SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

ACADEMIC SESSION: 2021/2022

SEMESTER 1

COURSE CODE : MPU3313

COURSE NAME : Unity and Patriotism
EVALUATION : Case Study Report (Group Assignment)

LECTURER’S NAME : Mdm. Solehah Yahaya

Selected Questions:
Group Members Students ID Programs QUESTION MARKS
Mariyam Ramshau Ilyas AIU19032033 BBA Case Study 30%
Ahmed Zayaan Luthfee AIU19032032 BBAHRM Report
Fathmath Jaahath AIU19032020 BBAM
Shareef
Khadheeja Nabeeha AIU19032034 BBAHRM
Saeed
Fathmath Hudha AIU19032036 BBAM TOTAL 30%

DATE SUBMITTED: 12 January 2021 (Week 13)

1. TITLE: REFUGEES
 2. Table of Contents
1. TITLE: REFUGEES .............................................................................................................. 2
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 4
4. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 5
5. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 6
Living Conditions of Refugees Globally ...................................................................................... 6
Challenges Faced by Refugees .................................................................................................... 7
CASE STUDY 1: Sultanbeyli, Istanbul, Turkey A Case Study of Refugees in Towns................. 10
CASE STUDY 2: The experience of Venezuelan refugees in Colombia and Peru ....................... 11
6. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 13
Interpretation of case study 1 ................................................................................................... 13
Relating to the objectives .......................................................................................................... 14
Conclusion of the findings ........................................................................................................ 14
7. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 16
8. APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................... 17
 3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Every minute, an estimated 20 people are forcibly relocated as a result of conflict,

persecution, or war. Among the 68.5 million people who have been forcibly relocated around the
world are 25.4 million refugees. Many of them live in inadequate housing, and their growing
presence in cities has influenced housing markets and the availability of affordable housing.
Human rights breaches and refugee problems are typically interwoven, as experts have pointed
out. Their living conditions in some areas are so low it can be considered as inhumane. The main
challenges faced by refugees are language barriers, education, healthcare and employment. This
case study will focus on the issue of the increasing number of refugees globally and the challenges
they face along with examples of such scenarios occurring throughout the world.
 4. INTRODUCTION
This article provides a thorough investigation of the predicament of refugees throughout the world.
Between 2018 and 2020, between 290,000 and 340,000 children were born into refugee families
on an annual basis. Within the first half of 2021, 126,700 refugees returned to their home countries,
while 16,300 were relocated. 85 % of the world's refugees and displaced Citizens of Venezuela
who moved abroad are housed in developing nations. Least Developed Countries (LDCs) grant
sanctuary to 27% of the world's population.
While relocation is not a new occurrence, the present crisis is unparalleled in scope. Nearly 80
million individuals have been forcefully moved throughout the world at the moment presently.
Approximately 26 million refugees, roughly half of whom are under the age of 18, are among
them. The percentage of forcibly displaced individuals is at its highest possible level since World
War II, and the main causes are clear: climate change, violence, poverty, crimes and food
shortages. Families throughout the world are compelled to flee their homes each day in pursuit of
safety and a better quality of life. Many people have fled conflict and bloodshed, hardship and
discrimination with nothing more than the clothing on their backs. People seeking safety elsewhere
are frequently faced with government policies that put their families in danger.
Our research will specifically focus on two case studies that brings to light the situations of
refugees in Turkey, Columbia and Peru. The main objectives of our report are to understand the
living conditions of refugees in different countries, to analyze the first-hand experience of refugees
living in different parts of the world and lastly to discuss the major challenges faced by refugees
these days. We will discuss the analysis and the samples of the two case study chosen regarding
the refugees in Turkey, Columbia and Peru. In addition to that, an interpretation regarding the
selected case study will be included in the report as well. (oxfamamerica, 2021)
 5. DISCUSSION

An estimated 20 individuals are forcibly moved every minute as a result of conflict,

persecution, or war. 25.4 million Refugees are among the 68.5 million persons who have been
forcibly moved around the world. Growing anti-refugee and anti-migrant attitude, discrimination,
and violence, which have substantial ramifications for refugees' social welfare and healthcare
entitlements when they relocate to and establish in new host communities, add to the myriad
hazards and threats that refugees confront. (Pocock & Chan, 2018)
The first step to eradicating prejudice is to establish a fact-based conversation about
existing public perceptions of migrants and refugees. Progressive political movements that
advocate for a more inclusive approach to migrant and refugee inflows have struggled to overcome
extremist narratives and social distrust in host communities. Many countries have conducted anti-
racism and prejudice reduction television commercials, as well as public service announcements
on radio and billboards, although the causal consequences of such initiatives remain mostly
unclear.
During the European migrant and refugee crisis in 2016, a survey found that Eastern and
Central European countries were far less receptive of migrants than Western European countries,
with Hungary being the least accepting and Sweden being the most accommodating. Another poll
of 18,000 voters in 15 European nations asked them to rate 180,000 asylum seeker profiles based
on nine factors considered as potentially significant for public acceptance, such as education and
skill levels, religion, and reasons for seeking asylum.
Asylum seekers who were Christian rather than Muslim and had better employability,
consistent asylum testimonies, and significant vulnerabilities earned the most public support. In
other words, asylum seekers were thought to be more deserving of help if they could potentially
contribute financially and had humanitarian reasons for entering. These are the social realities that
fact-based anti-discrimination interventions should address and expand from, no matter how
skewed they may be.

Living Conditions of Refugees Globally

More than 6 million refugees were in the Middle East, Southern Africa, the East and Horn
of Africa, and Europe, with more than 1 million in Europe. The Syrian Civil War has proven to be
the most comprehensive and severe of all modern conflicts that have resulted in refugee crises,
with 4 million registered refugees as of June 2015; the total number of refugees across the Middle
East and North Africa has roughly doubled in recent years. As the population grows, the pattern
of displacement is shifting away from camps and toward cities. (Stephens, 2015)
Thousands attempt hazardous crossings across the Mediterranean, while millions of
migrants pass borders inside North Africa and the Middle East in search of safety. More than 1,700
immigrants from North Africa perished attempting to enter Europe in the first three months of
2015. The perceived competition for work has produced tensions within European nations, even
as they strive to manage and help their rising immigrant populations. Between October 1, 2013,
and May 31, 2014, there was a rise in unaccompanied adolescents at the US-Mexico border, with
more than 47,000 brought into custody.
According to a 2014 analysis based on fieldwork in Lebanon, where more than 500,000
Syrian child refugees now reside, refugee children have little or no access to school, adequate
nutrition, or good living circumstances. Another field study conducted in Jordan in 2014
discovered that a growing proportion of Syrian refugees are settling in cities rather than the rural
camps that are often associated with big refugee populations. Many of them live in substandard
housing, and their increasing presence in cities has had an impact on housing markets and the
supply of cheap housing. As experts have pointed out, human rights violations and refugee
difficulties are frequently intricately intertwined.

Challenges Faced by Refugees

The challenges that refugees and migrants experience define their new lives in a distant
country. Understanding the obstacles that refugees and migrants face is a critical first step toward
ensuring their well-being.
1. Language Barrier
The majority of refugees and migrants settle in countries where their original language is
not spoken. A Syrian refugee travelling to the United States, for example, is highly unlikely to
speak English. For refugees and migrants, settling in the United States, where English is the
primary language, can be a difficult task. Every day communication, getting a job, filling out
paperwork, and purchasing food all necessitate understanding of the English language. Similarly,
Myanmar’s refugees coming to Bangladesh do not speak the local language.
 This makes it more difficult for migrants to do their daily tasks. Granted, learning a new
language is possible, but it is far from simple. There's also the issue of balancing it with day-to-
day survival and caring for your dependents. (Malim, 2019)
2. Raising Children
It is undeniably difficult to raise children. As a refugee or migrant, you face additional
hurdles. Their children are growing up in a society that is vastly different from their own. This
puts them at a disadvantage because refugee or immigrant parents find it difficult to navigate
through various scenarios. As time passes, the number of shared instances decreases, and the
parent-child dynamic shifts. If they're raised in an English-speaking country, the culture and
mannerisms are foreign to them, but they're normal to the children because it's all they've ever
known.
Children in such situations have no educational assistance from their refugee or migrant
parents and must rely solely on schools and teachers. If the parents don't speak English, any
comment or complaint about the children is more likely to be ignored.

3. Lack of Employment Opportunities

To live a happy life, everyone requires a stable source of income. Finding that as a refugee
or migrant can be difficult. Both skilled and unskilled refugees are affected by this. Most firms
expect job applicants to have relevant experience from within the same country. They must start
from scratch, regardless of how successful they were in another country.
The battle is considerably more difficult for unskilled refugees. Because of their
desperation and lack of support, they are frequently exploited and underpaid. They must learn the
local language and locate work that will assist them in settling in; more often than not, they will
wind up working in a labor-intensive or severely unregulated field, putting their lives in danger.
When it comes to finding work, the language barrier is sometimes a major problem. It not
only prevents them from expressing their abilities, but it also prevents them from obtaining
numerous occupations that a typical native citizen may readily obtain, such as customer-facing
positions like retail or fast-food workers.
4. Transportation
 There have been studies that link transportation availability to one's capacity to escape
poverty. If a person has access to transportation, particularly public transit, they are more likely to
accept a job that is further away, hence preventing career prospects from being limited by location.
In the case of refugees, obtaining a driver's license is difficult. In most nations, a driver
must be literate in order to pass the initial exam. Commutes via public transportation are typically
tough for refugees and migrants. Figuring out how to go from point A to point B becomes
immensely tough if they do not speak the host country's native language.
5. Housing
Safe housing is frequently prohibitively expensive. This is a terrible situation for most
refugees and migrants, who are locked in low-paying employment. This opens the door for
opportunistic landlords to take advantage of their tenants' predicament. Many demand fees and
raise rent amounts unlawfully all the time, threatening refugees and migrants with deportation. In
most situations, refugees and migrants agree since they are either unaware of their rights or don't
have the financial resources to battle it out legally.
Due to a lack of resources, many big refugee and migrant families are forced to live
together, with little or no personal space. This creates a tense environment for everyone and makes
living peacefully challenging on a daily basis.
6. Healthcare
When it comes to refugees or migrants entering the United States, while infrastructure is
easily available, getting access to it might be difficult. The language barrier, as well as the
incapacity to communicate in English, plays a significant influence. Refugees, particularly refugee
children, are more likely to suffer from PTSD and depression. They are, however, less likely to
seek professional care because of social stigma and a language barrier.
Due to the communication barrier, individuals are unable to effectively tell their side of the
story in the event of a law and order disagreement, which can result in potentially life-threatening
scenarios. Even if refugees and migrants are able to gain access to some of these services, the
experience is usually bad in some way because there is no effective communication support
structure in place.
CASE STUDY 1: Sultanbeyli, Istanbul, Turkey A Case Study of Refugees in
Towns

Sultanbeyli, a neighbourhood on the borders of Istanbul, Turkey, seems to be the subject of this
case study. It investigates the knowledge or skill Syrian refugees gained and the importance of
interpersonal connections throughout the people's daily routines of refugees and hosts populations
in Sultanbeyli, which has historically been a staging post for illegal migrants.

Turkey's cities, mostly as a transportation and a receiving nation that can even be called as host,
give crucial perspectives into the phenomenon of refugee’s action. From 2011, Turkey has already
seen the greatest gesture of Syrian labour displacement in its record, whereas many first-country
genuine refugees are placed in shelters upon entry, over 90% of all refugees in Turkey reside
throughout towns. As of the most recent newest data from the Turkish state, approximately
500,000 Syrians reportedly moved to Istanbul, Turkey's greatest city with a circulation of 15
million people, so far since 2011. As peace negotiations seen amongst Syrian authorities with the
rebels stalled in 2012, involuntary displacement renewed pace. Turkish government reacted
towards the rising amount of migrants through unauthorized actions, like the construction of more
temporary shelters along the Syrian border in districts like Sanliurfa, Kilis, Osmaniye, and
Gaziantep. Whilst Turkey is a partner under its 1951 Conference, it retains a geographic restriction,
granting migrant classification exclusively to those who were evacuated "given the circumstances
occurring in Europe." As a consequence, Syrians who have been accepted as "attendees" through
the Turkish state had no constitutional immunity originally. Turkey required two years to enact
legislative changes after the inaugural entry of Syrian migrants in 2011.

Istanbul seems to have the greatest percentage of Syrian migrants of any Turkish city. As of the
most recent data, Istanbul is place of residence to 15.7 percent of Turkey's Illegal migrants from
Syria, or 485,227 people. In fact, migrants in Istanbul also choose to reside in locations in which
the lower class are concentrated. As per qualitative information, the standard of living given in
migrant settlements is negatively correlated with their best options of residency. Even if there are
Syrian migrants in every city in Istanbul, they tend to congregate in select locations, like
Kucukcekmece, Sultangazi, Bagcilar, and Sultanbeyli, where having little material possessions or
incomes are common, conservative and religious identity are widespread, unstructured virtual
communities are prominent amongst some of the lower classes, and living remains significantly
less expensive than in other areas of Istanbul. The fundamental issue for all immigrants,
despite their academic level, and had insufficient money. The majority of migrants arrive in
Sultanbeyli via mass deportations. Numerous displaced people stick to their old societies and
therefore do not form other relationships. The greatest impediment to assimilation for immigrants
is languages. Having to understand Turkish is important for a variety of purposes: it increases
immigrants' availability to data, welfare programs, and job prospects, as well as providing a
window into the community interaction of Sultanbeyli's local community. Amidst the financial
troubles, the majority of Sultanbeyli's migrants have cell phones and Internet connection. Their
cell phones aren't really good, but instead a necessity for keeping in contact with loved ones who
remained in Syria. In Sultanbeyli, social bonds between Turkish refugees had also typically
superseded official governmental administration whenever it concerns to housing. In Sultanbeyli's
public sphere, religion occupies an important part. Sultanbeyli has also been renowned as focus of
Islamic revolutionary group in Istanbul from the mid-1980s, with refugee connections operating
as a primary cause of Islamic education throughout the 1990s, after conservative countryside
refugees were transferred to the area. Apart from that a several other Islamists, majority Migrants
in Sultanbeyli are Sunni Muslims, and also the majority feel at ease having their Turkish
counterparts since they hold common culture and religion origins. Because refugees have been
enrolled within special permit, Syrian refugees in Turkey don't really possess any freedom to vote.
That doesn't even imply that they have been politically involved. (Balcioglu, 2018)

CASE STUDY 2: The experience of Venezuelan refugees in Colombia and

Peru

We have chosen the second case study as “The experience of Venezuelan refugees in Colombia
and Peru.” According to the case study, over the past five years, around four million Venezuelans
have left their own country to live in Colombia, Peru and other countries like Chile, Brazil, and
Argentina. Youthful refugees in Colombia and Peru have found some work. However, their
professional skills are not used well, and they have limited access to health and education facilities.
Moreover, as mentioned in the case study, the main reason for the flow of refugees from Venezuela
is the scarcity of food and medicine. Other reasons include robbery, harassment, legal problems,
sexual harassment, and xenophobia in the workplace. Also, it highlights that most of the migrants
in Colombia and Peru did not come alone from Venezuela; family and acquaintances accompanied
them. According to the study, without a smooth democratic transition in Venezuela, the number
of refugees is predicted to rise dramatically over the following years. Except those in Medellin and
Barranquilla, most refugees, particularly in Peru, have sent or plan to send money to relatives back
home. Nearly four out of five migrants have left one or both parents in Venezuela, and more than
half have siblings. These refugees are still fighting for their life in Columbia and Peru. According
to the statistics, 62% said they are underpaid, and 11% said they are mistreated or verbally abused
in the jobs. Many refugees seek new occupations due to the difficulty of obtaining relevant and
well-paying careers. They are also willing to migrate to another country, with Chile being their top
choice.
Furthermore, banking is extremely difficult to get by, particularly in Colombia, where just 15% of
Venezuelan exiles have a bank account. In addition, the case study shows that Venezuelans who
arrived in Colombia and Peru this year are having more difficulty obtaining basic services, with
just slightly more than half stating that their healthcare needs have been addressed. Finally, 55%
of Venezuelans said they would return to Venezuela if Maduro left the office and was substituted
by Juan Guaido and if the economy started to progress.
If we all work together, we can end this refugee crisis easily. But, to achieve that, wealthier nations
must collaborate to share responsibilities for refugee protection. For example, although many
refugees hold official professional qualifications, nearly none have been recertified. Companies
might gain a lot of value by assisting refugees in being re-credentialed, teaching them to enhance
their abilities, or inventing alternative ways to assess and certify current talents that aren't based
on credentials. In addition, only a small percentage of refugees have bank accounts. Financial
services, such as digital bank accounts and mobile banking, would assist refugees in achieving
financial stability. (The Tent Partnership for Refugees, 2021)
 6. CONCLUSION

Interpretation of case study 1

The case study 1 looks into the knowledge and skills that Syrian refugees have obtained, as well
as the relevance of interpersonal interactions in the daily lives of refugees and host populations in
Sultanbeyli, which has long been a transit point for illegal migrants. 500,000 Syrians have moved
to live in Istanbul while over 90% of refugees in Turkey resides throughout different towns.
Istanbul is currently the Turkish city with the highest percentage of Syrian refugees. In addition to
that, Syrian migrants in Istanbul choose to live in locations in which lower class are concentrated.
Even though Syrian migrants can be found throughout every city in Istanbul, they tend to gather
in certain areas, such as Kucukcekmece, Sultangazi, Bagcilar, and Sultanbeyli, where few worldly
possessions or earnings are familiar, conservative and religious identity is widespread,
unorganized online teams are prominent among the lower classes, and living remains significantly
less expensive than in other parts of the city.
The vast majority of migrants come in Sultanbeyli after being deported in large groups. Many
displaced persons remain loyal to their former society and thus do not create new bonds. Language
is the most significant barrier to immigrants' assimilation. Understanding Turkish is beneficial for
a multitude of reasons, including increasing immigrants' access to data, welfare programs, and
career opportunities, as well as providing a window into Sultanbeyli's local community
engagement. When it comes to housing in Sultanbeyli, social relationships between Turkish
immigrants have often trumped official state administration. Religion has a significant role in
Sultanbeyli's public life. Sultanbeyli has also been known as the Centre of an Islamic revolutionary
group in Istanbul from the mid-1980s, with refugee ties serving as a key source of Islamic
instruction in the 1990s after conservative countryside refugees were relocated to the region.
Syrian refugees in Turkey do not have the right to vote because they are participating in a special
permit program. To sum up the case study, even though the refugees have their own difficulties
such as money issues and language barriers, they get along well with their Turkish counterparts
because they share a same culture and faith.
Relating to the objectives
Relating to the mentioned objectives in the discussion it clearly explains the stand of living of
refugees globally across different continents such as in Middle East, Southern Africa and also in
Europe. With 4 million recognized refugees as of June 2015, the Syrian Civil War has proven to
be the most comprehensive and severe of all recent wars that have resulted in waves of refugees.
The first part of the discussion explains in detail another objective of how the other countries
respond to the matters regarding refugees. A survey conducted during the European migrant and
refugee crisis in 2016 indicated that Eastern and Central European countries were significantly
less welcoming to migrants than Western European countries, with Hungary being the least
accepting and Sweden being the most accommodating. Furthermore, the challenges faced by a
refugee includes, language barriers, lack of employment opportunities, housing and transportation.

Conclusion of the findings

It is a common misperception that refugees enter a host nation and rely on assistance rather than
working. Though not all countries take in refugees to work, those that do, recognize how valuable
refugees can be. Refugees are notorious for beginning from the ground up, despite the fact that
they are often unable to utilize their credentials in other nations. If host nations relax their
limitations and enable refugees to broaden their career prospects, the economies of such countries
might dramatically benefit.
The greater the number of individuals involved in a country's economy, the better. One of the
numerous advantages of resettling refugees is increased economic activity. Accepting refugees
into a country necessitates an upfront commitment. Housing, language lessons, healthcare, and
food are all necessities. All of these items are expensive to offer, but once refugees are settled in
their new home nation, the initial investment pays off. Refugees establish enterprises that employ
locals, produce income, and pay taxes. Young immigrants joining the workforce in nations with
an elderly workforce supplement their labor and allow them to retire while simultaneously paying
to social security and pension systems. In general, being able to work and earn money permits
refugees to participate in the economy of their host nation. Refugees who are permitted to work
and start businesses are significantly better for the economy than those who are not allowed to
come or work.
Misconceptions are often at the root of anti-refugee sentiment. Native peoples fear that their
economy and culture will be disrupted. Refugees, on the other hand, help to boost the economy,
enhance culture, and fill gaps in the labor market. With a better awareness of the benefits of hosting
refugees, governments throughout the world will hopefully be more accommodating of this
vulnerable population, realizing that there are benefits on both sides. (Bussmann, 2021)
 7. REFERENCES
Balcioglu, Z. (2018). SULTANBEYLI, ISTANBUL, TURKEY A Case Study of Refugees in
Towns. Feinstein International Center, 3-14.
Bussmann, M. (2021, February 6). Benefits of hosting refugees. From borgenproject.org:
https://borgenproject.org/benefits-of-aiding-refugees/
Malim, M. (2019, November 5). What challenges do Refugees and Migrants face? Retrieved
January 11, 2022 from Epimonia: https://epimonia.com/blogs/news/challenges-refugees-
face
oxfamamerica. (2021). REFUGEE AND IMMIGRANT RIGHTS. From www.oxfamamerica.org :
https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/issues/humanitarian-response-and-leaders/global-
refugee-crisis/
Pocock, N., & Chan, C. (2018, 06 20). Refugees, Racism and Xenophobia: What Works to Reduce
Discrimination? - Our World. Retrieved January 11, 2022 from Our World UNU:
https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/refugees-racism-and-xenophobia-what-works-to-reduce-
discrimination
Stephens, R. (2015, 10 10). Refugees: Research on living conditions, health, assistance efforts.
Retrieved January 11, 2022 from The Journalist's Resource:
https://journalistsresource.org/politics-and-government/refugees-around-the-globe-
statistics-and-research-on-living-conditions-health-assistance-efforts/
The Tent Partnership for Refugees. (2021, August 27). The experience of Venezuelan refugees in
Colombia and Peru: and how the business community can help. From The Tent Partnership
for Refugees: https://www.tent.org/resources/venezuelan-refugees-colombia-and-peru/
8. APPENDICES