MARINE OIL TERMINALS

1 1–α 11. Repeat steps 5 to 10 with Δd, i = Δd, j until

ξ eff, i = 0.05 + ---  1 – --------------1 – α 1 μ Δ, i (4-12)
π μ Δ, i  displacement, Δd, j, computed in step 10 is
sufficiently close to the starting displace-
where:
ment, Δd, i, in step 5 (Figure 31F-4-5). >
α1 = ratio of second slope over elastic slope
(see Figures 31F-4-4 and 31F-4-5) 3104F.2.3.3 Linear modal demand procedure. For
irregular concrete/steel structures with moderate or
Equation (4-12) for effective damping was high spill classifications, a linear modal analysis is
developed by Kowalsky et al. [4.6] for the required to predict the global displacement demands. A
Takeda hysteresis model of system’s force-dis- 3-D linear elastic response analysis shall be used, with
placement relationship. effective moment of inertia applied to components to
6. Compute the force, Fd,i, on the force-deforma- establish lateral displacement demands, to compute
tion relationship associated with the estimated displacement components of an element along each
displacement, Δd,i (see Figure 31F-4-5). axis of the system.
7. Compute the effective stiffness, keff,i, as the secant Sufficient modes shall be included in the analysis
stiffness from: such that 90 percent of the participating mass is cap-
tured in each of the principal horizontal directions for
F d, i
k eff, i = -------
- (4-13) the structure. For modal combinations, the Complete
Δ d, i
Quadratic Combination rule shall be used. Multidirec-
8. Compute the effective period, Teff,i, from: tional excitation shall be accounted for in accordance
with Section 3104F.4.2.
m-
T eff, i = 2π -------- (4-14) The lateral stiffness of the linear elastic response
k eff, i
model shall be based on the initial stiffness of the non-
where: linear pushover curve as shown in Figure 31F-4-6
m = seismic mass as defined in Section (also see Section 3106F.9). The p-y springs shall be
3104F.2.3 adjusted based on the secant method approach. Most of
9. For the effective structural period, Teff,i, and the p-y springs will typically be based on their initial
the effective structural damping, ξeff,i, compute stiffness; no iteration is required.
the spectral acceleration SA(Τeff,i, ξeff,i) from an If the fundamental period is T < T0, where T0 is the
appropriately damped design acceleration period corresponding to the peak of the acceleration
response spectrum. response spectrum, the displacement demand from the
10. Compute the new estimate of the displace- linear modal analysis shall be amplified to account
ment, Δd, j, from: for nonlinear system behavior by an amplification
factor. The amplification factor shall be equal to
2
T eff, i either C1 × C2 per Section 3104F.2.3.2.1, or the ratio
Δ d, j = ---------
- S ( T eff, i, ξ eff, i )
2 A
(4-15)
4π of the final target displacement and the initial elastic
displacement of Equation (4-11) per Section
3104F.2.3.2.2.

> FIGURE 31F-4-5

EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS FOR FIGURE 31F-4-6
SUBSTITUTE STRUCTURE METHOD STIFFNESS FOR LINEAR MODAL ANALYSIS

2019 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE 529