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Detection of Abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG) Using Wavelet Decomposition

and Support Vector Machine (SVM)

Conference Paper · May 2019

DOI: 10.1109/ICASERT.2019.8934588

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 Detection of Abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Using Wavelet Decomposition and Support Vector
Machine (SVM)
Pratik Deb1, Mohammad Nooruddin2, Md. Shajahan Badsha3
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh
pratikdeb12@gmail.com1, mohammadnooruddin58@gmail.com2, shajahanb55@gmail.com3
Abstract—Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphical
representation of the electrical activity of the heart which is
obtained by placing various electrodes on some specific positions
of the body surface of the subject. Abnormalities in the ECG
signal of a patient may indicate cardiac diseases that need to be
attended by physicians on an urgent basis. Hence, it is necessary
to detect an abnormal ECG for the betterment of the patient.
Such a method to classify ECG signals whether they are normal
or abnormal is developed in this work. Angina, Bundle Branch
Block, Cardiomyopathy Heart Failure, Dysrhythmia,
Myocardial Hypertrophy, Myocardial Infarction, Myocarditis,
Valvular Heart Disease: all these cardiac conditions have been
classified as abnormal ECG signal in our work. First, statistical
features like skewness, kurtosis, standard deviation of detail and
approximation coefficients of the Daubechies wavelet (db10) of
order 5 for a number of abnormal and normal ECG signals
obtained in the feature extraction stage. Secondly, Support
Vector Machine (SVM) was used for classification which was
trained by the features extracted in the first stage. Finally, the
accuracy, sensitivity, specificity of this method was checked by
testing the SVM with 36 signals obtained from MIT-BIH
Normal Sinus Rhythm Database and 36 signals from PTB
Diagnostic ECG Database which yielded an accuracy,
sensitivity, specificity 98.61%, 97.37%, 97.22% respectively.
Keywords—ECG, SVM, sinus, signals, coefficients, features,
sensitivity, accuracy, specificity.
I. INTRODUCTION
ECG signals are obtained through non-invasive measure
which shows the electrical activity of the heart. Abnormalities
in ECG signal can indicate a case of medical emergency
which is needed to be taken care of immediately as it will
deteriorate the condition of the patient under observation. So,
it is necessary to develop a method to classify the ECG signals
based on their shapes and characteristics whether they
indicate a cardiac disease or not [1].
Cardiovascular (CVD) and circulatory diseases are the
leading causes of death in the world. In 2013 there were more
than 54 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 53.6–
56.3 million) globally and 32% of these deaths i.e. 17 million
(95% UI, 16.5–18.1 million), were due to CVD. Most of these
CVD deaths were found to be due to either ischemic heart
disease (IHD) or cerebrovascular disease [2]. Hence, a system
is required that will aid the physicians and diagnosticians in
detecting an abnormal ECG signal which resembles a
troubled cardiac condition. Such a system is developed
through our proposed method. For this method to work with
high efficacy it is necessary to train it with a stiff database
that will enable it to separate a normal ECG from an abnormal
ECG [3]. This method is fast, easy and very accurate. The
entire work was carried out in MATLAB. Databases used to
train the system are:
• The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
Diagnostic ECG Database
• The MIT-BIH Normal Sinus Rhythm
Databaseprovided.
The MIT-BIH Normal Sinus Rhythm Database includes
18 long-term ECG recordings of subjects referred to the
Arrhythmia Laboratory at Boston's Beth Israel Hospital (now
the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center). Subjects included
in this database did not have any significant arrhythmias; they
include 5 men, aged 26 to 45, and 13 women, aged 20 to 50.
The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
Diagnostic ECG Datababase contains a total of 549 records
from 290 subjects (age range 17-87, mean age 57.2; 209 men,
mean age 55.5, and 81 women, mean age 61.6; ages were not
recorded for 1 female and 14 male subjects).
In patient monitoring system, one of the parameters
monitored constantly is the Electrocardiogram of the patient
[4]. It is because if there is anything wrong with the patient’s
heart, the ECG will convey this information. The purpose of
this work is to classify a number of cardiac diseases as
abnormal ECGs using a fast and congenial method with high
efficacy. Such a method is needed if any kind of abnormality
appears in the ECG, even a layman can understand it and
notify the doctors.
Various papers have been published regarding detection
of abnormal ECG signals. These techniques primarily use
various classifiers to classify the abnormal and normal ECG
signals. Some of them also use morphological features to
classify the ECG. The methods also vary in extracting
features though there are some similarities too. A strategy
dependent on LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument
Engineering workbench) is described in [2]. The purpose of
LabVIEW signal processing tools is to denoise the signal
before applying the developed algorithm for feature
extraction. Primary feature that has been extracted are the R-
peaks which is done using Haar wavelet. For low resolution
signals daubechies (db6) wavelets are used. Other features
used in this paper are Q wave width, T wave, P wave, R wave
width, ST segment and T wave amplitude and duration.
Frontal plane axis scoring pattern is applied for abnormality
detection. In this study Tachycardia, Bradycardia, Left
Ventricular Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and
Myocardial Infarction have been considered as abnormal
ECG. A wavelet coherence (WTC) technique has been
proposed in [3] for ECG signal analysis. WTC is used to
calculate the similarity between two waveforms in frequency
domain. Parameters extracted from WTC function is used as
the features of the ECG signal. These features are optimized
using Bat algorithm. The Levenberg Marquardt Neural
Network (LVNN) classifier is used to classify the optimized
features. Atrial fibrillation is classified as abnormal disease in
this work. The method proposed in [4] focuses on classifying
Myocardial Infarction as an abnormal ECG signal. In the
feature extraction stage, first segmentation of each ECG beat
is performed. Then every ECG beat is processed by flexible
analytic wavelet transform (FAWT) for decomposing into
subband signals. Using these subband signals Sample entropy
(SEnt) is computed. Finally in the classification stage, the
sample entropy values are fed to a number of classifiers,
namely: J48 decision tree, Random Forest (RF), Least-
Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) and Back
Propagation Neural Network (BPNN). An approach based on
Cross Wavelet Transform (XWT) is described in [5]. One
way to measure similarity between two waveforms in time-
domain is to find out the cross-correlation between the
signals. The Morlet wavelet is the mother wavelet used in this
paper. When XWT is applied to a pair of data, it gives us
Wavelet Cross Spectrum (WCS) and Wavelet Coherence
(WCOH). If the characteristics or pattern of the ECGs are
different, then WCS and WCOH would demonstrate
distinguishing characteristics over two specific locales or
regions R1 and R2, where R1 stands for the QRS complex
and R2 stands for the T wave region. After marking
discernible dissimilarities of the signals in R1 and R2, ECGs
are classified as normal and abnormal based on an appropriate
threshold.
II. METHODOLOGY
For doing observation and analysis we have used ECG
records which were collected from the MIT-BIH Normal
Sinus Rhythm Database and were made available through
Physionet. The range of age of the subjects is 20-42 years.
A. Workflow of proposed feature extraction method
A simplified workflow of the feature extraction method is
described in this section. First a certain number of signals are
selected for the purpose of feature extraction and training the
Support Vector Machine (SVM). First, only the normal ECG
signals are selected. Then they are decomposed into 5 levels
using Daubechies wavelets of order 10 (‘db10’) and their
detail coefficients and approximation coefficients are
extracted. Skewness, Kurtosis, Standard Deviation of these
coefficients are calculated which are the desired features [7].
Using these features, a feature matrix and a group matrix are
created. A numerical value of ‘1’ is used in the group matrix
for normal ECGs. Same procedure is followed from the
beginning for abnormal ECGs with the exception being that a
numerical value of ‘0’ is used in the group matrix [8]. A block
diagram for the workflow is given in Figure 1.
Selecting a certain number of signals (both normal and
abnormal)
Extract the ECG signals with normal sinus rhythm

Decompose the signal into 5 levels of approximation

The method for abnormality detection developed in this and detail coefficients using db10
work is different from the works mentioned in this section in
such a way that it does not require any kind of preprocessing
stage. It’s a straightforward method which begins by taking
the detail and approximation coefficients from daubechies Compute standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis for all
wavelet of order 10 of the normal and abnormal ECGs. The the detail and approximation coefficients
reason behind choosing ‘db10’ wavelets is Daubechies
wavelets family provides better performance for detecting
discontinuities and transients with respect to continuous
wavelet transform. Then the features, skewness, kurtosis,
standard deviations are extracted for training the SVM. Save the extracted features in feature matrix and
Skewness, kurtosis, standard deviation was chosen as features assign ‘1’ for a group matrix for all the normal ECGS
over other statistical features because they can determine the
extent of asymmetry of the distribution, measure it’s
tailedness and determine its dispersion. Finally, the abnormal
ECG signals are detected.
Extract the ECG signals with Myocardial Infarction
We have organized the paper as follows: Section II
describes the complete methodologies for the proposed
method. Section III includes the results and discussion of this
work and gives a comparison between other works and our
proposed method. Finally, Section IV comes with the Save the similar extracted features in the feature
conclusion of the whole work done in this paper. matrix and assign ‘0’ for the group matrix for all the
abnormal ECGs

Figure 1: Workflow of proposed feature extraction method

B. Feature Extraction Method
Here, the proposed method for feature extraction has been
described. All the steps for wavelet decomposition using
Daubechies wavelets of order 10 i.e. ‘db10’ into 5 levels have
been described step-by-step [9]. The relevant MATLAB
waveforms are also given. Creation of feature matrix and
group matrix for training the Support Vector Machine is
explained too [10].
First, a number of ECG signals are selected for feature
extraction which includes both normal and abnormal ECG.
All the files are in mat extension format. Each file
representing abnormal (diseased) ECG contains signals from
15 different leads whereas each file for normal ECG contains
signals from 2 different leads. The steps of feature extraction
are described below:

1. Seven (7) .mat files (105 ECG signals) with

Myocardial Infarction i.e. abnormal ECG and seven
(7) .mat files (14 ECG signals) having normal sinus
rhythm are selected for feature extraction.

2. There are 2 dimensions (ECG signals) in a for a

recording of normal sinus rhythm. Hence, in the
beginning of feature extraction, the first dimension
is extracted in Figure 2.

Figure 3: D1, D2 extracted from normal ECG

Figure 2: ECG signal of Normal Sinus Rhythm

3. The extracted ECG signal is decomposed into five

levels of detail coefficients using ‘db10’ and saved
in variables D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 in matrix form. The
extracted coefficients of levels 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are saved
in D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 respectively. D1 coefficients
of normal ECG in one channel, D2 coefficients of
normal ECG in one channel is shown in Figure 3. D3
coefficients of normal ECG in one channel, D4
coefficients of normal ECG in one channel, D5
coefficients of normal ECG in one channel is shown
in Figure 4.

Figure 4: D3, D4, D5 extracted from normal

4. Then, extracted ECG signal is decomposed into five
levels of approximation coefficients using ‘db10’
and saved in variables A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 in matrix
form [11]. Coefficients of level 1 (A1), level 2 (A2),
level 3 (A3) are shown in Figure 5 and coefficients
of level 4 (A4), level 5 (A5) are shown in Figure 6.
Figure 5: A1, A2, A3 extracted from normal ECG
5. Skewness, Kurtosis, Standard Deviation of each of
D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 are calculated and stored in
variables ske1, kur1, sd1; ske2, kur2, sd2; ske3,
kur3, sd3; ske4, kur4, sd4; ske5, kur5, sd5.
Therefore, a total of 15 features have been extracted.
6. Similar values for A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 are stored in
variables aske1, akur1, asd1; aske2, akur2, asd2;
aske3, akur3, asd3; aske4, akur4, asd4; aske5, akur5,
asd5. Again a total of 15 features have been
extracted. So, there are a total of 30 features.
Figure 6: A4, A5 extracted from normal ECG
7. These statistical parameters of both detail and
approximation coefficients are saved in the first row
of a variable aa.
8. A value of ‘1’ is assigned to the first row of another
matrix (namely group matrix) for the first row of aa
indicating that it was a normal ECG signal.
9. Identical operation is carried out for the other
dimension of ECG signal for this record of normal
ECG [12].
10. Hence, the same operation is carried out for a total
of 14 times as there are 14 normal ECG signals.
11. Group matrix for normal ECG is created.
12. In the same manner group matrix for 105 abnormal
ECG signals is also created with the difference being
that a value of ‘0’ is assigned for indicating
abnormal ECG. This implies that same statistical
features have been extracted for abnormal ECG too.
So, the group matrix will have 119 rows and 1
column.

13. So, the final feature matrix will have 119 rows (since
the total number of signals is 119) and 30 columns
(total number of features are 30).
The discrete wavelet changes (DWT) is an execution of the
wavelet transform utilizing a discrete arrangement of the
wavelet scales and interpretations complying with some
characterized standards. In other words, the signal is broken
down into mutually orthogonal arrangement of wavelets
using this transform, which is distinguishes itself the
continuous wavelet transform (CWT). [15].
C. Abnormality Detection Method
1. The feature matrix and group matrix created in the
feature extraction stage are used to train the Support
Vector Machine.
2. Separate test matrices are created for normal and
abnormal (diseased) ECG signals for testing the
Support Vector Machine.
3. If the output of the SVM is ‘0’ then it means that
SVM has classified the test signal as an abnormal
ECG signal. If the output is ‘1’, then it means SVM
has classified the test signal as a normal ECG signal.
4. Calculate the accuracy as it is already known which
signal is normal and which one is not.
Train the SVM with feature matrix and group
matrix
Create separate test matrices of normal and
abnormal ECG for testing the SVM
Record the output for abnormality detection
Figure 7: Workflow for abnormality detection
However, in our work we used Support vector machine
(SVM) which is a supervised learning method that analyzes
data and recognizes patterns, used for classification (machine
learning) and regression analysis. The standard SVM is a
binary linear classifier. A purpose of a binary classifier is to
predict which of the two classes the input belongs. Hence, for
a set of training examples, each labeled as belonging to one
of two categories, an SVM training algorithm fabricates a
model that predicts category or label of the of the input.
Intuitively, the examples that are used to build the SVM
model can be thought of as points in space, mapped in such a
way that examples of the separate categories or labels are
divided by a gap that can be as wide as possible. For every
new example, it is then mapped into that same space and the
category of the example is predicted by utilizing the
information on which side of the gap they fall on.
D. Performance Metrics
The performance of the abnormality detection method is
evaluated by the widely used metrics: accuracy (AC),
sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP). These metrics are calculated
using the following equations:
ܶ‫ݏ݁݀ݎ݋ܿ݁ݎ݂݀݁݅݅ݏݏ݈ܽܿݕ݈ݐܿ݁ݎݎ݋݈ܿܽݐ݋‬
‫ ܥܣ‬ൌ  
ܶ‫ݏ݀ݎ݋ܿ݁ݎ݂݋ݎܾ݁݉ݑ݈݊ܽݐ݋‬
ൈ ͳͲͲΨ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ሺͳሻ
ܶ‫݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋ܲ݁ݑݎ‬
ܵ‫ ܧ‬ൌ  
ܶ‫ ݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋ܲ݁ݑݎ‬൅ ‫݁ݒ݅ݐܽ݃݁ܰ݁ݏ݈ܽܨ‬
ൈ ͳͲͲΨ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺʹሻ
ܶ‫݁ݒ݅ݐܽ݃݁ܰ݁ݑݎ‬
ܵܲ ൌ  
ܶ‫ ݏ݁ݒ݅ݐܽ݃݁ܰ݁ݑݎ‬൅ ‫݁ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݋ܲ݁ݏ݈ܽܨ‬
ൈ ͳͲͲΨ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ ǥ Ǥ ሺ͵ሻ
The explanation of the terms True Positive (TP), True
Negative (TN), False Positive (FP), False Negative (FN) are
given below:
FP: Normal class classified as abnormal
TP: Abnormal class classified as abnormal
FN: Abnormal class classified as normal
TN: Normal class classified as normal
The performance metrics are explained here which are
going to be used to evaluate the performance of abnormality
detection method. Then SVM has been described
comprehensively as it was instrumental in the completion of
this proposed work. A step by step workflow of the
abnormality detection method has been given too.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Here, the important data for classifying abnormal ECG
signals are presented in tabular form. A final overall result is
presented in this chapter. The result and the procedure has
been compared with other pre-existing methods here later.
A. Data Used For Feature Extraction
First, 7 recordings i.e. a total of 7 ECG records
representing Normal Sinus Rhythm were used for feature
extraction in our work. These signals were collected from
MIT-BIH Normal Sinus Rhythm Database. Then the features
of ECGs exhibiting Myocardial Infarction were extracted.
The ECG records exhibiting Myocardial Infarction were
collected from PTB Diagnostic ECG Database. The records
are given in Table I and Table II.
Table I and Table II contain the records used for feature
extraction and training the Support Vector Machine in order
to detect abnormal ECG signals. The records given in Table I
are taken from 7 subjects who exhibited normal sinus rhythm.
All the ECG records are of same duration which made the
wavelet decomposition convenient as all detail coefficient
and approximation coefficient matrices at the same level had
equal size. Skewness, Kurtosis, Standard Deviation of the
aforementioned records were then calculated.
 TABLE I. ECG recordings of Normal Sinus Rhythm B. Overall Result
The following table includes the final output of our
Duration proposed i.e. it represents the SVM’s ability to detect
Record Age Sex
(Hour:Min:Sec) abnormal ECG signal.

16265m 32 years Male 2:10:12 TABLE III. Performance of the proposed abnormality detection method

16272m 20 years Female 2:10:12 Number

of ECGs
Number Number of ECGs
Diagnosis classified
16273m 28 years Female 2:10:12 of classified as normal
of ECG as
ECGs ECG
abnormal
16420m 38 years Female 2:10:12 ECG

16483m 42 years Male 2:10:12 36 Abnormal 36 0

16539m 35 years Female 2:10:12

36 Normal 1 35
16773m 26 years Male 2:10:12
TABLE IV. Performance of the proposed abnormality detection method
(continued)
TABLE II. ECG recordings of Myocardial Infarction
Number
Duration Accuracy Sensitivity Specificity
Record Age Sex of ECGs
36
98.61% 97.37% 97.22%
s0010rem 81 years Female 38 min
36

s0014lrem 81 years Female 1h 55min

From Table III and Table IV, it can be seen that a total
number of 72 ECG signals were tested to evaluate the
s0015lrem 58 years Female 1h 55min performance of the proposed abnormality detection method.
Equal number of normal ECGs (ECGs that exhibit normal
s0016lrem 81 years Female 1h 55min sinus rhythm) and abnormal ECGs (ECGs that exhibit cardiac
diseases), which means 36 normal and 36 abnormal ECGs
were tested by the SVM. When tested, SVM showed the
s0017lrem 63 years Male 1h 55min
numerical value ‘0’ for all the abnormal signals. Hence, all
the abnormal ECGs were correctly classified. While testing
s0020arem 69 years Male 1h 55min the normal ECGs, the SVM showed the numerical value ‘1’
for one abnormal ECG which means it classified one
s0020brem 69 years Male 1h 55min abnormal ECG as a normal ECG. Accuracy, sensitivity,
specificity is calculated too.

Table II contains the records of abnormal ECG signals used

C. Comparison with Some Pre-existing Methods
to complete the rest of the training of the Support Vector
Machine which were collected from PTB Diagnostic ECG
Database. Each record includes 15 simultaneously measured
signals: the conventional 12 leads (i, ii, iii, avr, avl, avf, v1,
v2, v3, v4, v5, v6) together with the 3 Frank lead ECGs (vx,
vy, vz). Each signal is digitized at 1000 samples per second.
All the patients in the records were diagnosed with
Myocardial Infarction. Age of the patients range from 58-81
years. Though duration of every record is not same, the
problem was eradicated using appropriate MATLAB
functions. To match the lengths of each files, zeros were
appended for files that have shorter duration.
Given in this section is a comparison with some of the
pre-existing methods for detection of abnormal ECG
signal. All the works have used the PTB Diagnostic
Database. Two separate tables are used to draw a
complete comparison with the results of our proposed
method with seven different methods. The metrics chosen
for comparison are the feature set used for feature
extraction, method of classification, accuracy, sensitivity,
specificity. All the aforementioned metrics were obtained
from the works mentioned in Table V and Table VI except
for the work done by Hamed and Nasser, in which the
specificity was not calculated.
 TABLE V. Comparison with other works From Table V and Table VI we can see that the
performance metrics, namely: accuracy, sensitivity, and
Feature specificity of the proposed method is somewhat close to the
Work By Classification Accuracy
Set other methods mentioned here. But, our proposed method
differs from others in the choice of extracted feature set and
Kumar et al. FAWT,
LS-SVM 99.31% the choice of classifier. Another advantage that our proposed
[16] SEnt
method has over the others, is that it eliminates the need for
any kind of pre-processing on the electrocardiogram signals
Hamed and QRS Shannon
99.846% before feature extraction. While other methods rely on the
Nasser. [17] complex Energy
morphological features like R-R interval, Q wave, S wave,
Swati and QRS complex etc and wavelet transforms, our proposed
XWT Heart Rate 99.31% method utilizes the ability of daubechies wavelets (db10) to
Mitra [18]
detect discontinuities and transients. Then skewness, kurtosis,
Kora and standard deviation of the detail and approximation
WTC LVNN, Bat 99.1% coefficients are used as features for training the SVM which
Krishna [19]
improves performance since they can determine the extent of
Morpholo asymmetry of a distribution, measure the tailedness and
Huang and gical, SDA, SVM, determine dispersion. Hence, though the methods mentioned
88.52% in Table V and Table VI yield almost similar results, our
Zhou [20] Slope, LLR
PCA proposed method distinguishes itself by extracting the
appropriate statistical features after the application of
Morpholo BPN, MLP, daubechies wavelet decomposition which eliminates the
Rai et al. [21] 98.52% requirement of any pre-processing. This makes our proposed
gical FFN
method simple yet accurate.
DWT,
skewness,
Proposed
kurtosis, SVM 98.61%
Method IV. CONCLUSIONS
standard
deviation ECG is instrumental when it comes to delivering
important information about the cardiac conditions of a
patient. Abnormalities in the ECG signal might be a symptom
TABLE VI. Comparison with other works (continued) of a severe cardiac complication which can be life
threatening. It is therefore necessary to detect an abnormal
Feature
Work By Sensitivity Specificity ECG signal and receive treatment from concerned personnel.
Set
The method proposed here detects classifies an ECG
FAWT,
Kumar et al. 99.62% 98.12% signal into two groups: normal and abnormal. Eight
SEnt
cardiovascular conditions and diseases, namely: Angina,
Hamed and QRS Bundle Branch Block, Cardiomyopathy Heart Failure,
99.924% Dysrhythmia, Myocardial Hypertrophy, Myocardial
Nasser. complex
Infarction, Myocarditis, Valvular Heart Disease, all are
classified as ECG signals with abnormalities.
Swati and Mitra XWT 97.3% 98.8%
The whole procedure was carried out in MATLAB. Detail
Kora and and approximation coefficients were used as the primary
WTC 96.97% 99.43% features and SVM was used to classify the ECG signals. The
Krishna
system proved to be quite efficient as it yielded an accuracy
Morpholo of 98.61%.
Huang and gical,
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