Sanskrit by Cassette Lesson 7 Visarga Sandhi Masculine and Feminine Nouns in § and 3 Verbs of the 4 6" and 10" Houses (Gana)Visarga Sandhi - farerfateer In Sanskrit, when 2 letters are juxtaposed- e.g. the final letter of one word meeting the beginning. letter of the following word, there often occurs a natural change. Such changes serve to resolve disharmonies between letters, and therefore allow for an uninterrupted continuity of euphonic resonance. This is called Sandhi- "the harmonizing of sounds”. Already in lesson 2, the laws of Vowel Sandhi have beenleamed. This lesson will cover Visarga sandhi, orthe changes which occur when the first word ends with visarga (+ as in 717%) and the following word begins with various letters of the Sanskrit alphabet. For example: In the 2 well known mantras, $2 TH: FRAPT and 3% ART ARTA the word =H: has undergone a change in the latter This is because: Visarga (+) is a hard sound (unvoiced or non-resonant). In the former case, visargais followed by a hard sound "1. The two hard sounds are compatible in this case (although we will see some changes occuring between hard sounds) and therefore there is no change. If you repeat the mantra, you hear that they are compatible. In the latter case, visarga is followed by a soft sound *. The two sounds are incompat- ible. If you repeat the mantra, you can hear that they are incompatible. The first does not reso- nate - the second does. Therefore “7: becomes “TT. Repeat, and notice the harmony. Visarga Sandhi Rules can be divided into nwo categories: I. Visarga followed by a Hard letter. IL Visarga followed by a Soft letter. Vowels 4m se TS _ xo @ Consonants Enclosed | B 7 The rest, letters are | | | including Hard Z | Vowels, —____] | are Soft. aGay 9 aad daI. Visarga followed by a Hard letter (1) visu € fotowed by 3 ) | To NO CHANGE —Lrt—~—~—~—”—CCisCisSCNiRiazda.s. 1B an are ae at aes: ESHA aa: ape: arate fa: are yer ga: Peg ait a: 2 re are sat: eat a: eafa: a: ag: Gare cata fre: aa art: gat aa: aT af: frat ae: oat ae: ot aa ofe: 2 aa: oe SR: Fe: fact: caf: Pa ated anf: areata ara: Sata + am frag apa reo aa: wot :a are aa ah: area + ae: ET at ata ae *Option - Visarpa (2) followed by 1 A can optionally become RG A respectively anf aeeerfa 0 afereet (2) Visage folomed by I/F becomes LAD Z/ BS vecomes | L ALA becomes A ) Sy ae aaa = aregefa ain: a nk: a = dig ois are: fae = staff ait: Fara = aa 2@ Ren orate - dare wet: form = Tato 1g Uren: dry = easier * wows beginning with % or not ikely wo vecue Sa Rasa Rar qei- dager auf = safieeiaIl. Visarga followed by a Soft letter. These sandhi laws also depend upon the particular vowel preceding visarga. Serco { 1) S+ soft consonant | comes Sit ) ses ata = at aire arm: aft = Tet aa ara: Grad - Bet Sear apn wef = ait aefa are: erat = are erate aa a = 5 aero sree: ate = oprah a re = a EY re areata = at Brahe pes: ae = gat as 7a: Taft: = at aA: a: aA = ae oH a: aregane = wet argzara ae eft et 2 Hea | SH: becomes SAT. The following 3H is not pronounced and is replaced by the Sanskrit apostrophe, Avagraha S | a ore = ts, fr: oem = Rte ae: oft = arcs aa: arate = tatsate ares: areata = areitseata We: eae: = Asse: 3) i + other vowels Visarga is dropped (not pronounced, not shown) ar geoff = a gaat fea: sara = fea ser ara: tapi = aren Tee am: steer - arr sterIl. Visarga followed by a Soft letter (cont.) EMA mcm ceo m emo are | ‘IT: + soft letter (vowel or consonant) ) Visarga (:) is dropped (aot pronounced, not shown) | eat: Sart = an Sart sats rf «at a aT: He: = A BHT: C) When 3 $ JF HUT A or 3 precedes v and a Soft letter (vowel / consonant) follows BE TARUT Ft or + soft letter Visarga (2) changes to % (“) af: gifts = afrefier anf: safe = anita ae: da: = qe PETE When visarga () is changed to € when followed by Fa soft le the first & is dropped If preceded by a short vowel, the vowel is lengthened. 2a: fare: = 2a fir: = 28 Pie: ana wa = aT Ta = TH wit ve = way ve = wat ea: ofa: waa = afar rma = at THT Wg TF = Bae = Bee 4Summary 1. Visarga followed by a Hard letter. 1) Visarga () followed by @ 7 oF NO CHANGE aos & 2) Visarga (2) followed by F/B becomes RH) Z/% becomes Y A/A becomes A IL. Visarga followed by a Soft letter. A) When ST precedes visarga (2) and a Soft leer (vowel /cons.) follows, D soft consonant 3: becomes SH 2 a ‘H: becomes Following 3 is not pronounced and is replaced by the Sanskrit apostrophe, Avagraha §, 3) + other vowels —_Visarga (*) is dropped. B) E+ soft leter Visarga () is dropped ©) BE TFUT G/M: + soft tener Visarga (2) changes to FC) “When visarga (2) is changed wo T when followed by Z, the first & is dropped, If preceded by a short vowel, the vowel is lengthened. (Clues to Visarga Sandhi Recognition 1, When 3% appears at the end of a word (ETAT), in nearly all cases, itis derived from 3: CTF) capo: 8h Ce Sag of MLE Noun cg. BAO Oat 2. When 8 or appears in the middle of what could be two words, the or F represents visarga (:) at the end of the first word, ex. 1g = Pt | AHA = AH: 3a, When T WH FFF etc. appears in the middle of what could be two words - preceded by any Vowel except 3F or 37 the Tis visarga (:) at the end of the first word, and the following vowel HA F ete is the initial leter of the following word, ex. THTARA = 77s: ate 3b. When “ (¥) appears in the middle of what could be two words - preceded by any vowel except $f or 3, the") is visarga (2) atthe end ofthe first word, and following, written directly elon, isthe initial consonant of the following word. ex. PAR = HFA: aA 4. When 31 appears atthe end of one word, and the following word begins with a vowel, + has been dropped from the end of the first (sometimes, when the following word begins with a soft consonant.) ex, AAP Ae = ST: ATT 3. When 3¥ appears at the end of a word and the next word begins with a dissimilar vowel, itis often, not always, an instance where visarga has been dropped. ex. 77H SHOR = 7H: BASRA 5Masculine nouns in % and J are twin declensions in. tution of 3 sounds for sounds, they are identicle: every respect. Aside from the following substi- Substitute J for & NGL | Substitute F for & - respective long vowels neuter Substitute & for 2 - respective semivowels a Substitute 31 for W: respective guna forms zg 3 | Masculine & e aa Singular Dual Plural 1) Subject s é wa 2) Direct Object aa & sq 3) by / with sat sca sfu: 4) to / for (Indirect Obj.) wa say | sta: 5) from, uw: start sua: 6) ofl's/s' Tu: at: sary yin fon fat Ht ait: za 8) Direct address Tv é wa: Masculine J 1) Subject s 2) Direct Object s 3) by / with 4) to / for (Indirect Obj.) say, 5) from wa Ene sam | ofa: wy 33 se 6) of/'s 1s at: FAT 7) in on / at at 3g a/8/9/8 8 q)q)4 8) Direct address s Wa: * See page § of Color 6 ‘code SectionNOTTS AEST Te? Singular Dual Pl Singuar Dal Pua 1) Subject Pa @ lan | a z a power oner [aq | € A a |S A 3) by / with gat | gear, | efi: vat | sem | afi: borer a [eam [ew [sa 9 from [oe [eam lew Ht wotlare uv [a [em [a i Din fon fat at | a: ay ot somaries [w]e [ae | at | slo aft sage FE moon 1 Subject ape | at aa | [ee lee a 2) Direct Onject | APIA) AaE aeiit | ee eet 3 by / with afr] afro | aff: | | eear een | aah 4) to / for (ava | gree | afer: | eet | egy re L 58) from wt | gfe | afer: gat fem | qe 6 of s/s eae Cam | fee eet eam | Tin fon sat wat | gat: fry, eat | et: rey 8) Direct Address a wt aa: erat I re wre RR: poet aT: holy man 1) subject [ | aat aaa: arg: | are cca 2 Direc ovjeer | att ata. ara | arg ara afer | afr | [ara [anger | anger: 4) to / for 5) fom afer | afer: arat: area, | argue: aut: ata amet: | areat: agar = oat afar eens 3) by / with afaat | sacar | afafu: erga | aregeare | arezf: = e 7 wa baa Grosse! afaq | | ava | area “| arar | aa: at | are way 5) Direct Address in fon fat wat aAll forms of APA sagem) - with masculine pronouns and visarga sandhi® Daye a apt ata aaa: inet Thatsage iran. Those 2 sages shi Thosesages ae radiant Dag atl eT an FI FEI Thatsage, Thon Those 2 sages. hoor. Those sages, honor. 3) Am ara ae WaT | anegt qPrart ae Hara | age gfath: ae WTR | ‘Wath hat sage, we worship. With ose 2 sages, we worship ‘Wit thse sages. we worship 4 waa area yf a: arate grate aa: 1 Torthat sage reverential greeting. To those 2 sages Tothone wages 5) ear a: fearfet ora area fret festa ora | Sears fre: feeafet ee From that sage, you et stability. From those 2 sages From thas sages 6) UR afin aria | arate psi: afin art atta afacha “That sge’s power expands. Of those 2 sages, power expands OF those sages, poner expands 7) afer pT Rate gees 1 sein fam ae ang arg Petar Saree 1 Inshat sage youall sce perfection, In those 2 sages, In those sages, you al 9 Bea apt ea aaa aah aaa Sage, you pleasing Har, O1wo Sages, you bth 0 Sages, you al All forms of STEZ hty man cm) bw an a SA | at ang Teh | a ae: oR far | Which shu sees Siva? Which 2 sidhus see Siva? Which sidhus see iva? 2) ay ara at ary areA | EP BU BA | Which sah do you remember? Which 2 stahus Which sidhus do you (pl) remember? 3) Teer ATT ATE grat arpa te 1 wa: areafrye aterae | By (due to) one sidhu Lam happy. By to sidhus, By all stds, we are happy 4) eR area Ty aren ara A: | eat area aa: | Tothat sAdhu reverential greting. To those 2 saidhus ‘To those sthus 5) are ite act oat) area arena ata erat) eet a oma | From which sidhu do you get satisfaction? From which 2sidhus From which sadhus 6) aren are: aafere* aa | aa: aveait: area | ant areratenaacas (OF which sidhu does peace exist (Which sidhu has peace?) Of wbich2 ‘Of which sadhus 1) after ave eft waa) at: anette ete aA aay ray ete TH | Inwhichsidhu does Hari play? In which wo stdhus does Hari play? In which sadhus does 8) Barat waa a Bary ae TAA | B arae: TEN TT | (Sadhu, youare pleasing to Sambhw, Otwo Sadhus, you both 0 Sadhus, you al 7BFeminine Nouns in % and J are identical to Masculine Nouns in 8 and 3 with the exceptions of 2nd case plural and 3rd case singular. Optionally, Cases 4 -7 singular may take the endings for Feminine nouns in § and $ (long). See lesson 5. Endings different from masculine are shaded, 1) Subject 2) Direct Object, 3) by / with, 4) to / for (Indirect Obj.) 5) from 6) of/'s/s' 7) in /on fat 8) Direct address 1) Subject 2) Direct Object, 3) by / with, 4) to / for (Indirect Obj.) 5) from 6) of/'s/s' T)in Fon /at 8) Direct address Feminine s Singular Dual q fey sf || a Joh ot Alaa q Feminine Singular Dual Pura s: x wa: sh z se aT | sa ofu: @ aal som | se: a at) sea ge: at:) St: | at: sa ama sit | at: 3 at z wa: 8AEA cncrey Singer Dua Prat singuar___bua Pr ate: [eat [aa [ate [at | awa afm) wat | wat: | Late [at | a: ween afer afc || qed | afrema fate saa wma | afrene] afer: [lat qe | qin | aftr agen: am: | afwena) afr: | fae qa: | afr | afer Reem a: | weet: [wat | (gem ge | qe | am eee wat | ween: | afwy | lam at | get | afay am | Tat aT: aT anit aaa: ce af Sopie Dal rt “Sigur bast coe at | em | ahs aye wa wa | em [ope | fae ihe fear cat | et foam | lara: | am tat [oat [cag | fae | aay mat | ay 7 aa: