PDF Biosignal Processing

Smart Tech: Biosignals & Medical Electronics
8iosigna/ processing
0 esiBanos
Biosignal processing in the overall “biopicture"
Biosignal acquisition Lectures 1, 2, 3
Transducer Preamplifier Filter/ ID

Amplifier ” conversiOn
Pattern
Recognition
ClassificatiOn Event Analysis — Events Remove
Feature Extract
Diagnostic Detection Artifacts
information
Biodata analysis Biosignal processing

Lecture 5 (next week) Lecture 4 (today)
UNIVERSITY 0f TWENTE. 19 Apr 18 2

Learnin Ob'ectives
At the end of this course you should be able to.•
Explain the concept 0 (bio)signaI
and identify some the most
common types of biosignals
• Describe the main characteristics of
biosignals in both time and
frequency domains
Apply regular processing techniques
for the removal of common artifacts
in biosignals
• Utilise typical processing techniques
for the detection of relevant events
in biosignals
UNIVERSITY 0f 19 Apr 3
Outline
• Biosignal definition
• Time and freiquenc

characterisation of iosignals
• Biosignal processi
• Iteri for removal of artifacts
• Event detection
Outline

• Event detection
Bios :
Signal: function that "conve s information about
the behavior or attributes o some phenomenon
Biosignal (also biomedical si naI5 bioelectrical
signal or physiological signal
• any biological quantity or magnitude exhibiting
variation in time or variation in space is potentially a
signal that provides information on the status of a
biological system
• In time (1D): e.g., electrocardiOgram (ECG)
measures heart activity by detecting
changes associated with heart muscle
contractiO
• In space (2D): e.g., functiOnal magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) measures brain
iaxcv by detecting changes assOciated with
blood flow
• In time-space (3D): e.g., a medical ultrasound
measures nsurface O i teao a s stiuctu lal
Bios :
movements by detecting changes in the
reflectiO OI sound waves on the
tissues
Biosi : exam
Electroencephalogram Electroretinogram Electrooculogram
(EEG) (ERG) (EOG)
Electroneurogram
(ENG) Electroogastrogram
(EGG)
Phonocardiogram (PCG).
Photopletismogram (PPG).
Vibromyogram (VMG).
Vbroarthrogram (VAG)...
and also Speec ,
Motion, etc.!!
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. 10-Apr-18 7

ECG
• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG):
• Electrical activity of the heart, measured through
electrodes on chest, arms, and legs
• An electrical impulse travels through the heart
determining its rhythm and rate, and causing the
heart muscle to contract and pump blood
• Typical ECG signals are between 0.1 to 2 mV and
appear with frequency of 0.6 TO Hz
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. 10-Apr-18 g

ECG
The cardiac conduction system

and its coi re I ation w\ th an ECG
UNIVERSITY 0f TWENTE. 19-Apr-18 9

EMG
• Electromiogram (EMG):
• Electricalactivity of skeletal muscles (usually
proportional to the level of activity)
• Recorded through electrodes on the skin overlying the
muscle
• Typical EMG signals are between 00 300 and
appear with frequency of Hz
• Videos:
• ooo. ItOe 5 Potential Trains {IdUAPTs)
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.
10-Apr-18 10
Outline
• Time and frequency

characterisation of biosignals
• Event detection
• Compression
Biosi nals: time-domain characterisation
• Signal domain
• Continuous-time4 Signal as a function of time x(IQ
• e g., temperature measured seamlessly
• Discrete-time 4 Signal as a function of samples x(n
• e.g., temperature measured every hour
• Digital 4 Discrete-time signal with values limited to
quantised levels 1(n)
• e g., temperature measured every hour with a resolution oT 1OC

Bios nals: time-domain
• Sampling rate
• Frequency at which a continuous signal is sampled
• Shannon-Nyquist theorem: fsamplng > 2f ax s gnal'2BW
Temporal aliasing Spatial aliasing
• Amplitude
• Describes the intensity of the biological phenomenon
(a.k.a, dependent variable, range, or ordinate)
• Not to be confused with range or peak-to-peak amplitude
• Duration
• Signals are considered to exist for all time {e.g., sin(wt))
• We normally take just some samples of the signal
{subpart or realisation of the actual signal)
• Periodicity
• Periodic: the shape of the signal repeats with an interval
• Aperiodic: the shape of the signal never repeats
• Predictability
• Deterministic: predictable for the time span of interest
• Random: signal values cannot be precisely anticipated
• Stationary: (nearly) constant statistics or frequency spectra over time
• Non-stationary: varying statistics or frequency spectra over time
• Some biosignals are considered

quasi-periodic (e.g., ECG, BP)
• Most biosigna s are aperiodic
and non-stationary (e.g., EEG, ECG
EMG)
Bios nals: time-domain characterisation
• Time-domain parameters B,C, ?)
A
B
1.0
0.5
E
ECG
0.5 .0 1.5 / (s) ,

-0.5
UNIVERSITY 0f 19-Apr- 1
• Time-domain parameters
S gnat
Maximum
(local / absolute) Signal Period Signal Frequency = 1 / Signal
Period
1.0
0.5
Amplitude
ECG vo
(peak-to-peak)
0.5 .0 1.5 /
-0.5 (s)
Signat
Signal duration = # samples / Sampling Frequency
Different concepts!
Sampli ng Frequency Signal Frequency n
Period SignaI Period Min mum
(local / absolute)
Biosignals: frequency-domain characterisation
• Continuous Fourier transform (CFT)
• Decomposes a signal into sinusoidal
components invariant over time
• Discrete Fourier transform (DTF)

• Intended for operating with digitised (discrete) signals
• The amplitude of the complex value represents the

strength of the oscillatory componentat frequency f”/ k”
contained in the signal z(I) /x(n)
UNIVERSITY 0f 19 1 1
• DFT is a symmetric periodic function with period 2w
• Sampled version of the continuous FT of the signal
(sampling interval = 2w/N or Fs/N)
• Only the real part is normally represented (0-w or 0 Fs/2)
• DFT should be computed with as many samples as
the original discrete signal (best a reater ower of
two)
• DFT is a complex function
• Real + imaginary parts
• X(k) ¥ X(jk) = X (jk) + j X(jk)
• Magnitude -r phase The corr ple6spectrum
magnitude is predominantly
• l> •k (( • ))
used for the characterisation
• zX(jk) = t n2(X(jk),X (jk)) of biosignals
MATLAB: lit, ittt, Ilishitt, sts, angle

UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.
10-Apr-18 20
• Power spectral density (PSD)
• Only a portion of the biosignal is normally available for
analysis, then spectral analysis must be approximate
• Parseval's theorem (total energy remains the same
before and aler the Fourier transformation):
i
N
• |X( )|2 and |X(k)|2 represent the

spread or density of the power of
the signal along the frequency
axis •-+ statisti al varian e of the
signal as a function of
frequency
• Particularly indicated for
(quasi)stationary signals
• Frequency-domain parameters , L, ,N,O?)
Magnitude response
20 0›
150
10 0
L
50
20 30 40 50— 60 70 80 90 › 100 !
Frequency (Hz)
• Frequency-domain parameters
Fundamental Frequency =
lowest frequency of
periOdic Harmonics = multiples of the fundamental frequency
wavefOr
Magnitude response
20 0›
150
Maximum
10 0 Frequency
Frequency
50
20 30 40 50— 60 70 80 90 › 100 !
Frequency (Hz)
Bandwidth = Maximum Frequency

Minimum Frequency
1
72Sampling Frequency
Biosignals: time- characterisation
Temporal information gets lost after transforming
the signal to the frequency domain...
0 ta
• Time-frequency characterisation
• Short-time Fourier transform (STFT)
• Wavelet transform (WT)
UNIVERSITY Of TWENTE. 19-Apr-18 24
• STFT:
c
or
n
X bk, m) = x(n + m)w{n)e N“ k, m = 0,1, ... , N — 1 er
s)
w(n) is a finite window function UNIVER
SITY 0f ECG signal
and m is the amount of shil of TWENT
the window function E.
• Shortcomings:
• Fixed window length, thus not able to
. . .
capture events with di0erent durations
{dilemma of tjme frequency resolution}
• Sinusoids used in STFT to model the
signal may not be the best choice
(biosignals may contain sharp
19 Apr 18 25
• WT:
• To address the problem of fixed
window widths, the concept oT
“scaling” is used
• A mother wavelet is scaled in time
to create a series of varying-
frequency” components as an STFT
analogy to the harmonics Fourier
Outline

• Biosignal processing
• Event detection
• Compression
Biosignal processing Biosigna1 processing Bio9igr›al processing
• Visual inspection is not always enough • Visual inspection is not always enough • Visual inspection is not always enough
• B,ios,ignal processing is intended to extract clinically • Biosignal pressing 1s intended to extract clinically • Biosignal processing is intended to extract clinically
significant intormation hidden in the signal significant information hidden in the signal signiñcant information hidden in the signal
• Examqsramefers to her characterize and urderstend tha • gararr/uti:+ s ft twIp ulJar mtce L:c arid +iridcr uluiJd file • rM t gamma to help Cha+afie+ize anrl tin0er stand
the iri*urrriafioiJouiJluiriuw ir' a uigri JI inD+mation rOnl,siñ@ in a siq nil information contained in e s ignal
• Pemcve .a'se to rn Ggate the techn IIaaf ennies of e recording, as • Pi:rrzJ'a .•iw'uc to iiJifigutu II+u Mi with dufic riuic ul a ruooi dirig. au • 5 W m'se to mitiqale the technical rlefcienfiea ci a +erOroing, as
wuII au Io uupai utu kic PuiruuI ptiyuirJugiuuJ pro a mm iJ iri Krlcririg vn iI as to sepemle tr›e desi ed phYsioloq II process frnin
interfering well as to separate the desired physiological process from interfering
• Biosignal processing methods ’,. • Bio sign al processing me thods : . '.- .. . ' '›. • Bio sign al processing me thods
• Filtering fur removal Of drtif<tcLs .
• Filtering. for removal of . ;... . . .. ' .
• Filtering. for rcmovziI of artifacts
.
• Evem detem@n " • Event detection - - — --- • EvenI deteuJiur
• U'ffJgTUsB'iU'fJ ”
Outline
• Time and frequenc

characterisationof iosignals
• Filtering for removal of artifacts
• Event detection
• Compression
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. 1&Apr-18 20
Filterin for Removal of Artifacts
• Noise
• Structured: waveform is known in
advance (power-line 50Hz/60Hz)
• Random: unpredictable waveform
(thermal noise)
• Physiological interference
• e.g., EMG from the intercostal
muscles into the ECG recorded
using chest leads
• e.g., ECG into the EMG recorded
from the back muscles
• Good measurement setu
best way of dealing with
interference and noise
is
avoiding it in the first place! "
Filterin Removal Artifacts
• Time-domain ital filter
• Offset filter
• Moving average filter
• Median filter
• Detrending
• Frequency-domain digital filter
• Bu#erworth/Chebyshev
• Notch/Comb
• Savitzky Golay
• (Optimal) Adaptive filters
• Wiener
• Kalman

Filteri for Removal of
• Offset filter
150
• Based on the estimation of the N

E
100
first moment of the signal or

mean (i.e., DC component of , 1 2
Time (s}
5
the signal) W 100

E
• Can be applied separately for *

different segments of the 1
Time (x}
5
signal z oflset-filtered ECG ai 1ve idest ECG act
Application: remove ollset

introduced durin -1
sition (e.g. D 1 2
Time (x}
5
component from skin-

UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. 1&Apr- 3
electrode interface in ECGS MATLAB: mean
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. 1&Apr- 3

• Offset filter Example: ECG with
Olfsei InieKerence (100mV) —
Spectral Characterisation
• Based on the estimation of the

first moment of the signal or
mean (i.e., DC component of
the signal)
• Can be applied separately
for different segments of the
signal
App ica ion: remove offset
introduced during
acquisition (e.g.,
DC
component from skin-
UNIVERSITY Of 19-Apr- B
electrode interface in ECGS
UNIVERSITY Of 19-Apr- B
Filterin Removal Artifacts
Example: ECG with
• Moving-average filter high-frequency noise
Noisy ECG
Slwple: y(n) ) x(n)
n+k 2
Shlfted: y(n) ( ) i =n —K f 2 x(n
• Average a number of points

from the input signal to produce
each point in the output signal MA filtered ECG
Application: remove high-

frequency noise with
minimal
oss of signa compOf7Of7tS in
the pass-band (e.p., ECG
contaminated with EMG
noise)
• Median filter Example: ECG with
Powerline Interference ( 0Hz)
• Ranks from lowest value to ECG noisy slgnal and Ideal lgnal
highest value and picks
the middle one: —ideal
• e.g., median of [3, 3, 5, 9, 11j is 5

,
• Good for rejecting 0 2 3 4
certain Time (s)
types of noise in which some ECG noisy signal and median-filtered lgnal
samples take extreme values rnedF ilte red
(outliers)
0
• A lication: regnlar power 2

Time (s)
3 5
source leading o rippIes 2 Median-filtered signal and Ideal signal
riding on of the signal

(e.g., power source
interference in ECGS l
0 |
Time (s)
3 4 5
2
M/\SLAB. ii›edfilt I
• Median filter
• Ranks from lowest value to
highest value and picks the 1000
PSD (ECG Ideal)
middle one:
• e.g., median of [3, 3, 5, 9, 11]
• Good for rejecting certain £' 0 20 3G 70 80 9’ 0 00
types of noise in which some

Fr0quency \Hz›
. PSD (ECG nolsy)
samples take extreme values .

(outliers)
• A lication: regular ower 0 ? 20 3G 40 SO 60 7? 80 90 00
source leading o rippIes 1090

Frequenc\ iHz›
PSD (ECG filtered)
riding on fOp of the signal

(e.g., power source
interference in ECGS 40 5D 6L'
Frequency (H2)
70 80 BO 10g
M/\SLAB ii›edfilt I
• Detrending filter b eathidg in E G
• Uses a polynomial
approximation based on
least-squares fit of a straight
line (or composite line for
piecewise linear trends) to
the signal
• Then subtracts the resulting
approximate function from
the original signal
Application: trends/shifis
(low-freouencj/
artifacts) leading
improper e
MATLAB. polylit. cletren
UNIVERSITY Of 19-Apr- 3
Noisy ECG s IgM I (base-•ll w d rift)

2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Time \s}
Detrended EN 4IgM I
-1
0 0.5 .5 2 2. 5 â 3.5 4
Time (sl

• Detrending filter
• Uses a polynomial
approximation based on
least-squares fit of a straight
line (or composite line for
piecewise linear trends) to
the signal
• Then subtracts the resulting
approximate function from
the original signal
Application: trends/shifis
(low-freoue.ncj/ artifacts)
leading I o improper
e
b eathidg in E G
UNIVERSITY Of 19-Apr- G
Filteri Remova Artifact
• Butterworth filter
2x
• Simplicity, monotonically
decreasing magnitude response,
and maximally flat magnitude ECG
response in the pass-band
Application: remove high-

frequency noise with minimal BTU LPF N
loss of signal components in ——8,
fc—70Hz
the pass-band (e.g ECG
contaminated with "EMG noise)
•
Notch filter
Noisy ECG
• Band-stop very selective filter Poweriine Interference (60Hz)
• For multiple notchs (i.e., in multiple
frequencies) use the comb digital
filter
Notch filter Comb filter
Notch filtered ECG
Application: remove regu|ar UNIVERSITY 0f TWENTE.
power source noise leading

ripples riding on top of the
si;qnaI (e.g., power-line
interference in ECGS
to
MATUB.” i"ircotcl . i"iicomb. h'lter

19-Apr-18 40
Filterin for Removal of Artifacts
• Savitzky Golay smoothing filter
• Method of data smoothing based
on local least-squares polynomial
approximation
• Used to "smooth out" a noisy
° signal whose frequency span
(without noise) is large 0 OS 1 hS 2 SS S
• Preserves characteristics such as

local maxima and minima and
peak width
Application: trends/shifts (low-
frequencj/ artifacts) leading
improper am It des e.
breathing in
http://www-inst.eecs.berkeIey.edu/-ee123/1a11/docs/SGFiIter.pd1
MW TLAB. sgolaytilt
• go.voxvote.com
• Insen the code PI : 99020
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. 10-Apr- 4

1 How many legs does a centipede have?
2
4 Powerline interferences in ECG signals can
100 be better detected in the: '
Tima domaa›
2 Which of these signals Is NOT a blDslgnal?
Elec4roca chogram
Program 5 Powerllne interferences in ECG slgnals can
Self-portrait photograph be removed with: '
Ef ukigram Qlfset fihers
3 • 'be sampling frequency of a biosignal is

the inversR of the btosignal period" Coffee filters
Tru
e
UNIVERSITY OF 18-Apr- 4
answers
1 How many legs does a centipede have?
2
4 Powerline interferences in ECG signals can
100 be better detected in the: '
Tima domaa›
2 Which of these signals Is NOT a blDslgnal?
Elec1rocerchogram
Phd ogram 5 Powerllne interferences in ECG slgnals can
Self-portrait photograph
be removed with: '
Elect uIc›gram Qlfset fihers
3 'be sampling frequency of a biosignal is

the inversR of the btosignal period" Coffee filters
Tru
e
UNIVERSITY OF 18-Apr- 4
Outline
• Time and frequenc

characterisationof iosignals
• Filtering for removal of artifacts
• Event detection
• Compression
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. 1 &Apr- 4

Event detection
• Biomedical signals carry
signatures of physiological events
• The part a nal related to a
of si
S ec ic interest is often -
event T
referred to as an epoch (e.g.,
QRS wave in PCG) B;•poânr$•on«f m3inning of
+r tri‹ e
• Event detection techniques are

mnIn pumpi ng „p qnza-og
normally used in order to identi

epochs
• Once an event is identified, the corresponding
.wavefor may be segmented and characterised
m
in terms of time or frequency (e.g., peak-to-peak
amplitude, waveshape/morphology, time duration,
Event detection
intervals between events, ener distribution,
spectral components, etc.)
Event detection
• Envelope estimation
• Wave delineation
• Peak detection
• Cross-correlation
• Auto correlation
Event detection
• Envelope estimation Raw
• The signal's envelope is
equivalent to its outline, and
an envelope detector Filtration
connects all the peaks in
this signal
• LP filtering + rectification (+ Rectification
smoothing + RMS)
• Other approaches:
Hilberttransform Smoothing
Application: detection of
the burst moments and
RMs RootMe n s u
estimation of the amount of ( a a’ e
activity in the EMG signal w. ‘ E’
Event detection
• Wave delineation
• Direct thresholding
• Boundariesare defined as the instants a wave ’ "
crossesa certain amplitude threshold level
• Seldom applied in practice since signals are ’ ’
usually affected by baseline drips or o0sets ” ’”
• Derivative methods
• Exploits the change of slope that occurs at a
boundary to avoid low-frequency noise
• 1st derivative approximation and analysis with
respectto zero crossings and extreme values
• Application: detection ol the
complex (largest slope/rate of change
in a cardiac cycle)
Event detection
• Peak detection
• Envelope estimation and
wave delineation are
frequently used in
combination
• Thresholding is used to
determine candidate peaks
• A local maxima search is
normally needed to select
outstanding peaks
A ppIi' cati'on: estimation of
the R-R distance
ECG
Event detection
• Peak detection
• Pan-Tomkins algorithm:
removing noise,
smoothing the signal,
amplifying the QRS slope
and width, and
thresholding for detecting
peaks of interest
App ica ion:
es ti’ma t•ion the ECG
-R distance
MATLAB: /i/ter, diffe rms, lindpeaks
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. 18-Apr-18 51
Event detection
• Cross-correlation
• Measures the similarity of
two series as a function
of the lag of one relative
to the other
• Intended to find common

pa#erns (i.e., their lags) in
a pair of signals
• Coherent Spectral Density
• CSD —— DFTJRqq
• lication: detection of
UNIVERSITY 0f TWENTE. 19-Ap›-18 52

• cross-correlation of
the signal with itself
• Intended to find repeating

- pa2erns (i.e., their lags),
such as the presence of a
periodic signal obscured
by noise
• Power Spectral Density
• PSD —— DFT Rpq)
lication: detection of
G rhythms (a, $fl 5
UNIVERSITY 0f TWENTE. 19 A 18 53
Outline

• Event detection
• Compression
Compression
Process reducing the amount of data in a given
signal to order to lower resource usage, such
as data storage space or transmission capacity
Sampling and quantisation are typical simple
compression techniques used to reduce the size
of the digitised signal
• Advantages:
• Less storage
• Less bandwidth
• Faster processing
• Disadvantages
• Information loss
Compression
• Downsampling/Decimation
• Process of reducing
the sampling rate of a signal
• Utilises LP filtering to
mitigate aliasing distortion, which
can occur when
simply downsampling a signal
• Upsampling/interpolation y) n _ | | /i — kL|. j 0. I , . , L — 1.
L
• Produces an approximation of
the sequence that would
have been obtained by
sampling the signal at a higher
rate
• Extends the bandwidth of the
signal
References References
• Biomedical IZ@naI Processing and And @: • Bion edict SigWl ProcesSing and A aIysis:
• PriricipaI r 8larur aB: • Pn@pal efererc›e.
YuiK IEEE Pig 2002 7Oi s J, é, 8i

References
• Digital Signal Processing
• Principal reference:
• Proakis, J. G., & Manolakis, D. G. Digital Signal Processing. Principles,
Algorithms, and AppllCatlons. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1996
• Other references:
• Hayes, M. Statistical Digital Signal PrOCCQSslng and Modeling. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, 1996
• [OPEN BOOK] Smith, Steven W., The Scientist and Engineer's ‹2U1de to Dfgf/a/
Signal Processing,
• [OPEN BOOK] PrandO , P., Martin, V., Signat PrOcessing for COmmunications,
References
UNIVERSITY 0f TWENTE. 19 Ap›-18 58
References
• Open database of physiological signals
(h2 s:// h s onet or / h siobank/database/)
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. 18-Apr-18 5B

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Smart Tech: Biosignals & Medical Electronics

Biosignal acquisition Lectures 1, 2, 3

Transducer Preamplifier Filter/ ID

Biodata analysis Biosignal processing

UNIVERSITY 0f TWENTE. 19 Apr 18 2

• Time and freiquenc

• Iteri for removal of artifacts

• Time and freiquenc

• Iteri for removal of artifacts

UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. 10-Apr-18 7

UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. 10-Apr-18 g

The cardiac conduction system

UNIVERSITY 0f TWENTE. 19-Apr-18 9

• Time and frequency

• Iteri for removal of artifacts

UNIVERSITY 0f TWENTE. 19-Apr-18 12

Temporal aliasing Spatial aliasing

• Some biosignals are considered

0.5 .0 1.5 / (s) ,

• Discrete Fourier transform (DTF)

• The amplitude of the complex value represents the

MATLAB: lit, ittt, Ilishitt, sts, angle

• |X( )|2 and |X(k)|2 represent the

Bandwidth = Maximum Frequency

• Time and freiquenc

• Iteri for removal of artifacts

• Time and frequenc

• Filtering for removal of artifacts

UNIVERSITY 0f TWENTE. 19 Apr 18 31

• Based on the estimation of the N

first moment of the signal or

the signal) W 100

• Can be applied separately for *

signal z oflset-filtered ECG ai 1ve idest ECG act

Application: remove ollset

component from skin-

UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. 1&Apr- 3

• Based on the estimation of the

• Average a number of points

Application: remove high-

• e.g., median of [3, 3, 5, 9, 11j is 5

certain Time (s)

samples take extreme values rnedF ilte red

• A lication: regnlar power 2

source leading o rippIes 2 Median-filtered signal and Ideal signal

riding on of the signal

types of noise in which some

samples take extreme values .

source leading o rippIes 1090

riding on fOp of the signal

Noisy ECG s IgM I (base-•ll w d rift)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

MATLAB. polylit. cletren

Application: remove high-

Notch filtered ECG

Application: remove regu|ar UNIVERSITY 0f TWENTE.

power source noise leading

MATUB.” i"ircotcl . i"iicomb. h'lter

• Preserves characteristics such as

UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE. 10-Apr- 4

2 Which of these signals Is NOT a blDslgnal?

3 • 'be sampling frequency of a biosignal is

2 Which of these signals Is NOT a blDslgnal?