Integrated ai Rg on C1) —| O- 2nd Edition ng we ve of fe ie cs og 42 we ZéOXFORD [UNIVERSITY PRESS Creat Clarendon Stet oxford, 0x2 6DP Vlted ington for Unversity Press department fhe University of Oxford I ferthers the Univesity jective of eerie in research scholarship andedcation by Publnhing wordt Oxford reseed trade mk of Oxf Oniversty Prema The UK ant in ern other counties © oxferd University ess 2016 The moral righsof the authors Rave been srt A igh: No ato hic pelican maybe repro din are ‘xem, ex wasted any fr oy any teas, wt the pi pension ‘ering of Oxo Unive Pes of as exoreny permit ya Diener nde Tens uted wih the prope reprogrptis gts anata. Hogue once ‘rprodisim out it scope ote sere shad te at tothe RgheDepartent Ofna fre tthe alesse You must not create this work in anyother fm abd ou mist inpos his sae Condition on any seier Bay Ctsng Pn ts apr vsedin the prodcion ofthis ook i nator, recyeable prodoet made Flom ‘teod grown in susasable forest, Te manufacturing proc comers ote vranmental replstions othe county of erga Prineain China ‘Acknowledgements Dotoaraphs (Cover images: ota, Stock, ave Sarang Getty ps PrudkoyShuterstck L(t Harve Harwoodlamy, pC) ks Rarodenteteck: pH Lesnar Les Science Photo brary p= BALE InejAany PAT; VialfowAlamy PAB} Plows Shutterstckp9: B41 WalkeiScone Photo bray: p10: Blphots Asotin oto bay: p(T Steve GschmetsnerScience oto Library D1: Rev SM) Sslence Moto Ubrry pia: el Buecertshuttertod, pL: Evan Lorne Sito ISL Andrew Lamber PhoograpyScence Photo Library: pISR) Ande Lambert, Petograpiycence Pact Liary pl: Ati & Hanne eieder Miche Scence Photo [brary pi Yolanda Mende! Images pat Asia ts Manse Mir Science Photo rary pail ScisnaScence Phot bray pa Sno Piceree Limitecience Phot Library: pE2B BLE. MeeyScience Poe Library: p24 Gott Tomplsoa/Scence Moto Library: pl Dr jreny Barun oe Pte iba 26): Mike Van Der WalkMikegpringh gh coza27 RS2E8600; pS Mauve Femirelloscence Phot teary 6 Yoalitockp ot: 78 AM! ImagenSeence Photo Ubaty poe De M.A. AnsryScence Photo Litray, pi: Wesley Boeucence Peo Libra: pa Seve GrchmesemerScence Moto Lay: PSHCR Robs) iStockohor SIL dager Zoenar Grid Shute 51H Pal Fresco Shuterstxk: p32}: AlexeysStockpot: ya: Jea Mare Leverage fotostock: SMT Alton HancodkShutestck: pS3B Kae DUtsic\Ket mages: pS Loy FimocoyShutersock 4B) )jalaadavan/shustenceck: pS: Apamates, |Stoaipnoto. pst: eax Quo: po: Latox Qual: p(T Kondor®o Shutterstock, lit emyhotsStack pote pus Tove Poof EatocStertock: Biohoro asmcsatescience Pho Libary. pet: OnebinelightStockphote: os: Maro Femrelocence Photo ear pst: Andie Mecenaghan Sconce Photo bry. ps: Mauro FeareligScence Pato Liar os: Gaelic, poy Mike in Der WoikiMikepspringhigh.cozsi27suaee6000 pC} ke Van Det Wok DMikewsprbghls cozae27 22586000 pea): s_Olefshutersock: pos Mike Van Der Walk Miegspringhighcoan2? ISCO, pa} Me Ven Bes Wolkite ‘Springhigh cozaya7 52086000: 97a Dr David Pures, KeleUniversiyScien Peto bray: ppt Dr Davi Furness Keel UniwrtySence Photo ay PhotScence Moto Libray:p8% Rel Dea PhowShuterstck 93: Sebastian ‘aullzkShurterstock: pstry Teoashuestock podgy spencer Mate nage ost: Paul ZnkenDPA\Corbs poss: Deans Owusu AnsahSbutLerstoc: ps iii MctaeShatertoc: p22 James Stevensn|Sience Moto Library: p10 LisShuterstc: p11 BiopbetoAmodatesScence Phot iar p12: Medi Science Pato bray p10e fonts Barons prt: Shaw Rant: p16 Sade] iStoexphoo: Lig: Wrangleybhumerstck: p12. Bikeridedonsoa|shurerseck- 121 Boucharay iP suprstock:p 211: Asti Harnstreder Michercence Photo Libra! p12BE De # WalaySciense Photo Libary. pL22 Dav Hay eas) Science Photo Library pth: Dept of Cine Raley Seabury Dist Hostal Selence Pato brary p23) Gade Norksany& Mate Premnosclence Photo [trary prod Maan RckarScence Photo Library paar Fanci 'Stoerphoo: pri: Phosbank cSbutestock 101: jnis SmlsS burro; HIIRY PakmorShuerstocke pI4AR?FStocphoto:p HL Lenox Qvale PIS Beau KuljhSclence Pho brary 153: Mara M,RotheyScee Photo Ltr, 15% RubberbalGetty Images ptt: Paul frghtonShutersock pa: Manilla Stock aj Genty nages preity Rickasfstockphoo, ploy Retdlesockpt ‘eB Any Cramp, TDR, WiO(Scence Pots bray: pies Lighting ‘Smomersock: p16SIBF Carolia K Smith M.D/Shuterstock: 66: lehand Shurtestrs: 167: Tunein by Westend6iSnarerstock: PIG Poramesstock Sutestck p69: Stockbyte mage: p17: Aleksandra B, Kom Shutterstock pA7I-Maguette RooSatestock 1740) Cade Nurony Mie A) ereanouS ence Phot Library 172(G: Nigel Crt Aamy: pI7AB} Actin Sports Phetcerahyshuttersock: p17: Jo GloeyAlamy 174: Metiognomesbuterstock: ITS bike Van Der WolkMikegSpringhigh cozah27 IQERSDNE, p77 Mike Van Des Walktixegspringhigh cosa? R2G36010 p78: Insaco Photorapby ln. pla ‘atalattongshuttertac pis jewel SamadiGety images pla Paul Welly SHonce Phot bry: ps7 Adam CulgScience Phot trary pl8o Carley Innages p19 Bike Van Det Wolk ike@Springhghco2a+27 83368000, p19 James King HetmeyScience Photo Library: p11 Hedgchognicylamy 7194} ‘Mjmtorstockpot;pIO4B Nike Vat Der WolyMikegSpringhgh.anza27 ‘Suasd00 p197( Thomas. FyedengnStockpbot: 9979): DiyleeiStockpbots: Ios MarinuseOnegou/au: pls fat Hann lecr MLcteSclence Photo ibrar: pa} Rocketge Stock peo: PA): ks Sockpote 20a DemarcoesiayStockpot: 207) Cars KnaptonScence Photo Library 2091 Ande Lambert PotographyS ee Phot Library: pz: Maryn F {hitmnaiddence Peo Libary p21} Anarew Lambert PhoxgraphySciece Phoeo ‘ary p12) Gein Lanestockpoty pata: Andrew Lambert Mota] ce Poot bray ala Alp 25/Stockpboto: p21: uke Van Det Wake Springhighcozat2? NUESGD, pa Sas Rbisnenatersock 221 cme {steckpoo: 222: OUP Provided: poz Valen Potapovashaterstock: pi [Nikaytoitutentock:pa2e Maasockpbot)shterstck pals St Stephens eapalfacence Photo Lbray p27 Mike Un Dex WalkAtke@Spinghigh 927 ‘asso 22k Mike Van Der Wolkikeospringhih cana? HoR46; pam Seis Trfocence Mbto brary: p2s0()#istaaphetp230R) Hance ‘Steckphoo: p20(B; Shatenterk: p27 Misael GlyAomy p2O( Share oats: 40) Maryn F. Cnn ceae Mtolibran: p24 NpaStocpbtc: pts fo FulartonStckpbotes pat: Mike Vm Der WE Mikvespringighcoa327 ‘Ssacsen00 2471 Mike Van Det WoikMikegSpringhigh cozale27 3268600, ‘471K Marta F.ChilaidScience Photo Library 2s Nie Van Der WolkMike Springhighcozah27 euasseo0, pase: Auare Lambe Mowgrapoysciee Photo brary pas Lint sStecephote p23) Dancomi80)Stckpetar PSA) Mike Vs Der Welk MikeoSpringhigh costa? SBGSECE. p98 Jnegiarteockphote pasa: Sndskistecepeer 2: Mike Van Der Wolke pSpringhigh cose? ‘Sueno 9257: Mike Van Der Wolkikegspnghigh carae27 WS2585000 7254: ‘MevaicraShurtersoce: 9258 Dasa Nomakcience Photo Libary: p26: Mike Yen Der WallMikeospringaigh coz? 25sG00 ps0) bike Van Der WelkMikep Springhighcosa/2? AS36005 [20H Mike Van Der Wal MikegSpringhigh co. 2x2) 1258500, pana David). Cretlaany? pasa) Sdencep bola. p26. Mite Un Der WobsAlieopspringhigh caz2? 81208000; pase Shaw Banton! 26m bike Van Der WalkMikeeSpringhgh.coza)+27 83268600; poe: Mart {Cmaig ence Peto Library p2e7Re Maryn FClimaigScence Phot Library pao bike Van Der WalyMikegspringhish cozs'27 SQEB6000;p2eDt): David Marsden) Images: 26): Ce LanaStterstock: p271 Nix Whedlerany: p27: Daling Kindy Get mages: 927A Phottop AmerlcanScnce Pte ay p73: Mike Van Der Welk ikewspringhish.f27 S268000, p76: Mik ‘an Der Wek Mikegspringhigh ca? 2600 p27: Marty F- Clad) Sence Photo Liray:p2771 Sascha Milkenkovi: 78: Ed Ena ota: 279: Trevor Clifford PhegraphyScence Moto ary poet Mike Van Der Walkie Springhigh.cozat27 ws26s6000,yo86T- Shutterstock: p28: Nikita Mayon Shuttestock 207: Cat Hincalsclance Mot brary. poss MetansstackpRO. [MILs Appod Phys Ltjcamesi ot inblagronBVASX paSS(C) PUNASAS ESS Ceri: p80|CR}: SpocescapesPhotods; p289M,SpaceseipeyPhotode: IMATE SpacesapesPhotode p290TRs Mare-lernensShuestok: D2 SpacescapeP tes; p292(7 Happy Togetea/Stterstock: p292B) Stock pasa: Detlev Van RavensiaySclece Phto Library p29)B! HinedeASIINASA. asa Underwodastuttenstock p204R NASA: p06(7 rune Michel: p29 Pheteiac p07 NASA, F297} lage Chinato P2978) NASA, 0, Mie ‘Yan Der WelkMibepSpeingigh cosa 2606000 00%: Mike Van Der WokMike@ Springhih.coma? Rransel, 130% PhillpePellySclence Phot ibray: ps ‘Stckphoo: 905 Talilefstockpot;p30(T} Nigel Catia; p08 Ka Srenstoncience Phot irary: ps Dr. Jeemy BurgesiScience Peto Library pl Jase Desdoles, Mods Land Rap RespoaseTeatgNASA 317: ll HadhnaanAlany, psi DeAcxbis: 510: Toby MabdseyGety ages p20 Stepen & Donna O MearaSicence ft Library: play Scene Photo Leary PIN ‘Wostpallatery age p27 Mike Van Der Wa keaSpeinghigh 27 Ssaast00 p70} Phornmaycckpers p29: Nik Wheckerlay, p23 Gent agesAlamy: p31: Shamnfitockphore pi HeikekampeStckpote 7399: NGF ‘hoteSuperstok: puoi Clnkaz2fstouiphot: pO Dad ParkeyScesce ote brary pai les TestenssonSoekp ot. p74: Htekphec p41 Gelp siattertock: pa: Ges Uaraad\Canstrction Photography pS: Mike Vs Der Nal Miceespringhigh cous? Suaass0d p30) Roger jtfeprtersSeence Photo brary: 935015 Winton Windom 798 Alm Sistema Photo [brary psi Mart Sond cence Photo Litrry Sl Mike Van Der Wolke Spraghlgh.coza? s0ao8e0W0, ps2) lke Van Der WolMUepSpeagaih co. 2427 SS268600, p3S3T) Volker StegeyScence Photo Library: S35} Chis Shutterstock: p51 age foowocSuperterk: p59} Cr eeycort 50. ‘Aspen Rok/shtterstck. p07 ow Rew Getty images F298 Sgurdue © ins [SOR p60: SwectmomenbjStockphoto, 65 imagebrokerAlay Aewors by Q2A PV Ltd. and OUP ‘bliin is has not Seen posible inal cass. i pone. te publisher wll ety any error remissions ar the caries opperaniy. Links to hd party websites ae provided by Oxford in gos ath ana for Information only Orford nls amy repens forthe sutras contained ‘hy third party webs refrence in he workAbout this book Section A The organism and its environment Unit 1- Matter 11 States of matter 1.2. The structure of cells 1.3. The functions and importance of cell steuctures 14 Microbes 1.5 _ Diffusion, osmosis and active transport Unit 2- Reproduction and growth 2. Asexual and sexual reproduction 2.2. Methods of asexual reproduction in plants and animals 2.3 Sexual reproduction in plants and animals 24 The menstrual cycle 2.5 Pregnancy and birth 2.6 Birth control 2.7 Pre-and post-natal care 2.8 Sexually transmitted infections, 2.9. Growth patterns 2.10 Human population control Unit 3- Food and nutrition 3.1 Photosynthesis 3.2. Crop production 3.3. Food chains and food webs 34 The importance on food 3.5 The gtowth of micro-organisms 3.6 Food preservation 3.7 Human digestion 38 Theteeth Unit 4- Transport systems 4.1 Transport in plants 42 Thehuman circulatory system 43 Blood groups 4.4 Causes of cardiovascular disease 4S Natural and artificial immunity 4.6 Druguse and mis-use 4.7 The physiological effects of exercise 48 The skeleton 49° Tunctions of the skeleton 4.10 Joints 4.11 Skeletal muscle Unit 5 - Respiration and air pollution 5.1 The mechanism of breathing vl u 2 18 20 20 22 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 43 47 a7 50 58 58 65 oF 69 4 78 78 82 86 88 on 4 7 99. 100 101 103 107 107 5.2. Gaseous exchange 5.3. The importance of respiration SA Aerobic and anaerobic respiration 5.5. The causes of air pollution 5.6 Problems caused by air pollution 5.7 The effects of smoking no the respiratory system Unit 6- Excretion 6.1 _ Excretion and egestion 6.2 Excretion in humans 6.3 Excretion and osmoregulation in flowering plants Unit 7 - Sense organs and coordination 71 The sense organs 7.2 ‘Themammalian eye 73 Lighting 74 Transparent, translucent and opaque materials 75 Sight defects 77 The mammalian ear 7.8 The structures and functions of the nervous systems 7.9 The endocrine system Unit 8- Health and sanitation 8.1 Good personal and community hygiene 8.2. Household pests and parasites 8.3 Methods of controlling the mosquito and the housefly 8.4 Food contamination 8.5 Controlling pests 8.6 Waste 8.7. Waste disposal Section B The home and the workplace Unit 9- Temperature control and ventilation 9.1 Methods of heat transfer 9.2. Thermostats 9.3 Thermometers 9.4 Evaporation 9.5 Ventilation Unit 10 - Conservation of energy 10.1 Concept of energy 10,2. Conversion and conservation of energy 10.3. Transport and transfer of energy 10.4 Conservation of momentum 110 u3 16 us 120 123 126 126 128 132 136 138 136 40 ui 144 146 180 1586 189 189 163 166 169 7 175 7 180 180 184 185 188 190 193 193 196 200 203,Unit 11 - Electricity and lighting 111 Electrical conductors 11.2. Current, voltage and resistance 113. Plugs and fuses 11.4 Calculation the size of a fuse 11.5. Usingelectrical energy 11.6. Electricity bills 11.7. Conserving electrical energy 11.8 Filament lamps, fluorescent tubes and LED bulbs First aid Fires and fire extinguishers TLIL Radiation and voltage hazards 11.12, Protective clothing Unit 12- Machines and movement ng m.10 12.1 Levers 12.2. Simple machines 12.3. Bnergy conversion in machines 12.4 The inefficiencies of machines Unit 13 - Metals and non-metals 13.1 Uses and properties of metals and non-metals 13.2. Plastics 13.3 Chemical reactions of metals 13.4 The use of aluminium in cooking and canning utensils Alloys Rusting 13.7 Factors that affect the rate of rusting Unit 14- Acids, bases and mixtures 14.1 Household chemicals 14.2. Acids, bases and salts 14.3. Solutions, suspensions and colloids 14.4. Methods of separation 14.5. The use of household chemicals 46 “7 48 BS BS Scouring powders and detergents Hard and soft water Soapy and soapless detergents Section C Earth's place in the Universe Unit 15 -The Universe and our Solar System 15.1. The Earth in the Universe 15.2 Satellites 15.3. The SolarSystem 15.4 Effect of other bodies on the Earth, 15.8. Exploring the Universe 206 206 209 212 24 215 217 220 222 225 227 229 230 233 233 235 238 240 242 242, 247 249 252 253 255 258 260 260 263 267 269 274 276 279 281 285, 285 287 289 292 296 Unit 16- The terrestrial environment 300 16.1 Formation of soil 300 16.2. Types and functions of soils 302, 16.3 Soil fertility 304 16.4 Soil erosion 306 16.5 Natural cycles 308 16.6 Air movements 312 16.7, Weather fronts 314 168. Seasons and weather patterns 315 16.9. Cyclones and hurricanes 316 16.10 Underwater landslides and tsunamis 318 16.11 Types of volcanic eruptions 319 16.12 Tectonic plates 321 16.13 Tides 323 Unit 17 - Water and the aquatic environment 326 121 The uses of water 326 17.2, Water treatment 328 173. The properties of water 331 174 Flotation 335 Water pollution 339 Fishing 339 Navigational devices used at sea 340 Water safety 341 Scuba-diving energy 344 18.1 Fossil fuels 344 18.2. Stored energy in fuels 348, 18.3. Environmental problems of burning fossil fuels 349 18.4. Alternative sources of energy 350 18.5. Uses of solar energy and wind energy 352 18.6. Factors affecting solar energy and wind energy 355 18.7. Alternative energy in the Caribbean 387 Unit 19 - Forces 360 19.1 Forces and motion 360 19.2. The force of gravity 365 19.3. Centre of gravity and the conditions for ‘equilibrium under parallel forces 368 19.4 Equilibrium 370 School-based assessment and extra materials - on your CDieee Ce Cy To the student reader Integrated Science for CSEC*is a complete course designed for the Integrated Science syllabus at CSEC" level. The syllabus covers topics from Physics, Chemistry and Biology, with some topics from Earth Sciences and Meteorology. These topics have been chosen to help you understand and explain many of the situations that you will encounter in the home, the workplace and the wider environment. The authors are experienced teachers who designed the book to incorporate features which will make it easier for you to learn and master the material at this level. Each unit of this book is divided into sub-units and the learning objectives for each are given so that you can see what it is you are expected to learn and to be able to do. In each topic, text, diagrams and tables are used to make explanations clear, There are also Tips to help you and Information boxes with further details or additional examples. Key words and terms are highlighted and defined, You will find a range of different practical experiments and investigations throughout the text. These have been designed to help you develop your experimental and critical thinking skills and also to encourage you to apply scientific concepts and principles to everyday situations. Your teacher may use some of these experiments to assess School-Based Assessment (SBA) skills, ‘There are questions at the end of each topic to test your understanding of its content. The questions at the end of each unit have been. carefully developed and designed so that they are varied, achievable, interesting and useful for both revising and deepening your understanding of the content and skills taught in the unit. Examination-style questions can be found at the end of each unit. On the accompanying CD, you will find a Unit summary for every unit of the book, which will help you with revision. You will also find extra support for the SBA practicals, support for mathematical skills, and a variety of worksheets and interactive activities. To the teacher Integrated Science for CSEC® has been carefully planned and developed to support the teaching of the Integrated Science syllabus. The book offers: * complete coverage of the three sections outlined in the CSEC® syllabus, including process skills, opportunities for practical work and experimental design and references to the local environment © alist of objectives for each topic, so that students can understand clearly what is required of them © interesting and challenging practical activities, many of which can be used for SBA purposes, to illustrate principles and concepts © emphasis on Caribbean examples to encourage students to understand their own environment © questions at the end of each topic to test knowledge and understanding if the material © key words and terms highlighted and a useful summary of each unit as a guide for revision * examination-style revision questions © extra support for SBA and mathematical skills.