Design of

H-Bridge

ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
EEME2751
STUDENT’S NAME
Hamza Ali bhatti (BME203017)
Ahmed Sohail (BME203007)
 DESIGN AND IMPLETATION ON H-BRIDGE
A Project Report submitted to the
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Course Work Third Semester

Faculty of Engineering
Capital University of Science & Technology,
Islamabad
JANUARY. 2022
Copyright © 2022 by CUST Student

All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part in any form requires the prior written permission
of Hamza Ali Bhatti / BME203017 or designated representative.

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Contents
Chapter No 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………..5
(INTRODUCTION)…………………………………………………………………………………………5
1.1 Overview of bridge………………………………………………………………………………………5
1.2 Half H Bridge……………………………………………………………………………………………6
1.3 Applications of H-Bridge Circuit………………………………………………………………………..6
1.4 Advantages of H-Bridge Circuit………………………………………………………………………...6
Chapter No 2………………………………………………………………………………………………..6
literature review……………………………………………………………………………………………..6
2.1 Background thoery………………………………………………………………………………………6
2.2 Related Projects…………………………………………………………………………………………7

High current RPI Motor Driver……………………………………………………………………………..7

Mechanical Sunflower with Stepper Motor and FPGA…………………………………………………….7

Chapter No 3……………………………………………………………………………………………….8
Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………………..8
3.1: Making of an H-Bridge………………………………………………………………………………..8
3.2: Working of bridge……………………………………………………………………………………..8
3.3: Motor connection with bridge……………………………………………………………………..…..8
3.4: Operating with Toggle Switch………………………………………………………………………...9
Chapter No 4……………………………………………………………………………………………….9

Components, Tools & Technique’s………………………………………………………………………..10

4.1 List of components…………………………………………………………………………………….11

4.2 List of tools……………………………………………………………………………………………12

4.3 Technique……………………………………………………………………………………………..14

Chapter No 5……………………………………………………………………………………………..14

Project results and evaluation………………………………………………………………………….…14.

5.1 software results…………………………………………………………………………………….…15

5.2 final working prototype………………………………………………………………………….…..16

5.3 limitation of working prototype………………………………………………………………….…..17

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5.4 summary……………………………………………………………………………………………17

Chapter No 6…………………………………………………………………………………………..18

Conclusion and future work……………………………………………………………………….…..18

Refernces………………………………………………………………………………………………19

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 ➢ CHAPTER # 1
INTRODUCTION
H-Bridge is a method used to control the activation and output rotational direction of a motor. The H-Bridge uses
the four transistors to control the directional flow of current through the motor. Two of the transistors are used to
close circuits from a 5V power source to the motor while the other two transistors are used to close the circuit to
ground. Figure 1 shows the circuit diagram for a single-directional motor.

If a high signal from the microcontroller is sent to the transistor then 6V will be sent to the motor and the motor
will activate. A more elaborate circuit (an H-bridge) must be used if the operator desires a circuit which will allow
the motor output to rotate clockwise and counter
clockwise. The circuit diagram for an H-bridge
controlled dual-directional motor. In this situation
diodes should be used in order to protect the transistors
from back voltage generated by the motor when power
is cut on and off. Back voltage can be several times
higher than the voltage from the power source.

1.1: Overview of bridge:

First, we need to hook up a resistor to each transistor's base. Next, we'll connect each set of resistors to
a common point in preparation to connect a switch. Then we'll add the two switches which also connect
to the positive bus. These switches will activate one half of the H-Bridge at a time.

1.2: Half H Bridge:

As the name implies, a half H-Bridge has half the functionality of a

regular H-Bridge. This means that a half H-Bridge can apply varying
amounts of power to the motor, but cannot change the motors
direction.

1.3: Applications of H-Bridge Circuit:

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 • The most important application of the H-Bridge circuit as the motor driver circuit.

• In Robotics Technology, H-bridge circuits are used.

• H-Bridge circuit is also used as Inverter circuit.

• In modern battery charger for electrical vehicles, H-bridge circuits are used

1.4: Advantages of H-Bridge Circuit:

• Very high efficiency.
• Very low loss.
• This circuit can be placed in small places.

Summary:

➢ Chapter NO 2
Literature review
By Preet and Jain (201 2), an eightbit PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller) series microcontroller
based control for DC drives to effectively control the output when the input parameters is sudden
change in is personal. microcontroller is programmed by assembly language. By Petru and Maxen
(2005), wireless recorder and transmuter compound with all do motor control system is built dot will
tell the two independent direction which speed they should operate and in what direction Dry Petu and
Mazen (2005), controlling PIN on DE motor. The signal of PWrM1 is generated or an Arduino Tino
board, associates aridi an A Traege 308 microcontroller The TabVTTWi-utilized for sort Rollins and
program Arduino Uno board By Boaz er al (2016), system consists of ATmega328 microcontroller, 8
bit RE module. TI. N2803A and one eight channel relay module is proposed. This method is used to
change the direction and speed of the DO motor

2.1 Background Theory

An H-bridge is an electronic circuit that switches the polarity of a voltage applied to a load. These
circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards.
... In particular, a bipolar stepper motor is almost always driven by a motor controller containing two H
bridges.

2.2 Related Projects

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✓ High current RPI Motor Driver
AH-Bridge circuit using high-power MOSFET transistors. The circuit will be mounted on an Adafruit
Perma-Proto HAT. It will be capable of driving motors with currents up to 30 A. The goal of this project
is a cheap motor driver that can power mid-sized motors.
• Components
8×IRLB8721 N-Channel MOSFET Transistor
Rated for 30 V / 60 A
1×Adafruit Perma-Proto HAT (with EEPROM)
1×Raspberry Pi 2 Model B+
1×Pi Cobler
✓ Mechanical Sunflower with Stepper Motor and FPGA
In this project a designed a digital circuit which uses a stepper motor and light sensor. Stepper motor turns
and works with the logic of sunflower. It is a platform on the motor and put some sensors on the platform
when one of these sensors gets light motor turns toward this light source so it can that this work with the
logic of sunflower.
• Componets
1×fpga
1×stepper motor
4×light sensor
1×h-bridge
4×1.8k resistor

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 ➢ Chapter NO 3

Methodology
The term H-bridge is derived from the typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H-bridge is built
with four switches (solid-state or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4 (according to the first figure) are
closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage is applied across the motor.

3.1: Making of an H-Bridge:

Step 1: Gathering the Parts. Only a handful of parts are needed.
Step 2: H-Bridge Theory.
Step 3: Powering the H-Bridge.
Step 4: The Transistor as a Switch.
Step 5: Switching Polarities.
Step 6: Applying a Signal.
Step 7: Getting a Clear Picture.

3.2: Working of bridge:

An H-bridge is built of four switches that control the flow of current to a load. In the image above, the load is the
M connecting the two sets of switches. Using one current source, you can drive current in two directions by
closing two switches. The H-bridge configured to have switch 1 and switch 4 closed.

3.3: Motor connection with bridge:

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When we close the other two switches. We will see that a negative voltage is now applied to the one side of the
motor. And a positive to the opposite side causing our motor to spin counterclockwise.

3.4: Operating with Toggle Switch:

A main source of (6v) is attached to mid of switch. We have common the two resistor R1 and R4, R2 and R3 one
wire will connect on left side from R1 and R4 combination while other wire is connected to right side of switch
from R2 and R3 combination. Thus if we move the tower switch to left and right for the movement of motor to
clockwise and anticlockwise.

.Summary:

➢ Chapter No 4
Components, Tools & Technique’s
A solid-state H-bridge is typically constructed using opposite polarity devices, such as PNP bipolar junction
transistors (BJT) or P-channel MOSFETs connected to the high voltage bus and NPN BJTs or N-channel
MOSFETs connected to the low voltage bus.

4.1: List of components:

1. 4 1k resistors
2. 4 transistors PNP (2N2222)
3. DC permanent magnet motor 6v
4. Toggle switch
5. Battery range (6v – 9v)
6. Jumper wires
7. Veroboard

4.2: List of tools:

1. Soldering iron
2. Soldering wire

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 3. Wire clippers
4. DMM Meter
4.3 Technique:
1. Software simulation (proteus)

Components:

• Resistor

1K Ohm 0.25W, 1/4W Through Hole Resistor

Company: Yageo

The CFR Series Carbon Film Resistors are manufactured by

coating a homogeneous film of pure carbon on high grade ceramic rods. After a helical Figure1 1k resistor

groove has been cut in the resistive layer, tinned connecting leads of electrolytic copper are welded to the end-
caps. The resistors are coated with layers of tan color lacquer

• Transistor

Feautures

✓ Bi-Polar high current NPN Transistor

✓ DC Current Gain (hFE) is 100
✓ Continuous Collector current (IC) is 800mA
✓ Emitter Base Voltage (VBE) is 6V
✓ Collector Emitter Voltage (VCE) is 30V
✓ Base Current(IB) is 5mA maximum
✓ Available in To-92 Package

Applications

✓ Can be used to switch high current (up to 800mA) loads

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 ✓ It can also be used in the various switching applications.
✓ Speed control of Motors.
✓ Inverter and other rectifier circuits.
✓ Can be used in Darlington Pair.

• DC Permanent Magnet Motor

Key Features:
1. Metal End Cap
2. Oil-impregnated Bearing
3. Precision Metal Brush
4. Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel Shaf

Basic Parameters:

✓ Diameter: ∅ 17.1 mm
✓ Motor Type: Low Voltage DC Motor

Applications:
Tattoo machine, medical massager, Hairdryer,
Breast pump, Audio player

Figure 2 DC Motor

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 • Toggle switch:

Features and Specifications

✓ 0.4volt-amps (max.) contact rating at 20v AC or DC

(max.)
✓ Mechanical Life: 30,000 make-and-break cycles.
✓ 20mΩ (max.) contact resistance
✓ 100MΩ (min.) of Insulation Resistance
✓ 100mAfor both silver and gold plated contacts.
✓ Dielectric strength of 1000VRMS at sea level
✓ Operating Temperature: -30°C to 85°
Figure 3 Toggle Switch

Uses

This switch mainly used in making three way switching

circuit for the staircase in the homes. Also,

for normally controlling loads.

• Battery:

Toshiba's rechargeable battery (SCiB™) products are a safe, high-

performance, long-life, rechargeable battery solution for a wide array
of applications ranging from electric vehicles to grid energy storage.
SCiB products also offer minimal capacity degradation, even after
10,000 or more charge-discharge cycles.
Figure 4 Battery Range 6v to 9v
Features:

✓ Long life (cycle characteristics) The 20Ah SCiB™ cell maintains over 70% of its capacity after 20,000
charge/discharge cycles at a tough charge/discharge rate(3C) condition.

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 ✓ Rapid charging.
✓ Long life (float charging).
✓ Low-temperature operation

• Jumper wires and Veroboard

Figure 5 jumper wires Figure 6 Veroboard

Tools:

• Soldering iron:
Soldering irons are most often used for installation, repairs, and limited
production work in electronics assembly. High-volume production lines use other
soldering methods. Large irons may be used for soldering joints in sheet metal objects.

• Soldering wire
Solder wires are generally two different types - lead alloy solder wire and lead-free
solder. There are also rosin-core solder wire which has a tube in the center of the wire
that contains the flux. Lead solder wire is usually made from an alloy of lead and tin

Figure 1 lead alloy solder wire

• Wire Clipper and DMM

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 I. These tools work by pulling the rope into the jaws and trapping it.
This makes a clean cut and results in no fanning. They are ideal
for shearing wire rope.
II. A digital multimeter is a test tool used to measure two or more
electrical values—principally voltage (volts), current (amps) and
resistance (ohms).

Technique:

Software simulation (Proteus)

Proteus design suite combines ease of use with a powerful feature set to

enable the rapid design, test and layout of professional

printed circuit boards.

➢ Chapter NO 5

Project results and evaluation

Project circuit diagram

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5.1 Software Results
Circuit working in clockwise and anticlockwise direction of motor

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Anticlock wise direction of motor `

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Clockwise direction of motor

Project Hardware design

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5.2 Final Working Prototype

5.3 limitation of working prototype

• It is very high efficiency.

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 • It has very low loss.
• This circuit can be placed in small places.

5.4 summary

➢ Chapter No 6
Conclusion and Future Work

In conclusion an H-bridge DC motor drive circuit was designed using discrete bipolar junction

transistors. This H-bridge circuit was used to operate an dc permanent magnetic motor. Proteus

software was used to simulate the prototype. The DC motors move forward and backward

controlled by push button switches while the motor fan moves clockwise and anticlockwise

direction

✓ The most important application of the H-Bridge circuit as the motor driver circuit.

✓ In Robotics Technology, H-bridge circuits are used.

✓ H-Bridge circuit is also used as Inter verted tutor.

✓ In modern battery charger for electrical vehicles, H-bridge circuits are used

References

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• https://easychair.org/publications/preprint_open/M1wv

• PCB Design and Circuit Simulator Software - Proteus (labcenter.com)

• H-Bridge Circuit Design - MicroType Engineering

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-bridge#

• Hbridge (slideshare.net)

• Milton. O. 2005.Reliability and failure of Electronic Materials and Devices, Volume

One.2nd Edition.

• https://www.circuitlab.com/editor/.

• www.onsemi.com/PowerSolutions/product.d

• V. Gupta, “Working and analysis of the H-bridge motor driver circuit designed for
wheeled mobile robots”, 2nd International Conference on Advanced Computer Control,

IEEE, 2010

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