A Secure Framework for Flying Ad-hoc Networks

A Proposal
For
Doctor of Philosophy

Submitted By
Kuldeep Singh
(Registration No. 901403006)

Supervisor
Dr. Anil Kumar Verma
Associate Professor, CSED, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

THAPAR UNIVERSITY
PATIALA – 147004
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Content [i]

List of Figures [ii]
List of Tables [ii]
List of Abbreviations
1. Introduction
1.1 Wireless Network 1
1.2 Classification of Wireless Network 2
1.3 Infrastructure Based Network 2
1.4 Infrastructure Less Network 3
1.5 Wireless Sensor Network 3
1.6 Wireless Mesh Network 4
1.7 Mobile Ad-hoc Network 4
1.8 Vehicular Ad-hoc Network 5
1.9 Flying Ad-hoc Network 6
1.10 Comparison among MANET, VANET and FANET 8
2. Literature Survey
2.1 Literature Survey 9
3. Research Gaps
3.1 Research Gaps 18
4. Problem Statement
4.1 Problem Statement 20
4.2 Objectives 20
4.3 Methodology 20
4.4 Work Plan 21
References 22

i
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no. Name of Figure Page no.

Figure 1 Classification of Wireless Network 2

Figure 2 Infrastructure Based Network 2
Figure 3 Infrastructure- Less Network 3
Figure 4 Mobile Ad-hoc Network 4
Figure 5 Vehicular Ad-hoc Network 6
Figure 6 Flying Ad-hoc Network 7

LIST OF TABLES

Table no. Name of Table Page no.

Table 1 Common Attacks on MANET 5

Table 2 Comparison of different Ad-hoc Networks 8

ii
 LIST OF ABERIVATIONS

AGPS Advance Global Positioning System

AES Advanced Encryption Standard
AODV Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector
DES Data Encryption Standard
DoS Denial of Service
DOLSR Directional Optimized Link State Routing
DSDV Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing
DSR Dynamic Source Routing
ETX Expected Transmission Count
FANET Flying Ad-hoc Network
GPS Global Positioning System
IDS Intrusion Detection System
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
MANET Mobile Ad-hoc Network
MAV Micro Air Vehicle
MIMA Man In the Middle Attack
MN Mobile Node
MPR Multi Point Relay
NS Network Simulator
OLSR Optimized Link State Routing
UAV Unmanned Air Vehicle
VANET Vehicular Adhoc Network
WSN Wireless Sensor Network

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 1. Introduction

1.1 Wireless Network

Wireless network is a type of network which does not require wires for establishing a connection
between computer systems or network nodes for data transfer. Wireless Networks are based on
the technology that uses the standard protocols for communication without physical cable
connections. Wireless networks works on IEEE standard 802.11. Multiple stations communicate
through radio waves that broadcast messages in either 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz band.
Wireless standard 802.11 first came up with sub-standard 802.11b that operates on 11Mbps
using 2.4 GHz frequency band. To improve the speed various versions of 802.11 were
introduced. 802.11a came with 54Mbps using 5GHz, 802.11g works on 2.4GHz frequency
providing 54 Mbps speed and then 802.11n operates on both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band proving
the speed of 300 Mbps [1].Wireless Networks are considered a better alternative to avoid wired
complexity of network. Some attractive characteristics of wireless network that prompt its usage
are as follows:

 Mobility: Wireless networks provide flexibility of movement to the user. They can
access information anywhere along with their desk. They don’t require having a wired
connectivity.
 Reachability: With the help of wireless networks, reachability among people is
increased. With wireless network communication becomes location independent and
availability of person becomes more.
 Simplicity: Initial setup cost for wireless network is more, but the facilities provided by
the network overcome this cost. Utilization of networks gets increased. Moreover
wireless networks are easy to setup as compare to wired networks. Simplicity of wireless
networks also provides ease of use to its users.
 Maintainability: Maintenance is one of the considerable factors to decide the cost. Being
a wireless system, the maintenance cost is not too much.
 Roaming Services: Using a wireless network system you can provide service anywhere
any time including train, busses, aeroplanes etc.

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1.2 Classification of Wireless Network
Wireless standard 802.11 is categorized into two categories: Infrastructure based networks and
ad-hoc networks [24].

Infrastructure
Based Networks Wireless Sensors
Networks
Wireless Network

Infrastructure-less Wireless Mesh

Networks Networks Vehicular Ad-hoc
Network
Mobile Ad-hoc
Networks Flying Ad-hoc
Network

Figure 1: Classification of Wireless Network

1.3 Infrastructure Based Network

Infrastructure based networks consist of two levels: stationary and mobile level. The stationary
levels consist of fixed base stations. Mobile level consists of mobile nodes that communicate
through base stations. Master station is called access point. All the communication passes
through access points. Fixed base stations are also known as access points (AP). When any
mobile nodes have to communicate with others, it registers with the base stations. Generally base
station uses different radio frequencies to communicate with registered nodes [24].

Figure 2: Infrastructure Based Network

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1.4 Infrastructure less Network
Infrastructure based networks are very useful in day to day communications that involves
telephony services, internet access, online transactions, business deals etc. But there are
numerous applications for which infrastructure networks are not economical and feasible. Such
kind of applications requires rapid network setup and temporary networks. Infrastructure less
networks are collection of mobile nodes that communicate through common radio channel [24].

Figure 3: Infrastructure-Less Network

Infrastructure less networks differs from other networks due to the following characteristics.
 Lack of fixed infrastructure
 Dynamic topology
 Multi-hop routing
 Node heterogeneity
 Link variability and Limited physical security

1.5 Wireless Sensor Networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of cooperative spatially distributed sensor
nodes that continuously monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, pressure
etc. and transfer this collected information to the main location. In WSN, each sensor node is
equipped with a radio transceiver, microcontroller, electronic circuit and energy source. A
wireless sensor network consists of few to thousands of nodes that share information through
wireless channel. The application area of WSN ranges from smart home realization to large
rescue and battle operations. Once all the sensor nodes are deployed, they self-organize
themselves to form an appropriate network infrastructure [10]. Basic idea behind WSN is that
the capability of single sensor is not enough; combining multiple nodes will enhance the power
and complete the mission.

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1.6 Wireless Mesh Network
One of the emerged wireless technologies is wireless mesh networks. In these networks, nodes
are consists of mesh clients and mesh routers. Each node can act as router for forwarding packets
of other nodes. WMNs are considered to be self-organized and self-configured networks [5]. The
nodes automatically create connectivity among each other. So deployment is not very difficult.
The advantage of WMN over other networks is easy maintenance, tolerance, reliable behavior
and low up cost. WMN technology provides the always online anywhere and everywhere
provision. This technology has numerous advantages, e.g., broadband connection for home,
building automation, networking among enterprises, neighborhood network creation etc. These
features enable the integration of WMN with Wi-Fi, WiMAX and WiMedia.

1.7 Mobile Ad-hoc Network(MANET)

The concept of MANET came from the technology in 1970 “DARPA”. DARPA was a packet
radio network. Due to renewed interest and development the newer concept of MANET was
involved. A "mobile ad hoc network" (MANET) is a group of mobile nodes that are connected
through wireless communication channel. MANETs are the part of infrastructure less networks
which require no pre-configurations. Nodes are free to move in any direction due to which the
network topology changes frequently. Any node can join or leave the network as and when
required. Anytime and anywhere communication is offered by MANETs. These features
distinguish mobile ad-hoc networks from other networks. But for delay sensitive services, these
networks may not offer best services [4]. Challenging issues faced by MANETs are routing
along with improved quality of service parameters, security, power control and delay sensitivity.

Figure 4: Mobile Ad-hoc Network [3]

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Along with routing, following research issues are faced by mobile ad-hoc networks:
 Topology Control: Due to high node mobility, the topology changes very frequently.
Control and management of topology is one of major concern in MANETs. A virtual
infrastructure is one possible alternative to physical infrastructure. This plays an
important role in routing, because responsible nodes for routing are reduced. Only the
nodes which are in virtual backbone are considered. Efficient and effective topology
control algorithms are required for MANETs.
 Quality of Service: Routing in one of active area of research in MANET. This become
even more challenging when quality of service e.g. bandwidth, end to end delay, packet
loss ratio is concerned.

Mobile ad-hoc networks suffer from various attacks listed in Table 1. These attacks are
possibly occurring in FANETs as well.

Table 1: Common attacks on MANET [11]

MANET Layers Attacks
Multi-layer Attacks DoS, MIMA, Replay, Impersonation
Application layer Repudiation, data corruption
Transport layer Session hijacking, SYN Flooding
Network layer Link Spoofing, Black-hole, Worm-hole, Byzantine,
Route tracking, Message fabrication
Data link layer WEP weakness, disruption MAC(802.11), bandwidth
stealing, traffic monitoring
Physical layer Jamming, Intervention, Snooping

1.8 Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET)

Now a day’s traffic management is one of the biggest problems faced by the world. Growing
volume of road traffic is affecting the safety and efficiency of the environment. To handle such
issues analysis of traffic is required. The entire vehicles on the roads are the mobile nodes; this
can be related to the mobile ad-hoc networks. Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a
subcategory of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) which was formed for traffic management by

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intelligent transportation system (ITS).VANET provides two ways of communication. First
method is purely wireless infrastructure less networks. Another method of communication is
through fixed infrastructure and vehicle. Fixed infrastructure is Road Side Units (RSUs) which
are stationary nodes that communicate mobile nodes i.e. vehicles. Vehicles are equipped with on
board units (OBU) and application units (AU) [14]. Road side units are connected to internet.

Figure 5: Vehicular Ad-hoc Network [14]

Vehicular ad-hoc network have various application as following:

 Safety applications: VANETs are designed to provide security related applications.
Various applications in security domain are:
 Collision avoidance
 Traffic Management
 Co-operative driving
 User applications: VANETs can provide various other applications except security.
 Electronic toll collection
 Entertainment Applications
 Internet Access
 Locating fuel station

1.9 Flying Ad-hoc Network (FANET)

In case of calamitous event, when ordinary communication infrastructure is out of service or
simply not available, a group of small flying robots can provide a rapidly deployable and self-
managed ad-hoc Wi-Fi network to connect and co-ordinate rescue terms on ground [22]. The

6
large degree of freedom and self-organising capabilities makes mobile ad-hoc networks totally
different from any other network solution. The communication standards proposed for ad-hoc
networks are not only liable to grounded networks, rather they also have wide application in
unmanned aerial vehicle networking (UAV). Further, UAV is an aircraft with no pilot on
board. UAVs can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or can be operated
using complex dynamic automation systems and are versatile and flexible in implementation
[22]. Hence, UAV have wide application such as disaster management, location aware services,
rescue operations, security services etc. Single UAV based monitoring system already exists and
is particularly implemented. But, when a single UAV system is considered, it has always an issue
of network scalability and flexibility due to its limited surveillance capability and single UAV
[23]. Thus, in order to increase the capability of UAV controlled network, multi-UAV system is
required. In recent research work, UAV based ad-hoc networks are also termed as “Flying ad-
hoc network”. Flying ad-hoc networks are also sub category of mobile ad-hoc networks. These
networks are designed to overcome the issues faced by mobile ad-hoc networks. Setting up an
ad-hoc network in military area, battle fields, areas affected by natural disasters like earthquake,
flooding etc. is difficult. MANETs were not applicable for such situations. Flying ad-hoc
networks are infrastructure less networks with no central control. FANET uses micro air vehicles
(MAVs) for communication. Various MAVs form swarms and arrange themselves to
communicate in large area using wireless network. UAVs communicate with each other locally,
with base station and also interact with their environment to get information.It is capable to carry
on transmission without any centralized device [30].

Figure 6: Flying Ad-hoc Network

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Flying ad-hoc network have various application as following:
 Calamity Administration: FANET is useful when the existing communication system is
damaged due to natural disaster like floods, earthquake, firing etc.
 In Sensor Networks: Different sensor devices can be used to collect data to do daily
functions like weather forecasting, terrestrial movement tracking etc.
 Location Aware Services: FANETs can be used in following services [22].
 Forwarding calls to any location
 Can act as travel guide for passengers
 To identify information regarding specific location
 Military Services: FANET are very useful in military services. Setting up proper
communication system is very difficult in military areas. So FANETs are used for
information exchange among soldiers, military headquarters.
 Search and Rescue Operations: FANET can be used provide a better way to do search
and rescue operations such as rescue operation of hostages [22].
 Security Purpose: FANET is capable of receiving information quickly. It can be used to
collect information for the security purpose of a delegate visiting to a place where no
network infrastructure exists.

1.10 Comparison among MANET, VANET and FANET

The comparison among MANETs, VANETs and FANETs is clearly stated in the survey which is
shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Comparison of different Ad-hoc Networks [30]
Parameter MANETs VANETs FANETs
Mobility Low High Very High
Nodal Density Low High Very Low
Mobility Model Random Regular Random
Topology Change Slow Fast Fast
Line of Sight Not Available In Some Cases Available
Localization GPS GPS, AGPS GPS, AGPS

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 2. Literature Survey

2.1 Literature Review

MANET routing protocols were used by the researchers in the initial phase of FANET studies
and experiments. Literature survey of existing and new proposed secure routing techniques for
multi UAV ad-hoc networks by researchers.

 In [6] M.T. Hyland et al. compared reactive, proactive and position based routing
techniques for FANET. They have taken AODV as reactive, OLSR as proactive and
GPSR as position based routing. It has been conclude the position based routing (GPSR)
out performed AODV and OLSR routing for swarm of UAV. Comparison is done on two
parameters, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay.

 A unified framework is proposed by Otrok et al. in [7] for elongate the lifetime of a
cluster based IDS by balancing the resource consumption. The basic idea is to choose the
most efficient node for the detection process. The proposed framework was also able to
identify and punish misbehaving leader IDS that would deviate from intrusion detection.
A game theoretical model based on cooperative decision was proposed which can
effectively identify misbehaving leader-IDS with minimum false-positive rate. To
maximize the detection probability for leader-IDS, a zero-sum non-cooperative game was
also given. Leader-IDS play game with intruder without having the complete information
about the intruder. Results shows that proposed framework choose most efficient node
and maximize detection probability with less false-positive.

 V. R. Khare et al. discussed the control model of unmanned air vehicle in [8]. A swarm
of UAVs is used to create FANET. To deal with dynamic and distributive nature of
problem, model has characteristics like self-organizing, distributive and decentralized.
Performance of routing improved because of physical propinquity of UAVs in the swarm
[8]. Khare also stated that dynamic source routing gives comparatively better
performance than proactive routing technique in highly dynamic node movement and
dynamic topology.

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 J. T. Chang et al. Proposed a security suite for MANET routing named as VESS
(versatile extensible security suite) [12]. Security suite is proposed for AODV routing
protocol and mainly cover authentication and encryption aspects of security. In proposed
security suite digital cipher chaining is used for powerful authentication and different
ciphers DES, AES and RSA is used to provide user adjustable encryption. VESS have
four different encryption options: (Open, lightweight, strong and user). All the four
modes provide different level of security as {open- no encryption, lightweight- can be
cracked by brute force with high computation power, strong – highest security in VESS,
user- can be customize their own balance of security and performance. Network security
and performance is analyzed, only by adding 10-30% delay in network, VESS can
provide the strongest security to the network.

 In [13] W.Lou et al. proposed a security scheme for dynamic MANETs named as Secure
Protocol for Reliable Data Delivery (SPREAD). The idea behind SPREAD is to transmit
message into small chunks through multipath routing. The message is divided into parts
and then transmits through multipath routing and if a small number of shares are
compromised then also it does not enable whole message to be compromised. A secret
sharing algorithm is used to divide a message into several parts so that adversary must
have to compromise at least T shares to compromise the whole message, where T is a
threshold value. Simulation Results depicts that if data is transmitting through insecure
network than SPREAD provides more secure data delivery. It is also shown that a
redundant SPREAD design can provide reliability without sacrificing the security.

 In [15] S. Bhattacharya, and T. Basar Consider a differential game theoretic approach to

avoid jamming attack on the communication channel by computing an optimal strategies
with a team of UAVs. In their discussion they have consider two variation of the problem
as zero-sum pursuit evasion game and the other is used lsaacs. These two approaches are
used to derive the necessary condition to reach the saddle point strategies of the players.
Results are illustrated through simulation.

 R. Ferdous et al. proposed a node based trust management technique for MANET in [16].
The proposed scheme uses a mobile agent system as a backbone for cluster-based

10
 wireless sensor network, which introduce trust between nodes locally. They have
assumed that trust is transitive and trust values are binary rather than continuous variable.
Trust value of node j can be calculated by node i in terms of two values. First trust value
of itself for node j by monitoring it and second is weighted sum of trust values calculated
by other nodes for node j in the network. Trust values calculated by other nodes consider
few parameters like (packets dropped by nj which is sent by nj, number of total packets
dropped by node nj, packets dropped by nj due to congestion, packets dropped by node nj
due to unidentified reasons, Priority given by node nj to its own packets vs other packets,
delay in packet forwarding by node nj due to {packets misrouted by nj and packets
falsely injected by nj}. NTM architecture consist three parts Trust Monitors (TMs), Node
Initiators (NIs) and Trust Evaluators (TEs). NTM node consist four components given as:
node id, wireless sensor, Trust Info-score and Context. Node Initiator generate a TM
agents with symmetric key (Sk) and a monotonically increase number which is
distributed to each node in the network through broadcasting. In case of old SK is stolen
or break, a new TM with new SK is launched by NI to avoid security breach. TM consist
three data structure trust evaluation table, message counter and history buffer. All TM
secure TE by using common SK and node cannot access it.

 A. I. Alshbatat et al. proposed a new routing protocol for FANET called Directional
Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (DOLSR) [17] which uses directional antenna.
The proposed protocol is the extension of basic Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
(OLSR). The idea behind the DOLSR is to minimize the multi-point relays (MPR) with
the help of heuristic. Proposed routing scheme minimize the end-to-end delay and also
minimize the number of overhead packets. The results also show that DOLSR
outperformed OLSR, DSR and AODV in terms of overall throughput and as well as in
terms of end to end delay.

 T. Eissa et al. proposed a model for identity based RSA scheme [19]. The scheme is
proposed for fast cryptographic operations for network performance. The basic idea is
that in RSA cryptographic scheme, all of the attacks are not possible if public key is not
available in the public domain or not known to the attacker. So, shorter RSA key can be
used safely for fast encryption and decryption. Proposed scheme works as: Initially all the

11
 nodes deployed with a identity which is known to the other nodes by using the friendship
concept for trusted nodes, then all nodes publish their public parameter in the network
and then node(A) encrypt its own public key by using given formula in [19] . After it A
sends its encrypted public key and RSA modulus. Receiver (B) decrypt public key of
node (A) by using given formula in [19]. Finally B can securely send a message to node
A by using its public key. They proved that proposed scheme is secure against IND-
CSPKA and RSA cryptanalysis attacks. The proposed scheme is compared with RSA-TC
and ECC-TC and shows better network performance.

 In [20] S. Mutly, and G. Yilmaz proposed trust relationship based a cooperative intrusion
detection framework for MANETs. All the nodes observe their neighbor nodes for
suspicious activities. If a node detects unusual behavior of a neighbor node then it
broadcasts alert messages in the network. Trust management is depends upon
rebroadcasting of alert messages by the neighboring nodes. A reputation of alert
messages is used to calculate the trust level of a node. Framework is basically based on
direct neighbor observation, but indirect observations are also used. Framework also
provide robustness against false trust information transmit in the network by malicious
nodes. However, the performance of the trust management service is not analyzed, and
the framework does not present the classes of attacks that are possible to be detected.

 In [21] a Hierarchical Identity-Based Encryption technique for mobile ad-hoc network is

proposed by H. Li which is based on Hierarchical Identity-Based Model. The proposed
Encryption technique is secure from different kind of security attacks. Proposed scheme
is based on lattice and reduced on learning with error (LWE) problem, which is a lattice-
hard problem defined by Regev. The LWE is resistant to quantum computing attacks, so
proposed encryption technique can be considered as secure against quantum computing
attacks. HIBEM is based on LWE and top-down approach. One level secret key discloser
does not enable attacker to get the other level key. Private Key transmission and
authentication is done locally in HIBEM to avoid bottleneck.

 A spatial secure group communication (SSGC) problem is introduced and for deeply
investigates an analytical framework for multiple UAVs and SSGC is presented by S.W.

12
 Kim, and S.W. Seoin [25]. A distributed method is proposed to solve the problem, which
analyze spatial group size, upper bound of group member and stability. Especially
communication range and relative position also investigated to form closed group.
Feasibility of proposal is demonstrated with application scenario.

 Different security threats for UAVs System are analyzed and a cyber-security threat
model has been proposed by A.Y. Javaid, et al. In [26]. A detailed security threat analysis
is done which provide an edge to the researcher, designer and users to identify
vulnerabilities in the UAVs system to find the counter-measures from them. Security is
very much important to UAVs system because the carry sensitive and confidential
information, threat to UAVs system can leads to national security issue. They have also
tried to evaluate risk generating by different vulnerabilities to the UAVs system.

 In FANET, UAVs communication suffers data packets lost because of high movements
of nodes and very frequent changes in topology. So, there is a need of routing protocol
which can overcome from the packet loss. Lin et al. proposed Geographic Position
Mobility Oriented Routing (GPMOR) [27]. GPMOR uses Gauss-Markov mobility model
to predict the mobility pattern of UAVs to eliminate effect of high node movement. For
accurate decision in mobility pattern GPMOR uses Euclidean distance.

 A distributed intrusion detection method with integration with an IDS is proposed by A.

Morais et al. In [28]. The proposed method relies on non-intrusive traffic monitoring at
each network node. An IDS is responsible for observing and monitoring the network
traffic at the node. An IDS is also responsible for exchanging routing events with
neighboring nodes to identify malicious activity. In the proposed mechanism a
modification is done in the popular BRO network IDS. Original BRO IDS have two
layers, Event engine and Policy script interpreter. Third layer Routing event analyzer is
added in proposed method. The nodes in neighborhoods participate in decision about a
node is malicious or not. A node is considered malicious if all participating nodes reach
at consensus. The proposed work is validating by implementing in virtualized network
environment.

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 E. A. Panaousiset al. proposed a security model in [29] for MANETs for real-time
communication like emergency, rescue etc. proposed model consists intrusion detection
provision, secure routing protocol and security extension for communication with peer-
to-peer overlays. In model main emphasized on P2PSIP overlays. They have presented
and analyzed two extensions of the IETF drafts in terms of security. For real-time
emergency communications secure P2P overlays with IDS can provide a full and robust
solution. They have also discussed the use of IPSec in adaptive routing protocol and also
with its security extension. The results were compared with SAODV routing and been
measured more efficient in terms security and performance.

 K. Hartmann, and C. Steup Carried out an assessment of security attacks consists of

vulnerability and threat analysis on the UAVs based communication systems and also
developed a risk assessment scheme for these UAVs based networks [31]. Various
parameters like communication system, exposure, sensors, storage media and fault
handling mechanism etc. The proposed approach is used to assessment of the currently
used UAVs such as: “MQ-9 Reaper” and “AR Drone”. Risk analysis of “RQ-170
Sentinel” is discussed.

 In the paper [32] M.S. Faughnan, S. Michelle, et al. aim to achieve two objectives. First,
try to identify risk regarding cyber security attacks on a UAV and second, to develop a
scheme through which security breach is informed to the UAV operator. Established risk
assessment methods are used to achieve the first objective. To achieve second objective a
methodology is developed that measures velocity of UAV with the help of two on-board
systems and if any considerable variation occurs then it indicates a probable security
breach. To simulation of UAV flight is done through car movement to perform analysis
of experiment results.

 K. Mansfield, et al. developed a threat model in [33] to observe and analyze cyber
security vulnerabilities in hardware, software, GCS networking hub, smart devices and
communication networks. It will help the users to secure communication. They have
focused physical connection, application software and operating system malware because

14
 these are the main target of attacker to get control over UAV or to steal the information
from the communication network.

 M. Liu et al. developed an approach based on cognitive map building in which, cluster
heads are elected during routing phase that allows logical partitioning for better mobility
management of nodes [34].

 S. Rosati et al. proposed an extension of basic Optimized Link-State Routing (OLSR)

protocol called Predictive-OLSR [36]. It is able to provide efficient routing in highly
dynamic environment. Predictive-OLSR uses GPS information and also calculates
expected transmission count (ETX) metric. ETX is the measurement of quality of links in
the ad-hoc network. The quality of link is calculated based upon the forward and
backward packet delivery ratio. Results of emulation at MAC layer shows that
Predictive-OLSR succeeds in providing an efficient and reliable routing in very highly
dynamic environment whereas BABEL and OLSR fails to do so.

 In [37] T. V. P.Sundararajan et al. proposed a Behavioral based IDS for detecting

wormhole attack in MANETs. Proposed system uses hybrid negative selection detectors
to obtain information from the routing protocols. In BAIDS structure all the MANET
nodes are responsible and capable for detecting violating behavior but group of nodes
also can examine in its border range. BAIDS detectors detect good and bad behaving
nodes with good accuracy. Detectors observe deviation from expected or normal behavior
of nodes in the MANET. BAIDS performance for detecting wormhole attack is measured
under the three different MANET routing protocols given as AODV, DSR and DSDV.
Simulation experiments results have been shown.

 Z. Birnbaum, et al. proposed a prototype system for UAV monitoring which provide
estimation of airframes and controller parameter and also capture flight data [38].
Captured data and estimated parameter compared with the already known standard
parameters. If there is any significant variation is observer between standard and capture
data, alert signal is send to ground control station and accordingly action taken. For
estimating the UAV parameters, Recursive Least Squares method is used. State space

15
 model and equation parameter are used in conjunction with proposed estimator. State of
the art flight simulator is used to test the system.

 S. Amin et al. designed a secure framework for ADS-B surveillance system which is
dependent on digital communication between ground station and aircraft [39]. Three
different alternative techniques hashing, symmetric encryption and asymmetric
encryption are used to avoid spoofing attack on ADS-B surveillance system. Analysis of
all implications and collision risks is done by simulations which model the attack on
airspace.

 In [40] A. Y. Javaid, et al. analyze the performance of simulation test-bed for security
aspect of wireless communication by performing DDoS and Jamming attacks on single
and multiple UAVs. Simulation is done on the UAVSim simulator proposed in [26].

 S. Temel and I. Bekmezci present a MAC protocol named as LODMAC (Location

Oriented Directional MAC) in [41]. LODMAC uses neighbor nodes location estimation
and utilization of directional antennas within the MAC layer. LODMAC uses BTS (busy
to send) packet along with RTS (request to send) and CTS (clear to send) packets. Results
show that LODMAC outperforms directional MAC protocol.

 In [42] V. Sharma and R. Kumar present an opportunistic network formation using cross
layer design for FANET. Service layer security of FANET is used in the presented
network model to provide parameterized input to neural setup. The proposed design
offers effective utilization of resource, high data delivery ratio and efficient service
coordination with lower delay to secure service.

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 3. Research Gaps

3.1 Research Gaps

The basic idea behind FANET is same as MANET but there are certain differences like node
speed, topology change, mobility model etc. Hence, FANET faces some additional challenges al
than MANET. Based on the finding of literature review, following are the areas identified that
require significant research to be done:
i. Routing: Routing in FANET is different from other ad-hoc networks. Node movement is
relatively very high for flying ad-hoc networks. So the topology changes very frequently.
 One of the biggest challenges for researchers is to suggest an efficient routing
algorithm that can work for high mobility nodes.
 The routing algorithm should be quick to update its routing table frequently as the
topology changes [35].
ii. Security: To manage secure routing is another point of concern in FANET.
 Ensuring Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability of valuable information in
FANET is another issue faced by these networks [9], [45].
 Another issue faced by FANET is node compromise due to lack of physical security.
Risk to the network increases even more if the node is a centralized entity [2].
 Trust Management among nodes is another challenge due to high topology changes.
Nodes join and leave the groups very frequently [44].
 Existing routing algorithms for ad-hoc networks are impotent against frequent
network topology changes and malicious attacks in FANET.
iii. Quality of Service (QoS): Along with routing, the quality of service parameters should
also be improved. Data transition by FANETs includes images, videos, audios, text, GPS
locations etc. To transport such data performance should have a good quality with less
delays and error rates. [18].
iv. UAV Mobility and Placement: The placement of UAVs at appropriate location is one of
the major research concerns in FANETs. UAVs of different capacity and capability are
used for different purpose. Mini-UAVs are meant for carrying fewer payloads, like a
thermal camera, single radar, camera, image sensor, etc. So, this is an open challenge to
optimize the UAV placement to diminish energy feeding when the retrieved information

17
 is taking more time.
v. Scalability: Single UAV system can perform limited tasks. To perform more number to
tasks, collection of UAVs is required. This motivated the concept of multi-UAV based
system. This improves performance, reduces delay and optimizes the task [43]. FANET
algorithms should be so designed that they can accommodate any number of UAVs.
vi. Reliable and secure data transfer: FANET applications transfer sensitive information.
So the reliability of the network should be very high. Reliability and security should be
defined with the criticality of data. So different level of security need to be defined.

18
 4. Problem Statement

4.1 Problem Statement

Existing routing protocols for ad-hoc networks experiences the serious issues in the area of
security. FANETs require routing algorithms that performs well with high mobility nodes and
rapid topology changes. Different research communities have highlighted security needs of
FANETs. This research aims to provide A Security Framework for FANETs that can calibrate
with rapid topology changing high mobility nodes for secure communication and trust
management. This framework will enhance the reliability on the critical applications area of
FANETs.
4.2 Objectives
On the basis of literature and research gap of work mention above, the following objectives have
been identified to be investigated under the research entitled on “A Security Framework for
Flying Ad-hoc Networks”.
1. To study and analyze the existing secure routing protocols/framework/schemes for
FANETs.
2. To design and develop a secure framework for FANETs.
3. To verify and validate the proposed secure framework.
4. To compare and evaluate it with other proposed secure protocols/framework/schemes.

4.3 Methodology
To achieve the objectives the research work will pass through the following phases:

1. A comprehensive investigation will be conducted to study various existing routing

protocols and their security in FANETs accomplished in depth learning of secure routing
techniques/framework in FANETs.
2. A secure framework will be proposed based upon the knowledge and information
acquired from the above phases. The proposed mechanism will address security issues
and will be evaluated on parameters like – delay, throughput, response time etc.

19
 3. Proposed framework will be verified and validated based upon mathematical foundation
and simulation using synthetic data. Simulators like NS2, MATLAB, UAVSim etc.
4. The proposed framework will be compared with other proposed security frameworks
against parameters like efficiency, delay etc.

4.4 Work Plan

Activity 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

Activity

A. Study and review of existing security mechanism of various routing protocols for
FANETs.
B. Analyzing the proposed security framework against different security parameters such as
confidentiality, integrity, availability etc.
C. Design and development of a secure framework for FANETs.
D. Verification and Validation of the proposed security framework.
E. Compare the proposed framework few of the existing security mechanism.
F. Documentation and Thesis writing.
G. Publication of research work in conferences / journals.

20
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