Name: Rafia Wajid

Roll No:D-17751
 Question No:1

Discuss the life and works of Dr. Maria Montessori and why is she
referred to as a lady much ahead of her time?

Answer

Maria Montessori life:

Dr. Maria Montessori is an author of Montessori Method of tutoring. She was a
veritably confident and strong lady of her time. She is well known for
introducing the Montessori Method and also the early
childhood education. She was born on 31st August 1870 to an
educated middle- class family in Ancona Italy.
Her father was a conservative military man and mother was
liberal lady who always encouraged her daughter to pursue her
education. Maria Montessori, an only child, she was a vivacious,
strong-willed girl.

EDUCATION:
Her early education was in Florence and also Rome. At the age of thirteen, she went to
secondary, technical school. In those days Europe was very conservation in its attitude
toward and treatment of women, but Montessori pursued medical and scientific
education. After that, she graduated with highest honors from medical school of the
University of Rome. She became the first lady doctor in the history of Italy in 1896. She
was a brilliant pupil throughout her academic career.

WORK WITH SPECIAL CHILDREN:

Montessori was well known for her benefactions in education. She came the director of the
“deficient and insane” children in the University of Rome. She started working with these
mentally impaired children. She discovered that her children need purposeful conditioning to
do in order to get sense and mind and she successfully achieved her pretensions.
Inspiration from Itard and Seguin:
Maria was so much inspired by the work of two French doctors who had also worked with
children who had some physical and mental disorders. They attempted basic skills in their
work for example reading, writing or alternative methods which were helped full for children.
Maria had keenly observed their methodology and figure out that children could learn the
same things as the normal children. After the success, she started working with normal
children.
Casa dei Bambini:
Montessori started her first school with normal children named Casa dei Bambini
(The house of children) which was inaugurated in 1907.At the beginning of the
school, there were only fifty students and one untrained teacher. In her school, she
introduced exercises of practical day living for example cleaning, dressing;
gardening etc. She noticed that children took great interest in doing these kinds of
activities. These sorts of exercises made them autonomous and more effective. When
she found out that the job of the teacher is to serve the children, she believed that the
urges of the children are universal and that is in the nature of the child to perform
such activities. The children of the school of Casa dei Bambini had showed
outstanding progress in their academic and practical work. They learnt a lot of
activities related to writing and reading etc. her school became famous due to the
progress of these young angels whom individuals consider they can do nothing until
they are shipped off government funded schools.
WORLDWIDE RESPONSE:
Her school became renowned all around the world in an exceptionally brief time
frame. After first school, she started numerous schools. People from all over the world
visited her and appreciated her effort and discoveries. Her methodology was started to
practice all over the world.
HIGHEST RECOGNITION AND AWARDS:
She turned out to be so much effective as she was named for Nobel Harmony Prize
thrice. She was even pictured on the Italian 200 lire coins and through 1990s on the1000
lire bills.
DEATH:
Montessori died in 1952 in the Netherlands. Her name would always alive because of
her extraordinary contribution in the field of education.
LADY A HEAD:
Montessori is referred to as lady a head because her discoveries are being practiced
all over the world. She is immortal through her methods which are still being
practiced now and will in future also. She lived in the old days but was definitely “A
woman much Ahead of her time”.

Question No:2
 Which are the main requirements to be considered to start a House of Children?
How to you implement them?

Answer

The natural urges during childhood are universal and every child experiences them.
However,, the behavioral experiences children undergo during sensitive periods might
differ from child to child. Normally homes are designed according to the adult’s needs,
so they cannot fulfill the natural urges of children as the children are being restricted
and forbidden by elders to meet their natural urges. Children cannot access anything
freely and comfortably.
Montessori is the place where children can do whatever they want and meet their
needs and interest. Therefore, one has to be very particular and consider numerous
things when the house of children. It is the most difficult task to start. There are several
requirements which one should be keeping in mind.

1) Classroom design is the most important place where children have to stay.
Montessori educational apparatus, tables and shelving, and related activities
equipment should be appropriate and several in number so that children could
approach them.
2) The number of students in the classroom should not be exceeding more than 30
students.
3) The size of the classroom should allow a minimum of 20 square feet per student at the
early level, 30 squares for the elementary level and 40 squares would be for secondary
level.
4) A Montessori house should be child-sized where he could enjoy his age. A child-sized
kitchen, science lab, an art studio, bathrooms, hobby workshop, everything should be
according to the size of a child. They lead him to fulfill his desires and enjoy his world.
5) A house should be design in such a way that the child could face outdoor
environment. There must be window through which the children could face sunlight
at daytime and become a natural source of ventilation.
6) There must be the children garden where child can grow vegetables and fruits of
their choice. It leads them to be close to their natural environment.
7) There should not be any prohibition of doing something which the understudy isn't
permitted at his domestic. “Prohibition is sweet or bitter, prohibition is prohibition.”
8) Children are ordinarily not permitted to do by themselves what they need at their
domestic so Montessori rooms should provide them this opportunity. These are
some factors which should consider while starting any house of children.

HOW TO IMPLEMENT:
Considering requirements are very important but implementation is more important
than them because implementation is something which we have to implement and
how it works is based on it. There must be a lot of things which should be implement
those are:
 Respect for the children
 Focus on individual child
 The prepared environment
 Polite behavior of the teacher
 Parent- teacher meeting.

RESPECT FOR THE CHILDREN:

Respect is the essential thing that everyone requires. Each child needs respect. Parents try
to force them to follow the parents without regard to their needs and interest.
Therefore, first we should take great care of the respect of the child.

FOCUS ON INDIVIDUAL CHILD:

Every child is different from one another. Teacher should focus on individual child, as
his learning progress, growth and understanding is different from other children.

THE PREPARED ENVIRONMENT:

Prepared environment is very important. When they have arranged environment, they are
able to do what they need. The material is available for the child which they can easily
access and do whatever their interest.

POLITE BEHAVIOR OF THE TEACHER:

The teacher is the role model for the student. Her behavior should be polite towards
students. As the teacher is the spiritual mother of the students, they learn a lot from
them after their mother. So, her behavior and attitude should be very good.

PARENT- TEACHER MEETING:

There must be parent-teacher meeting as parents should know the progress and
development of their student and the most important about the attitude and the nature
of the student. Montessori teacher can guide them according to the nature of their
children.

CONCLUSION:
To sum up, the house of the children is the place where children can meet their needs
and interests. So, these requirements should keep in mind when starting the school.

Question No:3

What are the discoveries made by Dr. Maria Montessori by observing the child?

Answer

Maria Montessori's discoveries:

Maria Montessori made a lot of discoveries by observing the children. She could be an
originator of Montessori education. She conducted a lot of experiments and observed
children by spending a lot of time with them. She discovered several aspects of
children. She has specified some of the discoveries she had made during her work.
According to Maria Montessori children work until they reach their objective. They are
very enthusiastic about the work which makes them select and concentrate on different
activities which lead them to make them perfect in their inner development. Children
adore to work intentionally, they work out of the common drive, which makes them select and
concentrates on assignments that are fitting for development.
The teacher or an adult should follow the child rather them to motivate him to do
work. When a child works in different areas of human activity at specific time that lead
them to develop the awareness and usage of doing. The teacher should not ignore their
inner urge of doing activities. When a child does activities again and again or when
there is a spontaneous repetition of an activity is done with great interest. The result is
concentration. A child concentrates more when they discover the correct conditions and
condition is just a beginning not an end.
Maria discovered that children really need an order in their life. She found out when she
saw her children putting their things back to their places; same within the case of values,
capacities, and other human activities. The child needs to memorize by hone that's the truth,
the got to see it being practiced. Montessori students in this age, built up their
personalities, they needed consistency in all aspects of environment.
Normality refers to human power working in unison or in collaboration. Dr. Maria
says that during the early childhood it is possible to rectify any developmental error
and bring the child back to normality. The child should work individually and with
freedom. All activities are very important to bring children back to normality.
A child needs those activities which offer assistance him to create sensorial concepts, dialect,
number juggling craftsmanship, and culture. These are exceptionally imperative for building
of child’s identity. Montessori found that these activities can bring intelligence in the
children as they love to perform these activities.
A child seem acclimatize that the information which individuals think that this kind of
information is as well complex for the children but according to Maria Montessori if that
knowledge is present in rightful manner or condition, that would be easy for them to
digest.
Montessori figured out that discipline should not be imposed on children. If a child is
satisfied, he would start to respect others. He may learn discipline unintentionally.
Real discipline comes along with freedom. If a child is satisfied he or she starts to
respect elders because real obedience is based on love, respect and faith.
She was sure that the child’s behavior depends on the environment. If a child couldn't get
the environment for development, when his or her internal needs don't fulfill, he gets to be
persistent, defiant, and dangerous. So we should provide him or her suitable environment
and condition for development and Montessori is the right place for that.
She found that children cherish doing their family work. They accept in a explanation that
“Help me Do it myself” but guardians don’t pay any regard towards this. So, she says we
should trust the child.
Maria had a view that we should provide a very good environment to the student in
order to attain good results. For this reason, she utilized a child-size table and chair instead
of a heavy desk. She found the child needs everything concurring to its measure. Tables were
so little and light in weight so two children might effortlessly move it.
Another very important point which she had discovered is traffic pattern. She figures
out that a room where children had to remain, it should not be congested and over-burden.
The children adore sitting on the floor so that’s why she put a parcel of carpets and mats for
children where they sit and do activities. Maria watched that the building and exterior
environment should be according to size of a child. For instance toilets, low sinks,
windows, shelves, garden tools etc. designed in child sized.

Question No:4

What does “PILES” stand for when we talk of human development? Discuss the
physical, lingual and intellectual development taking place during 3 to 6 years of
age?
Answer

PILES stand for:

P = Physical I = Intellectual L = Language E = Emotional
S = Social
The age from 3 to 6 is the first phase of a child's development. In this phase, a child
needs a proper environment and freedom to practice his activities which he has
learned, observes and watches. Now he wants to put them in action. Children are very
curious and want to explore the world at this age. In this phase, there is a great
development in their lingual, physical, and intellectual development.

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:
Physical development is very important and rapid in the phase. A child is very active,
imaginative and energetic. He needs to overcome the world in this stage of age. Their
muscles get quality; to begin with at that point slowly create coordination. At this age, physical
action includes numerous lively exercises. Physical advancement advances with the age.

At the age of 3 years:

1. A child is Skilled at running, jumping, walking on tiptoes and kicking balls.
2. He can move his tricycle by the use of pedals and steers it well.
3. He jumps off or upstairs in an adult style.
4. He is able to sit at the bottom with crossed ankles.
At the age of 4 years:
1. He can bend down and climb up trees at this age.
2. He becomes more good in kicking and catching balls and playing other games.
3. In this age, he is able to run upstairs with full efficiency.
4. He can cross his legs and balance one foot for a long time.
At the age of 5 to 6 years:
1. At the age of five a child becomes more strong and energetic.
2. He can dance and play all kinds of games.
3. His balance is improved and he is able to walk along a thin line.
4. He can swim, climb, and slide.
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT:
Language starts developing when a child is born. But in this age, his language
develops and achieves more sense more effectively. He can effectively make full
sentences. He becomes advanced in development in this age group. The child is able to
understand objects and relationships.

At the age of 3 years:

1. A child can ask many questions and recite names, age and sex.
2. Their sentences are easily understandable and they have simple conversations with
others.
3. Their grammar is not development totally but they have an understanding of I, you,
me, him, her etc.
4. They can recite songs and rhymes of different poems and want to read stories over
and over.

At the age of 4 years:

1. Their grammar becomes perfect in this age.
2. Loves to have jokes
3. They not only like stories but also love to tell to others.
4. They are still confused in pronouncing the letters K with T And R with W, or TH
At the age of 5 to 6 years:
1. They start asking meanings of different words as their vocabulary builds up.
2. They start reciting the address, name and age.
3. They start to sing more songs and rhymes.
4. They now, in this age, only confuse S with TH, or F with TH.
INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT:
The child’s intellect also improves with the passage of time. In different age, the child
strengthens his intellectual power.
At the age of 3:
1. He can name all colors.
2. He uses child’s scissors for cutting
3. He can hold a pencil properly at this age.
4. Can copy a circle.
At the age of 4:
1. He can draw a house
2. He is able to build ten bricks towers.
At the age of 5 to 6 years:
1. Now able to draw figures with all features including head, body, arms etc.
2. He can copy a square, circle, a triangle etc.
3. He is now able to relate time of day corresponding to everyday activities.
All is all; a child develops his physical, intellectual, social, emotional, and lingual in the
age of 3 to 6 years.
Question No:5

Write a comprehensive note on the role of teacher in a Montessori classroom?

Answer

A Montessori teacher is considered to be a guide, facilitator or a directress. Her role in

teaching Montessori students is very distinct and significant. In order to have a better
understanding of a role of teacher we have two types of art of teaching.
1. Productive Art
2. Cooperative Art

PRODUCTIVE ART:
It refers to an “art in which the activity of an artist is the principle and the only cause of
production” i e. shoemaker or tailor. They both have end product as shoemakers have
shoes and tailor stitches the clothes.
COOPERATIVE ART:
In this type of art, the end product is not predefined. There are three cooperative arts
which are: farming, healing, and teaching. Montessori teacher’s main concern is with
teaching under this art.

ROLE OF A TEACHER IN MONTESSORI CLASS:

There are numerous roles of a teacher in the Montessori classroom. She has to be a role
model for children as they imitate her actions. The important Roles of the teachers in a
classroom are given below.

PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENT:
A Montessori mentor should prepare the best learning environment where a child
could easily select his own work which is according to his interest. It should be put in
low shelves where the child could easily explore and place it in order.

PROVIDE APPROPRIATE MATERIALS:

A Montessori teacher should provide appropriate material which meets the needs of
the Montessori students to develop their interest in different fields of education and
practical life.
OBSERVING THE CHILDREN:
A directress should observe all kids individually. She should address them according
to their interest and provide materials or activities but there must be a dynamic link
between children and the prepared environment. She should observe her student very
keenly so that it will interpret his need.

GIVING LESSONS:
Montessori teacher’s lessons should be brief and interesting therefore their attention
should not be diverted elsewhere. She should provide simple and necessary
information to the child to do the work at their own pace.

EVALUATE A STUDENT:
A directress should evaluate her student in such a way; she must capable of recognize
approximately the desires and effectiveness of her student. She should evaluate her
children performance individually.

A GOOD COMMUNICATOR:
As we know that a teacher is a role model for a student; she have to be a superb
communicator and assist the children to learn how to be a good communicator and
communicate their thoughts to adults.

MORAL SENSE DEVELOPER:

The role of Montessori guider is to develop moral sense in children. She should
develop the sense of courtesy, calm, grace and respect.
DIAGNOSTICIAN:
Diagnostician’s mean concerns are with psycho-educational assessment. A Montessori
teacher is a diagnostician as she can figure out the growth, development, and behavior
of the children and guide their parents about their children habits.

PROTECT STUDENT’S INDEPENDENCE:

A directress should give space to students and let them to work according to their own
interest. She should respect and protect their freedom. She may present interesting and
relevant lesson and then free them to work according to their interest and generate
new ideas and meet their needs.

SUPPORTIVE:
The teacher should be supportive, offering warmth, security, stability, and non-
judgment acceptance to each child. She should support her student to learn or generate
new ideas and work independently.
To sum up, the Montessori directress is more than a teacher. Her ultimate goal is to
facilitate Montessori children. She works as a guide, directress, and teacher or mentor
in order to retain curiosity, creativity and intelligence in students.