Sanskrit by Cassette Lesson 10 Imperative Mood Parasmaipadi and Atmanepadi Atmanepadi Present Participle Present Passive Participle 1st and 2nd person Personal Pronouns‘The Imperative and Potential are called moods rather than tenses, because they are not use t0 describe action in time but in the mind, prior to an actual event taking place. Along with the Present and Past tenses, covered in previous lessons, they are known collectively as the Conjuga- tional tenses and moods. Its for these 4 tenses or moods that the 10 conjugations ( gana or houses) exist. In other words, there are 10 different ways that a verbal root (dhaty) is formed into a verbal base (anga) in order to be used with the endings of the Present, Past, Imperative, and Potential - these 4 and only these 4. The 10 conjugations do not exist, for example in the Future tense. (See diagram Lesson 3, page 2) In the future, all verbs are treated alike. The Imperative Mood ‘The Imperative mood isused to issue acommand. The most obvious formof tis occursin the 2nd person, ‘when a command is isstid directly to another person, e.g. Sit here... Read this... Don't go. etc. But in Sanskrit, a command may be issued to the 3rd person and the Ist person (oneself) as well. Here, the function of language is to bring about action. The Imperative is used to state what is necessary. An example of the Imperative, used in the 3rd and Ist cases would be (in English): He must go to see his friend. .. I must eat dinner. Or Let me eat dinner. Also, used in the 3rd person, the imperative may be ‘used for invocation, i.e. to invoke change through the power of language. All beings should be happy, ‘or, May all beings be happy. Imperative Endings Parasmaipadi Atmanepadr sen ae re sen Pall sarae | AY stare | SAT | RY wary | way | Sta | antroon | A gree | HT | AT Re Ta He vane | ATT | aT | ATT R wae se ‘Note options forms sn smal pi Ist GanaVerb Parasmaipadr root: H be base: tif becomes HA = [eg srt | s = Wa gH cra) Be happy. tad Peon | UT we) HTL | wat vam afert Be happy (you both), tat Peon | ETP wart | ate wae afr: Be happy (you all). ‘Wag GE ovary He must be happy. wats act I must be strong, Waa APerit —They both must be happy. HATA AFT We both must be strong, wergq afer: ‘They must be happy. ‘Wary aA: We all must be strong.Notice the similarity between Imperative and Present Endings - Parasmaipadt Present 3rd Person Sift fet Imperative 3rd Person YY Present Ist Person Sing. 4f% Imperative Ist Person Sing. 31fT Notice the identical Imperative and Past Endings - Parasmaipadt Past Imperative oe oa ee rT | seme | am | ova : am | oa art a wea a ‘Identical and Similar Endings - Atmanepadt_ ris Imperative TAR Tear similar. Identical endings are distinguished from each other because the Past Tense places the augment 3T before the verbal base Ex. ‘HAAATE they both were SAAATH they both existed ‘WAATA they both must be FATT they both must exist To see the repetitive patterning of verbal endings, study the Color-Code Section, pages 6 and 7. Ist Gana Verb Atmanepadr root: Al exist base: Fe Sing Dat Put adam | ata | acer afaga nm xis in happiness. wea | adam | atom aaa wa i npn bah, wa aca leche ade Ga si io pnt “ra on 1 Penee adat areit Hey/Ste must exist in peace. FT AF ATTA, May 1 not exis in isin, adat ait ‘Trey both must exist in peace, AT SAPAR ATE, aay we both not exist in illusion ada ait “They must exist in peace. FT @aAAR ATE, May we not exist i illusion 24th Gana verb Parasmaipad WR be peaceful base: WL se reon | TAY ere, | ATETATR | ATA atom |ATT are,| ATETR, | ATT tc Peson | RTT (area | area AAG TATE carey May he/she be peaceful in samadhi aera sare mrerq want “aU FATE cree Be peaceful in sleep TERT FHSAA Be peaceilin sleep. (you2) ATA FATE Let us both be peaceful in adversity. aera Pagrar, Be peaceful in sleep. (youall) ATEATE FETE Ler us alle peaceful in adversity May they both be peaceful in samadhi May they be peaceful in samadhi ‘aT FFGFE Ler me be peaceful in adversiy 4th Gana verb Atmanepadr We fight base: FA sebrenon | TATA | BEAT, | EAH aatrenn | BART | Get | ETAT wrens | A | Beas | gee AM ETAT ETT TE AT STATA THOT AE Ar gear Jerr BS aT yore fanart ae ‘He/She must not fight with hisher teacher. ‘They both must not fight with their teacher ‘They must not fight with their teacher, Do sot fight with your 2 frends Br yeaery RAMA TE — do nor fight with your 2 fiends. (you both. HT YEAR PAT EA FE do not fight with your 2 friends. (you al) ar get argh: ae wr gem’ erat: Fe Hr qeane argh: Be Let me not fight with good people, Let ws both not fight with good people Lat ws not fight with good people “Note: Inthe negation of verb inthe imperative, HT is uted in place of 36th Gana verb Parasmaipadr FL create base: FA (no change) Note: “The adjective BCAA (see Lesson, 9 p. 2) ecaute t modifies the newer noun TAL eclned with the neuter prototype consonant ae er ‘endings inthe 2nd case. Thus we ge: ge geet a Imperative see Dal Pint — sateen | AAG apa | PAT RT treo | AT pM. | AA | A swreson | BETET sed Pca FR BF TER cprAD eshe: must create a happy home spam afert ye 7 IPT ae erhtr en a ad waa ara 5 ae * Now: The papstion Re (nou my havea bet 2d Feraa Create beauty here. (Create beauty there. (you 2) Create beauty everywhere ‘They both must create wo happy homes. ‘They must create happy homes. MPT ATCA SA Lerme ereate prosperity here FPA ATE TA Letus both create prosperity there FEA AEE TAA Lec us create prosperity everywhere 6th Gana verb Atmanepadt Fdie base: fF (irregular) Dust Pen ae Peson | FRRTATAL Sis ea and peroa | FRET ts renon | FT Hire free rT FAAT* He/she must nor dis without Hberation, at feat paar fat ‘They both must not die without liberation By ferret AAT PAT They must not die without liberation. HT RET STAT FAA A do not dic in ignorance and misery. Br PATEL SATA FA AT do nordic in ignorance and misery. (you both) a fre FATS GAB Ao mor in pwr a mise. ou a) ft ba aha firerait Bet atert frame 2a aera ‘May 1 de knowing God, May we both die knowing God, May we all die knowing God,10th Gana verb Parasmaipadt FA tell base: FT srs [RO sec | OETA | HAY aseroon [Poet ee | era | we tat Peson | aperaTE AT | are =a a aug ae wee wma Rat AR ued wat wa OT BHAT TB tell a sory to him, BTA BAT AEA eit story 10 him. (you 2) OTT ET: TA: Tell demsteres (you all) 10th Gana verb Atmanepadt sed Peace | FTE, settee | TET 1s Peon art ara: act FTAA ante area: act ere ara: was: aes ETAT Tp afd ETA aT pay aed STE TT wpraeay afd SET aT ane eae a wae preTae earea art BaP pra carer art wae HefSbe mst tll the truth to everyone. “They both mest el the truth to everyone “They mus tell the tah to everyone BROT TATETOEATEL mee you the Reyna try PATE TTATAIEEATA Lt 2) you te Ratan ay BOAT TATA tothe Ramya sy FAL seek base: FFT (irregular) ‘The yout mus seek the strength of peace ‘The two yours mus seek the tenth of peace “The yogts must sek the strength of devotion, Seek peace inthe knowledge of your tue nature Seek peace in the knowledge of your tue nature, (you both) Seek peace in the knowledge of your te nature. (you all) May I seek knowledge of God in everyone May we both sock knowledge of God in everyone. May we all seek knowledge of God in everyone,NE PUe ern Res To form the Passive voice, 4 is added to a verbal root (not a verbal base ) and followed by the ‘Kimanepadt endings. For example: the Ist conjugation verb 4% know, Pree SOR 2 carte BAT este is nown Past area, hese knew aA ‘tfhe/she was known Imperative ae he/she mast know FETA ete, must be known EES ee 1) 10th House verbs Keep their strengthened vowel, while losing the addition, 37% root: GE sear Active base: TE Passive base: ST Stratton IRAs se 2) A final short $ or J of a root is lengthened. FF conquer SARA - they are conquered A hear SATA ~ i was hoard 3) The final SIT or W of the following roots becomes & in the passive. UT drink aa iis drunk Hsing SATE ic was sine AT mesure TATE it mus be mesured Tl sive SEIT it was. given TT put. pace erat itis placed BT abandon aaa, May it be abandoned 4) a) Final 7 after a single consonant becomes Ft E take away HTT they were ken away FE do Prat i is done ©) Bu, final # after a compound consonant becomes its guna AE FF remember _you are remembered 5) a) Final long # is changed to 8 Ce yeas PAE heya ) But, final % after a labial consonant*, is changed to B+: +Note labial vowel F ae RRA fe ed6) 4) With roots beginning with the semivowels 2 and @, the semivowels will revert to their respective vowel forms, & and 3. The grammatical term for this is samprasarana. FR worship BPA it is worshipped AE speak ‘TATA se is spoken FR awe! GOA iis dweted * See below A sow FAA it is sown Baa FH speat TAMA ic is spoten b) 4, @ and frequently % , when the second member of an initial compound consonant will revert to their respective vowel forms & , J and ¥. 7 FAL pierce fama it is pierced step qeal | cos TE temp = RTA it is taken, grasped err re WP create Passive Base: FA BTA | AT IT | AST TAT Lec happiness be created in the world epee | are |e | aaeT BT ET e created inthe form of Go | pera | goat | eae ET GT bere be crete in the fo of God A tell Passive Base: A, Se. Dat Pa era | ameter [awe | PTAA tat te sy tet ad ae Let both stories be ee ee ee ee ere, ee wee | permet | apeatse | * Noe many verbs ae wed in the psive only the 3d person, since in the case ofthis verb, 2nd of Ist person wold make no sense Impersonal Passive Until this point, verbs given in the passive voice have been transit object when used in the active voice. For example: Active voice: "The boy tells a story.” ‘tells’ isa transitive verb Because it requires a direct object, ‘story’ Passive voice: "The story is told by the boy." Direc object becomes subject; subject becomes instrument. In English, only transitive verbs can be put in the passive voice. In Sanskrit, intransitive verbs, or verbs which do not take a direct object, may also be put in the passive voice. This is known as the “Impersonal Passive. Although, when translated ino English it does not make sense, in Sanskrit, ite quite acceptable The Impersonal Passive always appears inthe rd Person Singular, indicating that the subject is impersonal, “it” 7 verbs, ot verbs which take a directExamples of the Impersonal Passive Active voice: are: este | ‘The boy goes Passive voice: are TAT | Going, or the act of going is done by the boy Active voice: TH: SA ATT | ams lives inthe woods Passive voice TAT AT TAT | ye act of ving in he woods is done by Rama In the Imperative, the Impersonal Passive may be used to show respect or politeness. Active woe om ATES | Come hee Passive voice: SA SATE | Let the at of coming here be done (by you Active voice: wa ae Sit here. Passive vices om aa Let the act of siting be done (by you), Present Participle (Ac Rinne Lesson 9 covered the Present Partiiple Active - Parasmaipadt. (Lesson 9 p.7) To form the Present Paniciple Active of Ist, 4, 6th and 10th Gana Atmanepadi verbs add the suffix STAT to the verbal base, and then decline the participle like: Masculine nouns in & GYM) when the participle modifies a masculine noun. (lesson 4) Feminine nouns in 341 (FYAI1) when the participle modifies a feminine noun. (lesson 5) [Neuter nouns in 3 (A) when the participle modifies a neuter noun, (lesson 4) Ist Gana verb Atmanepadr —F7 smile base: FL Present Participle STAT Masculioe 1 RTA: AE: att TATA ‘May the smiling man exist in pace 2 eras rg da | See te sing ty 3 Saas safer anf UTR | ‘May we obtain peace through the smiling ri 4 SAT Ra TA May Ibe pleasing to the smiling guru 5 RAAT SATA SANA: TTT | May light shine fom the smiling god. 6 BRTATTET APTA: TTA SAAT | see (you alt) the rasance of the smiling yogin 7 RATA TAR Gt Ba GTA 1 Maye ew on ee Oa inthe sing fate 8 IA BO WaT ae | ( smiling Krsna, fet me praise your dviniy Feminine 1 RTA Sree TATE | Bay th sing maths happy. 2 aA aa ga | See the smiling goddess. Newer 1 refs fen ged SAAT Nay sting ens obi piss,4th Gana verb Aumanepadr FRI embrace base: PRET Present Panticipte ROCAATA Masculine am: Reams: afet Area | May Rama, embracing Sn, be happy. Feminine then Resort wa Fea May Sia, embracing Rama, be happy. Newer ‘feranfor fecsecrereanfe frenftr FTEFATA | May friends embracing friends be happy. 6th Gana verb Aumanepadr die tase: Fr Present Partciple FHAATT Mascline feraero: Ae: af AAT May the dying hero obtain peace. Feninne reat Seat ATER | Lets al give honor our dying mother. Neuter Ferererorey PRET ES ARTA | Ler us endure the pain of a dying friend 10th Gana verb Atmanepadt PU worship base: TA Present Partciple. GAA Masculine BF et: GAA: Bat FE HATA May all men, praising God, find happiness. Feminine aritaoemart eat get ola May the 2 women worshipping the Goddess find happiness ewe fie ATA @e FteTae | Let us both be happy due to our friend worshipping God. ‘The Present Pariciple Passive is formed exactly in the same way asthe Present Paticiple Active, Add STATA to the passive base of verbs of all 10 Houses ‘Note: The Pasive base of bah Parsmaipad nd Atnanepa ess formed yang % tothe verbal or of Ganas 19 andthe verbal ase ofthe Oth Gan. Ist Gapa verb Parasmaipadt WG read Passive base: TEU ( TOUR - it is read) Gere comers trata wate | ‘The book being read is the Bhagavad 9Ist Gana verb Amanepadr at ase after verter 4ih Gana verb Parasmaipadr Rranftr gerronh goat 4th Gana verb Atmanepadt WB aera seer ag wate (6h Gana verb Parasmaipaar we pe: Sar 10th Gana verb Parasmajpadr oor: apeer: Fem re: 10th Gana verb Aumanepad? ‘WH worship Passive base: WU (CHSAA - he is worshipped ) ‘The Goddess being worshipped is happy. FM nourish Passive base: FEL (DAT - he is ousted) Friends, being nourished are conten WH fight Passive base: FA — YAR - iris vst) The bate being fought, is the bate ofl. TE ask Passive base: FSA (TAIT - itis asked) We were weary duc to the questions being asked A tell Passive base: FGA - iris wold) ‘What isthe meaning of the story being tld? FEL seck Passive base: FP FAA - sis oust) ET HETETTET 3H AT WAR whe he te fa nn vet ‘The Ist and 2nd person pronouns are by nature uniquely different from other nouns and the pronouns which represent them. While there are an endless number of nouns making up the category of 3rd person, There is only one 1st person (I) and one 2nd person (you). Appropriately, they share a unique set of endings, many of which are derived from Masculine nouns in H and Feminine nouns in 3, Like the 3rd Person pronouns given in Lesson 6, the Ist and 2nd person pronouns have only 7 cases Below are given the common endings they share. Note optional forms in smaller print. 1) Subject 2) Direct Object 3) by / with 4) to / for (Indirect Obj.) 5) from Oofl'sis 7)in Fon fat Ist Person - I 2nd Person - You *Base Exceptions Ist Per. aq) ot: ico aft wat q+ ae RRs a RK Tt: 21) FEA AAA 4) HE And Per: 1) FA 4, 6) TAH a 101) Subject 2) Direct Object 3) by / with 4) 0 /fr (Indirect 06} 5) from 6)of/'s/s) 7) in Fon / at 1) Subject 2) Direct Object 3) by / with 4) to / for (Indirect Obj.) 5) from S)ofs's/s! 7) in fon / at Ist Person Pronoun Singular Dual Plural wea [ora fae arm | Sra tS wat ara | sreaTA: Fa a | sravarq at] HEPAT a: a TAT | TA wa | oat: st] reas: afr oat: seq 2nd Person Pronoun You Singular Dual rural a azar ae ar ar | Fa am | a | ar gare | Sart: Gata | gram ae) FTA a: [at ara | ae aaa | gaat am] aa, arr aaa: qaMase. Fem, Neuter Mase. Fem, Neuter Mase. ‘Masc.-Fem, Mase. ‘Mase.-Fem. Pattern Drills May 1 (M), being happy with compassion _see you. ae Sen WT arm $2 | May 1 (F), being happy with devotion see you wm feat cea =| eect am Saar | May my fiends, being happy with compassion sce me. a wn: frat at Wad PRT | You (M), striving for knowledge, seek me, the Lord! a aan aaa i Wed RA You (P, striving for fit, seek me, the Lord! aa feenfr aaanf et aret i Wat PIRATE | ‘May your friends striving for peace, seek me, the Lord. amrat Arearit ee Far Saree | ‘May we both (M), being happy with compassion see you both. ae ATTA: eT FSI SATE | May we all, being happy with compassion see you all. zat aaa eT wrary Sat | (Both of you)(M), smiling with compassion see us both! aa ST: ou alt), smiling eu RA Saez | with compassion see us all! aT ae Trea | with you must go. Wal ae STS | with me come! ae THES | with both of you must go. Aaa Ae TT | with both of us must go. 2aa We all a ou att asnft: ae with you all wert: ae with us TTSTF | must go. ArT | come! ORO ENR RCNA Me cata Rachel May we both aa May we all a (You) (You 2) a ou att) You arat May we both You both aa May we wz You all rT ‘0 you 1 you 2) aay tw all of you Tel to me aan to us (2) rey to us all By from you (2) aarnat from us (2) - from you all EAT from us - I be pleasing. (May you like me) \ be pleasing : be pleasing aa Te fea your home show! ae ferermu your @) home show! feat | your home show! TT ARAL ET passive base: A not be taken aT fees | don’t be taken. at fearaé | not be taken. ar fete don't be taken. a fear | not be taken. a fee don't be taken.Serene aa stat wat May your life beautiful yet: at Gat May your (2) lives beautiful qe staat | great May your lives beautiful aH We aaa May my happiness everywhere raat: Tea war May our (2) happiness everywhere were frarft ade May our friends everywhere eRe ent aca rT ae bea faa | eA \ shine exist. (May we have friends everywhere) eee cc ea May we both in you both zat mera: (You both) jin us (2) Eo May we in you (all) re eT (You att in us the Self, know! qe farcry | the Self, find. gee frac | the Self, find!‘PFT- fundamental obstructions to awareness feraTe- fruition of action 125 Selections from the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali ar eA a Sgeaftrerargt | fe atrarrat 123 (Or due to pranidhana in iévara. SAR in vara ‘ufMETATE due to surrender (otal placement of one’s consciouness) oe. 3, St Cs Sng) Alor qoretfarrarraapS: peaferaT SAT: | ata af. for. ore: eee: ge. Pee: Ege: | Isvara'is a distinction of purusa (the self), untouched by Klesa, karma, fruition (of karma) and accumulation (of karma. af karma, conditioned action ‘TAA: accumulation (by) (masc. B, 3rd plural) ATTA: untouched (nase. 3,1 sing) FPF purusa (Self, seer) FRAT distinction (masc. 3, st sing) SAE tavara (mase. % Istsng,) oa frfeedt ada | aa Prefamam af aa. ata There the seed of omniscience is unsurpassed AA there referer unsurpassed (cu. 3 1st sing) wa. all ‘F- knowingness ATR seed neu sng) 1sVerses from the wTaettat & Verse II. 70 areetaronrerena fers wage: afeatat ag | age art & oferta ah (8 abrerereatfer a aerreert ATETATOT being filled ase. 3¢ preset panicple passive of | - 2nd Case) Sing.) ore. motionless AEP remaining (ase. 3 2nd Sing.) aa ‘ocean (masc. SH 2nd Sing.) ara: ‘Waters (from 3M fem, consonant noun Ist Pu) ‘afere eT enter ct Gana verb Parasia present ed Peon Pls) Tat as Aa so aa: desires (mase. 31 1st Plu) m whomever (mas, relative pronoun 2nd Sing. ) GARR enter (Gana vei Pcasmsipad resend Pin) we all ase, pronoun Ist Plu.) a: hhe (nase. pronoun 1st Sine) aft peace (fem, & 2nd Sing) SATA attains sth Gao vero Parasia reset 3d Sing) a not ary. of desires THT the desirer (@rff¥ consonant noun Ist Sing.) As the waters enter the ocean, remaining motionless (while) being filled, so, he attains peace, whom all desires enter; not the one who longs for desires. 16