquisition
 Biomedical Signal Analysis Techniques
 Biomedical Signal Processing

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 CONTENTS-2
 Characteristics of EEG
 Analysis of EEG signals
 Characteristics of ECG
 Analysis of ECG signals
 Classification of Artefacts
 Artefacts removal techniques
 Conclusions

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 The Nature of Biomedical Signals
• The living organism made up of many
component system and each system is made
up of several subsystems that carry on many
physiological processes.
• Nervous system
• Cardiovascular system
• Musculoskeletal system
• Each system carries on many physiological
processes
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• Most physiological processes are accompanied
by or manifest themselves as signals that
reflect their nature and activities.
– Signals: biochemical, electrical, physical

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• The types of biomedical signals
Biochemical
• Hormones
• Neurotransmitters
Electrical
• Potential
• Current
Physical
• Pressure
• Temperature

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 Introduction
What is a signal?
Signal is a time varying physical phenomen on which is
intended to convey information.

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 Noise is also a signal, but the information
conveyed by noise is unwanted hence it is
considered as undesirable.

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• Examples of signal include:
• Electrical signals
– Voltages and currents in a circuit
• Acoustic signals
– Acoustic pressure (sound) over time
• Mechanical signals
– Velocity of a car over time
• Video signals
-Intensity level of a pixel (camera, video) over time
• Bio medical Signals
- ECG, EMG etc
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 Introduction to Biomedical Signals
• What is bio signal?
Any signal transduced from a biological or
medical source could be called a bio signal.
• Examples:electrocardiogram (ECG)
electroencephalogram (EEG)
electroneurogram (ENG)
electromyogram (EMG)
electroretinogram (ERG)
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 Sensing of Biological Signals
• The signals can be sensed by qualitative or
quantitative manner.
• Measurement
– Scalar
– Function of time
• discrete x[n]
• continuous x(f)
• digital
– Multivariant vector

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• Diseases or defects in a biological system
cause alteration its normal physiological
processes, leading to pathological processes.
• A pathological process is typicaaly associated
with signals that are different in some respects
from the corresponding normal signals.

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Temperature and Blood Pressure can be representated in
the following ways

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• biomedical signals are primarily acquired for
monitoring (detecting or estimating)
• In some cases of basic research, they are also
used for decoding and eventual modeling of
specific biological systems.

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• The major objectives of biomedical instrumentation and
signal analysis are:
• Information gathering — measurement of phenomena to
interpret a system.
• Diagnosis — detection of malfunction, pathology, or
abnormality.
• Monitoring — obtaining continuous or periodic information
about a system.
• Therapy and control — modification of the behavior of a
system based upon the outcome of the activities listed above
to ensure a specific result.
• Evaluation — objective analysis to determine the ability to
meet functional requirements, obtain proof of performance,
perform quality control, or quantify the effect of treatment.

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 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SIGNALS AND NOISE

The biomedical signal sources can be broadly

classified into
 continuous processes and
discrete-time or point processes.
Each of these types of signals could be
 deterministic (or predictable),
 stochastic (or random),
 fractal, or
 chaotic.
 Multichannel Signals

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• Deterministic signals can be totally described by explicit
mathematical relationships.
• Examples of this type are ECG or single-fiber EMG signals
in noise.
• A combination of several unrelated periodic signals
creates an “almost” periodic
signal.
• Any discontinuity and sudden change in a
deterministic signal is regarded as a transient.
Mathematically speaking, a transient
signal is represented by infinite number of sinusoids in
frequency domain.
• any signal expressible as a finite number of sinusoids can
be defined as a steady-state
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• Random signals cannot be exactly expressed.
• It varies extraneous and it is no longer
repeatable.
• It can be described only in terms of probabilities
and statistical averages.
• A stationary process is a stochastic process whose
statistical properties are not a function
of time.
• A non-stationary process is a signal whose statistical
properties vary with time.
• Examples of this type include EEGs, EMGs, field
potentials from the brain, and R-R intervals from
ECGs.
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• Fractal Signals
• Fractal signals and patterns in general are self-
replicating, which means that they look similar at
different levels of magnification.
• They are therefore scale-invariant.
• There is evidence to suggest that heart rate variability
is fractal in nature.
• The branching of the airway into bronchioles seems to
have a self-replicating nature that is characteristic of a
fractal.
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• Chaotic Signals
Chaotic signals are neither periodic nor
stochastic, which makes them very difficult to
predict beyond a short time into the future.
The difficulty in prediction is due to their
extreme sensitivity to initial conditions,
characteristic of these nonlinear systems.

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 Examples of Biomedical signals
• body temperature as a signal is a rather simple
example of a biomedical signal. Regardless of
its simplicity, we can appreciate its importance
and value in the assessment of the well-being
of a child with a fever or that of a critically
ill patient in a hospital.

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The action potential (AP):
• the basic component of all bioelectrical signals
provides information on the nature of
physiological activity at the single-cell level.
• is the electrical signal that accompanies the
mechanical contraction of a single cell when
stimulated by an electrical current (neural or
external) .
• An excited cell displaying an action potential is
called depolarized caused by the flow of
sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl-), and
other ions across the cell membrane.
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• Recording an action potential requires the
isolation of a single cell, and microelectrodes
with tips of the order of a few micrometers to
stimulate the cell and record the response

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• The electroneurogram (ENG)

The ENG is an electrical signal observed as a stimulus

and the associated nerve action potential propagate
over the length of a nerve. It may be used to measure
the velocity of propagation (or conduction velocity) of
a stimulus or action potential in a nerve .
• ENGs may be recorded using concentric needle
electrodes or silver -silver-chloride electrodes (Ag -
AgCl) at the surface of the body.
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• The electromyogram (EMG)
• Skeletal muscles are made up of collections of motor
units (MUs),
• A motor unit is the smallest muscle unit that can be
activated by volitional effort
• An EMG signal indicates the level of activity of a muscle,
and may be used to diagnose neuromuscular diseases
such as neuropathy and myopathy
• EMG signals recorded using surface electrodes

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• The electrocardiogram (ECG)
• The ECG is the electrical manifestation of the contractile
activity of the heart, and
• can be recorded fairly easily with surface electrodes on the
limbs or chest.
• The rhythm of the heart in terms of beats per minute {bpm)
may be easily estimated by counting the readily identifiable
waves.
• More important is the fact that the ECG waveshape is
altered by cardiovascular diseases and abnormalities such as
myocardial
ischemia and infarction, ventricular hypertrophy, and
conduction problems.

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• The electroencephalogram (EEG)
The EEG (popularly known as brain waves)
represents the electrical activity of the brain
• EEG signals are used to study the nervous system,
monitoring of sleep stages, biofeedback and control,
and diagnosis of diseases such as epilepsy
• Special EEG techniques include the use of needle
electrodes, naso-pharyngeal electrodes, recording
the electrocorticogram (ECoG) from an exposed part
of the cortex, and the use of intracerebral electrodes.

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• EEG signals exhibit several patterns of rhythmic
or periodic activity.
• The commonly used terms for EEG frequency
bands are:

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• Event-related potentials (ERPs)
•

The term event-related potential is more general than and preferred

to the term evoked potential, and includes the ENG or the EEG in
response to light, sound, electrical, or other external stimuli.
• ERPs are weak signals buried in ongoing activity
of associated systems
• Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) are useful for noninvasive
evaluation of the nervous system from a peripheral receptor to the
cerebral cortex.
• The SEPs are recorded from the surface
of the scalp.
• The latency, duration, and amplitude of the response are measured

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The electrogastrogram (EGG)
• The electrical activity of the stomach
• consists of rhythmic waves of depolarization and
repolarization of its constituent smooth muscle cells .
• External (cutaneous) electrodes can record the signal
known as the electrogastrogram (EGG)
• Accurate and reliable measurement of the electrical
activity of the stomach requires implantation of
electrodes within the stomach which limits its
practical applicability

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• The phonocardiogram (PCG)
The heart sound signal is perhaps the most traditional
biomedical signal, as indicated by the fact that the
stethoscope is the primary instrument earned and used by
physicians.
• The PCG is a vibration or sound signal related to the
contractile activity of the cardiohemic system (the heart and
blood together and represents a recording of the heart
sound signal.
• The normal heart sounds provide an indication of the general
state of the heart in terms of rhythm and contractility
• Cardiovascular diseases and defects cause changes or
additional sounds and murmurs that could be useful in their
diagnosis.

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• normal cardiac cycle contains two major sounds —
the first heart sound (SI) and the second heart sound
(S2). Figure shows a normal PCG signal, along with
the ECG and carotid pulse tracings. S1 occurs at the
onset of ventricular contraction, and corresponds in
timing to the QRS complex in the ECG signal
• PCG signals are normally recorded using piezoelectric
contact sensors that are sensitive to displacement or
acceleration at the skin surface.
• PCG recording is normally performed in a quiet room,
with the patient in the supine position with the head
resting on a pillow.
• The PCG transducer is placed firmly on the desired
position on the chest using a suction ring and/or a
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 Three-channel simultaneous record of the PCG, ECG, and carotid pulse signals
of a normal male adult.

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• The carotid pulse (CP)
The carotid pulse is a pressure signal recorded over the
carotid artery as it passes near the surface of the body at
the neck.
• It provides a pulse signal indicating the variations in
arterial blood pressure and volume with each heart beat.
Because of the proximity of the recording site to the heart,
the carotid pulse signal closely resembles the morphology
of the pressure signal at the root of the aorta;
• however, it cannot be used to measure absolute pressure
• The carotid pulse is a useful adjunct to the
PCG and can assist in the identification of S2 and its
components.

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• Placement of the carotid pulse transducer
requires careful selection of a location on the
neck as close to the carotid artery as possible,

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• Signals from catheter-tip sensors
For very specific and close monitoring of
cardiac function, sensors placed on catheter
tips may be inserted into the cardiac
chambers. It then becomes possible to acquire
several signals such as left ventricular
pressure, right atrial pressure, aortic (AO)
pressure, and intracardiac sounds

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• The speech signal
• Human beings are social creatures by nature, and have an
innate need to communicate. We are endowed with the
most sophisticated vocal system in nature
– more commonly considered as a communication
signal than a biomedical signal. However, the speech signal can
serve as a diagnostic signal when speech and vocal-tract
disorders need to be investigated
.
• Speech sounds are produced by transmitting puffs of air
from the lungs through the vocal tract (as well as the
nasal tract for certain sounds)

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• The vocal tract starts at the vocal cords or glottis in the
throat and ends at the lips and the nostrils. The shape
of the vocal tract is varied to produce different types of
sound units or phonemes which, when concatenated, form
speech. In essence, the vocal tract acts as a filter
that modulates the spectral characteristics of the input puffs
of air. It is evident that the system is dynamic, and that the
filter, and therefore the speech signal produced, have time-
varying characteristics, that is, they are nonstationary
•

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• The vibromyogram (VMG)
– The VMG is the direct mechanical manifestation of contraction of a
skeletal muscle,
– is a vibration signal that accompanies the EMG.
– Also named as sound-, acoustic-, or phono-myogram
– Muscle sounds or vibrations are related to the change in
dimensions of the constituent muscle fibers
– Recorded by contact microphones or accelerometers
– The VMG, along with the EMG, may be useful in studies related to
neuromuscular control, muscle contraction, athletic training, and
biofeedback.

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• The vibroarthrogram (VAG)
•
The VAG is the vibration signal recorded from a joint during
movement (articulation) of the joint.
• Normal joint surfaces are smooth and produce little or no sound,
whereas joints affected by osteoarthritis and other degenerative
diseases may have suffered cartilage loss and produce grinding
sounds.
• Detection of knee-joint problems via the analysis of VAG signals
could help avoid unnecessary exploratory surgery, and also aid
better selection of patients who would benefit from surgery
• The VAG signal, however, is not yet well understood, and is a
difficult signal to analyze due to its complex nonstationary
characteristics.

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• Oto-acoustic emission signals

The oto-acoustic emission (OAE) signal represents the acoustic

energy emitted by the
cochlea (the spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of
Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound
vibrations. ) either spontaneously or in response to an acoustic
stimulus.
The discovery of the existence of this signal indicates that the
cochlea not only receives sound
but also produces acoustic energy

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• The OAE signal could provide objective
information on the micromechanical activity of the
preneural or sensory components
of the cochlea that are distal to the nerve-fiber endings.
• Analysis of the OAE signal
could lead to improved noninvasive investigative
techniques to study the auditory
system. The signal may also assist in screening of hearing
function and in the
diagnosis of hearing impairment.

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 Biomedical signal acquisition

 Biomedical Signals vary considerably in their

amplitude and frequency
 data acquisition systems require
specialized amplifiers and
filters
The acquisition system must guarantee
the complete safety of the patient and
rejection of any interfering signals
preserve the information contained in the original signal

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 two most important components In signal
acquisition are
 preamplifier and
 Filter

 Preamplifiers, are used mainly for amplification

of signal
 Filters are used to reject the unwanted signals
which may distort the required signal

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 Signal Acquisition Stages
• acquisition typically consists of three stages:
i. transduction, (Transducers)
ii. analog conditioning, and (Amplifiers & Filters)
iii. analog-to-digital conversion.(Samplers)

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 Signal Acqusition Procedures
 Invasive
– placement of transducers or other devices inside the body
 Noninvasive
– minimize risk
– surface electrodes

 Active
– require external stimuli
 Passive
– not require external stimuli

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What is the need of biomedical signals?
Monitoring
modeling of specific biological systems

What is Bio medical signals Processing?

Biomedical signal processing involves the analysis of these
measurements to provide useful information upon which
clinicians can make decisions.

Patient › Signals › Processing › Decision

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What is the necessity of Processing Bio signals?
Analysis of Noise

Goals of signal processing

 noise removal
accurate quantification of signal model and its
components through Analysis
feature extraction for deciding function or dysfunction,
and
prediction of future pathological or functional events as
in prosthetic devices for heart and brain.
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Objectives of Biomedical Signal Analysis

• Therapy and control

– Modification of the behaviour of system based
upon the outcome of the activities listed above to
ensure a specific result
• Evaluation
– Objective analysis to determinate the ability to
meet functional requirements, obtain a proof of
performance, perform quality control, or qualify
the effect of treatment

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What is the roll of Engineers?

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 Analysis of signals
The analysis of signals is a fundamental problem for
many engineers and scientists.

Analysis of Signals:
1. Time Domain Analysis,
2. frequency Domain Analysis and
3. modal domains.

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 Time Domain Analysis
The traditional way of observing signals is to view them in the time domain.

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 • The time domain is a record of what
happened to a parameter of the system
versus time. For instance, Figure shows a
simple spring mass system where we have
attached a pen to the mass and pulled a
piece of paper past the pen at a constant
rate. The resulting graph is a record of the
displacement of the mass versus time, a
time domain view of displacement.

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– Time domain measurements:
1. Autocorrelation
2. Cross Correlation
3. Impulse response

– Instruments to measure Time domain analysis:

– Strip chart recorders
– Oscilloscopes
–

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 Frequency Domain Analysis,
 The method for signal analysis in frequency domain
was suggested by J B J Fourier ,which provides the
origin of the theory of Fourier Series and Fourier
Transform.
 Fourier theorem essentially states that the frequency
content of any signal can be describes as the sum of
specific set of sine waves.
 Two types of Fourier analysis
• 1. Fourier Series analysis for periodic signals
• 2. Fourier Transform analysis for Aperiodic signals
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• Fourier Series
• series representation
for f(x) on −L≤x≤L−L≤x≤L in the form

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 Fourier Transform

signals in the time domain and their corresponding Fourier transform

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 Frequency domain measurements:
1. Frequency Spectrum
2. Cross Power Spectrum(two channel frequency
domain measurement)
3. Auto Power Spectrum

Instruments to measure Frequency domain analysis:

Spectrum Analyzers
Network Analyzers
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 Time Domain Representation
• The signal represented with respect to time
 Frequency domain representation
• The signal represented with respect to Frequency

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 Filters
Fourier transform shows the frequency
content of a signal. Filtering is the process
of removing certain portions of the input
signal in order to create a new signal.
• Classification:
1. LPF
2. HPF
3. BPF
4. BEF

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 Discrete Fourier Transform
• To compute Fourier Transform digitally we must perform
numerical integration. This will give us an approximation
to a true FT called the DFT.

 Fast Fourier Transform

• Fast Algorithm for computing the DFT
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 Model Domain Analysis
 Model Domain Analysis is used to analysing the
behaviour of mechanical Structure.

• Ex: To determine the total vibration

 Instruments to measure Model domain analysis

 Dynamic Signal Analyzers

– Note: No one domain is always the best solution, so the

ability to easily change domain is quite valuable.
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SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF DETERMINISTIC AND STATIONARY RANDOM SIGNALS

• Fast Fourier Transforms

• Periodogram Approach
• Parametric Methods

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 What is a System?
System is a device or combination of devices,
which can operate on signals and produces
corresponding response. Input to a system is
called as excitation and output from it is called
as response.
For one or more inputs, the system can have
one or more outputs.
Example: Communication System

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 Adaptive systems

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 Biomedical Systems
Biomedical systems are defined into two broad categories:
medical systems and
rehabilitate systems.

Medical systems are those systems which are used to

diagnose patient problems and to monitor its condition.
Rehabilitate systems are those systems which aims to
enable a disabled person to reach an ptimum mental,
physical,and/or social function

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• There are various medical systems, which
provides online information about the patient
condition and after processing displays the
result on the screen, like
– Physiotrace and
– Boom-NT.

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• Physiotrace: This is a real time toolkit for
biomedical data acquisition, centralization,
processing and visualization. This toolkit
composed of both hardware and software
modules, allows users to model , test and
perform all king of digital signal processing al
• Boom-NT: It provides the capability to model,
simulate and perform various strategies of
signal processing using a graphical user
interface.

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• Rehabilitate systems provides Human computer interface.
• These systems differentiate between the various
commands on the basis of amplitude thresholds and
performing power spectral density estimations on discrete
windows of data.
• This provides an affordable DSP-based system, when
combined with the screen keyboard, enables the disabled
user to fully operate a computer without using any
extremities.
• Products : EMG-controlled telephone interface to be used
by disabled telephone operators, The robotics
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 The Components of Human-Instrument
System
The components
• The subject or patient
• Stimulus or procedure of activity
• Transducers
– electrodes, sensors
• Signal-conditioning equipment
– amplifier, filter
• Display equipment
– oscilloscopes, strip charts, computer monitors etc.
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• Recording, data processing, and transmission
equipment
– Analog instrumentation tape recorders, analog-to-
digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog
converters (DACs), digital tapes, CDs, computers,
telemetry systems etc.
• Control devices
– Power supply, isolation equipment, patient
intervention systems

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 Properties of Biomedical Instruments
 Isolation of the subject or patient
 Range of operation
– The minimum to maximum values of the signal being
measured.
 Sensitivity
– the smallest signal variation measurable (resolution)
 Linearity
 Hysteresis
– a lag in measurement due to the direction of variation
of the entity being measured.
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 Frequency response
– represents of the variation of the sensitivity with
frequency
 Stability
– an unstable system could preclude repeatability and
consistency of measurements
 Signal to noise Ratio (SNR)
– noises could compromise the quality of the signal being
acquired.
 Accuracy
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 Biomedical Signal Processing

• Biomedical signal processing involves the analysis of

these measurements to provide useful information
upon which clinicians can make decisions.
• biomedical signal processing is not confining itself to
signal study but expanding to a wide range of
application, from the construction of artificial limbs
and aids for disabilities to the
development of sophisticated medical imaging
systems such as ultrasound scanners

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 Stages in biomedical signal processing
Signal processing selectively eliminates information
More often than not, a signal conveys irrelevant
information as well as the information of interest.

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• The goal of data acquisition is to capture the signal and
encode in a form suitable for computer processing.
• The goal of signal conditioning is to eliminate or reduce
extraneous components such as noise from the signal.
• Feature extraction means identifying and measuring a
small number of parameters or features that best
characterize the information of interest in a signal.
• hypothesis testing is particularly important in clinical
applications where a course of action has to be taken.

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General measurement and diagnostic system

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• consists of two substantial building units for
data acquisition and data processing.

• Signal processing unit (shown in red dashed line)

typically consists of the following blocks:
– Segmentation
– Signal Estimation or Enhancement
– Feature extraction
– Classification
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• The purpose of signal processing is to selectively eliminate
irrelevant information from a signal so as to make the
information of interest more easily accessible to a human
observer or a computer system.
• Analysis of these signals using computers has provide greater
strength to diagnose, using powerful algorithm for biomedical
signal analysis.
• Various techniques for analysis of biosignals are used, such as:
filtering, adaptive noise cancellation, pattern recognition, medical
image registration etc. Medical image processing, using
techniques such as Xray, MRI and ultrasound scanners, can be
viewed as multidimensional signal processing.

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Computer Aided Diagnosis and Therapy

• The representation of biomedical signals in

electronic form facilitates computer
processing and analysis of the data. Figure
illustrates the typical steps and
processes involved in computer-aided
diagnosis and therapy based upon biomedical
signal analysis.

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 Why the CAD Systems are Used?
 Humans are highy skilled and fast in analysis
of visual patterns and waveforms, but are slow
in arithmetic operations with large numbers of
values.
 Humans could be affected by fatigue,
boredom and enviromental factors.
Computers are inanimate but mathematically
accurate and consistent machines can be
designed to perform repetitive tasks.
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• Analysis by humans is usually subjective and
qualitative.
• Analysis by humans is subject inter-observers
and intra-observers variation with time.
• The biomedical signals are fairly slow
therefore these can be analised on-line by
low-end computers.
• Off-line analysis by the stored data.

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 Difficulties and challenges of Biomedical
Signal Processing
• Accessibility of the variables to measurement
• Variability of the signal source
• Inter-relationship and interactions among
physiological systems
• Effect of the instrumentation or procedure on the
system
• Physiological artifacts and interference
• Energy limitation
• Patient safety
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 EEG SIGNALS
Characteristics of the EEG
The frequency of EEG signals range from 0.01 Hz to around
100 Hz, which can be divided into five frequency bands, and
four basic types

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 Analysis
• One major theory of emotions proposes that
EEG can be used to categorize a basic set of
human emotions
• Each emotion is distinct from other emotions
as perceived from its psychological and
physiological manifestations

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• Analysis
• EEG signals were analyzed from two
perspectives.
• The first was based on emotion theory and classification
• The second was statistical analysis to calculate the mean
for the extracted alpha, beta and gamma brain signals.
• The ECG signal was analyzed in the time
domain. We applied a special filter first and
then calculated the heart rate.
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 Emotion analysis

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 Statistical analysis
• The EEG signal was split using a passband filter,
ellipord in Matlab, to extract alpha (8-13)Hz,
beta (14-30)Hz, and gamma (>30)Hz brain
waves.
• Then we calculated the mean for each wave
vector.
• The leads are placed on specific locations of the
body of the person to record ECG either on
graph paper or on monitors.
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 Electrocardiogram (ECG)

• Electrocardiogram is the electrical activity of

the heart. It is a graphical demonstration of
the variation of biopotential versus
time.
• Schematic anatomy of the human heart

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• The human heart contains four chambers i.e., Right
Atrium, Left Atrium, Right Ventricle and Left Ventricle.
The upper chambers are the two Atria’s and the lower
chambers are the two Ventricles. Under healthy
condition the heartbeat begins at the Right Atrium
called Sino Atria (SA) node and a special group of cells
send these electrical signals across the heart. This signal
travels from the Atria to the Atrio Ventricular (AV) node.
The AV node connects to a group of fibers in Ventricles
that conducts the electrical signal and transmits the
impulse to all parts of the lower chamber, the Ventricles.
To ensure that the heart is functioning properly this path
of propagation must be traced accurately

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• ECG mainly provides two kinds of information.
– One is the duration of the electrical wave passing through the heart
and it will decide whether the electrical activity is normal or slow or
irregular.
– Second is the amount of electrical activity passing through the heart
muscle that helps to find whether the parts of the heart are too large
or overworked.
– The frequency range of an ECG signal is 0.05– 100 Hz and its dynamic
range is 1–10 mV.
• The ECG signal is characterized by five peaks and valleys
represented by the letters P, Q, R, S, T. Sometimes U wave is
also present.
• The performance of ECG analysis is based on the accurate and
reliable detection of the QRS complex as well as T- and P
waves .

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 Analysis

• Various methods have been developed for

ECG analysis
– Fast Fourier transform,
– Short time Fourier transform
– Wavelet transform

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 Types of Artifacts
• Artifacts are unwanted signals which are mainly
originated from environment noise,
experimental error and physiological artifacts.
– Extrinsic Artifacts
– Intrinsic Artifacts

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• Signal artifacts are more significant while
collecting EEG data from recording systems
• Ocular Artifacts
• Muscle Artifacts
• Cardiac artifacts
• Extrinsic Artifacts

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 Artefacts Removal Techniques
1. Regression Methods
2. Wavelet Transform
3. BSS
Principal Component Analysis
Independent Component Analysis
Canonical Correlation Analysis
Source Imaging Based Method
 
4. Empirical Mode Decomposition
5. Filtering Methods
Adaptive Filtering
Wiener Filtering
6. Sparse Decomposition Methods
7. Hybrid Methods
EMD-BSS
Wavelet-BSS
BSS and Support Vector Machine

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•Most of the EEG-based practical applications are often required
• real-time signal processing and can be
• robust to artifacts.
•This requires the artifact removal methods implemented are capable of
automatic and
low computational cost. 

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• Regression and filtering approach can execute
automatically when they have a reference signal.
• BSS methods will be automatic when there is a subsequent
procedure, like SVM.
• Among these BSS methods, ICA are the most commonly
used techniques, the disregard of temporal or spatial
relations within sources will result the loss of relevant
information.
• But CCA algorithm can solve this problem and have a little
computational time, which makes the algorithm applicable
for real-time performance.
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• Another factor which should be taken in account is the number of record
channels.
• Especially for the home healthcare environment, the less of channel are
often expected.
• due to the principle of BSS that more channels will bring better accurate.
• But wavelet transform and EMD-based methods can executed with single
channel since it can decompose a single records into multiple components
• However the reduction of measurement channel will cause the increase of
computational complexity which will not be suitable for BCI and
neurofeedback (NF) applications.
• In addition, the automatic methods are not usually general for artifact
removal since there are multiple types of artifacts that are existed in the
recordings. Hence the availability of reference signals will improve the
accuracy and robustness of artifact removal by provide satisfactory
complementary information.
• Also the information of the epochs of artifacts obtained by reference
channel will reduce the computational cost. But the reference channel of
each muscle contributing to EEG muscle artifacts are not feasible

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• The future o f biomedical signal processing is very bright
and it is still under its early ages.
• Very intensive research regarding system performance and
new processing techniques around the globe.
• Most concern areas are real time biomedical signal
processing systems, converging micro-nano-bio
technologies toward integrated biomedical systems,
cascade controlling of biomedical systems, wearable
systems and designing of distributed autonomous
embedded systems for biomedical applications.
• Similar research is going on processing techniques like
hidden markov models to process bioacoustic signals such
as lung sounds, blood flow sounds etc. Improvements will
take place the way in which the surface electrodes are
mounted on the subject skin and the type of electrodes to
UCEKbe used for more efficient results
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 THANK YOU

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