132 AY CH3 Student SS20

MTH 132 Chapter 3 - Applications of Differentiation MSU
Chapter 3
Applications of Differentiation
Contents
Motivation to Chapter 3 2
1 Maximum and Minimum Values 3

1.1 VIDEO - Absolute Mins and Maxs and Why They Don’t Always Exist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 VIDEO - The Extreme Value Theorem (Finding Absolute Minima and Maxima) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 CLASS - Elaboration and Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 The Mean Value Theorem 9

2.1 VIDEO - Statements and Meanings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 VIDEO - Practice Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 VIDEO - A Strange Consequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3 Derivatives and Graphs 18

3.1 OPTIONAL VIDEO - Inequality Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2 VIDEO - Increasing, Decreasing, and Concavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3 VIDEO - Local Mins and Maxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.4 VIDEO - Points of Inflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.5 CLASS - The Second Derivative Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes 27

4.1 VIDEO - A Review of Rational Functions and Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2 VIDEO - The Calculus of Horizontal Asymptotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5 Curve Sketching 35
5.1 VIDEO - Slant Asymptotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.2 VIDEO - Two Curve Sketching Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7 Optimization Problems 42
7.1 VIDEO - Intro and Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.2 VIDEO - A Little Bit Harder Now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.4 CLASS - Even More!!!! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
8 Newton’s Method 51
8.1 VIDEO - Introduction and Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8.2 VIDEO - Issues with Newton’s Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8.3 CLASS - More Advanced Newton’s Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9 Antiderivatives 57
9.1 VIDEO - Definitions and Intro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
9.2 VIDEO - Initial Value Problems and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Page 1
Motivation to Chapter 3
It seems in the real world everyone likes minimizing and maximizing. Minimizing costs, maximizing profits, minimizing
spread of disease, maximizing algorithm efficiency, and so so much more. And so in Chapter 3 a lot of our time is spent on
this idea of maximizing and minimizing (optimization for short). Here’s a nice example to wet your appetite.
Example: Suppose you have a fixed amount of metal to build a soup can.
What radius and height will maximize the volume the can will hold?
Use https://www.desmos.com/calculator/yu5kis7gzb to help solve this problem.
Another key topic we will discuss is how a function’s derivative and second derivative impacts the shape
of a function’s graph. Smaller topics we will visit along the way include:
• Using the Mean Value Theorem to guarantee that the derivative takes on a specific value.
• Using Newton’s Method to show two graphs intersect.
• Calculating anti-derivatives (which will lead nicely into CH4).
Page 2
1 Maximum and Minimum Values

1.1 VIDEO - Absolute Mins and Maxs and Why They Don’t Always Exist
Objective(s):
• Define maximums and minimums and be able to visualize them graphically.

• Comprehend why absolute mins and maxs don’t always exist.
• Gain exposure to the Extreme Value Theorem.
Definition(s) 1.1. Let c be a number in the domain D of a function f . Then f (c) is the
• absolute (global) maximum value of f on D if f (c) ≥ f (x) for all x in D.
• absolute (global) minimum value of f on D if f (c) ≤ f (x) for all x in D.
• local maximum value of f on D if f (c) ≥ f (x) for all x near c.
• local maximum value of f on D if f (c) ≤ f (x) for all x near c.
Maximums and minimums are often referred to as extreme values.
Pictures:
Remark 1.2. Maximums and minimums must be finite real numbers
Remark 1.3. The book uses “near c” to mean technically that the statement is true in some open interval containing
c. So technically endpoints cannot be local mins/maxes... Sometimes these definitions can make you (and me) crazy!
Page 3
1
Example 1.4. Consider the graph of f (x) = on the interval [−2, 2].
x
Explain why there is no absolute minimum for f (x) on this interval.
f (x)
−2
x
2
Example 1.5. Consider the graph of f (x) = x on the interval (0, 2].
Explain why there is no absolute minimum for f (x) on this interval.
f (x)
x
2
Theorem 1.6 (Extreme Value Theorem (EVT)). If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b],
then f attains an absolute maximum value and an absolute minimum in [a, b].
Remark 1.7. This theorem is nice and all but it only guarantees that the maximum and minimum exist...
it doesn’t tell us how to find them. We will go over this strategy next time!
Page 4
1.2 VIDEO - The Extreme Value Theorem (Finding Absolute Minima and Maxima)
Objective(s):
• Explore a strategy for finding absolute mins and maxes.
• Practice finding minimums and maximums!
We have seen that closed intervals are good. Let’s explore where minimums and maximums occur for continuous functions on
closed intervals so we can develop general strategies.
x x
Remark 1.8. Absolute extremum seem to appear possibly at endpoints , or when the derivative is
0 or undefined .
Definition(s) 1.9. A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such that
either f 0 (c) = 0 or f 0 (c) does not exist.
Example 1.10. Find the critical numbers for the function f (x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x + 5.
Theorem 1.11. To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a continuous function f on a closed interval [a, b]:
(a) Find the values of f at the critical numbers of f in (a, b).
(b) Find the values of f at the endpoints (a and b).
(c) The largest of the values from above is the absolute maximum value;
the smallest is the absolute minimum value.
Page 5
Example 1.12. Find the absolute maximum an minimum values of f (x) = x3 − 12x + 1 on the interval [1, 4]
Example 1.13. Find the absolute maximum an minimum values of g(t) = t − 3t2/3 on the interval [−1, 27]
Page 6
1.3 CLASS - Elaboration and Examples
Objective(s):
Do more examples in more detail.
Example 1.14 (WW 3.1.2). Consider the graph of f (x) below. Find the absolute max and min of f (x) on [1, 5]
Example 1.15 (WW 3.1.4). Consider the function f (x) = (x − 1)(x − 5)3 + 3
(a) Find the critical points of f (x)
(b) Find the absolute maximum and minimum of f (x) on [0, 6].
Page 7
Example 1.16 (WW 3.1.5). Find all critical numbers for the function f (t) = 7t2/3 − 9t5/3
1
Example 1.17 (WW 3.1.7). Let g(s) = on the interval [−5, −4].
s−5
(a) The absolute maximum value is and this occurs at s = .
(b) The absolute minimum value is and this occurs at s = .
Page 8
2 The Mean Value Theorem

2.1 VIDEO - Statements and Meanings
Objective(s):
• State the Mean Value Theorem and draw pictures to help us understand its meaning.
• Identify points on the correct interval that satisfy the Mean Value Theorem.
Theorem 2.1 (Rolle’s Theorem). Let f (x) be a function which satisfies the following three properties:
(1) f (x) is continuous on the interval [a, b]
(2) f (x) is differentiable on (a, b)
(3) f (a) = f (b)
Then there is a number c in (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0 .
Remark 2.2. The conclusion of Rolle’s Theorem says that if the function values agree at the endpoints, then there is a
place in between where the tangent line is horizontal.
Picture:
Page 9
Theorem 2.3 (Mean Value Theorem (MVT)). Let f (x) be a function which satisfies the following two properties:
(1) f (x) is continuous on the interval [a, b]
(2) f (x) is differentiable on (a, b)
Then there is a number c in (a, b) such that

f (b) − f (a)
f 0 (c) =
b−a
Remark 2.4. The conclusion of The Mean Value Theorem says that there is a place in the interval where the tangent
line is parallel to the secant line between the endpoints.
Remark 2.5. Notice that Rolle’s Theorem and The Mean Value Theorem tell you that “there exists” a number c
with certain properties, but neither theorem tells you what that the value of c is, or how to find it.
Picture:
Page 10
2.2 VIDEO - Practice Time

Objective(s):
• Apply the Mean Value Theorem to functions given graphically.
• Apply the Mean Value Theorem to functions given via equations.
• Re-emphasize when the Mean Value Theorem does not apply.
Example 2.6. Consider the function f (x) given by the graph on the right.
Find a value c that satisfies the conclusion of the MVT on the interval [1, 4]. 4 f (x)
0 x
0 1 2 3 4
Example 2.7. Consider the function f (x) = x2 + 3x + 5. Can the MVT be applied to f on the interval [0, 1]?
(i) If yes, find a c value that satisfies the conclusion of the MVT.
(ii) If no, explain why not.
Page 11
1
Example 2.8. Consider the function f (x) = . Can the MVT be applied to f on the interval [1, 3]?
x
Example 2.9. Consider the function f (x) = |x|. Can the MVT be applied to f on the interval [−2, 2]?
Page 12
2.3 VIDEO - A Strange Consequence

Objective(s):
• Understand an interesting result of the MVT and why we care.
• Solve a few problems related to this idea.
Corollary 2.10.
If f 0 (x) = 0 for all x in an interval (a, b), then f (x) must be constant on (a, b).
Remark 2.11. Why does it make sense?
Remark 2.12. Why does it matter?
Corollary 2.13.
If f 0 (x) = g 0 (x) for all x in an interval (a, b), then f (x) = g(x) + c for some constant c.
Example 2.14. (a) Find a function f (x) that satisfies f 0 (x) = 2x.
(b) Find a different function f (x) that satisfies f 0 (x) = 2x.
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Objective(s):
Example 2.15. Consider the graphs below. Estimate the value(s) c that satisfy the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem
on the interval [−1, 4].
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Example 2.16. Consider the graphs below. Estimate the value(s) c that satisfy the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem
on the interval [−1, 5].
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Page 14
√
Example 2.17. Consider the function f (x) = 3
x on the interval [0, 1].
(a) Why does f satisfy the hypotheses for the MVT?
(b) Find all c values that satisfies the conclusion of the MVT.
Example 2.18. Show that the equation 3x + 2 cos x + 5 = 0 has at most one solution by using the MVT.
(For this we need a proof technique called contradiction which is you where you assume something that is wrong and show
how this would have dire consequences for previously established facts and theorems.)
Page 15
Example 2.19. Consider f (x) = 2 sin(x) cos(x) on the interval [0, π].
Justify why it satisfies the hypotheses for the MVT and find all c values that satisfies the conclusion of the MVT.
Page 16
Example 2.20 (WW 3.2.4 & 3.2.6). For the following functions justify why they satisfy the hypotheses for the MVT and
find all c values that satisfies the conclusion of the MVT.
11
on 41 , 4

(a) f (x) = x +
x
√
(b) g(x) = 7 − x on [−7, 7]
Page 17
3 Derivatives and Graphs

3.1 OPTIONAL VIDEO - Inequality Review
Objective(s):
• Solve a few inequality problems to get the juices flowing.
We are about to enter a part of calculus in which we will be solving lots of inequalities and so it is important that you
remember how! Here are a few problems to help jog your memory.
Example 3.1. Solve the inequality x2 − 2x − 3 > 0
x+5
Example 3.2. Solve the inequality <0
x−7
3
Example 3.3. Solve the inequality 1 − >0
x−2
Page 18
3.2 VIDEO - Increasing, Decreasing, and Concavity

Objective(s):
• Utilize the derivative to determine when a function is increasing or decreasing.
• Examine the second derivative to determine when a function is concave up or down.
We are now embarking on a journey to be able to do fairly detailed sketches of functions using their derivatives.
Theorem 3.4.
(a) If f 0 (x) > 0 on (a, b), then f (x) is increasing on (a, b).
(b) If f 0 (x) < 0 on (a, b), then f (x) is decreasing on (a, b).
Example 3.5. Find where f (x) = x2 + 4x + 5 is increasing.
Definition(s) 3.6.
• If the graph of f lies above all of its tangents on an interval I, then it is called concave up on I.
• If the graph of f lies below all of its tangents on I, it is called concave down on I.
Picture:
Theorem 3.7 (Concavity Test).
(a) If f 00 (x) > 0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is concave upward on I.
(b) If f 00 (x) < 0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is concave downward on I.
Page 19
Example 3.8. Find where f (x) = x2 + 4x + 5 is concave up.
3.3 VIDEO - Local Mins and Maxes

Objective(s):
• Find local mins and maxes of a function given to us via an equation.
In section 1 of chapter 3 we defined critical numbers and saw that these were places where minimums and maximums can
occur. In this video we hope to use the first derivative to help classify critical numbers. First let’s notice something . . .
Example 3.9. Sketch as function that is increasing on (−∞, −1) ∪ (3, ∞) and is decreasing on (−1, 3).
Theorem 3.10 (First Derivative Test).
Suppose that f (x) is a function and that c is a critical number of f (x).
(a) If f 0 (x) changes from positive to negative at x = c,
then f (x) has a local maximum at x = c.
(b) If f 0 (x) changes from negative to positive at x = c,
then f (x) has a local minimum at x = c.
(c) If f 0 (x) does not change sign at x = c,
then f (x) has neither a local maximum nor a local minimum at x = c.
Page 20
Pictures:
Example 3.11. For the following functions, find the intervals on which it is increasing and decreasing, and find where the
local maximum and local minimum values occur.
(a) f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − 36x on the domain (−∞, ∞)
x
(b) f (x) = on the domain (−∞, ∞)
x2 +1
Page 21
3.4 VIDEO - Points of Inflection

Objective(s):
• Define inflection points.
• Practice finding inflection points give a function’s equation.
Definition(s) 3.12. A point P on a curve y = f (x) is called an inflection point
if f is continuous there and either
(a) the curve changes from concave upward to concave downward at P .

(b) the curve changes from concave downward to concave upward at P .
Remark 3.13. Because of the above definition we also are interested
in where the second derivative is 0 or undefined.
Example 3.14. Suppose f (x) is a continuous function an f 00 (x) = (x + 1)2 (x + 5). Find where f (x) is concave up and where
it is concave down. Where are the inflection points?
Example 3.15. Find where f (x) = x3 − x2 − 5x + 3 is concave up and where it is concave down.
Where are the inflection points?
Page 22
3.5 CLASS - The Second Derivative Test

Objective(s):
• State the second derivative test.
• Get a little practice using the second derivative test.
Theorem 3.16 (Second Derivative Test). Suppose f 00 is continuous near c.
(a) If f 0 (c) = 0 and f 00 (c) > 0 , then f has a local minimum at c.
(b) If f 0 (c) = 0 and f 00 (c) < 0 , then f has a local maximum at c.
• If f 0 (c) = 0 and f 00 (c) = 0 , the test fails . In such cases, we must use the first derivative test.
With some regards the first derivative test is better than the second derivative test. You only need to take one derivative and
it doesn’t fail (like if f 00 (c) = 0 in the Second Derivative Test). However when you continue into higher dimensions (like we
will in MTH 234) the second derivative test can be extended and used much quicker than the first derivative test. So let’s
practice using it!
x2 x2 − 2x 2
Example 3.17. Consider f (x) = . Using the quotient rule we can find f 0 (x) = and f 00 (x) = .
x−1 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)3
Use the second derivative test to classify the critical points of f (x).
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Objective(s):
1 x
Example 3.18. Consider the function f (x) = + . Find where:
x 16
(a) f is increasing/decreasing
(b) f is concave up/down
(c) Identify any local mins, local maxes, and inflection points.
Page 24
Example 3.19. For f (x) = sin x + cos x on the domain [0, 2π], find the intervals on which it is increasing and decreasing,
and find where any local maximum and/or minimum values occur.
Example 3.20. For f (x) = x2/3 (6 − x)1/3 , find the intervals on which it is increasing and decreasing, and find where any
local maximum and/or minimum values occur.
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Example 3.21 (WW 3.3.1). Let f (x) = 4x3 − 6.
(a) List the critical numbers of f (x).
(b) Where is f (x) increasing? Where is it decreasing?
(c) Classify your critical points as local minima/maxima/neither.
Example 3.22 (WW 3.3.15). Determine A and B so that the curve y = Ax1/9 + Bx−1/9 has an inflection point at (1, 2).
Page 26
4 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes

4.1 VIDEO - A Review of Rational Functions and Algebra
Objective(s):
• Review the algebra rules for horizontal asymptotes.
Definition(s) 4.1 (Algebra definition). A horizontal asymptote is a
horizontal line that tells you how the function will behave at
very large positive values or very small negative values.
Myth: A function never crosses a horizontal asymptote.
Before we get into Horizontal asymptotes let’s recognize that there are many real world applications to horizontal asymptotes
so they are indeed worth studying. One such example comes from the world of biology!
Example: For a given region, the carrying capacity is the maximum P

number of individuals of a given species that an area’s resources can 70
sustain indefinitely without significantly depleting or degrading those 60

(thousands of penguins)
resources. To the right is a graph representing the population of

50
penguins on a particular island. What do you think the carrying
40
capacity for penguins is on this island?
30
20
10
t
10 20 30 40 50
(years since 1950)
Theorem 4.2. Suppose f and g are polynomials with leading coefficients a and b respectively.
f
(a) If deg(f ) > deg(g) then has no horizontal asymptote .
g
f
(b) If deg(f ) < deg(g) then has a horizontal asymptote, y = 0 .
g
f a
(c) If deg(f ) = deg(g) then has a horizontal asymptote, y = .
g b
Page 27
Example 4.3. Graph each of the functions below to verify that the satisfy the conclusions of Theorem 4.2.
x
(a) y =
1
1
(b) y =
x
2x
(c) y =
3x
Example 4.4. Use Theorem 4.2 to find the horizontal asymptotes for
3x + 1
(a) y =
1−x
x + 2x2 + 5x3
(b) y =
(7 + x2 )2
Page 28
4.2 VIDEO - The Calculus of Horizontal Asymptotes

Objective(s):
• Investigate horizontal asymptotes of a function given algebraically by using limits at infinity.
Definition(s) 4.5. Let f be a function defined on some interval (a, ∞). Then lim f (x) = L
x→∞
means that the values of f (x) can be made arbitrarily close to L by taking x sufficiently large .
Definition(s) 4.6. Let f be a function defined on some interval (−∞, a). Then lim f (x) = L
x→−∞
means that the values of f (x) can be made arbitrarily close to L by taking x sufficiently negative .
Definition(s) 4.7. The line y = L is called a horizontal asymptote of the curve y = f (x) if
either
lim f (x) = L or lim f (x) = L

x→−∞ x→∞
Theorem 4.8. If r > 0 then

1
lim =0
x→∞ xr
If r > 0 such that xr is defined for all x, then

1
lim =0
x→−∞ xr
2x − 1
Example 4.9. Find the limit or show that it does not exist: lim
x→∞ 5x + 3
Page 29
Remark 4.10 (Calculus Technique for Evaluating Horizontal Asymptotes).
To find the infinite limit divide both the numerator and denominator by the largest power of x in the denominator.
√
x − x3
Example 4.11. Evaluate the limit or show that it does not exist: lim
x→∞ 2x + x2
√3
x + 3x2
Example 4.12. Find the horizontal asymptotes for y = √
x(5 + 7x2 )
Page 30
Objective(s):
Quick Fire Questions
Example 4.13. Find the horizontal asymptotes of the following functions and evaluate the limits.
3 + 2x 3 + 2x 3 + 2x
(a) f (x) = , lim , lim .
5−x x→∞ 5−x x→−∞ 5−x
3 + 2x3 3 + 2x3 3 + 2x3

(b) f (x) = , lim , lim .
5 − x2 x→∞ 5 − x2 x→−∞ 5 − x2
3 + 2x3 + x − 4x2 3 + 2x3 + x − 4x2 3 + 2x3 + x − 4x2

(c) f (x) = √2
, lim √2
, lim √2
.
5 − x2 + x7 x→∞ 5 − x2 + x7 x→−∞ 5 − x2 + x7
3 + 2x3 3 + 2x3 3 + 2x3

(d) f (x) = √ , lim √ , lim √ .
5 − x3 + x x→∞ 5 − x3 + x x→−∞ 5 − x3 + x
Page 31
Slow Fire Questions

4x − 5
Example 4.14. Evaluate lim √
x→∞ 3x − 2 x3
Example 4.15. Find the horizontal asymptotes of y = lim tan−1 (x)

x→∞
Slant Asymptotes
p(x)
Theorem 4.16. If f (x) = where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials and if deg(p(x)) = deg(q(x)) + 1 then f (x)
q(x)
Page 32
Example 4.17. Find the horizontal and slant asymptote(s) of the following functions if they exist.
x3 + x2
(a) f (x) =
x2 − x
(x + 1)(2x − 5)
(b) g(x) =
(3x − 1)(1 − x)
√
(c) h(x) = 9x2 + x − 3x
Page 33
Example 4.18 (WW 3.4.2). Evaluate the following limits. No work is necessary.
√
15 x + 11x−2
(a) lim
x→∞ 11x − 14
√
7+93x
(b) lim √
x→−∞ 7 − 9 3 x
7x5/3 − x1/3 + 12
(c) lim √
x→∞ x8/5 + 12x + 4 x
√
3 5 x − 7x + 9
(d) lim
x→−∞ 15x + 3x2/3 − 12
Page 34
5 Curve Sketching
5.1 VIDEO - Slant Asymptotes
Objective(s):
• Define slant asymptotes and review their properties.

• Review polynomial long division.
• Practice finding slant asymptotes.
Vertical asymptotes are when a graph approaches a vertical line. Horizontal asymptotes are when a graph approaches a
horizontal line. So what if your graph approaches a line that isn’t vertical or horizontal? Welcome to the world of slant
asymptotes!
2x2 − x
Example 5.1. Use https://www.desmos.com/calculator/tifbtpclbk to find the slant asymptote of y =
x+1
We see that as x get’s close to ±∞ the graph approaches the straight line. More formally:
Definition(s) 5.2. The function y = f (x) has the slant asymptote y = mx + b if
lim (f (x) − (mx + b)) = 0 or if lim (f (x) − (mx + b)) = 0

x→∞ x→−∞
Okay so what about on homework/quizzes/exams when you don’t have a calculator or computer? How do we find slant
asymptotes? I’m sorry to say that the answer is... polynomial long division .
219
Example 5.3. Write as a mixed fraction by using long division
12
Page 35
2x2 − x
Example 5.4. Use polynomial long division to simplify f (x) =
x+1
Example 5.5. Use the definition of slant asymptotes to verify that the quotient of your answer in Example 5.4
is a slant asymptote.
Remark 5.6. After simplifying a rational function using polynomial long division
if the quotient is a linear function then it is the slant asymptote .
x2 + 3x + 2
Example 5.7. Find the slope asymptote(s) of y =
x−2
Page 36
5.2 VIDEO - Two Curve Sketching Problems

Objective(s):
• Combine your algebra knowledge and Chapter 3 material to sketch curves of functions.
Example 5.8. Consider the function f (x) = x(x − 4)3
(a) What is the domain of f (x)?
(b) Find the x and y intercepts.
(c) Find all vertical/horizontal/slant asymptotes.
(d) Find where f is increasing and where it is decreasing. Classify all critical points.
(e) Find where f is concave up/down. Identify all inflection points.
(f) Use parts (a)−(e) to sketch f (x).
Page 37
x2 − 2x + 4 x(x − 4) 8
Example 5.9. Consider the function f (x) = and its derivatives f 0 (x) = and f 00 (x) =
x−2 (x − 2)2 (x − 2)3
(b) Find the x and y intercepts.
(c) Find all vertical/horizontal/slant asymptotes.
(d) Find where f is increasing and where it is decreasing. Classify all critical points.
(e) Find where f is concave up/down. Identify all inflection points.
(f) Use parts (a)−(e) to sketch f (x).
Page 38
Objective(s):
Example 5.10. How can you tell if a function is even or odd
(a) by looking at the equation?
(b) by looking at the graph?
Example 5.11. Determine if the following functions are even/odd/both/neither.
(a) p(x) = x3 + x + 1
(b) f (x) = 5
4x3 − x
(c) g(x) =
x2 + 1
(d) h(x) = sin(4x) − x
Page 39
2x2
Example 5.12. Consider the function f (x) =
x2 − 1

(b) Find the x and y intercepts of f (x).
(c) Is f (x) even/odd/both/either?

(d) Find all asymptotes of f (x). No supporting work is needed
(e) Where is f increasing/decreasing? Identify any local mins/maxs.
(f) Where is f concave up/down? Identify any inflection points.
(g) Sketch f (x).
Page 40
Example 5.13. Consider the function and its derivatives
x2/3 − 1 2
f (x) = x − 3x1/3 f 0 (x) = f 00 (x) =
x2/3 3x5/3
(b) Find the x and y intercepts of f (x).

(c) Is f (x) even/odd/both/either?
(d) Where is f increasing/decreasing? Identify any local mins/maxs.
(e) Where is f concave up/down? Identify any inflection points.
(f) Sketch f (x).
Page 41
7 Optimization Problems
7.1 VIDEO - Intro and Practice
Objective(s):
• Analyze real world problems and transform statements into mathematical equations.
• Apply our maxima/minima knowledge to help solve optimization problems.
Remark 7.1. Related rates problems are to implicit differentiation as optimization problems are
to minima and maxima problems.
Example 7.2. Find the maximum area of a rectangle inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side length 6 and one side of the
rectangle lies along the base of the triangle.
Page 42
Theorem 7.3 (Steps in Solving Optimization Problems).

1. Understand the problem.
• Read the problem through in its entirety
• Determine what is given and what is unknown
2. Draw a Diagram
• This is useful in most problems
3. Introduce Notation
• Assign symbols to what needs maximized or minimized.
• Select symbols for other quantities and label the diagram when appropriate.
4. Find an equation that relates the quantities with what needs to be maximized/minimized
5. Use restricting equation(s) to reduce down to one variable (when applicable)
6. Use the methods in 3.1/3.3 to find an absolute maximum/minimum. In particular, if the domain is closed then the
Closed Interval Method in Section 3.1 can be used.
Example 7.4. The sum of two positive numbers is 16. What is the smallest possible value of the sum of their squares?
Page 43
7.2 VIDEO - A Little Bit Harder Now

Objective(s):
• Analyze real world problems and transform statements into mathematical equations.
• Apply our maxima/minima knowledge to solve optimization problems.
Example 7.5. A fish tank with a square base is to be made of glass sides, plastic on the base, and an open top. The fish
tank needs to hold 5 cubic feet of water. Glass costs $3 per square foot and plastic cost $2 per square foot. What is the
cheapest the tank can cost?
Page 44
Objective(s):
Example 7.6. A poster is to have a total area of 180 in2 with 1−inch margins at the bottom and sides and a 2−inch margin
at the top. What dimensions will have the largest printed area?
Page 45
Example 7.7. Find a point on the line y = 6 − x that is closest to the point (1, 2).
Page 46
Example 7.8 (Now you try! WW 3.7.7). A Norman window is a single window
that has the shape of a semicircle above a rectangle so that the diameter of the
semicircle is equal to the width of the rectangle. Suppose that a Norman window
has an outside perimeter of 46 feet.
(a) What is the area of the entire window as a function of r and h, where r is the radius
of the semicircular part and h is the height of the rectangular part?
(b) What is the area of the entire window as a function of r only?
(c) What is the largest possible area of such a Norman window (one with outside perimeter 46 feet)?
Page 47
Example 7.9. (WW 3.7.2) A farmer has 300 ft of fencing wants to enclose a
x
rectangular area and then divide it into two pens with fencing parallel to one side
of the rectangle (see the picture to the right). y y y
(a) Write an expression for the total area of the two pens. x
(b) Use the given information to write an equation that relates the variables.
(c) Use part (b) to write the total area as a function of one variable.
(d) Find the largest possible total area of the two pens. Prove that it is the largest.
Page 48
7.4 CLASS - Even More!!!!

Example 7.10. (Similar to 3.7.11) A baseball team plays in a stadium that holds 55,000 spectators. With ticket prices at
$10, the average attendance had been 27,000. When ticket prices were lowered to $8, the average attendance rose to 33,000.
(a) Find the demand function, assuming that it is linear.
(b) How should ticket prices be set to maximize revenue?
Page 49
Example 7.11. (WW 3.7.9) A woman is standing at the edge

of a slow-moving river which is one mile wide, and she wishes
to return to her campground on the opposite side of the river.
Assume that the woman can walk at 5 miles per hour and swim
at 3 miles per hour, and that she will first swim to cross the
river and then walk the remaining distance to the campground,
which is 10 miles downstream from the point directly across the
river from the woman’s starting point. What route will take the
least amount of time?
(a) How long will it take her to swim s miles?
(b) How long will it take her to walk w miles?
(c) Write the total number of hours that it takes her to swim and walk in terms of x.
(d) What is the optimal route and how long will it take for the woman to reach the campground?
Page 50
8 Newton’s Method
8.1 VIDEO - Introduction and Explanation
Objective(s):
• Develop Newton’s Method.

• Apply Newton’s Method to help find roots of equations.
In this section we explore a powerful algorithm that relies on tangent lines. To help us understand its value consider the
following example
Example 8.1. Solve x5 + x − 1 = 0
impossible to do algebraically with our knowledge
IVT for interval (0, 1)
wolfram for exact answer
go for accurate to 2 decimal places
calculator and sad method
Example 8.2. Use https://www.desmos.com/calculator/ymdbwwmyga to approximate the solution for x5 + x − 1 = 0.
Remark 8.3. As we saw above Newton’s method is an powerful technique used in finding roots (zeros) of equations
Remark 8.4. In general the convergence is quadratic: as the method converges on the root, the difference between the root
and the approximation is squared (the number of accurate digits roughly doubles) at each step. However, there are some
difficulties with the method which we will discuss in the next video.
Remark 8.5 (Idea behind Newton’s Method). Pictures:
1. Take an initial guess for the root of f (x). Call it x1 .
2. Find the tangent line for f (x) through x1 .
3. Find where the tangent line has a root and make
that your next guess. Call it x2 .
4. Repeat as desired.
Page 51
Algebraically this becomes
Theorem 8.6 (Newton’s Method). If x1 is the initial guess of some root of f (x) then
f (xn )
xn+1 = xn −
f 0 (xn )
Example 8.7. Approximate the root of the function f (x) = x6 + 3x + 2. Using x1 = 0 as the starting value for Newton’s
method, find the next two approximations, x2 and x3 . You do not have to simplify.
8.2 VIDEO - Issues with Newton’s Method

Objective(s):
• Recognize a few ways that Newton’s Method can fail.
Example 8.8. Consider the following graphs and starting points. Classify what goes wrong in each case
(a) https://www.desmos.com/calculator/vdjn21linv
Horizontal Tangent
(b) https://www.desmos.com/calculator/malzbmcx3m
Never Converges
(c) https://www.desmos.com/calculator/pkmmrbnj36
Wrong Root
Remark 8.9. Newton’s method may fail to converge to an answer or may find the wrong root. See the pictures below for
how this can happen. When this occurs it can usually be fixed by selecting an alternative initial guess (x1 ).
Page 52
8.3 CLASS - More Advanced Newton’s Method

Objective(s):
• Get more practice applying Newton’s Method
Example 8.10. Use Newton’s method to approximate the positive solution to the equation x2 = sin x. Take x1 = π/3.
Calculate x2 .
√
3
Example 8.11. Use Newton’s method to approximate 29. Calculate up to x3 . Do not simplify.
Page 53
Objective(s):
√
4
Example 8.12. Use Linearization to approximate 17.
√
4
Example 8.13. Newton’s Method to approximate 17. Make good choice for x1 then calculate x2 and x3 .
Page 54
Example 8.14. For each initial approximation, determine graphically what happens if Newton’s method is used for the
function whose graph is shown.
(a) x1 = 0
(b) x1 = 1
(c) x1 = 5
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
Page 55
Example 8.15. Use Newton’s method to approximate the positive solution to the equation cos(x) + 1 = x2 . Take x1 = π/4.
Calculate x2 .
1 8 4 5
Example 8.16. Use Newton’s Method to approximate a critical number of the function g(x) = x + x + 2x + 13 near
2 5
the point x = 1. Use x1 = 1 as the initial approximation. Find the next two approximations, x2 and x3 .
Page 56
9 Antiderivatives
9.1 VIDEO - Definitions and Intro
Objective(s):
• Compute general antiderivatives for many types of functions.
Definition(s) 9.1. A function F is called an antiderivative of f on an interval I if F 0 (x) = f (x) for
all x in I.
Example 9.2. Find an antiderivative of f (x) = 2x + 3.
Example 9.3. Find another antiderivative of f (x) = 2x + 3.
Theorem 9.4. If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I, then the most general antiderivative
of f on I is
F (x) + C
where C is an arbitrary constant.
Page 57
Example 9.5. Find the most general antiderivative of the functions below.
1
(a) f (x) = cos(x) +
x2
√
(b) f (x) = x(6 + 7x)
9.2 VIDEO - Initial Value Problems and Applications

Objective(s):
• Solve initial value problems for particular antiderivative functions.

• Use antiderivatives to calculate velocity or position from acceleration.
Example 9.6. Suppose a ball is thrown up in the air. Its velocity is given by v(t) = 7 − 10t meters per second, t seconds
after the ball is released. If the ball is initially 1 meter above the ground find the ball’s position function, s(t).
Page 58
Definition(s) 9.7. A differential equation is an equation involving the derivatives of an
unknown function.
Definition(s) 9.8. An initial value problem is a differential equation for y = f (x) along
with an initial condition , such as f (c) = a for some constants c and a. The solution to the initial
value problem is a solution to the differential equation that also satisfies the initial condition.
√
Example 9.9. Solve the initial value problem: f 0 (x) = 1 + 3 x, f (4) = 25
Example 9.10. A particle is moving with velocity v(t) = sin t − cos t, and has initial position s(0) = 0. Find the position
function of the particle.
Page 59
Objective(s):
Example 9.11. Find the most general antiderivative of the function:

√ √
3
(a) f (x) = x3 + x2
3 − t + t2
(b) h(t) = √
t
Page 60
Example 9.12 (Now you try! WW 3.9.2). Find the most general antiderivative of the function: g(x) = 8x − 3 sec2 x.
√
Example 9.13. Solve the initial value problem: f 00 (x) = 3/ x, f 0 (4) = 7, f (4) = 20.
Page 61
Example 9.14. Find the position of the particle given the following data:
a(t) = t2 − 4t + 6, s(1) = 20, s(0) = 0.
dy 6
Example 9.15 (Now you try! WW 3.9.8). Solve the initial value problem: = 6 + 9x3 , y(1) = 14
dx x
Page 62
6 − 7x6
Example 9.16 (Now you try! WW 3.9.3). Find the most general antiderivative of the function: f (x) = .
x3
Example 9.17 (Now you try! WW 3.9.4). A curve y = f (x) defined for values x > 0 goes through the point (1, 0) and is
9 10
such that the slope of its tangent line at (x, f (x)) is 2 − 7 , for x > 0. Find f (x).
x x
Page 63

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MTH 132 Chapter 3 - Applications of Differentiation MSU

1 Maximum and Minimum Values 3

2 The Mean Value Theorem 9

3 Derivatives and Graphs 18

4 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes 27

Use https://www.desmos.com/calculator/yu5kis7gzb to help solve this problem.

• Using Newton’s Method to show two graphs intersect.

• Calculating anti-derivatives (which will lead nicely into CH4).

1 Maximum and Minimum Values

• Define maximums and minimums and be able to visualize them graphically.

• absolute (global) maximum value of f on D if f (c) ≥ f (x) for all x in D.

• absolute (global) minimum value of f on D if f (c) ≤ f (x) for all x in D.

• local maximum value of f on D if f (c) ≥ f (x) for all x near c.

• local maximum value of f on D if f (c) ≤ f (x) for all x near c.

Maximums and minimums are often referred to as extreme values.

Remark 1.2. Maximums and minimums must be finite real numbers

Explain why there is no absolute minimum for f (x) on this interval.

closed intervals so we can develop general strategies.

either f 0 (c) = 0 or f 0 (c) does not exist.

(a) Find the values of f at the critical numbers of f in (a, b).

(b) Find the values of f at the endpoints (a and b).

the smallest is the absolute minimum value.

1.3 CLASS - Elaboration and Examples

(a) Find the critical points of f (x)

(a) The absolute maximum value is and this occurs at s = .

(b) The absolute minimum value is and this occurs at s = .

2 The Mean Value Theorem

(1) f (x) is continuous on the interval [a, b]

(2) f (x) is differentiable on (a, b)

(3) f (a) = f (b)

Then there is a number c in (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0 .

place in between where the tangent line is horizontal.

(1) f (x) is continuous on the interval [a, b]

(2) f (x) is differentiable on (a, b)

Then there is a number c in (a, b) such that

line is parallel to the secant line between the endpoints.

2.2 VIDEO - Practice Time

(ii) If no, explain why not.

2.3 VIDEO - A Strange Consequence

Remark 2.11. Why does it make sense?

Remark 2.12. Why does it matter?

(b) Find a different function f (x) that satisfies f 0 (x) = 2x.

2.4 CLASS - Elaboration and Examples

on the interval [−1, 4].

on the interval [−1, 5].

(a) Why does f satisfy the hypotheses for the MVT?

find all c values that satisfies the conclusion of the MVT.

3 Derivatives and Graphs

• Solve a few inequality problems to get the juices flowing.

Example 3.1. Solve the inequality x2 − 2x − 3 > 0

3.2 VIDEO - Increasing, Decreasing, and Concavity

Example 3.5. Find where f (x) = x2 + 4x + 5 is increasing.

Theorem 3.7 (Concavity Test).

Example 3.8. Find where f (x) = x2 + 4x + 5 is concave up.

3.3 VIDEO - Local Mins and Maxes

Theorem 3.10 (First Derivative Test).

Suppose that f (x) is a function and that c is a critical number of f (x).

(a) If f 0 (x) changes from positive to negative at x = c,

then f (x) has a local maximum at x = c.

(b) If f 0 (x) changes from negative to positive at x = c,

then f (x) has a local minimum at x = c.

(c) If f 0 (x) does not change sign at x = c,

then f (x) has neither a local maximum nor a local minimum at x = c.