Ch15 - mth234 - Student

MTH 234 – Chapter 15
Multiple Integrals
Compiled by Ryan Maccombs
Contents
1 Volumes and Double Integrals 2

1.1 Double Integrals over Rectangles - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Iterated Integrals 4
2.1 A Simpler Life - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Double Integrals over General Regions 10

3.1 Upgrading Beyond Rectangles - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Additional Practice and Switching the Order - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4 Double Integrals in Polar Form 16

4.1 I’ve Always Liked Circles More - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2 Polarizing Problems - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5 Applications of Multiple Integration 21

5.1 Mass from Density - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7 (A) – Triple Integrals Day 1! 22

7.1 Triple Integrals, What Are They Good For? - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.2 Setting up and Solving - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7 (B) – Triple Integrals Day 2! 29

7.1 A New Day a New Order - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates 33

8.1 Polar + Triple Integrals = Cylindrical! - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.2 Class Time is Play Time - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9 Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates 39

9.1 Spheres The Final Frontier - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
9.2 Spherical Problems - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
MTH 234 Chapter 15 - Multiple Integrals MSU
1 Volumes and Double Integrals

1.1 Double Integrals over Rectangles - Video Before Class
Objective(s):
• Define double integrals in all their technicalities.
• Define volume and average values of a function f (x, y).

• Go over some properties of double integrals.
Definition(s) 1.1. If f (x, y) ≥ 0 then the volume V of the solid that lies above the rectangle R and below the surface
z = f (x, y) is
ZZ
V = f (x, y) dA
R
Example 1.2. Use six rectangles of width and length 1 to approximate the volume under f (x, y) = 6 − x − y over the region
R shown below using a top-right-sum.

y
2
R
x
3
Remark 1.3. Now in general for integrable function f (x, y),
ZZ n
X
f (x, y) dA = lim f (x∗i , yi∗ )4A
R n→∞
i=1
where
• n is the number of sub-rectangles.

• x∗i and yi∗ are x and y values in the ith sub-rectangle.
• 4A is the area of the each sub-rectangle.
Page 2
Definition(s) 1.4. The average value of a function f of two variables defined on R is given to be
ZZ
1
fave = f (x, y) dA
A(R) R
Theorem 1.5 (Properties of Double Integrals). The properties are the same as for single integrals!
ZZ ZZ ZZ
(a) [f (x, y) + g(x, y)] dA = f (x, y) dA + g(x, y) dA
R R R
ZZ ZZ
(b) cf (x, y) dA = c f (x, y) dA
R R
(c) If f (x, y) ≥ g(x, y) for all (x, y) in R, then
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dA ≥ g(x, y) dA
R R
ZZ
Example 1.6. Find 4 dA where R = {(x, y) | x2 + y 2 ≤ 9}.
R
Page 3
2 Iterated Integrals
2.1 A Simpler Life - During Class
Objective(s):
• Learn how to to calculate double integrals much quicker.
• Define and visualize level curves of multivariable functions.
In calc 1 our saving grace for integration is the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. It told us that integral (area under the
curve) was easily computable using anti-derivatives. In calc 3 the equivalent is Fubini’s Theorem
Theorem 2.1 (Fubini0 s Theorem). If f is continuous on the rectangle R = {(x, y) | a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d}, then
ZZ Z b Z d Z d Z b
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dy dx = f (x, y) dx dy
R a c c a
More generally, this is true if we assume that f is bounded on R and that f is discontinuous only on a finite number of
smooth curves, and the iterated integrals exist.
And just as integration and anti-derivatives became synonymous so two will double integrals and iterated integrals.
Z 3Z 2
Example 2.2. Evaluate the iterated integral x2 y dy dx
0 1
Remark 2.3. The main way to make double integrals more difficult (over rectangles) is to make the integration itself is
difficult (tests more that you remember calc 2. Okay for HW, not used as much for quizzes and exams).
Page 4
ZZ √
y
Example 2.4. Evaluate dA where R is the rectangle bounded by x = 1, x = 3, y = 0, and y = 1.
R x2
ZZ √ 3 1 √
y y
Z Z
dA = dx dy
R x2 1 x2
0
Z 3 " p 3 #1
2 y
= dx
1 3x2
0
Z 3
2
= 2
dx
1 3x
3
−2
=
3x 1

−2 −2 −2 2 4
= − = + =
3(3) 3(1) 9 3 9
Now you may have noticed in both of the previous problems that
Z 3 Z 2
2
x dx y dy = 9(2 − 1/2) = 27/2
0 1
Z 3 Z 1
1 √
dx y dy = (−1/3 + 1)(2/3) = 4/9
1 x2 0
And this is a nice coincidence that will help us evaluate quickly but it isn’t always true (See the example on the next page).
Here is a theorem for when we can use this trick.
Theorem 2.5. If f (x, y) = g(x)h(y) and R = {(x, y) | a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d} then:

! Z !
ZZ ZZ Z b d
f (x, y) dA = g(x)h(y) dA = g(x) dx h(y) dy
R R a c
Page 5
ZZ
Example 2.6. Evaluate x sin(x + y) dA where R = {(x, y) | |x − π/2| ≤ π/2 and |y − π| ≤ π/2}
R
Solution. Let’s integrate with respect to y first.

3π
!
ZZ Z π Z 2
x sin(x + y) = x sin(x + y)dy dx
π
R
Z0 π 2
3π/2
= [−x cos(x + y)]π/2 dx
Z0 π
3π π
= −x cos x + + x cos x + dx
0 2 2
Using some unit circle magic we can realize that

3π
cos x + = sin x
2
π
cos x + = − sin x
2
So we get that Z π Z π
3π π
−x cos x + + x cos x + dx = −x sin x − x sin x dx
0 2 2 Z π0
= −2 x sin x dx
0
This is a very traditional integration by parts problem.
u = x dv = sin x dx
du = dx v = − cos x
Z π π Z π
−2 x sin x dx = −2 −x cos x + cos x dx

0 0 0
Z π
= −2 −π(−1) + cos x dx
0
π
= −2π − 2 sin x

0
= −2π
And so we have:
3π
ZZ Z π Z 2
x sin(x + y) = x sin(x + y)dydx = −2π
π
R 0 2
Page 6
Example 2.7. Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the surface z = x sec2 y and the planes z = 0, x = 0,x = 2, y = 0,
and y = π/4
√
Example 2.8. Find the average value of f (x, y) = ey x + ey over the rectangle with vertices (0, 0), (4, 0), (0, 1), and (4, 1).
Page 7
Bonus problem - From previous textbook

ZZ
x
2 2
dA R : rectangle bounded by x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1
R x y +1
Z Z
x 1
Solution. I recall that integrating 2
dx was easier than 2
dy so let’s attempt x first.
x +1 y +1
ZZ Z 1 Z 1
x x
2 2
= 2 2
dx dy
R x y +1 0 0 x y +1
Let’s try a u substitution here: where

u = x2 y 2 + 1
du = 2xy 2 dx
So we get: Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 Z
x 1 du
dx dy = dy
0 0 x2 y 2 + 1 0 u 2y 2
Z 1
ln u
= dy
0 2y 2
Z 1 1
ln(x2 y 2 + 1)
= dy
0 2y 2 0
We should be a little paranoid about u substitution in multi variables. Check that this is legit by taking the partial of
ln(x2 y 2 + 1)
with respect to x to see that we get back to where we started.
2y 2
1 1 1
ln(x2 y 2 + 1) ln(y 2 + 1) ln(1)
Z Z
dy = − dy
0 2y 2 0 0 2y 2 2y 2
1
ln(y 2 + 1)
Z
= dy
0 2y 2
Here goes nothing. After starring at this for sometime hopefully you agree that integration by parts is once again the
winning technique.
1
u = ln(y 2 + 1) dv = dy
2y 2
2y 1
du = dy v = −
y2 + 1 2y
Page 8
1 Z 1
ln(y 2 + 1) ln(y 2 + 1) 1
Z
1
dy = − + dy
0 2y 2 2y 0 2
0 y +1
ln(y 2 + 1) 1 1
= − + arctan y

2y 0 0
ln(y 2 + 1) 1

= − + arctan(1) − arctan(0)
2y 0
2
ln(y + 1) 1
= − + arctan(1) − arctan(0)
2y 0
ln(12 + 1) ln(02 + 1) π
= − + + −0
2 0 4
π ln 2 ln(1)
= − +
4 2 0
ln(1) 0
And now we have a problem. is an indeterminate of the form so we need to evaluate this with care. Mainly we
0 0
should be using:
π ln 2 ln(1) π ln 2 ln(y 2 + 1)
− + = − + lim
4 2 0 4 2 y→0 2y
Using L’Hopital’s Rule we get:
π ln 2 ln(y 2 + 1) π ln 2 y
4 − + lim = − + lim 2
2 y→0 2y 4 2 y→0 y + 1
π ln 2 0
= − + 2
4 2 0 +1
π ln 2
= −
4 2
And so after u-substitution, integration by parts, arctan, and an indeterminate we are finally done! What a calculus workout!
ZZ Z 1 Z 1
x x π ln 2
= dx dy = −
R x2 y 2 + 1 0 0 x2 y 2 + 1 4 2
Page 9
3 Double Integrals over General Regions

3.1 Upgrading Beyond Rectangles - Video Before Class
Objective(s):
• Learn the basics of integrating over other regions.
• State a stronger form of Fubini’s Theorem.
Today we will start learning how to integrate over general (non-rectangular) regions and how to switch the order of
integration and see why it is necessary.
1. Find the volume of f (x, y) = 3 over the rectangular 2. Find the volume of f (x, y) = 3 over the triangular
region bounded by x = 0, x = 4, y = 1, y = 6. region bounded by x = 0, y = 6, y = 54 x + 1.
Sketch the region R Sketch the region R
What do you think the answer is? What do you think the answer is?
1
(3)(4)(5) = 60 2 (3)(4)(5) = 30
Determine and Evaluate two integrals to confirm

Evaluate two the following two integrals to confirm
your suspicions.
your suspicions.
Z 4 Z 6
Z 4Z 6
3 dydx
3 dydx 0 5
4 x+1
0 1
4 4
Z 6 Z 4
Z 6 Z 5 y− 5
3 dxdy 3 dxdy
1 0 1 0
Page 10
Now we are ready for a nice theorem
Theorem 3.1 (Fubini’s Theorem (Stronger Form)). If f (x, y) is continuous throughout a region D then:
(a) If D is defined by
D = {(x, y) | a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)} (Book defines these as Type I )
then:
ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dydx
D a g1 (x)
Picture
(b) If D is defined by
D = {(x, y) | h1 (y) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y), c ≤ y ≤ d} (Book defines these as Type II )
then:
ZZ Z d Z h2 (y)
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dxdy
D c h1 yx)
Picture
Remark 3.2. The final integral should always just have numbers. No variables!
Page 11
Z π/4 Z sec x
Example 3.3. Sketch the region and evaluate the integral sec x dy dx
0 0
Don’t forget to sketch
Z π/4 Z sec x Z π/4 Z sec x

sec x dy dx = sec x dy dx
0 0 0 0
Z π/4
sec x
= [y sec x]0 dx
0
Z π/4 2
= sec x dx
0
π/4
= [tan x]0
= [tan(π/4)] − [tan 0] = 1
3.2 Additional Practice and Switching the Order - During Class

Objective(s):
• Get more practice integrating over general regions.
• Learn how to switch the order of double integrals and why it is useful.
Here are some additional properties that we would have suspected to be true for double integration:
Theorem 3.4. If f (x, y) and g(x, y) are continuous on the bounded region D, then the following properties hold.
ZZ ZZ ZZ
(a) If D = D1 ∪ D2 then f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dA + f (x, y) dA
D D1 D2
ZZ
(b) 1 dA = A(D)
D
Let’s draw a picture of what (a) tells us. What is this equivalent to for Calc1?
Page 12
Example 3.5. Sketch the region of integration and write an equivalent double integral with the order of integration reversed
for
Z 1 Z √1−y2
√ 3y dx dy
0 − 1−y 2
The sketch is the key to this:
Z 1 Z √1−y2 Z 1 Z √
1−x2
√ 3y dx dy = 3y dy dx
0 − 1−y 2 −1 0
Z 1 Z 1
sin x
Example 3.6. Evaluate dx dy
0 y x
We have never integrated (sin x)/x before. This is no easy feat. Instead let’s switch the limits of integration:
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1 Z x
sin x sin x
dx dy = dy dx
0 y x 0 0 x
Z 1 x
y sin x
= dx
0 x 0
Z 1
= [sin x] dx
0
1
= [− cos x]0
= [− cos 1] − [− cos 0] = 1 − cos(1)
Page 13
Example 3.7. Sketch the region of integration and evaluate the double integral
ZZ
y
dA, D = {(x, y) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x2 }
D x5 +1
Z 3 Z ln x
Example 3.8. Sketch the region of integration and change the order of integration: f (x, y) dy dx.
1 0
Page 14
Z 8 Z 2
4
Example 3.9. Evaluate √
ex dx dy
0 3 y
Page 15
4 Double Integrals in Polar Form

4.1 I’ve Always Liked Circles More - Video Before Class
Objective(s):
• See an example of how to integrate with respect to polar coordinates.
• Comprehend where this extra r comes from.
Recall from Calc 2
Definition(s) 4.1.
(a) r2 = x2 + y 2
(b) x = r cos θ
(c) y = r sin θ
Think about how difficult it would be to do the following problem:

ZZ
2 2
e−x −y dx dy where R is the region enclosed by x = 0 and x = 4 − y 2
p
Example 4.2. Evaluate
R
y
x
2
Page 16
To understand this we need to go back to definitions. Recall Riemann sums and the definition of integrals
ZZ " n
#
X
f (x, y) dA = lim f (xk , yk )4A
n→∞
k=1
ZZ " n #
X
g(r, θ) dA = lim g(rk , θk )4A
n→∞
k=1
Where 4A is the small area resulting from moving our independent variables a little (4x, 4y, 4r, 4θ).
ZZ ZZ
So let us begin we want to transform f (x, y) dx dy into f (x, y)(?) dr dθ and the claim is that (?) = r
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dA Thanks Fubini
ZZ
= f (r cos θ, r sin θ) dA Normal x, y substitution into polar coordinates
ZZ
= f (r, θ) dA Notation switch
" n
#
X
= lim f (rk , θk )4A Definition of Integral
n→∞
k=1
Now we need to pause to calculate out what this 4A is. Recall from above:
Where 4A is the small area resulting from moving our independent variables a little. (aka 4r and 4θ)
4A = Area of large sector − Area of small sector
2 2
1 4r 4r
= 2 4θ rk + 2 − 12 4θ rk − 2

4r 2 4r 2
= 1
2 4θ rk2 + 2rk 4r
2 + 4 − 21 4θ rk2 − 2rk 4r
2 + 4
1

= 2 2 4θrk 4r
= rk 4r 4θ
And so we can substitute this in to get:
ZZ " n
#
X
f (x, y) dx dy = lim [f (rk , θk )rk ] 4r 4θ Substitution
n→∞
k=1
ZZ
= [f (r, θ)r] dr dθ Definition
Page 17
4.2 Polarizing Problems - During Class

Objective(s):
• Define and visualize multivariable functions.
Theorem 4.3.
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dy dx = f (r cos θ, r sin θ)r dr dθ
R R
Theorem 4.4.
ZZ ZZ
Area of R = 1 dy dx = r dr dθ
R R
√
Z 1 Z 2−x2
Example 4.5. Convert x + 2y dy dx into a polar integral and evaluate
0 x
√
Z 1 Z 2−x2 Z Z
x + 2y dy dx = (r cos θ + 2r sin θ)r dr dθ
0 x
√
Z π/2 Z 2
= (r cos θ + 2r sin θ)r dr dθ
π/4 0
√
Z π/2 Z 2
= (cos θ + 2 sin θ)r2 dr dθ
π/4 0
Z π/2 √2
1 3
= (cos θ + 2 sin θ) r dθ
π/4 3 0
Z π/2 3/2
2
= (cos θ + 2 sin θ) dθ
π/4 3
3/2
π/2 2
= [sin θ − 2 cos θ]π/4
3
Page 18
p
Example 4.6. Find the average height of the (single) cone z = x2 + y 2 above the disk x2 + y 2 ≤ a2 in the xy-plane.
Area of R is πa2
p
Cone height is given by the function z = f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 So we want to evaluate:
ZZ p ZZ
1 1
x2 + y 2 dx dy = (r)r dr dθ
area of R R πa2 R
Z 2π Z a
1
= r2 dr dθ
πa2 0 0
2πa3 2a
= =
3πa2 3
Example 4.7. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the plane z = 0 and the paraboloid z = 1 − x2 − y 2
Page 19
Skip to Section 5 then come back here.
Example 4.8 (Bonus, as time permits). Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 , above the
xy−plane, and inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 2x. 2

4 1 + cos 2u 1 1 1
Hint: cos u = = + cos 2u + (1 + cos 4u)
2 4 2 8
Page 20
5 Applications of Multiple Integration

5.1 Mass from Density - During Class
Objective(s):
• Define and visualize multivariable functions.
Remark 5.1. If σ(x, y) is a density function of a lamina (thin sheet) then the mass of the lamina can be given by
RR
Mass = σ(x, y) dA
Example 5.2. A lamina has density function σ(x, y) = x2 + y 2 over the region R is shown below. Calculate the mass.
y
R
x
−1 1
−1
Remark 5.3. After leaving section 4 you will have to decide whether to integrate in Cartesian or polar coordinates.
A good rule of thumb is look at the region instead of the function .
Page 21
7 (A) – Triple Integrals Day 1!

7.1 Triple Integrals, What Are They Good For? - Video Before Class
Objective(s):
• Learn why we would want to evaluate triple integrals.
• Get a little practice.
Now we leave the comfort of easy drawings and venture into the world of Triple integrals. Moreover there is no “warm-up”
section where we have rectangular solids. We are going straight for regions.
Half the battle of mathematics if figuring out why are things useful. For instance we know that double integrals are useful
because they
1. Find volumes under surfaces
2. Find areas of regions.
Triple integrals are initially more confusing. They would tell us something like a 4 dimensional volume under 3 dimensional
shapes. Very confusing. I instead like to think that Triple integrals will help us
1. Count bees (and other bee like substances)
2. Find volumes of 3D-regions.
3. Find the mass given a 3D density function.
and this makes me happy. So let’s expand some ideas:
Theorem 7.1. The area of a closed, bounded plane region R is
ZZ
A= dy dx
R
Theorem 7.2. The volume of a closed, bounded region E in space is
ZZZ
V = dz dy dx
E
Page 22
ZZZ
Example 7.3. Evaluate (xyz + 1) dV where E is the rectangular solid:
E
E = {(x, y, z) |1 ≤ x ≤ 5, 2 ≤ y ≤ 3, −2 ≤ z ≤ 0}
ZZZ Z 5 Z 3 Z 0
(xyz + 1) dV = (xyz + 1) dz dy dx
D 1 2 −2
5 3 0 5 3
xyz 2
Z Z Z Z
+z dy dx = −2xy + 2 dy dx
1 2 2 −2 1 2
Z 5 3
Z 5
−xy 2 + 2y 2 dx =

[−9x + 4x + 2] dx
1 1
5
−5 2 125 5 120
x + 2x =− + 10 + − 2 = − + 8 = −60 + 8 − 52
2 1 2 2 2
Page 23
7.2 Setting up and Solving - During Class

Objective(s):
• Setup and evaluate triple integrals.
Now let’s bring back up Fubini’s Strong Theorem
Theorem 7.4 (Fubini’s Theorem (Stronger Form)(Short)).
ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dydx
R a g1 (x)
ZZ Z d Z h2 (y)
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dxdy
R c h1 (y)
Notice that in 1 the functions g(x) depend on x because x is integrated 2nd (hasn’t happened yet)
Notice that in 2 the functions h(y) depend on y because y is integrated 2nd (hasn’t happened yet)
Now suppose we are doing some Triple integrals:
Z C2 Z B2 Z A2 Z C2 Z B2 Z A2
f (x, y, z) dzdydx f (x, y, z) dydxdz
C1 B1 A1 C1 B1 A1
What can A1 , A2 depend on? y and x What can A1 , A2 depend on? x and z
What can B1 , B2 depend on? just x What can B1 , B2 depend on? just z
What can C1 , C2 depend on? What can C1 , C2 depend on?
none (just constants) none (just constants)
So triple integration itself is not any harder than double integration. However figuring out general regions of integration, and
switching orders of integration is considerably more difficult. In addition we need to be fairly comfortable in 3D graphing.
Page 24
ZZ
Example 7.5. Integrate x dA over the region D bounded in the first quadrant by y = 1 − x
D
Solution.
ZZ Z b Z 1−x
x dA = x dy dx
D a 0
In order to find a and b ”where we need to care”
let’s pretend that we have already integrated with 0 1

respect to y so then y no longer exists the line
y = 1 − x get ”projected” onto the x axis.
This is the right idea to use for finding bounds of triple integrals:
ZZZ
Example 7.6. Integrate x dV over the region D bounded in the first octant by the plane x + y + z = 1
D
So now we need to consider the integral
Z C2 Z B2 Z A2
z x dz dy dx
C1 B1 A1
(0, 0, 1)
So let’s travel along z. What is the first surface you run into?
D z=0
(0, 1, 0)
y
What is the second surface you run into?
(1, 0, 0)
x
x + y + z = 1 =⇒ z = 1 − x − y
Page 25
So let’s consider that z is killed and so it all get’s projected to the xy-plane.
z
(0, 0, 1) y
(0, 1)
D (0, 1, 0)
D
y
x
(1, 0, 0) (1, 0)
x
Now all that is left is x’s and y’s. Next we must find the y bounds of integration. And we see that we are back in 15.2 world.
It is clear we should have:

Z 1 Z 1−x Z 1−x−y
x dz dy dx
0 0 0
Let’s integrate this quickly to get an answer (this is the boring part)
Z 1 Z 1−x Z 1−x−y Z 1 Z 1−x

1−x−y
x dz dy dx = [xz]0 dy dx
0 0 0 0 0
Z 1 Z 1−x
= [x(1 − x − y)] dy dx
0 0
1 1−x
xy 2
Z
= xy − x2 y − dx
0 2 0
Z 1
x(1 − x)2

= x(1 − x) − x2 (1 − x) − dx
0 2
Z 1
2 2 3 1 2
= x − x − x + x − x(1 − 2x + x ) dx
0 2
Z 1
2 3 1 2 3
= x − 2x + x − (x − 2x + x ) dx
0 2
Z 1
1 1
= x − x2 + x3 dx
0 2 2
1
1 2 1 3 1 4
= x − x + x
4 3 8 0
1 1 1 6 8 3 1
= − + = − + =
4 3 8 24 24 24 24
Page 26
ZZZ
Example 7.7. Evaluate the triple integral: 2y dV where E = {(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3x, x − 8y ≤ z ≤ 4y + x}
E
Page 27
Example 7.8. A solid in the first octant is bounded by z = 4 − x2 and x = y 2 , where x, y, & z are in meters.
(a) Sketch the region and setup a triple integral representing the volume of the solid.
bees
(b) There are bees inside the solid with a bee density function given by B(x, y, z) = xy .
m3
How many bees are in the container?
Page 28
7 (B) – Triple Integrals Day 2!

7.1 A New Day a New Order - During Class
Objective(s):
• Get more practice evaluating triple integrals.
• Switch the order of triple integrals.
Example 7.1. Find the volume of the region bounded in the back by the plane x = 0, on the front and sides by the
parabolic cylinder x = 1 − y 2 , on the top by the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 and by the xy-plane on bottom.
z z
y y y
x x x
ZZZ Z 1 Z 1−y 2 Z x2 +y 2
1dA = 1 dz dx dy
D −1 0 0
Z 1 Z 1−y 2 2
+y 2
= [z]x0 dx dy
−1 0
Z 1 Z 1−y 2 2
x + y 2 dx dy

=
−1 0
1 1−y2
x3
Z
= + xy 2 dy
−1 3 0
Z 1
(1 − y 2 )3

= + (1 − y 2 )y 2 dy
−1 3
1
1 − 3y 2 + 3y 4 − y 6
Z
= + (y 2 − y 4 ) dy
−1 3
Z 1 6

1−y
= dy
−1 3
1
y7

y
= −
3 21 −1
17 −17

1 −1 1 1 1 1 14 2 12
= − − − = − + − = − =
3 21 3 21 3 21 3 21 21 21 21
Page 29
Z 1 Z 0 Z y2
Example 7.2. Consider the integral dz dy dx. Rewrite the integral as an equivalent iterated integral in the
0 −1 0
order
(a) dz dx dy
(b) dy dx dz
(c) dy dz dx
(d) dx dy dz
(e) dx dz dy
Page 30
Example 7.3. Express the volume of the wedge cut from the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 by the planes z = −y above z = 0 in two
different ways. Choose one of the two and evaluate.
1 y
x 1
Example 7.4. Find the average temperature or the over the rectangular solid in the first octant bounded by the coordinate
planes and the planes x = 3, y = 1, and z = 2 where the temperature function is given by T (x, y, z) = x + y − z
ZZZ Z 3 Z 1 Z 2
1 1
T (x, y, z) dV = x + y − z dz dy dx
D volume(D) 0 0 0 3 · 1 ·2
2
1 3 1 z2
Z Z
= zx + zy − dy dx
6 0 0 2 0
1 3 1
Z Z
= [2x + 2y − 2] dy dx
6 0 0
1 3
Z
1
= 2xy + y 2 − 2y 0 dx
6 0
1 3
Z
= [2x − 1] dx
6 0
1 2 3
= x −x 0
6
1
= [9 − 3] = 1
6
Page 31
Example 7.5. You have a strange shaped container holding bees whose volume could be represented as
Z 1 Z 1 Z ln 3
√
dx dy dz. Determine the total number of bees in your container given that the bee density function is given by
0 3 z 0
πe2x sin πy 2 bees
B(x, y, z) = 2
(units are ).
y m3
z z
•
•
y y
x • x
(ln 3, 0, 0) (ln 3, 0, 0)
1 1 ln 3 1 1 ln 3

πe2x sin πy 2
Z Z Z Z Z Z
√
B(x, y, z) dx dy dz = √
dx dy dz
0 3 z 0 0 3 z 0 y2
Z 1 Z 1 " 2x #ln 3
πe sin πy 2
= √
dy dz
0 3 z 2y 2
0
Z 1 Z 1 " 2(ln 3) #ln 3
πe sin πy 2 π sin πy 2
= √
− dy dz
0 3 z 2y 2 2y 2
0
Z 1Z 1 " #
9π sin πy 2 π sin πy 2
= √
− dy dz
0 3 z 2y 2 2y 2
Z 1Z 1 " #
4π sin πy 2 z
= √
dy dz √
0 3 z y2 y= 3
z
y
Now this is a quite difficult integral. Lets switch the order of integration to assist us!
y3
" # " #
1 1 1
4π sin πy 2 4π sin πy 2
Z Z Z Z
√
dy dz = dz dy
0 3 z y2 0 0 y2
Z 1" #y3
4zπ sin πy 2
= dy
0 y2
0
Z 1" 3 #
4y π sin πy 2
= dy
0 y2
Z 1
4yπ sin πy 2 dy

=
Z0
= [2 sin (u)] du
1
= −2 cos πy 2 0 = [−2 cos (π) + 2 cos (0)] = [−2(−1) + 2(1)] = 4

Page 32
8 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates

8.1 Polar + Triple Integrals = Cylindrical! - Video Before Class
Objective(s):
• Define the cylindrical variables.
• Transform from Cartesian to cylindrical coordinates.

• Start solving triple integrals using cylindrical coordinates.
Recall that polar coordinates were made for 2 dimensional space. So we want to learn how to expand these to a third
dimension. There is one very easy way which is called cylindrical coordinates.
Find the following definition in your book:
Definition(s) 8.1. Cylindrical Coordinates represent a point P in space by ordered triples (r, θ, z) in which:
(a) r and θ are polar coordinates for the vertical projection of P on the xy − plane
(b) z is the rectangular vertical coordinate . (the same z from Cartesian coordinates)
Here are some useful equations for converting from Cartesian to Cylindrical
Here is the correct picture
z Coordinates:
Remark 8.2.
Cartesian Cylindrical
P
•
x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
y z = z
θ r
x2 + y 2 = r2
x y
= tan θ
x
Example 8.3. Change (x, y, z) = (−1, 1, 1) to cylindrical coordinates.
√
Example 8.4. Change (r, θ, z) = ( 2, 3π/4, 2) to Cartesian coordinates.
Page 33
Lastly we need to mention that just like switching into polar coordinates we need to be careful switching into cylindrical
coordinates. Mainly we have:
Theorem 8.5.
ZZZ ZZZ
f (x, y, z) dz dy dx = f (r, θ, z) r dz dr dθ
D D
Example 8.6 (Example 7.3 Revisited). Find the volume of the wedge cut from the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 by the planes
z = −y and z = 0 in now a third way (using cylindrical coordinates).
Page 34
8.2 Class Time is Play Time - During Class

Objective(s):
• Experience more problems that can be solved using integration in cylindrical coordinates.
• Get some practice!
√
Z 1 Z 1−x2 Z y
Example 8.7. Convert (x2 + y 2 ) dz dy dx into cylindrical coordinates and evaluate the result
0 0 0
z
y
First let’s draw a sketch of region described by the bounds of integration: x
Z 1 Z √1−y2 Z y Z π/2 Z 1 Z r sin θ

2 2
(x + y ) dz dy dx = r2 dz r dr dθ
0 0 0 0 0 0
Z π/2 Z 1 Z r sin θ
= r3 dz dr dθ
0 0 0
Z π/2 Z 1 3 r sin θ
= zr 0 dr dθ
0 0
Z π/2 Z 1 4
= r sin θ dr dθ
0 0
π/2 1
r5 sin θ
Z
= dθ
0 5 0
Z π/2 π/2
sin θ cos θ 1
= dθ = − =
0 5 5 0 5
Page 35
Example 8.8. Find the volume of the following solid:
p
z =1− x2 + y 2
p
z = − 1 − x2 − y 2
ZZZ Z 2π Z Z 1−r
1 dV = √ r dz dr dθ
D 0 0 − 1−r 2
To find the maximum r value see where the cone and the hemisphere intersect:
p
− 1 − r2 = 1 − r
1 − r2 = (1 − r)2
1 − r2 = 1 − 2r + r2
0 = −2r + 2r2
0 = −2r(1 − r)
r = 0 would intersect the top half of the hemisphere. r = 1 is the value we want!
ZZZ Z 2π Z 1 Z 1−r
1 dV = √ r dz dr dθ
D 0 0 − 1−r 2
Z 2π Z 1
1−r
= [zr]−√1−r2 dr dθ
0 0
Z 2π Z 1 h p i
= (1 − r)r + ( 1 − r2 )r dr dθ
0 0
Z 1h p i
= 2π r − r2 + r 1 − r2 dr
0
1
r2 r3 (1 − r2 )3/2

= 2π − −
2 3 3
0
1 1 1 1
= 2π − + = 2π = π
2 3 3 2
Page 36
Example 8.9. Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the curves z = 9 − 9(x2 + y 2 ) and z = (x2 + y 2 )2 − 1
I will set this one up and will evaluate it in class. By looking at these equations we can figure out:
ZZZ Z 2π Z Z 9−9r 2
1 dV = r dz dr dθ
D 0 0 r 4 −1
Setting the curves equal to one another we can solve for the upper bound of r.
r4 − 1 = 9 − 9r2
r4 + 9r2 − 10 = 0
(r2 + 10)(r2 − 1) = 0
(r2 + 10)(r − 1)(r + 1) = 0
Giving us r = 1 as the upper bound. Evaluate
Z 2π Z 1 Z 9−9r 2
r dz dr dθ
0 0 r 4 −1
to win the game!
Page 37
z
Example 8.10. (Old SS14 Exam)
Consider the region R below bounded by the surfaces:
√
x= 3 y=3
y=x z =4−x
y
z=0
(a) Determine the limits of integration for

RRR
f (x, y, z) dz dy dx. Do not evaluate. x
R
RRR
(b) Determine the limits of integration for R
f (x, y, z) dy dz dx. Do not evaluate.
RRR
(c) Determine the limits of integration for R
f (r, θ, z)r dz dr dθ. Do not evaluate.
Page 38
9 Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates

9.1 Spheres The Final Frontier - Video Before Class
Objective(s):
• Think about what the spherical coordinates would be.
• Determine how to transform Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates into spherical coordinates (and back)
• Remember how we had an r for polar/cylindrical? Determine what new integration factor we get for spherical.
Pretend you are programming a remote turret to shoot down your enemies. In order for the turret to know where to shoot.
You need to tell it:
1. How hard should you fire the projectile
2. Where should we aim (left and right)
3. Where should we aim (up and down)
This will correspond exactly into spherical coordinates:
1. How hard should you fire the projectile = ρ (the magnitude of you vector)
2. Where should we aim (left and right) = θ (the same from polar/cylindrical coordinates)
3. Where should we aim (up and down) = φ (where 0 is straight up in the air and π is straight down toward the ground)
φ •
ρ
y
θ r
Now lets write down some equations that will help us convert between Spherical and Cartesian:
Page 39
Remark 9.1. Please don’t memorize any of these. They all come naturally from the picture
Cartesian+ Spherical
r = ρ sin φ
x = r cos θ = ρ sin φ cos θ
y = r sin θ = ρ sin φ sin θ
z = ρ cos φ
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = ρ2 = r2 + z 2
Example 9.2. Convert the following Cartesian points into spherical coordinates:
(a) (1, 1, 0)
(b) (3, 4, 5)
Just like polar or cylindrical we needed an additional “r” in spherical coordinates we need an additional function of
integration.
ZZZ ZZZ
f (x, y, z) dz dy dx = f (ρ, φ, θ)(???) dρ dφ dθ
D D
Recall we are trying to figure out what is the right thing for the (???).
I have included the photo from the book here to hopefully visually
convince you that:
When we vary our independent variables (ρ, φ, θ) the
resulting shape has a volume of ρr 4ρ 4φ 4θ .
Which will result in:
ZZZ ZZZ
f (x, y, z) dz dy dx = f (ρ, φ, θ)(ρr) dρ dφ dθ
D D
Lastly r is not a legal spherical variable so we need to convert to:
ZZZ ZZZ
f (x, y, z) dz dy dx = f (ρ, φ, θ)(ρ2 sin φ) dρ dφ dθ
D D
Page 40
While these geometric interpretations are nice there is a conceptually easier way to calculate out these additional “integration
factors” (formally called a Jacobian) that are required when changing variables.
Cylindrical Coordinates x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z.

∂x ∂x ∂x

∂r ∂θ ∂z
cos θ −r sin θ 0

cos θ −r sin θ

= |r cos2 θ + r sin2 θ| = r

∂y ∂y ∂y = sin θ

∂r ∂θ ∂z r cos θ 0 =
sin θ r cos θ

∂z ∂z ∂z
0 0 1

∂r ∂θ ∂z
Spherical Coordinates x = ρ sin φ cos θ, y = ρ sin φ sin θ, z = ρ cos φ.

∂x ∂x ∂x

∂ρ ∂θ ∂φ
sin φ cos θ
−ρ sin φ sin θ ρ cos φ cos θ

∂y ∂y ∂y = sin φ sin θ

∂ρ ∂θ ∂φ ρ sin φ cos θ ρ cos φ sin θ

∂z ∂z ∂z
cos φ 0 −ρ sin φ

∂ρ ∂θ ∂φ
= |(−ρ2 sin3 φ cos2 θ) + (−ρ2 sin φ cos2 φ sin2 θ) + (0) − (ρ2 cos2 φ sin φ cos2 θ) − (0) − (ρ2 sin3 φ sin2 θ)|
= | − ρ2 sin3 φ cos2 θ − ρ2 sin φ cos2 φ sin2 θ − ρ2 cos2 φ sin φ cos2 θ − ρ2 sin3 φ sin2 θ|
= | − ρ2 (sin3 φ cos2 θ + sin φ cos2 φ sin2 θ + cos2 φ sin φ cos2 θ + sin3 φ sin2 θ)|
= | − ρ2 (sin3 φ + sin φ cos2 φ)| = ρ2 sin φ
In fact even though we aren’t here yet if we slightly different version we can even determine the formula for surface area...
which we’ll use later.
Surface Area x = x, y = y, z = f (x, y).

∂x ∂x

i i 1 0
∂x ∂y

j ∂y ∂y = j
∂x ∂y 0 1

∂z ∂z
k k fx fy

∂x ∂y
= |i(−fx ) − j(fy ) + k(1)|

q
= [fx ]2 + [fy ]2 + 1
So you see determinants of matrices are everywhere!
Page 41
9.2 Spherical Problems - During Class

Objective(s):
• Learn a better way to sketch functions in Spherical.
• Transform Cartesian equations to spherical (and vise versa).
• Evaluate spherical integrals.
In order to help visualize 3D spherical graphs we can graph them in the rz- half plane
so long as the surfaces do not depend on θ .
Idea: Consider graphing y = 1 on the y−axis and y = 1 on the xy−plane.
y y
2 2
1 1
0 . 0
x
−1 −1
−2 −2
because there is no x in the equations, when we graph in the xy-plane x can “run free”.
Now lets consider graphing ρ = 1 is the rz-halfplane (where r ≥ 0). Recall:
ρ = 1 =⇒ ρ2 = 1 =⇒ x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 =⇒ r2 + z 2 = 1
z z
2 2−
1 1−
0 0−
r
−1
And now we let θ “run free” to −1 −
get our picture of the sphere. Of

−2 −2 −
course θ runs around the z-axis
so we get the picture
This also gives us a very nice way to “smash” with respect to θ to get a nice 2D picture. Let0 s do an example to see.
Page 42
r
x2 + y 2
Example 9.3. Use spherical integration to find the volume of the solid bounded below by the cone z =
p 3
and above by the hemisphere z = 1 − x2 − y 2
Transferring our equations into spherical equations we get:
r
x2 + y 2
z=
3
√
z = r/ 3
√
ρ cos φ = ρ sin φ/ 3
√ √
cos φ = sin φ/ 3 (happens when cos φ = 1/2, and sin φ = 3/2)
φ = π/3
ZZZ Z 0 Z 0 Z 0
1 dV = ρ2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ
D 2π π/3 1
0 0 0
ρ3 sin φ
Z Z
= dφ dθ
2π π/3 3 1
Z 0Z 0
sin φ
= dφ dθ
2π π/3 3
Z 0 0
− cos φ
= dθ
2π 3 π/3
Z 0 Z 0
−1 1 1
= + dθ = dθ
2π 6 3 2π 6
0
θ π
= =
6 2π 3
Page 43
Example 9.4. Find the volume of the solid between the sphere ρ = cos φ and the hemisphere ρ = 2, z ≥ 0.
Sketch a picture of the region in the rz−halfplane and a picture in xyz−space.
Page 44
p
Example 9.5. Find the volume of the solid bounded below by the sphere ρ = 2 cos φ and above by the cone z = x2 + y 2
Doing a quick sketch we can get the following bounds
ZZZ Z Z Z
D
Z 2π Z π/2 Z 2 cos φ
= ρ2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ
0 0
We still have some work to do. Lets figure out the spherical equation of the cone.
ρ cos φ = r
ρ cos φ = ρ sin φ
cos φ = sin φ
φ = π/4
Now we know the integral to evaluate:
ZZZ Z 2π Z π/2 Z 2 cos φ

D 0 π/4 0
Evaluate this out to win.
Page 45
p p
Example 9.6. Find the volume between two cones z = x2 + y 2 and z = 3 (x2 + y 2 ) and bounded by the hemisphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9.
Page 46
Example 9.7 (Old SS14 Exam Problem). Consider the surface ρ = cos φ. I fill the enclosed portion of the surface with
grams
liquid X (a mysterious liquid) which has density function δ(x, y, z) = xyz . Setup an integral to express the weight of
m3
liquid X. You do not need to evaluate.
Solution. This much should be relatively clear:
ZZZ Z Z Z
δ(x, y, z) dV = xyz(ρ2 sin φ) dρ dφ dθ
D
Z Z Z cos φ
= (ρ cos θ sin φ)(ρ sin θ sin φ)(ρ cos φ)ρ2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ
0
Z 2π Z Z cos φ
= ρ5 sin θ cos θ sin3 φ cos φ dρ dφ dθ
0 0 0
The only thing we have to be careful about is φ. If we do φ ∈ [0, π] we actually cover the sphere twice over (and double count
everything). In order to just count it once we need φ ∈ [0, π/2]. Giving us the solution:
Z 2π Z π/2 Z cos φ
ρ5 sin θ cos θ sin3 φ cos φ dρ dφ dθ
0 0 0
or equivalently:
Z π Z π Z cos φ
ρ5 sin θ cos θ sin3 φ cos φ dρ dφ dθ
0 0 0
Page 47

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MTH 234 – Chapter 15

1 Volumes and Double Integrals 2

3 Double Integrals over General Regions 10

4 Double Integrals in Polar Form 16

5 Applications of Multiple Integration 21

7 (A) – Triple Integrals Day 1! 22

7 (B) – Triple Integrals Day 2! 29

8 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates 33

9 Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates 39

1 Volumes and Double Integrals

• Define volume and average values of a function f (x, y).

R shown below using a top-right-sum.

Remark 1.3. Now in general for integrable function f (x, y),

• n is the number of sub-rectangles.

• 4A is the area of the each sub-rectangle.

(c) If f (x, y) ≥ g(x, y) for all (x, y) in R, then

• Define and visualize level curves of multivariable functions.

smooth curves, and the iterated integrals exist.

Here is a theorem for when we can use this trick.

Theorem 2.5. If f (x, y) = g(x)h(y) and R = {(x, y) | a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d} then:

Solution. Let’s integrate with respect to y first.

Using some unit circle magic we can realize that

Bonus problem - From previous textbook

Let’s try a u substitution here: where

Using L’Hopital’s Rule we get:

3 Double Integrals over General Regions

• State a stronger form of Fubini’s Theorem.

integration and see why it is necessary.

region bounded by x = 0, x = 4, y = 1, y = 6. region bounded by x = 0, y = 6, y = 54 x + 1.

Sketch the region R Sketch the region R

Determine and Evaluate two integrals to confirm

Now we are ready for a nice theorem

D = {(x, y) | a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)} (Book defines these as Type I )

D = {(x, y) | h1 (y) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y), c ≤ y ≤ d} (Book defines these as Type II )

Don’t forget to sketch

Z π/4 Z sec x Z π/4 Z sec x

3.2 Additional Practice and Switching the Order - During Class

The sketch is the key to this:

4 Double Integrals in Polar Form

• Comprehend where this extra r comes from.

Recall from Calc 2

Think about how difficult it would be to do the following problem:

4A = Area of large sector − Area of small sector

4.2 Polarizing Problems - During Class

Skip to Section 5 then come back here.

xy−plane, and inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 2x.  2

5 Applications of Multiple Integration

• Define and visualize level curves of multivariable functions.

A good rule of thumb is look at the region instead of the function .

7 (A) – Triple Integrals Day 1!

• Get a little practice.

1. Find volumes under surfaces

2. Find areas of regions.

1. Count bees (and other bee like substances)

2. Find volumes of 3D-regions.

3. Find the mass given a 3D density function.

and this makes me happy. So let’s expand some ideas:

Theorem 7.1. The area of a closed, bounded plane region R is

Theorem 7.2. The volume of a closed, bounded region E in space is

7.2 Setting up and Solving - During Class

Now let’s bring back up Fubini’s Strong Theorem

Theorem 7.4 (Fubini’s Theorem (Stronger Form)(Short)).

Now suppose we are doing some Triple integrals:

xy−plane, and inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 2x. 2

Z 1 Z 1−x Z 1−x−y Z 1 Z 1−x