MARINE OIL TERMINALS
where:
m = seismic mass as defined in Section
3104F.2.3
ke = effective elastic lateral stiffness from
idealized pushover
C1 = modification factor to relate maximum
inelastic displacement to displacement
calculated for linear elastic response. For
period less than 0.2 s, C1 need not be taken
greater than the value at Te = 0.2 s. For
period greater than 1.0 s, C1 = 1.0. For all
other periods:
μ strength – 1
C 1 = 1 + ------------------------
2
- (4-4)
aT e
where:
a = Site class factor
= 130 for Site Class A or B,
= 90 for Site Class C, and
= 60 for Site Class D, E, or F.
μstrength = ratio of elastic strength demand to yield
strength coefficient calculated in
accordance with Equation (4-6). The
Coefficient Method is not applicable
where μstrength exceeds μmax computed
from Equation (4-7). μstrength shall not be
taken as less than 1.0.
C2 = modification factor to represent the effects
of pinched hysteresis shape, cyclic stiffness
degradation, and strength deterioration on
the maximum displacement response. For
periods greater than 0.7s, C2 = 1.0. For all
other periods:
1 μ strength – 1
2 direction under consideration
C 2 = 1 + ---------  ------------------------
- (4-5)
800  Te  4. Determine target displacement, Δd , of the
The strength ratio μstrength shall be computed from:
mS
μ strength = ---------A
Fy
where:
Fy = effective yield strength of the structure in
the direction under consideration from the
idealized pushover curve.
For structures with negative post-yield stiffness,
the maximum strength ratio μmax shall be computed
from:
Δ α –h
μ max = -----d + -------e-
Δy 4 ing inelastic deformation, to estimate the
where:
Δd = larger of target displacement
displacement corresponding to
maximum pushover force,
Δy = displacement at effective yield strength
528
h = 1 + 0.15lnTe (4-8)
αe = effective negative post-yield slope ratio which
shall be computed from:
αe = αP-Δ + λ(α2 - αP-Δ) (4-9)
where:
αP-Δ, and the maximum negative post-elastic stiff-
ness ratio, α2, are estimated from the idealized
force-deformation curve, and λ is a near-field
effect factor equal to 0.8 for sites with 1 second
spectral value, S1 greater than or equal to 0.6g
and equal to 0.2 for sites with 1 second spectral
value, S1 less than 0.6g.
3104F.2.3.2.2 Substitute Structure Method. The
Substitute Structure Method is based on the proce-
dure presented in Priestley et al. [4.5] and ASCE/
COPRI 61 [4.2]. This method is summarized below.
1. Idealize the pushover curve from nonlinear
pushover analysis, as described in Section
3104F.2.3.2.1, and estimate the effective yield
strength, Fy, and yield displacement, Δy.
>
2. Compute the effective elastic lateral stiffness,
ke, as the effective yield strength, Fy, divided
>
by the yield displacement, Δy.
3. Compute the structural period in the direction
under consideration from:
m-
T e = 2π --- (4-10)
ke
where:
m = seismic mass as defined in Section
3104F.2.3
ke = effective elastic lateral stiffness in
effective linear elastic system from:
2
Te
Δ d = S A -------
- (4-11)
(4-6) 4π 2
where:
SA = the 5 percent damped spectral displace-
ment corresponding to the linear elastic
structural period, Te
Select the initial estimate of the displacement
demand as Δd, i = Δd.
5. The ductility level, μΔ,i , is found from Δd,i /Δy.
Use the appropriate relationship between duc-
tility and damping, for the component undergo-
(4-7)
effective structural damping, ξeff,i. In lieu of
more detailed analysis, Equation (4-12) may be
>
or used for concrete and steel piles connected to
the the deck through dowels embedded in the con-
crete. Note that the idealized pushover curves in
Figure 31F-4-4 shall be utilized in Figure 31F-
4-5, which illustrates the iterative procedure.
2019 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE