Introduction-

In large urbans, a high amount of organic waste is produced in egg farms in the
form of chicken manure. The sustainable waste management of chicken manure has now
become a major concern. Presently we have two major disposal practices. The first
one is incineration,that is burning the waste, but large emission of greenhouse
gases makes it harmful for the environment.
The second is production of fertilizers by fermentation, but the problem with it is
that the usage of fertilizer is limited in large urbans and also the crops grown
using this fertilizer were found to be harmful for human consumption in a recent
study.

And the second problem is to achieve high gasification reactivity for petcoke.
Petcoke is a byproduct from petroleum refinery with high carbon content and high
heating value.
But can not be used as a fuel due to release of harmful gases as it has appreciable
suphur and vanadium content.
Gasification of petcoke is a promising method that produces syngas which can be
used industrially as it is more environment friendly, the only limitation is that
the gasification reactivity of petcoke is extremely low.

Samples-
The petroleum coke (PC) used in this study is from a petroleum refining company.
The petcoke was dried, crushed and sieved into different sized range.
The chicken manure (CM) is from an egg farm in Singapore. It also was dried and
crushed before using as feedstock.
Then a proximate and ultimate analysis of petcoke and chicken manure was done,
whose results are tabulated here.
We can clearly see the high carbon content in petcoke.
and here,7000
the proximate analysis of chicken manure show around 39.5 % ash content. The high
ash content means that it can potentially be used as a catalyst to promote
gasisfication of petcoke.
The elemental analysis of chiken manure ash was also done, and the results show
high calcium, sodium and potassium content. further supporting the assumption that
chicken
manure can be used as a catalyst for gasification of petcoke.

Gasification System-
The flow chart of the co-gasification and characterization is shown in figure a.
Three kinds of gas (nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide) were used torealize CO2
and air gasification in this study.
The gas flow rate was controlled by three different flow meters. After the
reaction, the samples were cooled down under a nitrogen atmosphere. The gaseous
product was collected and analyzed by a Gas Chromatograph
connected with computer. The partially gasified samples also were collected and
characterized.
Here the schematic of gasifier is shown in figure b.
The sample was placed in the sample basket and the bottom of the basket is porous,
through which the product leaves. The basket was hung in the quartz reaction tube.
Finally, the quartz was put into the heating furnace when the furnace reached the
reaction temperature.
Here we have a table showing different gasification condition in this study.

Results -
I.
Co2 gasification of chicken manure was performed at three different temperatures to
study the effect of temperature. It was noted that the released gas mainly are
carbonmonoxide,
hydrogen and methane . The release of carbonmonoxide reflects the rate of
gasification reaction. At 700 C the reaction can seen to be slow with low
carbonmonoxide release.
At 800 it is faster with higher carbonmonoxide release
and at 900 C it is fastest with highest carbonmonoxide release.
It can be seen that the reaction completed in around 20 minutes at 900 C. from the
above study, 900 C was choosed to be the reaction temperature. Reasons were-
Rapid release of syngas and methane at 900 C
faster finish of gasification of manure means the manure ash can be further used as
catayst for petcoke gasification.

II.
1st graph
Moving on further we observe the catalytic effect of manure ash on co2 gasification
of petcoke.
Co2 gasification of mixture of petcoke and manure ash was performed.
Carbon conversion rate was recorded for different ash content. The increase in
carbon conversion with increase in ash content can clearly be seen.
30% ash content was chosen to be the optimal ash content with carbon conversion
rate upto 5 times that of pure petcoke.

2nd graph
It can be found that the difference of carbon conversion between mixture and pure
petcoke increased with the reaction time,
which indicated that a long-time reaction was in favor of the catalytic effect of
chicken manure ash on gasification reaction.
The experimental results also show that carbon conversion of mixture was much
higher than that of pure petcoke at different reaction times.

3rd graph
Here we can see the product comparision between ash catalysed petcoke gasification
and pure petcoke gasification at 900 C
It can be observed that the h2 yield slightly increased and carbonmonoxide
significantly increased for ash catalysed petcoke gasification.
From this we can conclude the strong catalytic effect of chicken manure on petcoke
gasification.

III
now we study the air cogasification of chicken manure and petcoke
1 gm sample mixture of petcoke and manure was taken in 1:1 ratio. The mixture of
oxygen and nitrogen was taken as gasifying agent.
For the first graph
When 20% oxygen was taken as gasifying agent we obtained carbon dioxide as the
major product after cogasification. It concludes that the oxygen was in excess.
Then 10% oxygen was taken as gasifying agent and the results were plotted in second
graph. We see high yield percentage of syngas, thus 10 percent oxygen was chosen
for the study.
Now, We compare it with pure petcoke gasification with 10% oxygen and we can
clearly see that both hydrogen and carbonmonoxide yield increased by 5 times.
It clearly proves the synergistic effect of cogasification of chicken manure and
petcoke.