Sanskrit by Cassette Lesson 5 Feminine Nouns in 3 and $ Atmanepadi Verbs * Note: Additions have been made in the text of this lesson, which are not included on the audio cassette. They are kept distinet from the audio by page rumberings such as 2b,oe Feminine nouns ending in 3 Feminine nouns ending in & aT mother aafeen ‘unawareness ona command art hope wr desire aT story am compassion ae art THT River Ganga ft anxiety art star frat sleep ‘fra night aT girl | arr illusion Ter necklace | wat vine ater play fran knowledge ann brilliance, splendor amt faith aa twilight Directions wat Fast efron South ofeat West aT North frat hs pif shonin i es00 See Pages 3 and 4 of Color Code S young girl mother goddess woman daughter earth yogint speech Brown good, fortunate ) lovely, beautiful auspicious strange, wondrous miserable right wrongPee ee 1) Subject aT Tu at: g a aypiretovjer | amt __| at & & 3) by / with carat | arera| anf: ar | gene | éfy 4) 10 / for cara | arena) sine a gare | ge 5) from Var: | arene) aren: | an | Gar Gea 6) ot /'s/s [omer: | ora: | orem, ca fa | gam | ee ; Ta 8) Direct Address T T a a | IT gicl 1) Subject aret | ae aren: dt Fa 2) Direct Obj, [ATETH. | ATR aret: ad | oadt: ayoy with fareoar | arereaa| arent: | | sear [ah 4) to / for arent | ares) ares: wa aera: 5) from TST: | ATTATA | ATCT: i aera: sofs's/s [Tea | area: aresrara | | aI aa aa Din fon / at [ATTA area: | ATT waa | aait: adty spieeraaa fares | are | aren | | afe | aait aaa Frat night psuject [at | ha | ar | [an 2)direct ob. [FT fren: ayby /with Prat | fama Prarfi: aso /tor | Prara | feremerey | Prere 5) from frarn: | frame) frarea: socssyy |Pravet: | frat: | Prarar nin son sa [Premera | Prat: | reg aviecaca [Pe | Fe fearSCH girl - All forms Singular aren ateta arr | ‘The git knows yoes fae aterfaa area Do you know the gt? arora Be AErSTAA | With the git pay arreoray ra: Tafa “To the gh he fat saveoran: atone | From the il I hoow happiness carer: weet AeA | The git’ hea resound, arena Tear: a | Tn the git, we se creation. ear tafe gare 0 gic, you live for the Set Dual are Steet: TH ‘The 2 gis know yoru. fae ateafat are | Do yo know the 2 gi? aroma ae wreTfa | With the 2 gi, pay. arora To the so gic, arent aera Be | From the 2 il arent: 3 AeA: | Both si’ heaseesound arena: In both git, Rares Aer Gea | 0 2 git, you tive for the Set FAT iver - Alt forms ad Treat aE The river goes tothe ocean adh ara: feo 1 _— am es rash BEI inte es, eaters wo he cen wat ger: Tra Dl Fa: TH FA | From the iver, you all tke water am: seafa aafea | The river's waters resound want arent Tea | Rafe fe cq © River, you take away seins, wait area: AaGH| “he 2 rivers gt the ossan arait rere: fee | The 2 ives, we cross aren wet meat aE | With te 2 Hives erat To the wo river, adnan From the 2 wat: seaa af | “The 2 rivers’ waters resound an: In the 2 ven, Brahe era 02 Rivers, 2 Plural aren: anata aT | ‘The gis know yous fe atefar aren: | Do you know the gis? areata: (are) eTSTfA | With he get. area: eee: Tat “To the gis From the gi, arora gaat Aah The gts’ hearts resound aqreorey eee: BAA | tn the gis, we see creation, aren: Hae Teas | 0 gins, you lve Fam: aa aa The si waif: a trata, To the river adhe: ary FT| adr sent vate The rivers’ waters resound diy areata Frees In the rivers, lotus grow Baar: a eaVerbs ‘These lessons are designed to help you to first learn the forms which appear most frequently in Sanskrit literature, in order to gain greater access to Sanskrit literature, sooner. In Lesson 1, you added present tense endings to verbs of the first conjugation, by far the most prevalent verb forms. But in Sanskrit, there are two different sets of endings, for two different classifications of verbs. The majority of verbs require the endings you have already leamed - known as TRAIN parasmaipadt)- actions done forthe sake of another. The other endings are known as SUPT (Atmanepadt)- actions done forte sake of ones The actual use of verbs to show these two original distinctions, for another and for oneself, may apply, but in the examples given here, verbs are simply assigned to one and some to the other. ‘The other significant use of the Atmanepadt is for Passive voice.. Active voice: The boy cats the fruit. Passive voice: The fruit is eaten by the boy. All Verbs form their passive voice by adding + the Atmanepadr endings, in most cases, tothe verbal root - (To be covered in Lesson 8) Parasmaipadt Atmanepadi Present Tense Endings Present Tense Endings ot oi vemos | | ora | afer at 2d eo) af ict we Note the similarities: 3rd sing, SH / SFA 3rd plu. HAA / HA 2nd sing. ARE / aT 3rd and 2nd dual SA: / TH) wa: / TH ay Ist dual and plu, SM / Taw ATR: / ATRVerbs of the Ist Gana BAF VBI) The frst family(gana) of verbs is known as "AVE. CH-STF) meaning vis frst verb is * CMON When a verbal ot (ATED ends witha vowel or has a short vowel immediately before a single final consonant- ,Lrt—~<—“—™—O—OOs—SCsSsa‘ to be pleasing ‘The English sentence The girl likes art. when translated to Sanskrit needs to undergo a basic change. Art is pleasing to the girl. or OT ATA TA | ‘The English object (art) becomes the Sanskrit subject (Ist case), ‘The English subject (gir) is placed in the 4th case in Sanskrit The boy likes yoga. (Yoga is pleasing 10 the boy.) aT: area TAA | Both men like their friends. (Friends are pleasing to both men.) frente aerate | People like iruth. (Truth is pleasing 0 people.) et aT: Ta | ‘The students like me, (I am pleasing to the students.) fry: 7 1 0 ears sare aT S Tara | 2) AAT: HT: ATCT: TTT | 9) Fa Te Sera Waa |g Paver wa fanaa | SRA: SN: TT | 6) BTN: ANT A TTL soot 7) HN: TH | 9) WATT AST TPT | 5b) Translate into Sanskrit 1. The women like the river. 2. Do people like suffering? 3. Boys and girls like play 4. Suffering does not like truth. 5. (My) Two friends like me. 6. Our friends like us, 6) Transl imo English semences using Mase. and Neu. and Fem. 3117 € Nouns DDT aon seas fraror ATS: FEA | 2) teat: oe: Tarai aeeara fae: eefet | y flare at Soro area sara: « femreen: oda: ada aaa: wate | 9) agatha areca Frere: saree Fata 6) WR SaeT aT aaa | F cts tv Wafer #In Sanskrit, pronouns are like nouns, taking all the case endings (except 8th), The box below shows the Ist case Subject forms of pronouns, given in the same order as the verbs. Although verb endings alone are enough to indicate person and number (he, you etc.), pronouns may be used for additional ‘emphasis, “Singular Dual Plural Feminine 3rd person at 2nd person | you you both | you all Ist person | 1 we both | veal | Masculine Feminine 4: Ae: Wat | He is a man, ‘at AT MAA: | They both are men, AT: MAT | They all are men. a HT WARE | You are good Bat EPRI WIG: | You both ae ood a EMT: WA | You all ae good. Nove: the adjeenve ATT nice agrees with the masc. and for. pronouns in gender, case st-suh.) and number (sing one frat veri Lam a friend. rat FRA HATA: | We both are friends 2a fear wart: {We all are friends. At ai TAR Youwe ——we-you; fear AeA aa What happened now by which, BT ATA WaFA | She is a woman. a araf War: | They both are women, at: APE: wate | They all are women, BET wah | You are good. ‘Yat AWA WTA: | You both are good, FA TM: eT | You all are good. Adjectives ike EPHFT, above, must apse with gender. | Nouns tke FFP, 18, remain in their original gender, ere outer, BB FEE MATAR 1 rem am a friend. eri ira thus there was (one) mind of the two of us waa a aI youyou weaveSaaras are the simplest form of Sanskrit literature. They are word equations which generally do not require the use ofa verb. Usually ina Sitra,the verb is or equalsor occurs is understood. For example, in Sutra 2, there are only 2 nouns, both with Ist case (Subject) Singular endings - indicating that one is equivalenttothe other, Note also thatthe 2nd wordis » compound ord consisting of three individual words. Such words can often be understood by reading ‘ om the final word back, supplying understood Prepositions. There are aiso compounds where the word “and!” is understood between words: Selections from the Yoga Sitras of Patafijali u Be ATTRA | 39 ap. TT | Now, the teaching of Yoga FL Now A. (of) Yoga AFTRA he teaching reer 3a ene sip) 2 arfaaqfatata: | ai: farm. afi. Prat 1 Yoga isthe nirodha ofthe (self-limiting) mental activity of the field of consciousness ATM: yoga tmase. sb, st sing) FAFA (in) the field of consciousness AFA- (of) modes of mental activity FEN: process of ending tm. subj. Ist sing 13 Tel Qe: USAMA | Fel ge: ET FETA | Then the abiding of (I) the seer in (my) own true nature. FAT then TE of the seer tm, 6h sing of ZH) FET in its own true nature (9, 3 7h sing. ) BARAT the abiding 4 3 Sub 16 sing) 4 afrarecafiera | afa ao FA Otherwise here) is identity inthe vt APR veut actvity ATCA conformity. 5,1 vng) FAFA otherwise na fran waar arent art att za svat vets wT fra Te: a Verses from the wragita4 Verse IL, 68 an fren aatyarat creat arr eet mem arate wart ar fran cera FA: hich (em. pronoun sti. sing) night (¢ 3716 sng) Of all beings in. 3 piu) Jin dha (pronoun 7h sing) is awake (Present ver 3 yogT (m FRE Ist sin in which (, pronoun 7h sing) are awake (Preset vac 3 pl) all beings (nt plu) that (pronoun Ist sing) night 31 1 Sing) seeing m.po. partite ah sing) of the sage in, § sth sing.) In that which is the night of all beings, the yogr (safyamt) is awake. ‘That in which all beings are awake, is the night of the sage (muni) who sees.Conversational Sanskrit BAA HPA caisyee HA: (map) WAI | 2% Sanskrit to people is pleasing Do people like Sanskrit? +See veson 6 ps a Ae oy) TE wal Yes Sanskrit’ to me is pleasing, Yes I like Sanskrit Pr AEA 0s) Tor THU But by Sanskrit money not you get. But you don't get money by Sanskrit? oy TH Fini) Taft By money just. a person not lives. A person doesn't live by money alone. fmt FAT imipy FEA nay Tah Why (do) people Sanskrit study? Then why do people study Sanskrit? APA: (mapl - pronount) TAT | To them itis pleasing I is pleasing t0 them, ss: Lessa Fe FTF (oi) ATA ais) WAR 7° another cause is? Js there another reason? BRAT np, FETT wotpy Wat Sounds beautiful are, The sounds are beautiful BATE nosy FATA ines) FATA easy WAR Of yora of meditation and language itis. It's the language of yoga and meditation. FAT ins) AAs HAA Sh afr OfGod speech itis. thus("") they say 1's the speech of God,” so they say. Fin iy TA: mis) SRA MTT cy AAT All creation of God language exists. Ill creation exists as the language of God, WTA 3) FPA (mas) TET | But” by language creation we know. But we know creation through language. TAT (cs) FAT = FTAs Timi AA A aaa Language without. for people God even not exists Without language even God does not exist for people UTATAT: «155) FRA cot prony HATA (o1 pronsh From language what other? What else is there other than languag FE in HT God only Only God knows.