PRELIMS NUTRIDIET - Inorganic Nurtirnets: water,

minerals
=CHAPTER 1=
THE RELATIONSHIP OF NUTRITION AND - ORGANIC NUTRIENTS
HEALTH - must be broken down before
use (hindi kaya i-handle ng
● NUTRIENTS katawan; complex →
○ chemical substances simplest)
necessary for life. - need to be converted
○ it is important, excess and - polysaccharide → rice → glucose
deficiency could die in this. (simplest form) (cells can only
● FUNCTIONS: recognize glucose as energy)
○ provide energy → calories - contains carbon, hydrogen,
(unit name pag nasa food pa) and oxygen
○ build and repair tissue → - function: provide energy,
protein (one of the necessary regulate body processes,
nutrients; has a lot of roles in and repair tissues
the body, only nutrient that is - e.g protein → amino acids
capable of repairing tissues) fats → triglycerides
○ regulate body processes:
circulation, respiration, ● absorption → nasa blood na,
digestion, and elimination. ready for distribution
● SIX CLASSES
1. Carbohydrates (CHO) - INORGANIC NUTRIENTS
2. fats lipid - no need for conversion
3. proteins - readily absorbable (minerals
- this three is the only nutrient that can & water)
give calories = energy - simplest form when ingested
4. vitamins - function: regulate body
5. minerals water processes
6. water ● hemoglobin(important O2
- 4-6 are 0 calories distribution; aerobic metabolism) (no
atp = malata;symptoms of anemia)
CONCEPTS: is made from iron and protein
- no nutrient can work alone
- Essential Nutrients: those found - CARBOHYDRATES
only in foods - contains CHO (chemicals)
● essential: source is from the food, - Provide a major source of
you’re body can’t produce. energy
● non-essential: produce from the - examples: cereal grains,
body, meron na. vegetables, fruits, nuts, and
- Organic nutrients: carbohydrates, sugars.
fats, proteins, vitamins - 2500 cal/day (given)
- FATS (LIPIDS)
- contains CHO (chemicals)
- provide energy
- highest kilocalorie value
- Sources: meats, milk, cream, butter,
cheese, egg yolks, oils, nuts
● some patients need high calorie
food (anything with fats)
especially bipolar patient because
they use too much energy during
manic episodes.
● Cheese hamburger & pizza has one
of the highest calories because of
cheese (dairy)
- PROTEINS
- contains CHON
- build and repair body tissues
(especially sa mga bata, growing
kids, and pregnancy)
- provide energy
- only one of the six nutrients that
contain nitrogen
- Nitrogen → nitrogenous waste
(Bun/creatinine) = ammonia (came
from protein metabolism) → body
having a problem digesting it →
liver will turn it to urea → kidney
→ urine
- Sources: meats, fish, poultry, eggs,
milk, cheese, corn, grains, nuts, and
seeds
- pag sira ang kidney, hindi pwede
ang protein diet (giving excess work
for the kidney to excrete nitrogenous
waste)
- VITAMINS
- Organic compounds (need to be
broken down) (carbon atom)
- Regulate body processes
- Examples: vitamins A,B,C,D,E, and
K - Greasy, blemished complexion
- MINERALS
- Inorganic compounds
- regulate body processes
- Examples: calcium, phosphorus,
potassium, sodium, chloride, iron,
magnesium, and zinc.
- pag nasa body na, electrolytes
(food;minerals)
- WATER
- a major constituent of all living cells
- composed of hydrogen and oxygen
- body are made (young = 80%-95%;
adult = 80%)
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
NUTRITION
● Hunger – the physiological need for
food
○ indicates decreased in blood
glucose (low in sugar;
hypoglycemia)
● Appetite – psychological desire for
food based on pleasant memories
● Nutrition – result of the processes
whereby the body takes in and uses
food for growth, development, and
the maintenance of health.
● it affects body’s ability to resist
disease, length of one’s life, and
state of physical and mental
well-being.
CHARACTERISTICS OF NUTRITIONAL
STATUS
- Good
- alert expression
- shiny hair
- clear complexion
- good color
- Poor
- Apathy
- Dull, lifeless hair
 - Poor color
CHARACTERISTICS OF NUTRITIONAL
STATUS
- Good
- Bright, clear eyes
- Pink, firm gums and well-developed
teeth
- Firm abdomen
- Firm, well-developed muscles
- well-developed bone structure
- normal weight for height
- erect posture
- emotional stability
- good stamina & endurance
- seldom ill
- healthy appetite
- health, normal sleep habits
- normal elimination
- Poor
- Dull, red-rimmed eyes
- Red, puffy, receding gums(umurong,
prone to tooth decay), and missing
or cavity-prone teeth
- Swollen abdomen
- Underdeveloped(emaciated= buto’t
balat), flabby muscles(taba)
- bowed legs “pigeon breast”
- overweight or underweight
- slumped posture
- easily irritated, depressed, poor
attention span
- easily fatigued
- frequently ill
- excessive or poor appetite
- insomnia at night, fatigued during
the day
- constipation or diarrhea
MALNUTRITION
● Overnutrition
○ excess energy or nutrient
intake
● Undernutrition
○ deficient energy or nutrient
intake
● Overnutrition is a larger problem
than undernutrition in the U.S.
● The supersizing, fast food industry
contributes to overnutrition.
CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF NUTRITION
● Cumulative Effects – results of
something that is done repeatedly
over many years.
● Excesses
○ excess nutrients over time
○ examples: atherosclerosis
(plaque), obesity,
hypertension, diabetes,
gallbladder disease, some
cancers
● Deficiencies
○ nutrients lacking/extended
period
○ examples: iron deficiency,
beriberi, scurvy,
osteomalacia, osteoporosis,
rickets, goiter
NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
Primary: inadequate dietary intake
● you don’t include this in your diet
Secondary: due to causes other than
dietary intake.
● for many years, you have food that
you can’t eat. (Lacking nutrient)
○ Lack of iodine (uphill places)
in the diet → goiter may be
affected
○ e.g. menstruation
(iron-deficiency)
● malabsorption – there are some
patients who can’t absorb nutrient
○ e.g. Celiac disease(they can
experience malabsorption) →
need to have a gluten-free
food
 ● both can cause malnutrition ● you don’t need to intake vitamin
supplements except if you have a
DEFICIENCY DISEASES condition in health. As long as you
have a well-balanced diet.
1. iron deficiency anemia
2. beriberi
3. Night blindness
4. Goiter
5. Kwashiorkor (malnutrition
problem) – because of too much,
fluid edema (on interstitial fluid;
lower oncotic pressure, lack of
protein → albumin)
6. Marasmus (emaciated → buto’t
balat)
7. Osteomalacia “soft bones”
8. Osteoporosis (brittle; very prone
to fracture) (commonly in women
who are already menopause)
9. Pellagra (kumakapal yung skin)
10. RIckets
11. Scurvy (commonly on seafarers)
(panget yung ngipin; effect ng
scurvy)
12. Xerophthalmia

NUTRIENTS LACKING
1. Iron
2. Thiamin - B1
3. Vitamin A
4. Iodine
5. Protein
6. All nutrients (mostly; Xerophthalmia
carbohydrates)
7. Calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus,
magnesium, and fluoride
8. Calcium and Vitamin D
9. Niacin - B3
10. Calcium and Vitamin D
11. Vitamin C (fruits)
12. Vitamin A

NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT
● A well-balanced diet is a diet that
● Anthropometric measurements
has 6 nutrients in the right amount.
(body measurements)
 - height, weight (BMI)
- Head, chest, and abdominal
circuference (children) (medida)
- Upper arm measurement
- Skin fold
● Clinical examination
- biochemical test; mga hinahanap sa
dugo, may find excess or deficiency
- Signs and symptoms.
● Biochemical tests
– SERUM ALBUMIN LEVEL
- measures main protein in blood
- determines protein status
- osmotic/oncotic pressure keeps the
fluid in blood vessels; hydorstatic
pressure (stronger slightly) attracts
fluid outside (the excess fluid went
to lymphs)
- sa patient na mababa ang albumin,
* riboflavin – B2 hihina ang oncotic pressure; mas
lalakas ang hydrostatic pressure
(outside) fluids are coming out →
edema
- Protenuria/Albuminuria – ihi ng ihi
– SERUM TRANSFERRIN LEVEL
- Indicates iron-carrying protein in
blood

– BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN)

- May indicate renal failure,
insufficiant renal blood supply, or
bloackage of the urinary tract
– SERUM CREATININE
- indicates amount of creatinine in
blood
- used to evaluate renal function
– Vitamin K (Bacteria on colon)
– Tetany - tremors (strong muscle
contraction)
– Parathyroid/Thyroid - regulates calcium
 ● Dietary and social history
– EVALUATION OF FOOD HABITS
- 24 hours recall: client interviewed
by the dietician and asked to give
types, amounts, and preparation of
all foods eaten in the past 24 hours.
- Food diary: written record of all food
and drink ingested in a specified
period
– SOCIAL HISTORY
- consideration of financial resources
to obtain needed food, and to
properly store and cook food
- Food-drug interactions that can
lead to malnutrition
- e.g. milk, drugs that are to be
dissolved in the stomach got
delayed because milk is alkaline and
can neutralize the acidity of the
intestines.