Commute Times (mins)

1 So far we have only examine categorical datasets. We have constructed frequency tables
2 and graphs for categorical datasets. Starting now however, we will switch from examining
2 data to quantitative data (numerical data).
3
3 A lot more analytic techniques become available on quantitative datasets, but for now we
4 to examine frequency information.
4
6 To the left is dataset consisting of one way commute times for several SF commuter. Can
6 to gain a better understanding of the commute time for uf students
7
7 if we approach frequency her the way we did on wed, we wouldn’t gain much insight, sin
8 unique numerical values in this dataset and simply counting how many times specific valu
8
8 SO, we first going to form no. ranges called (classes), then compute the frequencies of tho
9
9 data--sort--small to largest
10
10 Few terms:
11
12 class: no. range formed for the purpose of calculating quantitative frequencies
12
12 Lower/upper class limits : smallest / largest no. values allowed in class
12
13 width: The size of a class. We say width of a class is the difference between the lower
13
13 When forming classes, there are a no. of rules we need to follow.
14
14 1: All classes should have the same width, if we know how many classes we wish to form
14 we can use a formula to determine the perfect width.
15 Width = (max value-min value)/(desired no. of classes)
15 then we always round up to the nearest whole no.
16
16 2: every value in the dataset should fit in to exactly one class. That means that should be
16 values that should be left out and no overlapping.
16
17 3. No gaps. Each class should begin right after the last ended. We should stick to this rule
17 even we have classes that have a frequency of 0.
17
18
18 example: Contract a frequency distribution for our commute times dataset using 6 class
19
20 Width: 7.6667 =(47-1)/6
21 so we round up to 8.
23
24 Class Limits Frequency
24 1-8 14 =COUNTIFS($A$1:$A$61,">=1",$A$1:$A$61,"<=8")
25 9-16 21
26 17-24 11
27 25-32 6
28 33-40 4
29 41-48 4
31
34 we need to learn a bit more to use it for a quantitative settings.
36 For starters, when entering out "citeria" input, if we enter ">=x", Excel will look for no. th
37 are greater tham or equal to "x" in our dataset. If we enter "<=x", excel will look for no. th
40
41 In order to use multiple criteria (like we do for our classes), we need to use the =countifs
45
46 Cumulative frequency: the cumulative frequency of a class is that classes frequency adde
47 all the frequencies of every class that numerically came before it.

example: cmpute the cumulative frequency for our commute times frequency distributio

Class Limits Frequency Cumulative

1-8 14 14
9-16 21 35
17-24 11 46
25-32 6 52
33-40 4 56
41-48 4 60

bar gragh and pie charts were visual depictions of frequency info for categories data.
Quantitative data. Qunatitative data has a visual depiction very similar to a bar gragh
know as a historgram. A historgram lists each class along the horizontal axiz, and above t
the height of which is equal to that classes frequency. The key visual distribution between
is that in a historgram the bar touch.

To create a histogram in excel, we select our frequency distribution, click the insert tab,
and the select the same option we did for making a bar gragh. Then we double click on on
or right click and select "format data point" then change the "gap width" to 0%.

Commute times
25

20

15

10
 25

20

15

10

0
1-8 9-16 17-24 25-32 33-40 41-48

WHAT HAPPEN IF WE HAVE A DATASET WITH DECIMAL VALUE

14.5, 18.2, 7.9. we can just use modified upper class limits. For example,

1-8.9
9-16.8
ucted frequency tables
l switch from examining categorical

datasets, but for now we'll continue

eral SF commuter. Can we use frequency

t gain much insight, since ther are so many diff

many times specific values appear wouldn't be very insightful

e the frequencies of those classes instead.

tative frequencies

nce between the lower limits of adjacent classes

classes we wish to form

t means that should be no

should stick to this rule

es dataset using 6 classes.

$A$1:$A$61,"<=8")

Excel will look for no. that

excel will look for no. that less than or equal to "x"

ed to use the =countifs function

classes frequency added together with

es frequency distribution

or categories data.
milar to a bar gragh
zontal axiz, and above them is a bar,
ual distribution between a bar gragh

n, click the insert tab,

en we double click on one of the bar
width" to 0%.