| | Sanskrit by Cassette Lesson 3 Endings Introduction to Nouns and VerbsAfter the combining ofletters, the nextimportant sep in learning Sanskritisthe addition of endings to verband noun ‘bases. Without endings verband noun bases are, so 10 speak. naked - undressed. Endings are the equivalence of ‘clothing or uniforms or *hats”, suitable for the task of describing life wih its many activites. Adding them on to verb and noun bases is a simple operation. Ifyou read and comprehend each example inthis lesson, one by one, you will understand the process perfec. Verbal Roots (8G ahatw) ‘Most words in Sanskrit evolve from primary verbal roots. For example: 4 tus, meaning “know’ is a root and only a root, from which finite or active forms of the verb (e.g. I know) as well as nouns (e.g. knowledge) evolve. These roots represent the essence of a word. They are like unborn souls, without bodies. They are never used as spoken or written words in a Sanskrit sentence. Verbal roots generally consist of a single syllable containing one of the 8 simple vowel sounds which represent the foundation of the Sanskrit language. This foundation could be represented as a triangle ZX. in which 3 and ‘a, fill up the center, and the other 3 simple vowel sound pairs compose the sides. The screened circle represents consonants - the other primary components of a verbal root ee Before these verbal roots or souls come into manifestation as finite verbs or nouns, they generally undergo some change, Before endings can be added to a verb, the Root (TY dhan) is usually strengthened in some way, in order to become a Base (STF anga).’The diagram on pe. 2 gives an overview of Sanskrit grammar. Int, note that there are 10 basic way’ (gens orcnjgatins, which can be likened 10 families of houses, in which Verbal Bases are formed from Verbal Roots The most common means of forming a Base is to strengthen a simple vowel into its 7J guna Substitute asin the Ist house (gana) ‘youshink of hese 10 ways a fais living i 10 separate houses, each in their own unique way nourishing their children ‘he verb souls (2008) horninto their homes, before they become active inthe world as verbal ates withendings (or funtion). you will easy be able to grasp this principle. Note alsin the diagram on the ellowing page there are two se of endings the Paasmaipads and the Aumanepadr, each havings their own unique Present, Past. Imperative. and Potential endings. These will be covered in fatre lessons. The Law of Guna Guna is a fundamental principle of the Sanskrit Language. Guna isthe strengthening that occurs to a secondary simple vowel (@% JF 77 ), those on the edges of the triangle above, when the primary power of 3H a (mouth position 1 - center of triangle) is placed before or directed toward them. The resultisa combined power of two vowel sounds stmultaneously - regarded asa strengthening ofthe later" conevoncs fg BBB Root: TH ath cw seommoaine TT Base: aT + if = StaRT “he knows! od + at) = hat sioevowes 8 Tudor ip * Fora beter understanding of Guna, review expla mmsubsime a ar al pation of vowels Te 30 ~ Cassene {Par |Trace the evolution of a single verbal root 4 budh from the first inner circle. ‘Some forms do not require Faure Tense gona strengthening - atvetete ue HB ete ‘Nouns aes AE bod “inst Sceveen) ~ ‘onto aafereater Idhigyati . ANT: toanad —_—_ I AL ww a ae una \ oy i ee nana ‘other ways of creating bases dai —_ f theson7) eat Oe ane ~ Tae ait ETT TE TE: 10 Houses - Gapa (conjugations) CST both — Verbal Base Parasmaipadr | I Present Tense ‘he knows’ Af mata La Past Tense ‘he knew’ S¥@T stot <1 - 2Original Present Tense endings used for 2nd 3rd Sth 7th 8th 9th houses (gana) single dua staal seator pend Sed penon-HE/SHE.THEY | = ] 2ndpenon.You,vou ALL | RR a Istpesoa 1. WE fr Le Present Tense Endings adapted for Ist 4th 6th 10th houses (gana) ‘The above endings are adapted by placing the letier a (3H a in the Ist person ) before them, singular pivot Sed peron- HE SHE, THEY | ai ata anti 2d person - YOU, YOU ALL. asi ath atha Ist person 1, WE ami avah—amabh (Once the verbal rot has been formed into a base - all bases of the Ist, th, 6h and LO gana end in | consonant without a vowel (ex. %). When the present tense endings are added to a base, the beginning vowel of the ending, # a or HV a then becomes the vowel of that consonant. EX, When adding the above endings to a base such as bod, a verb ofthe Ist house, the iii For Bg o¢ 2) ofthe endings (3H etc) becomes the vowel ofthe final consonant ‘Xd. ofthe Base AT% which has no vowel sound Q+H=T AMT escae ata + afa = arate arg + anf = arefat bodh + ati = bodhati both + am bouts Thus the forms for the present tense of the vero 3A budh ate: bodhati ——bodhatah | bodhanti bodhasi —bodhathaly) bodhatha bodhami bodavah | bodhamab elke ows they 2know | they =| youknow | you2know | you all know Hinow | we 2know | we knowAs in the example of MX budh on page 3, write out all 9 forms of te preset tense ofthe Ls Conjugation verbal bases (with meanings): HAL bhav (be; he is, you are et) FTA may (leads he wads ete.) AE vad (speak) Add endings to the following Ist house verb bases, by writing them out in full and giving the meaning ex. FAR auract) + AAA = APAPA he atacrs FATS play + BA = AA ive) + AH = TE (eat) + SHA = AZ cross) + FA TREE (go) + ATH = AR eave) + SA = TRA (sing) + SATA TRA (seo) + HF = FAL move) + FA = FTA (oun) + HET = FRA conquer) + ATA: = TR tccad) + ATA: BAT romember) + HAA = TA (fait) + ATA: = Using the verbal bases in exercise 1b, translate the following into Sanskrit He remembers. You both move. You all run I rea. They both remember. We both sing you know They leave. I soe We go. We conquer. You all cross She sings You move She fall We both ea He lives We eat Using the table on page 1, substitute the guna for each of the simple vowel sounds in these Ist house (gana) verb roots, in order to form their bases. * Throughout the Sanskrit language, and here in the Ist house, gupa substitution (when required) takes place in the case of roots which 1) hav je mext to last (penultimate) letter in the root. Ex. FR — is the final leter. 2) Also, guna can be the substitute of any final vowel, long or short. Ex. = 10 7 Se yh tT a ye fa we RM A a short vowel asion (Substitution) of Noun Case En Ad 25 A noun is a word which represemts a person, place, thing, concept, or condition, Language is designed 10 ‘represent the relationship of such persons, places et. to other persons, places, ec. i time and space. The way in which the Sanskrit language achieves a high degree of precision in this representation isthe use of case endings. The case endings, added onto a noun base describe the primary relationships that any person etc. ean have to other persons, places ete Every noun in Sanskrit has eight cases. These are distinguished by eight separate endirss. Herein the example, 7 yoga, te final Ta included inthe final writen symbol 7 gs replaced by varius endings which indicate he use ofthe word ina given sentence. Wit dul and plural forms, there area tal of 24 forms foreach noun, [Note:The remaining part of his chapter is devoted ont o explaining the principles of nowne and their various classes how thes work, Forms are given hereto provide examples. The actual learning of ver fons wil begin i Lesson 4 Singular Dual Plural 1) Subject ant: 2) Direct Object an | 3) by f with ana 4) to F for (Indirect Obj.) ara | 5) from aT Bots ss area | 7Vin fon /at art ar 8) Direct address = | Case 1. Designates the Subject (nominative) The Subject is: 1) who or what is being described in a sentence. ex. 1) Yous is a science, 2) who of what is doing the action. ex. 2) Yoge creates health Jn English, the subject is generally the frst word in a sentence. In Sanskrit the subject form of ‘GIT yoga is indicated by the ending substitute A: gy It can thus be recognized as the subject no matter where it appears in the semence. The following examples al cases are given only to show the diferent use of the word yoga. You might alo look for familia verb endings ofthe present tense. Other words are incidental ex. 1 Yous isa science, ANT: HARA PART | yoga bhavati vidy or Wafer fram art: 3 bhavati vidys yogahCase 2. designates the Direct Object (accusative) ‘A Direct object is that to which the action is being directed. I is understood by the case ending (here 37% am). cx: Lprctice yor, AT ARTA jogam karomi Case 3. designates the Instrumert or Means (instrumental) Its indicated in English by the words by; with; by means of; due fo. It is not necessary in San- skrit to have a separate word for “by’ etc. It is understood by the ease ending (here Tene). TAT yogena “by yous ex: By yoga. Uknow lite. ARTA AAR ATEAPET | sogena vanam bochami Case 4. designates the Indirect Object (recipient) or purpose (dative) It is indicated in English by the words: (0; for: for the sake of. It is not necessary in Sanskrit 10 have a separate word for ‘to’ etc. It is understood by the case ending ¢here Say. TTA yopaya tof for yoga’ ex: Practice gives meaning 10 yoga. = TATE: ANT ef aaa he | abhyasa yogaya artham yacchati Case 5. designates the Source or Origination (ablative) It is indicated in English by the words: from; out of; because of due 10; understood by the case ending there A sr) ‘yogat ‘Irom yoga ex; Knowledge arises from yoga, ATA ATT SFAPA | jnsoum yoga wabhaveti Case 6, designates Possession genitive) Its indicated in English by: ‘6 sor the word of (ending: 37% ass) BAMTEH yosasya ‘of yous’ ex: The pritce of yoga is meditation. SPATE: ATTRA SATA atnyasst yous dynam Case 7. designates Location (locative) Its indicated in English by the words; in; on: at: upon: into; (ending: 7 FT yoge “in yor ex: The sage is established in ows. BPA: SRT AARRAT: | unin yoge avashitas Case 8. designates Direct Address (vocative) It is indicated in English by intonation of address. (ending: 34}. ATT yoga “O Yoga’ ox: OYoea, show me couth, BATT HAH AT he joe me savam ae |The following sections designedio give youan overview ofthe systematic patterning ofallnouns.Inthe lang run, ican make itmuch easier to learn all sets of noun endings. If ou find any ofthe concepts difficult, you can skim ‘over them forthe ime being, and goon 0 lesson 4. But it wil be helpfulto review them at the end ofeach lesson. Nouns may be divided into: Masculine Feminine Neuter Many nouns will obviously fit into the above 3 categories such asthe words For ‘man woman thing Other nouns willbe placed in the above categories fr reasons not at fist apparent, but often having to do with their grammatical development. At the earliest stage of leaming Sanskrit it is easiest to team 10 recognize the gender of nouns by their endings or by familiarity In addition, nouns are clasiied according to their final vowel sound - the Class Vowel Masculine Feminine Newer Ha Aa Aa zi gigs gi su Tu Fa ro fs Ror Rr Rr Since vowel sounds are abbreviated into the preceding consonant, you will see the above final Class vowel sounds in combination with the preceding consonant - as in the following words: APT yoe0 FRAT maya FC karate AVY sratu SY ote FY aha FY nad FE pir FUT nay TT ana ‘The above words appear in their noun root form. In order to reveal their gender when appearing, in lists of vocabulary or in dictionaries, the forms will be shown in their Ist case singular * form: fo in their root form with m. / £. / or n. to indicate gender - as shown below: ART ae « pe aca ae a or Le FY onCl Each of the groups on the previous page has its own unique set of endings, which have incorpo: tated and have as their primary characteristic - the Class Vowel For example: The 8 singular endings for Feminine nouns ia ST g and & ; are: at 2 Tam im 3. Wa aya a+ ya 4 ary sya 5 icin OT: + yah 6. aT: a: + yan 1 ara A = yam 8. Ts ¢ zi * Frequently the Class Vowel has been modified due to Jaws of grammar as in cases 3 and 8 of the first column; or due to laws of Sandhias in 3-7 of the second column in which the Class Vowel i changed to its corresponding semivowel 7 y before other vowels. Also note that apart from the Class Vowel (or its modification) the endings are identical eae) ‘The oher basi lassfcation of Nouns is those which end ina consonant. Bx. "HFA yosin oF ITA 4iman The endings reserve for his group can be regarded asthe Original Source oF Povrype endings for al nouns. These endings are are added as they are othe base of consonant ending nouns ‘modifications of One Original Source Set of endings. For the sake of easy learning they are Color Coded in Diagram I onthe following page: forernea Po In cach of the noun classes ending in vowels, the endings are derived primarily from a combination of the Class Vowel (color coded - black) with the Provorype endings, divided into three color groups (green, blue, and majenta). For a clear example of this we will use the example of Mase’ in iand 3 w and derive endings for Cases 3 - 7 dual and plural, This block uses the prototype endings, representing the group of endings that undergoes hardly any chi noun forms, wajenta colored through all “Remember! The endings we finally derive willbe substituted for the Class Vowel because they alread include the class vowelIn Color Diagram 2, you can see which element of the ending is derived from the Class Vowel (black) and which element of the ending is derived from the Original Source Endings (maienta) ‘These endings can now be substituted for the Class Vowel of each noun, In other words, they can now be added to HA and FA mun ant kas Note: the Class Vowel or final sound 3 i of PA muni and 7% kavi is represented in the color coded endings asthe black leter(s) at the beginning ofeach endl 1g, Which also indicate its transformation in two instances (6,7 dual) into its. semivowel form PX y’) before a source nding beginning witha vowel; and (6 plu, its long vowel form & Thus, the black Kter isthe class vowel or the substitute forthe cass vowel ‘The proper form for 6th case dual is FFE munyon and not APA: muniyoo 3.4.5 ‘mun + ibhyam = munibhyam 67 mun + yob = munyob 3 sun + ibili= manibid 45 sun + ibbyab = monibhyab 6 mun + faim = muninam 7 BP TPH: —muniin by the sages imunibhyim —torne2sages APTA: smuniniyah cote sages munibiyim —fromtine 2 sages APART: munidnyan trom the sages 6 FT munyo ofthe 2sages TAT munis ofthe sa ‘munibhyamIn exactly the same way, the endings for other classes of nouns may be formed, Take for example masculine nouns ending in ‘The Class Vowel 3 is removed from the noun root in order to be combined with a source ending. Note the identical parallels berween this example and the previous one. sidhu = sadh + u Dual Plural oo ee 3) by wohyam | bby 4)to) sa: | i ubhyaim ubhyah 5) from a | ubhyam ubhyab 6) of aA [vo | om | Din Ea [0h usu Dual ATA + DAR = ATTA TEL + AT: = BTEAT: Plural 3 ary + SPH: = argh: 45 AT + TT: = ATP: 6 AT + FA = STAT 7 ANY + BY = ATG 3 ATT saturn 4 ATED saanubnyam by 2holy men 102 holy men 5 ATED ssanubiyim fom 2 oly men 6 ana 7 area: sadhvob of 2 holy men sadhvob in Dholy men dhubhyam sadh + vob = sadhvoh ssid + woh hub sidh + ubhyab = sadhubhyah sadh + onam = sadhana sadh + usu = sidhusu saath by ly men FTDPZ sutnyan so roty men FATA: unutnyan tom nly nen ATER sunonam ot holy men ATT sadtusu in holy menDiagram 1 Original Source (Prototype) Case Endings Singular Dual Plural L ios 2) Direct Object — AA it 3) by / with | | | 1) Subject aq | 4) to for | 5) from 6) of /'s/s' 7) in fon fat 8) Direct address ‘The final Class Vowel is removed from the noun root in order to be combined with an original source ending Diagram 2 PT = a+ /s muni = mun +i aa = +S kavi= kav +i | Dut Plural | 3)by sam af: ibhyam 40) Fae co ibhyam 5) from BTL Ba: *ibhyam oot at) oh je La ara | Ee | ‘+ Inthe 6th case plural, the class vowel always lengthens and =n is used asa connector (glide) tothe source ending 2% am,.* % su becomes Yu after $i or TuMasculine Nouns Ending in & 1) Subject 2) Direct Object 3) by / with 4) to | for 5) from 6) of /'s/s' 7) in/on/at 8) Direct address 1) Subject 2) Direct Object 3) by / with 4) to / for 5) from 6) of /'s/s! Tin /on/ at 8) Direct address Diagram 3 Singular Dual Plural a | at a a at Singular an: aT al art a LMasculine nouns ending in 1. ‘The most important Noun class in the Sanskrit language is Masculine nouns ending in 37, because ‘of the great predominance of words appearing inthis class. Since this course is designed to first teach the forms most prevalent in Sanskrit literature, iti the first to be leamed. It is also the only irreguiar ‘noun class, in that it varies slightly from the original source endings. ‘This variance can be seen by the color coding in Diagram 3. "Note: Black represents the original final class vowel 3 # placed atthe beginning of each ending. Notice that the original ending % 2 has frequently been replaced by HT or Te, Whatever the black leter is, it replaces the original 3 a that exists atthe end of every noun in this class. Also ‘remember that when you see a noun ofthis class, such as 171 yoga the final a is contained in the final consonant, inthis case 7 ga. Therefore, when the final % a is replaced by AU z or T € these will be incorporated into the final consonant in their abbreviated forms; "and #7 a / ge. Note the presence of the original source endings, by the colors, green and majenta (& blue in other classes). Where elements other shan those ofthe class vowel or the source endings are present, they are represented in red ~ as well as sounds which connect tbe Class Vowel tothe source ending 1) Subject ah 2) Direct Object am a : 3) by / with ena abhyam aih — 4) to / for (Indirect Obj.) | aya abhyam =| ebhyah 5) from at abhyam | ebhyah 6) of /'s/s) | asya ayoh | anam 7) in Jon fat e ayoh esu 8) Direct address au ah UL aan 1) Subject yogah yogau yorih 2) Direct Object yosam yorae yogin 3) by / with yogena yos abhyam ——yogaih 4) to / for (Indirect Obj.) yogaya yogabhyam yogebhyah 5) from yosat yogabhyam ——yogebhyab 6) of 1318 yogasya yosayob Tin on /at yore yorayoh 8) Direct address yora youauDecline (add the endings, write out and pronounce) all 24 forms of the following nouns (m. 34) BA - god ANG - boy 1) The following masculine nouns ending in 3 are given in their Ist case singular form (subject), Combined with the proper 3rd person singular form (he, she) of verbs from page 4, they create the following simple sentences. Give the meanings: Note the form of the verb EE moon FA: person SAE: father FA: day wee aft! sa: Greta) se: caf) fea: Teafa | 2) The following masculine nouns ending in 3 are given in their Ist ease dual form (subject Combined with the proper 3rd person dual form (they both) of verbs from page 4, they create the following simple sentences. Give the meanings. Note the form of the verb. Bat 2 gous 2 men THAT 2 mountains GFE2 sons eat rae: | teea: | oda a aT aa 3) The following masculine nouns ending in 3K are given in their Ist case plural form (subject). ‘Combined with the proper 3rd person plural form (they) of verbs from page 4, they create the following simple sentences, Give the meanings. Note the form of the verb, AIPA: boys AAT: ees BART! oceans aren: rsh gat: af) ayer: Tafa 4) The following masculine nouns ending in 3F are given in their 2nd case singular form (iret object), Combined withthe Ist person singularform (I) of verbs from page 4, they create the following. simple sentences, Give the meanings: Note the form of the verb. FEA moon FAR person FAFA father arene) saan) | aaa eno 5) The following masculine nouns ending in are given in their 2nd case plural form (direct object) ‘Combined with the 2nd person singular form (you) of verbs from page 4, they create the following simple sentences. Give the meanings: Note the form of the verb, ATE boys FAR oceans aerate | Bag ate | 6) Give meanings of the following masculine nouns ending in 3H (from vocabulary given above) in their 3rd - 7th case forms. em | FA! ae! sae) a aT car A) | TOT qa RSummary Words are created from verbal roots - usually a single syllable, containing a simple vowel Verbs A. Verbs are divided into 10 houses (gana) which serve only one purpose: To transform the root into a base for use in the present, past, imperative and potential tenses and moods. B. Other tenses like the future (not covered in this text) do not have these divisions. There all verbs are treated alike C. The endings for Ist, 4th, 6th, & 10th house verbs are adapted from endings for 2nd, 3rd etc. house verbs by placing the letter 3 and in some cases 3T (Ist person) before the endings of 2nd, 3rd ete. . Verbal bases of the Ist, 4th, 6th, & 10th house end in a consonant. The beginning vowels Hor 3 of the endings become the vowel of the final consonant. ‘The endings for the Present tense are: ddpenon-nersuectiny | af | ara: | aaa atah aipon vou.vounLe SARE A: | eT athah | atha vepenon we | TTR) are: | ST Tava aman Nouns ‘A. Nouns are divided into the categories of Masculine, Feminine and Neuter. B. These categories are further divided into classes or declensions which have different sets of endings based on their final etter, C. Nouns with a final consonant. The endings for nouns ending in a consonant are the Prototype or Source Endings for all nouns with a final vowel. D. The distinctive classifying feature of all nouns ending in vowels is the Class Vowel, or final vowel of the noun, The general formation of these groups of noun endings is through the combining of the class vowel with the prototype endings. Nouns with a final vowel are divided into the following groups. Masculine Feminine Neuter ending in ending in ending in a! ‘anf a zg co ee x! 7 z's? 3 mS mf me All sets of endings for these nouns have incorporated the Class Vowel. Therefore, the endings are substituted for the Class vowel. In other words they are added to a noun stem. minus its class vowel.Every noun has 8 cases, appearing in singular, dual and plural forms. In cases 3-7, the endings are used as English would use the words by, for, from, of and in. Case 1. designates the Subject. (nominative) ‘The Subject is: 1) who or what is being described ina sentence. ex. 1) Yoga isa science who or what is doing the action. ex. 2) Yoga creates health, ATT: Case 2. designates the Direct Object. (accusative? A Direct object is that to which the action is being directed, It is only used in sentences of type 2 (ex. 2 - Yoga creates healtt) above in which a subject directs an action 10 something or someone (direct object) ex: I practice yoga. Case 3, designates the Instrument or Means. (instrumental) Case 3 is indicated in English by the words by; with; by means of: due 10. It is not necessary in Sansksit to have a separate word for ‘by’ etc. ex: By yoga I know life. a Case 4. designates the Indirect Object or purpose. (dative) Case 4 is indicated in English by the words: fo; for; forthe sake of ex: Practice gives meaning fo yoga, 7 Case 5. designates the Source or Origination. (ablative) (Case 5 is indicated in English by the words: from: out of: because of; due to. ex: Knowledge arises from yoga TT Case 6. designates Possession. (genitive) Case 6 is indicated in English by: "s; s or the word of ex: The practice of yoga is meditation, PTET Case 7, designates Location (locative) Case 7 is indicated in English by the words; in; on; ate upon; into. ex: The sage is established in yoga. Case 8. designates Direct Address. (vocative) Case 8 is indicated in English by intonation of address ex: O Yoga, show me truth, a1