POTENTIAL QUESTIONS FOR THE ORAL EXAM

Your written exams were very good.

1) Talk a little about major encyclopedias in World Music.

Compare Grove with Garland.

The Garland Handbook of Latin American Music - Olsen/Sheehi

The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music Online

Encyclopedia of Popular Music in Oxford Music Online

The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians Online

Music in Latin America and the Caribbean – Kuss

Global Music series

A multi-volume collection in which each volume is devoted to one country or location.
Music in Brazil – John Murphy (experiencing music, expressing culture)
http://www.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195166842/about/contents/?view=usa

Marcondes, MarcosAntônio - Enciclopédia da música brasileira: Popular, erudita e

folclórica

2) How is the Smithsonian Global Sound collection for Brazilian Music

what would you recommend as a supplementary resource?

Smithsonian Global Sound Collection

59% - North America
16% - Europe
12% - Asia
9% - Africa
4% - Latin America

When searching by genre, Brazilian music is included in the Latin Music Category
When searching by place, Brazilian music got 26 hits

Indiana University – Latin American Music Center

The library of the Latin American Music Center is one of the most comprehensive
collections of Latin American art music in the world.  It includes rare manuscripts,
published scores, colonial music anthologies, sound recordings, books, dissertations,
periodicals, microfilms, and miscellaneous documents such as letters and photographs. 
Important private collections have been donated to the LAMC as well, such as the one
belonging to Guillermo Espinosa, and which was received in 1992.

Research section is great: Encyclopedias, Online resources (by country, composers,

genre, etc.), Journals, etc…

The William and Gayle Cook Music Library

The Cook Music Library, recognized as one of the largest academic music libraries in the
world, serves the world-renowned Jacobs School of Music and the Bloomington Campus
of Indiana University. The collection is comprised of over 700,000 items.

Collection Diaz Ayala

FIU's Green Library hosts the world's best Cuban music collection. The entire collection
has approximately 100,000 items that span the history of popular Cuban and other Latin
Music.

3) Be prepared to introduce Steven Feld and Gerard Behague.

Steven Feld - Steven Feld is an American ethnomusicologist, anthropologist, and linguist,

who worked for many years with the Kaluli (Bosavi) people of Papua New Guinea. He
earned a MacArthur Fellowship in 1991.

- Sound and Sentiment: Birds, Weeping, Poetics, and Song in Kaluli expression.

This is an ethnographic study of sound as a cultural system, that is, a system of

symbols among the Kaluli people of Papua Guinea. My intention is to show how an
analysis of modes and codes of sound communication leads to an understanding of the
ethos and quality of life in Kaluli society. By analyzing the form and performance of
weeping, poetics and song in relation to their origin myth and the bird world they
metaphorize, Kaluli sound expressions are revealed as embodiments of deeply felt
sentiments.

Gerard Behage: Gerard Henri Béhague (November 2, 1937 in Montpellier, France - June
13, 2005 in Austin, Texas, USA) was an eminent Franco-American ethnomusicologist
and professor of Latin American music. His specialty was the music of Brazil and the
Andean countries and the influence of West Africa on the music of the Caribbean and
South America, especially Candomblé music. His lifelong work earned him recognition
as the leading scholar of Latin American ethnomusicology.

- Béhague, Gerard H. (1979), Music in Latin America: An Introduction, Englewood

Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

- Béhague, Gerard H. (1994), Heitor Villa-Lobos: The Search for Brazil's Musical Soul,
Austin, Texas: ILAS Monographs, UT Press.
4) Could your course branch out to include music beyond Brazil or Luso-Hispanic
traditions? Can you give me an example of something from each continent?

Asia

India

- The sitar and its Spiritual function; I would include a discussion of the Indian
musical system and the ragas. (A collection based on one of the 72 scalar patterns
common in Indian music; Hierarchy)
- Transcription

- Spiritual inspiration, cultural expression and pure entertainment

Sitar – In Persian means three strings

Raga – Based on one of the 72 full octave scalar patterns common in Indian music;
Establishes some level of hierarchy between the notes of the scale
Microtone embellishments – always rounded and legato
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=F3ST1sgBlsI 

Ud – Arabic instrument (melismatic

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mNxwgAmTKM

Pipa – Chinese instrument (yo-yo ma – the silk road project) (Western tuning – tremolo,
strumming)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QfjG9V4-zE

Kora – Traditional African Instrument

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cj3M779Hc_w&feature=related

Africa

Mali
Ali Farka Toure – Mali (guitar – blues)
Acculturation/stylistic adjustments
Combines traditional Malian music with the blues
The stylistic transformation of the blues: Africa – US - Africa

- The difference between the American Blues and the “African Blues”
- The influence of the Blues onto the African Culture – What social classes play/like this
kind of music? What are the connotations attached to this kind of music? What does it
represent to the society?
- The use of other African traditional instruments (even string instruments as soloists)
His music is widely regarded as representing a point of intersection of traditional
Malian music and its North American cousin, the blues. The belief that the latter is
historically derived from the former is reflected in Martin Scorsese’s often quoted
characterization of Touré’s tradition as constituting "the DNA of the blues".

Oceania

Maori Traditional Music – Guitar

Acculturation/stylistic adjustments
- Traditional Māori music, or Te Pūoro Māori is composed or performed by Māori, the
native people of New Zealand, and includes a wide variety of folk music styles, often
integrated with poetry and dance.
- In addition to these traditions and musical heritage, since the 19th century European
colonization of New Zealand, Māori musicians and performers have adopted and
interpreted many of the imported Western musical styles. Contemporary rock and roll,
soul, reggae and hip hop all feature in a variety of notable Māori performers.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EO-JxZp9Qk

North America
Rock music – the impact of the electric guitars (The influence of technology in the
development of popular music)
Jazz
Blues

Europe
The development of the classical guitar
Classical repertoire - Marginalization

5) How might ethnomusicology fit into your future work?

Applying Schenkerian Theory to Bossa Nova

Rhythmic analysis of Brazilian rhythms in general: samba, bossa nova, pagode, frevo,
maracatu, …
The influence of Western classical music on Choro music
Nationalism movement – Brazilian composers (Villa-Lobos, Camargo Guarnieri,
Radames Gnatalli, Francisco Mignone, Guerra Peixe)
Performing Brazilian music