2

021
-ME-
16 MuhammadF
urqan PHYSI
CS
ASSI
NGMENT

PNJ
unc
tio
n
Def
ini
ti
on:
Ap-njunct
ionisani nter
faceora 
boundarybetweentwo
s
emiconduc
tormateri
altypes,na
me lyt hep-t
ypeandthen-type,i
nsi
dea
s
emico
nductor.T
hep-si
deo rt
hepo s
itives i
deofthesemiconduct
orhasan
e
xce
sso fho
lesandthen-si
deo rt
hene gati
vesideha
sa nexcessofel
ect
rons
.

Ap-
njunc
tionisanint
erfac
eoraboundar
ybetweentwo
s
emi
conduc
tormat
eri
altypes
, namel
ythep-t
ypeandthen-
type,i
nsi
dea
s
emi
conduc
tor.

F
ormat
iono
fP-
NJunc
tio
n:
Aswekno w,ifweus edifferent s emiconduc torma te ri
al
s  
toma keap- n
j
unc t
ion, t
he rewillbeagr ai
nbo unda r
yt hatwo uldi nhibitthemo ve me ntof
elec
tronsf romo nes i
det otheo therbys cat
t eri
ngt hee lectronsa ndho lesand
thus,weus ethepr oc essofdo ping.Wewi l
lunde rstandt hepr o ces so fdopi
ng
withthehe l
po fthise xampl e
.L e tusc ons i
de rat hinp- types il
icon
semico nductorshe et.Ifwea ddas ma l
la mo unto fpe ntavalenti mpur i
tytothis
,
apa r
to fthep- typeSiwi l
lgetc o nvertedt on- t
y pes ili
con.T hi
ss he etwi l
lnow
contai
nbo thp-typer egionandn- typer egiona ndaj unc t
ionbe t we ent hesetwo
regi
ons .Thepr oc
e sse sthatfollowa f
tert hef orma t
iono fap- nj unc tionareof
twoty pes–di f
fus i
o nanddr i
f t.Aswekno w, the reisadi f
fe r
e ncei nt he
concent r
ationofho lesa nde l
ec tronsa tthet wos ide sofaj unc tion,theho le
s
fromt hep- si
dedi ffuset othen- s i
dea ndt hee le ctr
o nsf r
omt hen- sidediff
use
tothep- side.Thes egiver i
set oadi f
fusionc urre nta crossthej unc t
ion.
2
021
-ME-
16 MuhammadF
urqan PHYSI
CS
ASSI
NGMENT

Als o,whe na ne l
ectro
ndi f
fus esfromt hen- sidet othep- s i
de ,a
ni oniz
e ddonor
i
sl e f
tbe hindo nt hen-si
de, whichisi mmo bile.Ast hepr o c
e ssgoe son, alayer
ofpo s it
ivec hargei sdevelo
pe do nt hen- sideo fthej unction.Simi l
a r
ly,whe na
holego esf romt hep-s i
detot hen- side,a ndio niz
eda ccept orisleftbe hindin
thep- si
de ,resulti
ngint hef or
ma tiono fal aye rofne gativec hargesint hep-
sideo fthej unc t
ion.Thi
sregi onofpo s i
tivec ha r
gea ndne gativecha r
geo n
eithe rsideo ft hejuncti
onist erme da sthede pleti
onr egion.Duet othis
pos it
ives pacec hargeregi
ono ne ithe rsideo ft hejunction,a n el
ectri
c
fi
e ld dir
e ctionfrom apo si
tivec harget owa rdst hene gativec hargei s
de velope d.Duet othisele
ct ri
cf i
el
d, a ne l
ectro nont hep- sideo fthejunc ti
on
mo vest ot hen- si
deo fthejunc ti
on.T hismo ti
o niste r
me da sthedr i
ft.He re,
wes eet ha tthedi rec
tionofdr i
ftc urrenti soppo sitetot hato fthedi ffusi
on
cur re
nt .

Bi
asi
ngc
ondi
ti
onsf
ort
hep-
nJunc
tio
nDi
ode:
T
her
ear
etwoo
per
ati
ngr
egi
onsi
nthep-
njunc
tio
ndi
ode
:

 P-
type
2
021
-ME-
16 MuhammadF
urqan PHYSI
CS
ASSI
NGMENT

 N-t
ype
T
her
ea r
ethr
e ebi
asi
ngc
ondi
ti
onsf
orp-
njunc
tio
ndi
odea
ndt
hisi
sba
sedo
n
t
hevol
tageappl
ie
d:

 Ze
robi
as:T
her
eisnoe
xte
rna
lvo
lta
gea
ppl
ie
dtot
hep-
njunc
tio
ndi
ode
.

 F
orwar
dbias
:Theposi
ti
veter
mi na
lo fthevol
tagepot
ent
iali
sconne
cted
t
othep-t
ypewhil
ethenega
tiveterminali
sconnect
edtothen-
type.

 Reve
rsebia
s :T
henegati
vete
rminalofthevo
ltagepot
ent
iali
s
co
nnecte
dt othep-
typeandthepo
s i
tivei
sconnect
edtothen-t
ype
.

Whe nthep-typeisc onnectedt ot hepo si

tivet erminalofthebatteryand
t
hen- ty
pet othene gativetermi na lthenthep- njunctioni
ss ai
dt obe
f
o r
wa r
d-bi
ased.Whe nthep- njunc tionisfor wardbiased,t
hebuilt-i
n
ele
ctri
cfie
lda tthep- njuncti
ona ndt hea pplie
de le
c tr
icfi
eldarein
opposi
tedir
e c
t i
ons.Whe nbotht hee l
ectri
cf iel
dsa ddup,theresultant
ele
ctri
cfie
ldha sama gnitudeles se rthant hebuilt
-inelec
t r
icf
iel
d.T hi
s
2
021
-ME-
16 MuhammadF
urqan PHYSI
CS
ASSI
NGMENT

resul
tsi nalessresi
sti
veandt hi
nnerdepl
etionregi
on.Thede pl
eti
o n
regio
n’sr e
sista
ncebe c
ome snegl
igi
blewhent heappli
edvo l
tageislarge
.
I
ns il
ico
n, atthevolt
ageof0.6V,theresi
stanceofthede ple
tionregi
on
become sc omplet
elynegl
i
gibleandthecurr
e ntfl
owsa cr
o s
sit
unimpe ded.

Whent hep-typeisc onne c

te dtothene gativet er
minalo ftheba tt
ery
andthen- t
ypeisc onnec te
dt othepo siti
ves idethent hep-njunc t
ionis
sai
dt obereversebias ed.Inthiscas e
,thebui lt-
inel
ect r
icfiel
da ndthe
appl
iede l
ectr
icfiel
da reint hes amedi r
e c
t i
on.Whe nt hetwof iel
dsa r
e
added,theresult
ante lectri
cf i
eldisinthes a
medi rectio
na st hebuil
t-i
n
el
ectri
cf i
el
dc reat
ingamo reresi
stive,thi
c kerdeple
tionr e
gion.The
depl
etionregio
nbe come smo reresi
s ti
vea ndt hi
ckerifthea ppli
ed
vol
tagebe comeslarge r
.

P-
NJunc
tio
nFo
rmul
a:
Thefor
mulause
di nthep-
njunc
tio
nde pendsupo
nthebui
lt
-i
n po
tent
ial
dif
fer
ence
 cr
eatedbytheel
ectr
icfi
el
di sgi
venas:
2
021
-ME-
16 MuhammadF
urqan PHYSI
CS
ASSI
NGMENT

Whe
re, E0=VT
ln[
ND.
NA ]/vi
2

 E0 
ist
hez
erobi
asj
unc
tio
nvo
lta
ge

 VT 
ist
het
her
malvo
lta
geo
f26mVa
tro
omt
empe
rat
ure

 ND 
andNA 
aret
hei
mpur
it
yco
nce
ntr
ati
ons

 ni 
ist
hei
ntr
ins
icc
onc
ent
rat
ion.

Ho
wdo
esc
urr
entf
lowi
nPNj
unc
tio
ndi
ode?
Thef l
owo fe l
ec t
ronsf r
omt hen-sidet o
wa rdsthep- si
deo fthejunc t
iontakes
placewhe nt hereisa nincreaseint hevo lt
age.Si mi
larl
y,theflowo fholesfro
m
thep-s idet owa r
dst hen-sideo fthejunc ti
ont akesplacealongwi ththe
i
nc r
eas ei nthevo ltage.Thisresultsint hec o
nc entr
ationgradientbe t
we en
boths ideso ft hete r
mina l
s.Duet ot hef ormationofthec oncentrati
on
gradient ,therewillbeaf lowo fcha r
gec a r
ri
ersf r
om higherconc entr
ation
regi
onst olowe rconc e
nt r
ationregions.T hemo veme ntofcha r
gec arri
ersinsi
de
thepnj unc t
ionist hereasonbe hindt hec urr
entf l
owint hec i
rcui
t .

V-
IChar
act
eri
sti
cso
fPNJ
unc
tio
nDi
ode:
2
021
-ME-
16 MuhammadF
urqan PHYSI
CS
ASSI
NGMENT

VIcharacteri
sticsofPNj uncti
ondiodesisac ur
vebetweenthevol
tageand
curr
e ntthro
ught hecirc
uit.Vol
tageistakena l
ongthex-
axiswhi
lethecur
rent
i
st akena l
ongt hey-a
xis.TheabovegraphistheVIcharac
teri
sti
cscurveo
fthe
PNj uncti
ondio de.Wit
ht hehelpofthec ur
vewec anunderst
andthatther
e
arethreeregionsinwhicht hedi
odewo rks,a
ndt he
ya r
e:

 Ze
robi
as 

 F
orwa
rdbi
as

 Re ve
rsebia s
WhenthePNj uncti
ondiodei
sunderz
erobi
ascondi
ti
on,t
her
eisnoexter
nal
vo
lta
gea ppli
eda ndthismeanstha
tthepot
ent
ialbar
ri
eratt
hejunc
tio
ndo e
s
no
ta l
lo
wt heflowo fcurr
ent.
2
021
-ME-
16 MuhammadF
urqan PHYSI
CS
ASSI
NGMENT

Whe nthePNj unc t

iondiodeisunderforwardbiasconditio
n,thep- t
ypeis
connect
e dtothepo sit
iveter
minalwhilethen-typeisco nnectedtothe
negati
vet e
rmina loftheexte
rnalvol
tage.Whe nthedio deisa rr
angedinthis
ma nner
,thereisar educti
oninthepotenti
albarri
er.Fors i
li
conediodes,when
thevol
tageis0. 7Va ndforgermani
um di o
de s
,whe nthevo ltageis0.3V,the
potent
ialbarr
iersde cr
easeandthereisaf l
owo fcurr
ent .
 
Whe nthediodei si
nfor
wa r
dbias, t
hec ur
rentincr
ease
sslowlyandthecurve
obtai
nedisno n-
line
arasthevoltageappli
edt othedi
odei
so ver
comingthe
pote
ntialbar
rier.Oncet
hepo te
ntialbarri
erisover
comebythediode,thediode
behavesnorma l
lyandthecurveri
s essharpl
ya stheex
ter
nalvol
tageincre
a s
e s
andthec ur
veo btai
nedisli
near.
Whent hePNj unct
iondiodeisunde rne
gat i
vebiascondi
ti
on,
thep- t
ypei
s
co
nne c
te dtothene gat
ivet e
rmi nalwhi
lethen-typeisco
nnect
edt othe
posi
ti
vet erminalofthee x
ternalvolt
age.Thisres
ultsina
nincr
ea s
einthe
pot
entialbarr
ie r
.Rever
s esatur
a ti
oncurr
entf l
owsinthebegi
nninga smi
nor
it
y
ca
rri
ersa repr
e sentinthejunction.
 
Whentheappl
ie
dvo l
tageisi
ncreased,t
heminori
tycha
rgeswil
lha
ve
i
ncr
eas
e dki
neti
cenergywhichaffe
ct st
hema j
ori
tychar
ges.T
hisi
sthes
tage
whe
nthediodebre
aksdo wn.Thi
sma yal
sode
stroyt
hediode.
 

Appl
ic
ati
onso
fPNJ
unc
tio
nDi
ode:
 p-njunc
tio
ndio
decanbeusedasapho
todi
odeasthedi
odeissens
iti
ve
totheli
ghtwhent
heconfi
gura
tio
noft
hediodei
srever
se-
bias
ed.

 I
tca
nbeus
eda
sas
ola
rce
ll
.

 Whent hediodei
sfo
rwa
rd-
bia
sed,
itc
anbeus
edi
nLEDl
ight
ing
appl
ic
at i
ons
.

 I
tisuseda
srect
ifi
ersi
nma nyel
ect
ri
cci
rcui
tsa
nda
savo
lta
ge-
c
ontro
ll
edosc
il
la
torinvar
acto
rs.
2
021
-ME-
16 MuhammadF
urqan PHYSI
CS
ASSI
NGMENT

T
ransi
sto
rs
Def
ini
ti
on:
Asemic
onductordevic
ewi t
hthr
eec o
nnect
ions
,
c
apabl
eofampli
fic
ati
oni
naddi
ti
ont ore
ctif
icat
ioni.
eaport
abler
adiousi
ng
c
irc
uit
scont
aini
ngtra
nsi
sto
rsr
atherthanvalves.

 Atransisto
risat ypeof
a
 se
mi c
onductor 
devic
et hatcanbeusedt obothc onducta
ndins
ulateel
ectr
ic
c
urr
entorvol
ta ge.Atransi
storbas
ical
lyactsa sas witc
handana mpl
if
ier
.In
s
implewords
,wec ansaythatatrans
istorisami niatur
edevi
cethati
sused
t
ocontr
olorregul
a t
ethef l
owo fel
ect
ronicsignal
s .
Tra
ns i
sto
rsa r
eo neofthekeyc omponentsinmo s
to ftheele
ctr
onicdevi
ces
thatarepre
s enttoday
.De ve
lopedinthey ear1
947byt hre
eAme ri
can
physic
ist
sJohnBa rdeen,Walt
erBratta
ina ndWill
iam Shockl
ey,
thetra
nsist
or
i
sc onsi
dereda soneofthemo stimporta
ntinventi
onsinthehisto
ryofsci
ence
.

Par
tso
faT
ransi
sto
r:
Aty pi
caltr
ansistoriscompo s
edo fthreela
yersofsemi conduc t
ormateri
alsor
mores peci
fi
call
yt erminal
swhi c
hhe lpstomakeac onne ctiontoanexter
nal
ci
rcuitandcarr
yt hec urr
ent.Avo l
tageorcurr
entthati sa ppli
edtoanyone
pai
ro ftheter
mi nalsofat r
ansist
orc ont
rol
sthecurr
e ntt hroughtheotherpa
ir
ofterminal
s.Therea rethre
et er
mina l
sforatrans
ist
o r.The yare:

 Ba
se:T
hisi
sus
edt
oac
tiv
atet
het
rans
ist
or.

 Co
ll
ect
or:I
tist
hepo
sit
ivel
eado
fthet
rans
ist
or.

 Emi
tte
r:I
tist
hene
gat
ivel
eado
fthet
rans
ist
or.
2
021
-ME-
16 MuhammadF
urqan PHYSI
CS
ASSI
NGMENT

T
ypeso
fTr
ansi
sto
rs:
Base
do nhowt
heya
reus
edi
nac
irc
uitt
her
ear
ema
inl
ytwot
ype
sof
tr
ansi
stor
s.

Bi
pol
arJ
unc
tio
nTr
ansi
sto
r(BJ
T):
T
hethreeter
minal
sofBJTar
ebase,emi
tte
ra ndc
oll
ect
or.Ave
rysma l
lcurr
ent
f
lowi
ngbetweenbaseandemit
terca
ncontro
lalar
gerfl
owofcur
rentbetween
t
hecoll
ect
orandemitt
erte
rminal
.
F
urt
her
mor
e,t
her
ear
etwot
ype
sofBJ
T.T
hes
einc
lude
;

 P-N-
PT ransi
stor:I
tisat y
peo fBJT
 whereonen-typema ter
iali
s
i
ntroducedorplacedbetwe e
nt wop-ty
pema teri
als.I
nsucha
conf
igurati
on,thedevicewil
lcontr
oltheflo
wo fcurre
nt.PNPt r
ansi
stor
cons
istsof2c ryst
aldiodeswhichareconnect
edins eri
es.Theri
ghtside
andleftsi
deo fthediodesareknowna sthecoll
ector
-basediodeand
emitter
-basediode,r
especti
vely.

 N-P-NT rans
isto
r:I
nt histra
nsistor
,wewi llfi
ndonep-ty pema te
rialt
hat
i
spr e
se ntbetweentwon- typema teri
al
s.N- P-
Nt rans
ist orisbasical
l
y
usedtoa mplif
ywe aks i
gnalstos t
rongsignals.I
nNPNt r
a nsi
stor,
the
ele
ctronsmo vefromt heemi t
t e
rtoc ol
le
ct o
rregio
nr e
s ultinginthe
for
ma tionofcurr
entint hetransi
stor.T
hist r
ansi
storiswi de l
yusedin
thecir
c ui
t.
2
021
-ME-
16 MuhammadF
urqan PHYSI
CS
ASSI
NGMENT

F
iel
dEf
fec
tTr
ansi
sto
r(F
ET)
:
ForFET,thethreete
rmi na l
sa r
eGate,Sour
ceandDr ain.T
hevolt
agea tthe
gatet er
minalcancontrolac urr
entbetweensourc
ea nddrai
n.FETisaunipolar
tr
a nsis
torinwhichNc ha nnelFETorPchannelFETareusedforconduct
ion.The
ma inappli
cati
onsofFET sa r
einlownoiseampli
fier
,buffera
mplifi
eranda n
ana l
ogueswitch.
2
021
-ME-
16 MuhammadF
urqan PHYSI
CS
ASSI
NGMENT

Submi
ttedt
o:
Mam I
bti
sam
By
:
MuhammadF
urqan.
2
021
-ME-
16.
Sec
tio
nA.
Mec
hani
calEngi
neer
ingDepar
tment
.